TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, MATHEMATICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
TRONDHEIM, NORWAY

A PROJECT REPORT ON

TET4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SUBMITTED BY: MAMTA MAHARJAN (729299) NABARAJ POKHAREL (729305) NAMRATA TUSUJU SHRESTHA (729295) NITU MANDAL (729288) (Group 2)

SUBMITTED TO: PROFESSOR KJETIL UHLEN Department of Electrical Power Engineering.

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

1. Introduction:

1.1 Background: The goal of a power flow study is to obtain complete voltage (angle and magnitude), power (active and reactive) information for each bus in a power system. Once this information is known, symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault calculation can be analytically determined. Due to the nonlinear nature of this problem, numerical methods are employed to obtain a solution that is within an acceptable tolerance. The solution to the power flow problem begins with identifying the known and unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are dependent on the type of bus. A bus without any generators connected to it is called a Load Bus. With one exception, a bus with at least one generator connected to it is called a Generator Bus. The exception is one arbitrarilyselected bus that has a generator. This bus is referred to as the Slack Bus. In power engineering, a symmetrical fault is a fault which affects each of the three-phases equally. Asymmetric fault is a fault which does not affect each of the three phases equally. For these reasons thus symmetrical faults are more severe than the former. In a practical circuit the experience has shown that between 70-80% of transmission line faults are single line to ground faults (unsymmetrical fault), 5% of all faults involve all three phases so called symmetrical fault in the project data given we mainly deal with the fault calculations of these fault types. 1.2 Objective: This Project gives us the brief insight in the understanding of various network modeling concepts. The project also deals with the analysis and simulation of a practical case where load flow analysis along with fault calculation was realized. The constraints given at practical case are investigated to be in given range with the use of simulation tools Matlab and Matpower. Impedance matrix of positive, negative and zero sequences are used to analyze symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis.

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 1.3 Organization of the report: The report contains the load flow result of the network provided. The result of the load flow did not comply with the constrains provided. The mpoption in Matlab are adopted to get the desired voltages at different bus is also included. Equivalent diagram for the positive, negative and zero sequence along with its per-unit calculated values for the system is included. Here the impedance matrix is determined for each of the positive, negative and zero sequence which is also included. The report also contains the m.file for the symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults in the appendix. The results obtained for the symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults (i.e. fault current, bus voltages and line currents) are included in the report.

2.0 Problem description

Part 1-Power flow analysis: 1.1Power Flow Solution The grid consists of 8 bus system. Generally highest power generator is selected as slack bus so Bus 1 Tokke is considered to be slack Bus. And rest three generator Bus namely Vinje, Songa, Vemork; Bus 2, Bus 3 and Bus 4 respectively is assumed to be PV Bus and remaining four Buses; Bus 5,Bus 6, Bus 7 and Bus 8 namely Rjukan, Flesaker, Tveiten and rd are considered as PQ Bus. In slack bus, voltage and reference angle is fixed, in PV bus real power and voltage is fixed while in PQ BUS real and reactive power is fixed. Out of the four variables P, Q, V and angle remaining two variables must be found out. The parameters must be within the constraint. Given in the Appendix 1 is the power flow problem Figure 1.1and the table indicating the constraint of the power system Table 1.1 Given Sref=900MVA and Vref=300kV. Implies Zref=100ohm Iref=1.732KA and line data is calculated and tabulated in appendix 1, showing impedance in Table1.2 All these data are fed into the case file of MATPOWER. Then, the result that was obtained is shown by Table 1.3 in appendix 1.From there all of the parameters are under the limited value

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 but Q generated at bus 3 and 4 exceeded the limit. Now changing the type of bus 3 and bus4 as PQ bus limiting the Q as 0 (lower limit) to bus 3and 180 (upper limit) to bus 4 and again run the file in MATLAB and the result obtained is shown as in Table1.4 in appendix 1. Now, the total power loss is 42.548 MW and 490.31MVAr. When the type of bus 3 is changed from PV to PQ, Q is limited to its lower value (0 MVar). But for minimising the loss the upper value (135Mvar) is selected. The loss is now decreased to 41.858 MW and 483.09 MVAr and all the parameters are also under the constraint. The data which is obtained below is used for further use. Table 1: Bus and branch data of given grid

