HeceI on Fvopevlv and FevsonaIilv

AulIov|s) BudIev KnovIes

Bevieved vovI|s)
Souvce TIe FIiIosopIicaI OuavlevIv, VoI. 33, No. 130 |Jan., 1983), pp. 45-62
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TIe
FIiIosopIicaI OuavlevIv
VoI. 33 No. 130
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
BY BUBLEY KNOWLES
Il vas aIoul eIeven o'cIocI in lIe
novninc, nid-OcloIev,
vilI lIe
sun nol
sIininc
and a IooI oJ Iavd vel vain in lIe cIeavness oJ lIe
JoolIiIIs. I vas
veavinc nv povdev-IIue suil,
vilI davI IIue
sIivl,
lie
and
dispIav IandIevcIieJ,
IIacI
Ivocues,
IIacI vooI socIs vilI davI
IIue cIocIs on lIen. I vas
neal, cIean,
sIaved and
soIev,
and I didn'l
cave vIo Inev il. I vas
evevvlIinc
lIe veII-dvessed deleclive
oucIl
lo Ie. I vas
caIIinc
on Jouv niIIion doIIavs.
TIe nain
IaIIvav
oJ lIe Slevvood
pIace
vas lvo slovies
IicI.
Ovev lIe enlvance
doovs,
vIicI vouId Iave Iel in a
lvoop
oJ Indian
eIepIanls,
lIeve vas a Ivoad
slained-cIass paneI sIovinc
a
InicIl
in
davI avnouv
vescuinc
a
Iadv
vIo vas lied lo a lvee and didn'l Iave
anv
cIolIes on Iul sone
vevv Ionc
and convenienl Iaiv. TIe
InicIl
Iad
pusIed
lIe vizov oJ Iis IeInel IacI lo Ie
sociaIIe,
and Ie vas
JiddIinc
vilI lIe Inols on lIe
vopes
lIal lied lIe
Iadv
lo lIe lvee and nol
cellinc anvvIeve.
I slood lIeve and
lIoucIl
lIal iJ I Iived in lIe
Iouse,
I vouId soonev ov Ialev Iave lo cIinI
up
lIeve and
IeIp
Iin.
He didn'l seen lo Ie
veaIIv lvvinc.
TIeve veve FvencI doovs al lIe IacI oJ lIe
IaII, Ievond
lIen a
vide
sveep
oJ enevaId
cvass
lo a vIile
cavace,
in Jvonl oJ vIicI a sIin
davI
vounc
cIauJJeuv in
sIinv
IIacI
Ieccincs
vas
duslinc
a navoon
FacIavd convevliIIe.
Bevond
lIe
cavace
veve sone decovalive lvees
lvinned as
caveJuIIv
as
poodIe docs. Bevond
lIen a
Iavce cveen-
Iouse vilI a doned vooJ. TIen nove lvees and
Ievond evevvlIinc
lIe
soIid, uneven,
conJovlaIIe Iine oJ lIe JoolIiIIs.
On lIe easl side oJ lIe IaII a Jvee
slaivcase, liIe-paved,
vose lo a
caIIevv
vilI a
vvoucIl-ivon vaiIinc
and anolIev
piece
oJ
slained-cIass
vonance.
Lavce
Iavd cIaivs vilI vounded ved
pIusI
seals veve
IacIed inlo lIe vacanl
spaces
oJ lIe vaII vound aIoul.
TIev
didn'l
IooI as iJ
anvIodv
Iad evev sal in lIen. In lIe niddIe oJ lIe vesl vaII
*
EavIiev vevsions oJ lIis
papev
veve vead al lIe Univevsilies oJ
SlivIinc
and
OIascov.
TIanIs
ave due lo lIose vIo connenled on lIe
papev
on lIese
occasions,
lo slaJJ and sludenls vIo
allended cIasses vIeve sone oJ lIe naleviaI vas vovIed oul and lo lIose vIo cvilicized eavIiev
dvaJls. I
acInovIedce
lIe
pavlicuIav IeIp civen Iv
Bavid
CanpIeII,
Bavid
LIovd-TIonas,
Scoll
MeiIIe,
Fal SIav and
JoIn SIovupsIi.