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 Part 2Analysis of symmetrical faults: 2.1 Positive Sequence This part of the problem deals with the analysis of symmetrical fault. The power grid system can be simulated into electrical circuits. In order to analyze the symmetrical fault, the electrical grid is represented by positive sequence system. Generator is represented by current source in parallel with positive sequence synchronous reactance. Given: Xd1 = 1.1 pu Nominal generator voltage: Ugn = 12 kV. This is true for all the voltage level. The transformer which is connected from bus 1 to bus 4 is delta to star transformer (-Y, phase shift =30) so the transformer is represented by ideal transformer with short circuit impedence x1 = 0.07.The Y-side is connected to the 300 kV grids and the Y-connection is directly grounded from the neutral point. All transformers have transformer ratio 12:300 kV. Load is represented by impedance. There is transformer of star to star type in the load side which connected in bus 5, 7 and 8. But load is referred to 300kv side in the load flow calculation, so the load impedance can be assumed to include the contribution from the transformer short circuit. The neutral point on the 300 kV side is isolated from ground, and the neutral point on the load side is grounded through a Peterson coil. Magnetizing reactance is not given in both the transformer which will be very high so it can be assume to be infinite. The interconnected power system can be represented by current source whose short circuit reactance is 18ohm. The equivalent diagram of positive sequence is attached in appendix 4. 2.2 Global Per Unit Values All the figures given are in local per unit system. So, the global per unit system is calculated.

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 Table 2: Impedance calculation

Description

S=P+iQ

Vref.

Z*

Zpu

Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8

100+60i 1080+225i 180+45i 225+45i

300 300 300 300

661,764-397.058i 79.866-16.638i 470,588-117.647i 384.615-76.923i

661,764+397.058i 79.866+16.638i 470.588+117.647i

6,617+3.970i 0.798+0.166i

4.705+1.176i 3.846+0.769i 384.615+76.923i

Table 3: Calculation of PU values.

Impedence LOCAL Pu S (MVA) LOCAL ( Positive) XG1 XG2 XG3 XG4 XT1 XT2 XT3 XT4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 (Negative) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 1200 500 500 300 1200 500 500 300 Global Pu

( Positive) 0.825 1.98 1.98 3.3 0.0525 0.126 0.126 0.21

(Negative) 0.1875 0.45 0.45 0.75 0.0525 0.126 0.126 0.21

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 2.3 Node Impedance Matrix The node impedance matrix is then generated using zbuild. Here linedata is fed for the zbuild which consists of information regarding impedence (resistance and reactance) between the various nodes. The result of zbuild for the positive matrix is shown below. Table 4: Line data for Zbuild From 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 6 R 0 0 0 0 7.3945 0 4.8624 3.9474 0.0092 0.0075 0.0191 0.0036 0.0142 0.0109 0.0198 0.0423 0.0467 X 0.9040 2.1315 2.1471 3.6202 3.4455 0.1793 0.8146 0.4548 0.0984 0.0808 0.2055 0.0399 0.2278 0.1741 0.2124 0.4549 0.5018

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 Table 5: Zbus for positive sequence reactance

2.4 Short Circuit Current and Voltage at all Buses There is three phase short circuit fault at bus 5. Neglecting arc resistance, short circuit current and voltage at all the bus is calculated by Matlab. The Matlab code is attached in the appendix 2( Table 2.1) .After fault voltage is calculated and tabulated. Table 6: After fault voltage

Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Magnitude 0.5342 0.4809 0.3753 0.08162 0 0.48166 0.47456 0.472862

Angle () 6.957 10.22 12.166 11.4475 0 -25.65 -23.074 -14.97

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

2.5 Fault Current Between Bus 4 and Bus 5 The fault current at bus 5 is calculated as -0.2140 - 3.8979i= 3.904<-93.140 pu Iref=300/( *100)kA=1.732kA

Therefore fault current If5=6.7619<-93.140KA Now current flowing through bus 4 and bus 5 =2.042-73.1840pu =3.53-73.184 KA The Matlab coding is attached in appendix 2, table 2.1.

Part 3-Analysis of unsymmetrical faults

3.1 Per Phase Equivalent for Negative and Zero Sequence System This part of the problem is based on analysis of unsymmetrical fault. Negative sequence reactance of all generator is Xd2=0.25 pu. Negative sequence short circuit impedance of transformer is equal to positive sequence reactance. And line impedance is also calculated for negative and zero sequence. The equivalent diagram of negative and zero sequence is shown in appendix 4. The load side transformer is Y-Y connected and its primary side is isolated and the secondary side is connected to ground using the Petersons coil. It is done so because whenever there is fault in the load side then it is not transferred to the grid. Here in zero sequence equivalent circuit capacitive reactance is not considered. Capacitive reactance is very large compared to the line parameters. So, even if that value is neglected the equivalent impedance does not have much significant change. In -Y connection of generating unit there is isolation in primary side of transformer and no current flow in generator in zero sequence.
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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

3.2 Node Impedance Matrices for Negative and Zero Sequence System Using Zbuild node impedance matrices is calculated for the grid. The negative sequence and zero sequence node impedance matrices are as follows: Table 7: Zbus for negative sequence

Table 8:Zbus for zero sequence

3.3 Short Circuit Current and Voltage at All Buses There is single phase to ground fault at bus 5. Arc resistance is assumed to be 0. Here is single phase to ground fault. It is assumed that there is fault on phase A to ground. In this condition Va=0, Ifb=0, Ifc=0 at bus 5. Using the flowchart and Matlab code given in Appendix 3, The result is as below:

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 Fault current in bus 5: If5a=-0.1865 - 4.7720i= 4.7756 -87.760pu=8.2713 -87.760 kA. Fault current in other phase is zero as this is single phase to ground. And fault current in all other nodes are also zero because there is fault only in bus 5. The voltage at all bus in all phase is tabulated as below. Table 9: Voltage for phase A, Phase B and Phase C PHASE A Magnitude 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.739 0.6967 0.5879 0.1869 0 0.54163 0.5661 0.5998 Angle 2.07805 3.5383 3.285 -5.4025 0 -25.022 -22.66 15.6882 PHASE B Magnitude 0.8721 0.87 0.8366 0.8274 0.839 0.83 0.8194 0.8159 Angle -114.71 -112.8 -112.9 -122.15 -129.56 -136.58 -136.58 -135.56 PHASE C Magnitude 0.8585 0.8496 0.8135 0.8306 0.8793 0.8331 0.8184 0.8119 Angle 117.5 117.5 115.755 110.09 112.12 100.94 100.5 104.04

After fault the current flowing from 4 to 5 in all the phase respectively are tabulated below:
Table 10: current flowing from bus 4 to 5 in all the phase From-To Phase A 4 to 5 B C Magnitude 3.119 1.051 0.39 Angle -79.74 -121.26 118.50

Part 4: Additional Problems

4.1 Power Flow Static Var Compensator Here a Static Var Compensator is installed in a step of 50 MVAr from 0 to 250 MVAr at bus 7. When the SVC reached its limit then voltage at bus 3 exceeds limit hence installing 250 MVAr
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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 SVC is not permissible. From the Table 3.2 shown in appendix 3, when 200Mvar is selected, bus 3 exceed its limit so the VAr compensation should not be increased more than this. So 150Mvar SVC is selected which could build voltage at bus7 from 0.912 to 0.961pu. SVC of 250 MVAr capacity is available but installing 250 MVAr in any load bus leads to exceed limit of voltage at least one bus. Therefore trying to get better voltage profile at all buses and less active and reactive power loss a point is reached where installing 200 MVAr of SVC at bus 8 gives better voltage profile at all buses and reduced active and reactive losses compared to using SVC in all other load bus. This is referred in Table3.2 of Appendix 3.

4.3 Symmetrical Fault

Putting the subtransient reactance of the generators which is equal to the negative sequence reactance and the effect of the fault at bus no. 5 is to be analysed in this section. The fault current at bus 5 is calculated as -0.3851-5.4974i = 5.510 -940 pu

Iref=300/ (

*100) kA=1.732kA

Therefore fault current If5=9.54 -940 kA. There is a increase in the fault current as the generator reactance is decreased in this case compared to the problem 2. If fault occur in bus no. 6 which is further away from the generators, the fault current is: -2.0161-8.0771i= 8.32 -1040 pu

Iref=300/ (

*100) kA=1.732kA

Therefore fault current If5=14.394 -1040 KA.