46 BUBLEY KNOWLES
lIeve vas a
Iic enplv JivepIace
vilI a Ivass scveen in Jouv
Iinced
paneIs,
and ovev lIe
JivepIace
a navIIe nanleI vilI
cupids
al lIe
covevs. AIove lIe nanleI lIeve vas a
Iavce
oiI
povlvail
and aIove lIe
povlvail
lvo IuIIel-lovn ov nolI-ealen
cavaIvv pennanls
cvossed in a
cIass
Jvane.
Fans oJ
Bavnond
CIandIev viII
vecocnise
lIe
openinc
oJ TIe
Bic
SIeep.
MavIove Ias Ieen
inlvoducinc
us lo lIe Slevvood
JaniIv
and sone oJ ils Jouv
niIIion
doIIavs: slandinc aIoncside
Iin al lIe doov oJ lIe Slevvood nansion
ve Iave Ieen
pvesenled
vilI an
avvav
oJ
JaniIv possessions.
We don'l Inov
lIal nucI aIoul lIe
JaniIv
Iul lIis
Ionc descviplive passace cives
us a
cood
idea vIal lo
expecl.
TIe
Iilevavv lecInique
is JaniIiav.
FeopIe,
ve
undevsland, nav
Ie veveaIed
Iv
lIeiv
possessions.
TIe sIiII oJ lIe noveIisl
pvesupposes conpIex pallevns
oJ
vecocnilion
and idenliJicalion
deepIv
enIedded in ouv sociaI
IiJe, pallevns
Josleved and suslained
Iv
advevlisevs and consunevs aIiIe. TIe acadenic
unvaveIIinc
oJ lIese nodes oJ
pvesenlalion nav
Ie IeJl lo
psvcIoIocisls,
socioIocisls, anlIvopoIocisls
and
psvcIialvisls,
Iul ve aII cIain lIe slalus oJ
ciJled
analeuv. AJlev
aII,
ve ave lIe counlevs in lIese JaniIiav
canes.
In lIis
papev
I vanl lo concenlvale on lIe
pIiIosopIicaI aspecls
oJ lIose
veIalions Ielveen
peopIe
and
lIincs
vIicI ve
desicnale
as
pvopevlv
veIalions.
Mv
concevn is nol
pvinaviIv
deJinilion ov cIassiJicalion. TIe
pvopevlv-IoIdev
ov ovnev
nav
Ie cIavaclevised as lIe Ieavev oJ sone ov aII oJ a
conpIex
sel oJ
IecaI
and novaI
vicIls, dulies, IiIevlies, IiaIiIilies, povevs
and innunilies
concevninc possession,
use and IeneJil.'
Mv slavlinc poinl
viII Ie nove
IislovicaI.
Mv
cIieJ
puvpose
is lo unvaveI and vesuscilale lIe
lIeovv
oJ
HeceI,
Iul I sIaII
Iecin
vilI a
diJJicuIlv avisinc
in lIe vovI
oJJoIn
LocIe.
I
LocIe's
pvoIIen
is lIis.
IJ,
as
Scvipluve
leIIs
us,
lIe vIoIe eavlI Ias Ieen
civen
lo nanIind in connon il seens lo sone a
vevv cveal diJJicuIlv
Iov
anv
one sIouId evev cone lo Iave a
Fvopevlv
in
anv lIinc.2
LocIe vesisls al lIe
oulsel
anv
soIulion lIal
vequives
lIe
expvess
consenl oJ lIe Connonev IJ
sucI a consenl as lIal vas
necessavv,
Man Iad
slavved,
nolvilIslandinc
lIe
FIenlv
Ood Iad
civen
Iin.3 TIe soIulion Ie oJJevs is a
lIeovv
oJ
appvopvia-
lion
accovdinc
lo vIicI lIe eavlI vas
civen
lo nan Jov Iis
suppovl
and
'See A. M.