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 Load no. 6 is the interconnected system which is consuming maximum load. So when the fault occurs on that node then maximum fault current occurs. If fault occur in bus no. 4 which is near to the generators, the fault current is: -0.2664-5.7478i= 5.75 -92.650 pu

Iref=300/(

*100) kA=1.732kA

Therefore fault current If5=9.948 -92.65KA. Fault current is decreased compared to the fault occurring at bus 6.

Conclusions:
This project governs with the power flow calculation of the grid depicted in the practical cases of main grid in Telemark, Buskerud and Vestfold. From this problem analysis, it can be seen that to limit the reactive power generation when it is beyond the limit we can change the type of bus. While talking about fault condition, one can see that whenever there is fault at a bus then the fault current will be relatively higher if the fault is unsymmetrical with compared to that of symmetrical fault. SVC increases voltage level of buses and reduces active and reactive losses but there should be trade-off between increased voltage level and reduced loss to choose appropriate value of SVC. Whenever subtransient reactance is used in fault calculation, the generator reactance is reduced and hence the fault current is increased. The other important thing to be noticed is whenever there is fault near a bus having higher load it will have higher fault current compared to in the case when fault occurs at bus having lower load.

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

LITERATURE:

1. Book: Hadi Saadat: Power System Analysis, Second or Third edition, http://www.psapublishing.com/ (selected chapters) 2. Lecture notes: TET 4115 Power System Analysis, (selected chapters) 3. Lecture notes: TET 4115 Network design 4. G.B. Hasmon, L.H.C.C. Lee, "Distribution Network Reduction for Voltage Stability Analysis and Load Flow Calculations", Electric Power Energy Systems 1991, 13(1), pp. 9-13.

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 APPENDIX 1

Figure 1.1: Power Flow Problem

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

Table 1.1: Constraints of the power system

Table 1.2: Impedance and Capacitance Values.

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Table 1.3: Initial Result

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

Table 1.4: Power Flow solution after Enforcing Q

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

APPENDIX 2 Table 2.1: Matlab Coding for Symmetrical fault

n=8 %no. of bus f=5; %fault occur at f bus

%FOR SYMMETRICAL FAULT

linedata=[0 1 0 0.904;0 2 0 2.1315;0 3 0 2.1471;0 4 0 3.6202;0 5 7.3945 3.4455;0 6 0 0.1793;0 7 4.8624 0.8146;0 8 3.9474 0.45475;1 2 0.00916 0.0984;2 3 0.00752 0.0808;3 4 0.01912 0.2055;4 5 0.00363 0.0399;5 6 0.01424 0.2278;6 7 0.01088 0.17408;7 8 0.01976 0.2124;1 8 0.0423 0.4549;1 6 0.04668 0.5018]; zbus=zbuild(linedata); up=[1.02 1.0299+0.0126i 1.0026-0.0047i 0.9769-0.1093i 0.9574-0.1358i 0.8689-0.2671i 0.8728-0.2671i 0.9021-0.2135i]; for x=1:n zb(x)= zbus(x,f); %zb =z15, z25 etc end fc=up(f)*inv(zbus(f,f));%fault current for y=1:n uaf(y)=up(y)-fc*zb(y); end ybus=inv(zbus); c45=(uaf(4)-uaf(5))*inv((0.00363+0.03993i)); %fault current between 4 and 5

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

APPENDIX 3 Table 3.1: Matlab Coding for Unsymmetrical fault

% FOR ASYMETRICAL FAULT %zbus for negative sequence %zbus for zero sequence ignoring the capactive reactace.

pzbus=zbus; pybus=inv(pzbus); linedatap=linedata;

linedata=[0 1 0 0.2419;0 2 0 0.5779;0 3 0 0.579;0 4 0 0.9681;0 5 7.3945 3.4455;0 6 0 0.1793;0 7 4.8624 0.8146;0 8 3.9474 0.45475;1 2 0.00916 0.0984;2 3 0.00752 0.0808;3 4 0.01912 0.2055;4 5 0.00363 0.0399;5 6 0.01424 0.2278;6 7 0.01088 0.17408;7 8 0.01976 0.2124;1 8 0.0423 0.4549;1 6 0.04668 0.5018]; zbus=zbuild(linedata); nzbus=zbus; nybus=inv(nzbus); linedatan=linedata;

linedata=[0 1 0 0.0525;0 2 0 0.126;0 3 0 0.126;0 4 0 0.21;0 6 0 0.36;1 2 0.04809 0.1947;2 3 0.0395 0.1598;3 4 0.1004 0.4063;4 5 0.0242 0.0908;5 6 0.1353 0.5268;6 7 0.1034 0.4026;7 8 0.1037 0.4199;1 8 0.2222 0.8993;1 6 0.24507 0.9919]; zbus=zbuild(linedata); ybus=inv(zbus); if012=up(f)*inv((pzbus(f,f)+nzbus(f,f)+zbus(f,f))); if3a=3*if012; %if3b=if3c=0 for 0 for single phase to ground