Honove, OvnevsIip, OxJovd Essavs
in
Juvispvudence,
ed. A. C. Ouesl
|OxJovd,
1961) pp.
107-47 and lIe discussion in L. C.
BecIev, Fvopevlv BicIls |London, 1977) pp.
7-23.
2
JoIn LocIe:
TIe Second Tvealise
oJ Oovevnnenl,
in Tvo Tvealises
oJ Oovevnnenl, ed. Felev LasIell
|CanIvidce, 1963) ?25.
3
IIid., ?28.
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
47
conJovl,
and Ood's
pvovision
can secuve nan's IiJe and convenience vilIoul
anvone cIaininc
naluvaI
pvivale
Boninion. Ood's voIe in lIe
appovlionnenl
oJ
coods
is Iiniled lo Iis
cvanl
oJ veason lo
nanIind,
and lIe use oJ lIis
JacuIlv
viII enaIIe nan lo delevnine Iov lIis Bivine
pvovision
can Ie IeneJiciaI lo
anv pavlicuIav
nan.
TIe
diJJicuIlv
I nenlioned concevns lIe
speIIinc
oul oJ lIese diclales oJ
veason. TIe
voucI ansvev,
oJ
couvse,
is lIal
pvopevlv
is
assicned
vIen nen
nix lIeiv IaIouv vilI lIe naluvaI vovId Iul lIe delaiI oJ lIe
avcunenl
lovavds
lIis concIusion is IolI
JIinsv
and conlvovevsiaI. We can oulIine lIe
sleps
oJ lIe
avcunenl
as JoIIovs.4
|1)
...
evevv
Man Ias a
Fvopevlv
in Iis ovn Fevson. TIis no
Bodv
Ias
anv BicIl
lo Iul IinseIJ.
|2)
TIe LaIouv oJ Iis
Bodv
and lIe WovI oJ Iis
Iands,
ve
nav sav,
ave
pvopevIv
Iis.
|3)
WIalsoevev lIen Ie venoves oul oJ lIe Slale lIal Naluve IalI
pvovided,
and IeJl il
in,
Ie IalI nixed Iis IaIouv
vilI,
and
]ovned
lo il
sonelIinc
lIal is Iis
ovn,
and
lIeveIv
naIes il Iis
Fvopevlv.
Mosl connenlalovs cIain lIal LocIe's
avcunenl
acIieves ils
pIausiIiIilv Iv
slvelcIinc
lIe
concepl
oJ
pvopevlv
so lIal il
appIies
lo lIe veIalions Ielveen a
Man and Iis novaI slalus
|lIal is,
Iis
Ieinc
a
pevson).
Il is in vivlue oJ lIis
novaI slalus lIal aclions
nav
Ie ascviIed lo Iin and Ience lIal Iis vovI and
Iis IaIouv can Ie
pvopevIv
consideved Iis. One's vovI and IaIouv
vepvesenls
lIe adnixluve oJ Iis
pevson
lo lIe naluvaI vovId.
TIvoucI IaIouv,
a
quaIilv
oJ
lIe
pevson
Iecones a
quaIilv
oJ lIal Iil oJ lIe vovId on vIicI lIe IaIouv Ias
Ieen
expended.
I Iave no douIl lIal lIe oId-JasIioned
cIavce acainsl LocIe,
lIal Ie
equivocales
vilI lIe levn
'pvopevlv'
in lIis
avcunenl,
is covvecl. SliII since
nv
inlevesl in lIis
papev
concevns lIe
cvound
coveved
Iv
lIis
equivocalion,
Iel ne
nenlion lvo
aspecls
oJ il vIicI Iave Ieen
enpIasized Iv
diJJevenl con-
nenlalovs and vIicI
cvv
oul Jov
anpIiJicalion
and cIaviJicalion. TIe Jivsl oJ
lIese
veadincs
oJ LocIe5
enpIasizes
lIe idea lIal
pevsonaIilv
is exlended lo
4
IIid., ?27.
5 K.
OIivecvona, Appvopvialion
in lIe Slale oJ Naluve LocIe on lIe
Ovicin
oJ
Fvopevlv,
JouvnaI oJ
lIe
Hislovv oJIdeas
VoI. 777V
|1974) pp. 211-30, p.