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 %positive sequence after fault for x=1:n zbp(x)= pzbus(x,f); %zb =z15 z25 etc end %fc=up(f)*inv(zbus(f,f));%fault current for y=1:n uafp(y)=up(y)-if012*zbp(y); end c45p=(uafp(4)-uafp(5))*inv((0.00363+0.03993i));

%negative sequence after fault for x=1:n zbn(x)= nzbus(x,f); %zb =z15 z25 etc end %fc=up(f)*inv(zbus(f,f));%fault current for y=1:n uafn(y)=-if012*zbn(y); end c45n=(uafn(4)-uafn(5))*inv((0.00363+0.03993i));

%zero sequence after fault for x=1:n zbz(x)= zbus(x,f); %zb =z15 z25 etc end %fc=up(f)*inv(zbus(f,f));%fault current for y=1:n uafz(y)=-if012*zbz(y); end c45z=(uafz(4)-uafz(5))*inv((0.0242+0.09075i));
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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

%current flowing from 4 to 5 in each phase

A=[1 1 1; 1 -0.5-0.866i -0.5+0.866i;1 -0.5+0.866i -0.5-0.866i]; Izpn=[c45z; c45p; c45n]; I45abc=A*Izpn; %Iabc is current flowing through 4 5 in all the phase

%voltage at all bus at all the phase after fault for(x=1:8) Uafa(x)=uafz(x)+uafp(x)+uafn(x); %Uafa is after fault A phase voltage end

for (x=1:8) Uafb(x)=uafz(x)+(-0.5-0.866i)*uafp(x)+(-0.5+0.866i)*uafn(x);%Uafa is after fault B phase voltage end

for (x=1:8) Uafc(x)=uafz(x)+(-0.5+0.866i)*uafp(x)+(-0.5-0.866i)*uafn(x);%Uafa is after fault C phase voltage End

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011 Figure 3.1: Flow chart

Finding Z bus for positive/negative/ zero sequence

If 50=If 51=If 52= Up (Prefault Voltage) Z550+Z55+ +Z55-

If 5a =If0 +If1+If2

Positive Sequence Voltage in all Bus

- If5+

Negative Sequence Voltage in all Bus

= - If5-

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Zero Sequence Voltage in all Bus

= - If50

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TET 4115 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2011

Table 3.2: Static Var Compensator

Bus

Power 0 50

Ploss 41.858 40.559 39.392 38.369 37.503 36.811 40.517 39.293 38.193 40.868 39.995 40.717 39.714 38.862 38.176 37.672

Qloss 483.09 468.17 454.8 443.14 433.35 425.6 467.52 453.28 440.45 472.6 463.44 470.74 458.54 448.73 440.8 434.91

V3 1.029 1.03 1.032 1.033 1.035 1.037 1.03 1.032 1.034 1.032 1.035 1.03 1.031 1.032 1.033 1.035

V4 0.985 0.991 0.996 1.002 1.008 1.014 0.992 0.999 1.006 0.996 1.007 0.989 0.994 0.998 1.002 1.007

V5 0.969 0.976 0.982 0.989 0.995 1.002 0.977 0.985 0.993 0.982 0.994 0.974 0.979 0.984 0.989 0.994

V6 0.911 0.921 0.932 0.943 0.954 0.9666 0.923 0.936 0.949 0.919 0.927 0.918 0.926 0.934 0.942 0.951

V7 0.912 0.928 0.944 0.961 0.978 0.996 0.922 0.933 0.944 0.919 0.926 0.923 0.935 0.947 0.959 0.972

V8 0.928 0.939 0.95 0.962 0.974 0.987 0.935 0.943 0.95 0.933 0.938 0.944 0.96 0.977 0.994 1.012

100 150 200 250 50

100 150

50 100 50 100

150 200 250

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