223.
LocIe vviles TIe Fvuil ov
Venison,
vIicI nouvisIes lIe viId
Indian,
vIo ... Inovs no
IncIosuve,
and is sliII a Tenanl in
Connon,
nusl Ie
Iis,
and so
Iis,
i.e. a
pavl
oJ
Iin,
lIal anolIev
can no
Ioncev
Iave
anv vicIl
lo
il,
IeJove il can do Iin
anv cood
Jov lIe
suppovl
oJ Iis IiJe.
|LocIe
Second Tvealise
?26).
OIivecvona veads lIis
passace
as a nosl
unequivocaI expvession
oJ lIe idea
lIal
pevsonaIilv
is exlended lo
enconpass pIvsicaI oI]ecls.
TIis is a nislaIe. LocIe is
naIinc
a
sinpIev poinl, savinc,
nol lIal
pevsonaIilv
is
exlended,
Iul lIal
pIvsicaI oI]ecls
ave
|IilevaIIv)
incovpovaled
IeJove
lIev
can nouvisI lIe ovnev. We sIouId nol vead loo nucI
HeceI
inlo
LocIe's accounl oJ
pvopevlv.
48 BUBLEY KNOWLES
enconpass pIvsicaI oI]ecls,
lIal ilens
appvopvialed
as
pvopevlv
ave inJused
vilI
sonelIinc
oJ lIe
pevsonaIilv
oJ lIe ovnev. Hence ve ave lo concIude
lIal lIe conlvaclion oJ lIe cove oJ one's
pvopevlv
inlo lIe
spIeve
oJ
pevsonaIilv
|IiJe,
IinI and
IiIevlv)
Iicenses lIe
expansion
oJ lIe
concepl
oJ
pevsonaIilv
lo
covev lIose
pIvsicaI oI]ecls
vIicI ave deened lo Ie
pvopevlv.
TIe second
veadinc6
Jocuses nove
sIavpIv
on lIe
concepl
oJ IaIouv and ils
pIace
as lIe
poinl
oJ inJusion. TIe
IaIouvev,
il is
said,
JasIions
sonelIinc
nev. TIe
nixinc
ov
]oininc
oJ Iis IaIouv lo lIe naleviaI oJ Iis vovI is a cvealive
aclivilv
in lIe
slvoncesl
sense. TIeve is no
oI]ecl
vIicI
pevsisls
in aIleved Jovn
lIvoucI
lIe
aclivilv
oJ lIe IaIouvev. In
consequence,
vIal is
appvopvialed
can
nevev Ie vIal is
]usl
lIeve. Il nusl
aIvavs
Ie sucI a lvansJovnalion as is
eJJecled in lIe inlenlionaI acls oJ
calcIinc, IiIIinc, calIevinc, liIIinc, pIanlinc
and
cuIlivalinc.
Il is concIuded lIal lIe nodeI oJ ouv
ascviplion
oJ an
inlenlionaI acl lo a
pevson
as Iis aclion suJJices lo
expIain
ouv accovdance lo
Iin oJ lIe
oI]ecls
vIicI vesuIl Jvon lIese aclions.
BolI lIese concIusions ave
deIalaIIe,
and I visI lo
avcue
lIal
HeceI's
accounl oJ
pvopevlv deepens and,
in
pavl,
vesoIves lIe
pvoIIens lIev
lIvov
up.
II
HeceI's
nosl suslained lvealnenl oJ lIe
concepl
oJ
pvopevlv
is Jound in lIe
Jivsl suI-seclion oJ lIe Jivsl
pavl,
AIslvacl
BicIl,
oJ lIe
FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl.
AIlIoucI
I sIaII use naleviaI Jvon olIev vovIs lo
suppIenenl
and
suppovl nv
exposilion
oJ Iis vievs I sIaII laIe lIe
FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl
as lIe cenlvaI lexl. So
pevIaps
sone
descviplion
oJ lIe
slvIe
oJ
avcunenl
oJ lIis vovI is in ovdev.
Man's
undevslandinc
oJ
IinseIJ,
oJ Iis
pIace
in naluve and Iis
veIalionsIip
vilI olIev nen Ias
deveIoped lIvoucI Iislovv
in a
vav
lIal can Ie cIavaclevi-
sed as lIe
incveasinc seIJ-InovIedce
oJ
Spivil.
TIis
seIJ-InovIedce
is
expIicil
in
pIiIosopIicaI descviplions
oJ lIose nodes oJ
InovIedce
and lIose inslilu-
lions vIicI ave consonanl vilI nen's
conceplion
oJ lIenseIves as
JuIIv
seIJ-conscious
Ieincs. HeceI
lIinIs lIal vIen Ie
vviles,
lIe
na]ov
dislovlions
and dissonances Ielveen nan's
pIace
in lIe vovId and Iis
undevslandinc
oJ
lIal
posilion
Iave Ieen Iaid
Iave,
and nan Ias
acIieved,
Jov lIe Jivsl line in
Iislovv,
a condilion in vIicI lIeve viII Ie no Iavvievs lo
nan's,
i.e.
Spivil's,
seIJ-undevslandinc.
TIis acIievenenl is enIodied in lIe
pIiIosopIicaI descvip-
lion oJ Jovns oJ IiJe vIicI
conpvise
lIe cuIluve and
socielv
lo vIicI lIe
pIiIosopIev IeIoncs.
SucI
descviplions
Jovn lIe Ieavl oJ lIe
FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl. TIev
ave
slvucluved as a deduclion vIicI is
possiIIe
Iecause lIe Slale lo Ie descviIed
6 Janes
TuIIv,
A Biscouvse on
Fvopevlv |CanIvidce, 1980) pp. 104-24, quoled p.
121.
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
49
is valionaI.
BalionaIilv
is
expIicil
in lIvee nodes oJ seIJ-cIavaclevisalion. TIe
acenl
sees IinseIJ
successiveIv
as a
pevson,
as an aulononous novaI
suI]ecl
and as a nenIev oJ a
connunilv.
TIe JinaI
idenliJicalion, possiIIe onIv
lo lIe
cilizen oJ a valionaI
slale, incovpovales
lIe Jivsl lvo nodes
lIvoucI
lIe
inslilulions oJ lIal slale. TIe Jivsl
pavl,
AIslvacl
BicIl,
vIicI incIudes lIe
seclion on
pvopevlv, expIains
Iov lIe slvucluvaI Jealuves oJ
svslens
vIicI
vecuIale pvopevlv IoIdincs
devive Jvon ouv
conceplion
oJ ouvseIves as
pevsons,
lIal
is,
individuaIs vIo can aIslvacl lIe conlenls Jvon
pavlicuIav
slales oJ
desive and
vecocnise
ouvseIves as
possessovs
oJ viII.
Since,
in lIe JaniIiav
quole
WIal is valionaI is acluaI and vIal is acluaI is
valionaI,7 |in
noden
levns, pevIaps,
ve discevn a veJIeclive
equiIiIviun
Ielveen ouv nosl
deepIv
IeId
]udcenenls
and a
lIeovv
vIicI
puvpovls
lo
cenevale lIen)
ve can
expecl
HeceI's
vievs lo Ie cIaviJied
Iv
one ov olIev oJ lvo
slvalecies.
A Jivsl
slvalecv
vouId Ie lo
inveslicale
ouv
undevslandinc
oJ slandavd eIenenls oJ
svslens
oJ
pvopevlv
veIalion, sIovinc lIvoucI exanpIes
vIelIev ov
nol,
ov Iov
Jav,
lIis
undevslandinc pve supposes
ov
anpIiJies
lIe
na]ov
cIain oJ lIis seclion - lIal
pvopevlv
is lIe enIodinenl oJ
pevsonaIilv |FB?51).
A second
slvalecv
vouId Ie lo unvaveI lIe
lIeovv inpIicil
in lIis cIain so as lo sIov nove
cIeavIv
lIe
cocencv
oJ lIe
puvpovled
deduclion oJ a valionaI
svslen
oJ
pvopevlv
veIalions. In vIal JoIIovs I sIaII
enpIov
eacI oJ lIese
slvalecies
in luvn.
III
A valionaI
svslen
oJ
pvopevlv-IoIdinc
viII delevnine condilions undev
vIicI nen
nav IecilinaleIv possess,
use and aIienale
oI]ecls.
FuvlIev il viII
delevnine lIe condilions
vequived
Jov
inlevpevsonaI
lvansaclions
|conlvacl)
lo
Ie
possiIIe,
and
iIIecilinale
invasions lo Ie
punisIaIIe.
IJ
pvopevlv
is an
enIodinenl oJ
pevsonaIilv,
nodes oJ
laIinc possession
nusl Ie undevslood as
expvessions
oJ lIe viII oJ lIe
possessov.
Is lIis Iov ve see lIen?
HeceI
cIavaclevislicaIIv
discusses lIvee sucI nodes.
TIoucI
olIevs
nav
Jind
lIivlv-
lIvee,
I sIaII slicI vilI Iis cIassiJicalion.
TIe Jivsl
vav
oJ
laIinc possession
oJ an
oI]ecl
is
Iv diveclIv cvaspinc
il
pIvsicaIIv. HeceI
considevs lIis lIe nosl
conpIele
oJ lIese
nodes,
Iecause
lIen I an
diveclIv pvesenl
in lIis
possession,
and lIeveJove
nv
viII is
vecocnis-
aIIe in il
|FB? 55).
BeJove ve IooI al
exanpIes
a Jev connenls
nicIl IeIp
lo
eIucidale lIis. TIe
oI]ecls
oJ vIicI I laIe
possession
nusl Ie consideved ves
nuIIius al lIis
slace
oJ lIe
avcunenl,
and
cvaspinc
eJJecls a lvansJovnalion in
lIe slalus oJ lIe
oI]ecl
Jvon a
lIinc
lo a
possession. Nexl,
considev lIe divecl
pvesence
oJ lIe viII in lIe
oI]ecl cvasped.
We can undevsland lIis iJve laIe il
7
HeceI's FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl
lvans. T. M. Knox
|OxJovd, 1952) p.
10
|IeveaJlev aIIvevialed lo
FB').
50 BUBLEY KNOWLES
in lIe
IicIl
oJ sone venavIs
HeceI
naIes
concevninc
lIe
concepl
oJ
in]uvv.
EIsevIeve Ie
avcues
lIal il is
onIv
lIe viII exislenl in an
oI]ecl
lIal can suJJev
in]uvv |FB?96).
A cav isn'l
in]uved
iJ I IicI
il,
nov is a vose iJ I
pvune
il. KicI
nv
cav Iovevev and
vou in]uve
ne. Even iJ
vou
do no
danace
al aII
|sav vou ]usl
Iool lIe vuIIev
Iunpev, Ianc
lIe vooJ ov JIicI lIe
aeviaI)
I viII
vecavd vouv
aclion as
slviIinc
ne. TIal Iil oJ ne vIicI is in
nv pvopevlv
Ias Ieen vioIaled.
TIal is Iov I see il and lIal is Iov
nv
allacIev sees il iJ Iis acl is one oJ
accvession.
In lIis
case, lIoucI, nv
viII is
pvesenl indiveclIv.
A conlvasl sIouId Ie
dvavn Ielveen cases vIeve lIe viII is enIodied
diveclIv,
i.e. in
nv Iodv
|Ience
I an
in]uved diveclIv
vIen
nv
sIin is
IicIed)
and cases vIeve lIe viII is
pvesenl indiveclIv,
i.e. in an exlevnaI
oI]ecl. Ovasp
naIes lIe
oI]ecl
a
pavl
oJ
lIe
Iodv:
vIiIsl in
nv cvasp,
lIe
oI]ecl
is
pIvsicaIIv insepavaIIe.
TIis is lIe
pvincipIe
vIal I
IoId,
I
Iave,
JaniIiav lo aII cIiIdven.
Nolice, loo, HeceI's
cIain lIal
nv
viII is
vecocnisaIIe
in lIe
oI]ecl
vIen I
cvasp
il. One oJ
HeceI's pvincipIes
is lIal
viII,
unIess ils
expvession
is
palIoIocicaI
as in lIe Hindu Janalicisn oJ
puve conlenpIalion,
nusl Iave a
pIvsicaI aspecl
oJ
expvession.
IJ I an lo delevnine
nvseIJ,
naIe
sonelIinc
oJ
nvseIJ,
lIe seIJ lIal is
opevaled
on nusl Ie
vecocnisaIIe Iv
ne in
]usl
lIe sane
vav
lIal il is
vecocnised Iv
olIevs.
IJ, lIeveJove,
ve
vecocnise
lIe
cvaspinc
oJ
an
oI]ecl
as
laIinc possession,
ve do so
pveciseIv
Iecause ve
idenliJv
lIe viII
oJ lIe
pvopevlv
IoIdev in Iis
cvasp.
TIe
]oininc
oJ
oI]ecl
lo
pevson
eJJecled
Iv pIvsicaI cvasp
is a Iiniled node
oJ
laIinc possession.
Il
nav
Ie exlended
Iv
lIe use oJ necIanicaI
Jovces,
veapons
ov
looIs,
as
pevIaps
vIen I Iassoo a Iovse ov cIain a
doc.
AIso
pvopevlv nav
Ie accunuIaled vIen
oI]ecls
vIicI ave ves nuIIius ave seen lo Ie
]oined lo,
ov a
pavl oJ, oI]ecls
vIicI ave
aIveadv desicnaled
as
pvopevlv,
as
vIen ninevaIs ave discoveved undev
nv
Iand ov vasIed lo
nv
IeacI. IJ ve
vecavd
lIese exlensions as
vIoIIv inpIausiIIe
ve sIouId considev
vIv.
One
ansvev lIal
deveIops
lIe
lIeovv
vouId invoIve lIe cIain lIal lIese conneclions
ave
enliveIv conlincenl
and
avIilvavv
i.e.
lIev
cannol Ie
speIIed
oul in levns oJ
lIe viII oJ lIe
IucIv
nan vIo Jinds lIen.
|FB
BenavI lo
?55)
TIe second node oJ
laIinc possession
is lIe
inposilion oJJovn.
TIe inluilive
idea Ieve is lIal
sonelIinc
is nine iJ I Iave Jovned ov nade
il,
in lIe sense lIal
lIe
oI]ecl
is an
expvession
oJ
nv
viII. TIe
poinl nav
Ie nade IolI
Iv
conlvasl
and
exanpIes.
One veason vIicI
nav
Ie
civen
Jov
savinc
lIal an
oI]ecl
is lIe
pvopevlv
oJ lIe naIev is lIal lIe naIev desevves il in vivlue oJ lIe
pains
and
inconvenience incuvved in Iis vovI.8 TIis is nol
HeceI's
viev.
Acain
lIe
IacIcvound
is lIal oJ a nan
appvopvialinc
ilens lIal ave ves nuIIius and
doinc
so,
in lIis
case, Iv
cvealion. We sIaII exanine Ialev lIe
vav
in vIicI viII is
8
BecIev allviIules lIis Iine oJ
veasoninc
lo LocIe. See
Fvopevlv BicIls pp. 35,
48-55.
cJ
LocIe
Second Tvealise
?34.
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
51
expvessed
in cvealive
aclivilv.
Fov lIe
nonenl,
considev ouv
pvaclice
oJ
vievinc
avleJacls as
expvessive
oJ lIe naIev's
pevsonaIilv.
OIvious
exanpIes
ave vovIs oJ avl. One oJ lIe
pvopevlies
lIal ve
appvaise
in
painlincs
and
scuIpluves,
and
avcuaIIv
a cenlvaI
conponenl
oJ aII avlislic
evaIualion,
is lIe
neasuve lo vIicI lIe avl
oI]ecl dispIavs cIeavIv
lIe inlenlion oJ lIe avlisl. As
ve scvulinize
painlincs, especiaIIv
lIose vIicI ave nol oJ lIe
IicIesl quaIilv,
ve
puzzIe
aIoul lIe ain
lIev enIodv.
WIeve lIese ains ave sel oul in a
calaIocue
ve
slvuccIe
lo lvace lIeiv
expvession
in lIe
pIvsicaI oI]ecl
ve
conJvonl. Sone lIeovies oJ avl
nolvilIslandinc,
ve ave veII used lo lIe idea
lIal a nan vIo naIes
sonelIinc
oul oJ
nolIinc inposes
Iis viII.
HeceI avcues
lIal iJ ve see
lIincs
lIis
vav
ve
vecocnise
lIe
oI]ecl
as lIe
pvopevlv
oJ lIe
naIev.
TIe JinaI node oJ
laIinc possession
is lIal oJ
navIinclIe oI]ecl.
In lIis case
lIe viII is nol acluaI Iul is
vepvesenled.
TIe
neaninc
oJ lIe navI is
supposed
lo Ie lIal I Iave
pul nv
viII inlo lIe
lIinc |FB?58).
TIis is a
lvicIv
cIain lo
assess,
so Iel's IooI Jivsl al sone
exanpIes.
I
Iuv
a
IooI,
laIe il Ione
and,
vilI
a
JIouvisI,
vvile
nv
nane on lIe
JIv-IeaJ,
ov Iellev
sliII, pasle
in
nv eIecanl
vood-cul
IooIpIale.
WIal an I
up
lo? Is lIis
neveIv
lIe
Iilevavv equivaIenl
oJ
CasI's nane
lapes
sevn on scIooI
uniJovn,
ov does ils
desicn
as a device Jov
venindinc Iazv
Iovvovevs lIal a
pvonpl
veluvn vouId Ie
appvecialed
en-
pIasise
lIal I cIain il in a nove suIslanliaI JasIion lIan I vouId veve I
neveIv
lo
pIace il, unnavIed,
on
nv
sIeIves? Bo I nean il lo Ie
vecavded
as a IosliIe
pvesence
on lIe desI oJ lIe Iovvovev? Boes a
IooI,
so
navIed,
lvansnil
nv
indicnalion
lo a caveIess Jviend?
TIeve ave Iols oJ
vavs
oJ
vepvesenlinc
ouv viII in
oI]ecls
and lIese can Ie
poov
uliIilavian
slvalecies.
We can slicI lIe nanes 'Slan' and 'Sue' on ouv
vindscveen Iul lIis von'l
Ieep
oul lIieves. We can
pul up
ovnale IillIe Jences
avound lIe
cavden
Iul nexl doov's
doc
viII sliII
Ieap
ovev lo do Iis
divlv
Iusiness. CenlvaI lo lIis
pvaclice
is ouv
undevslandinc
lIal
Iv
so
navIinc
oI]ecls
ve
dispIav
ouvseIves as
pvoud possessovs
lo ouvseIves and lo olIevs.
TIe acl oJ
inscviplion
is nove
pvecnanl
lIan lIe
neaninc
oJ lIe nane
inscviIed. We viev lIe
pevson
vIo
aulocvapIs
Iis
possessions
as
slaIinc
and
puIIisIinc
Iis cIain.
Lel us
calIev locelIev
lIe lIveads oJ lIe discussion so Jav. We ave lo vead
HeceI
as
Iislinc
lIe
vavs
lIal ve laIe
possession
oJ
oI]ecls,
and as
inlevpvelinc
lIese aclions as lIe enIodinenl oJ viII in one Jovn ov anolIev. One nodeI oJ
enIodinenl,
oJ
couvse,
is lIe veIalion Ielveen nind and
Iodv,
Iul ve
sIouIdn'l
expecl
a
sinpIe
accounl oJ lIis
veIalionsIip
vIicI viII enaIIe us lo
pIol
exlensions and cIavl
anaIocies.
Al lIis
slace
ve sIouId IooI al vIalevev
cIavaclevislic aclivilies ave
acveed
lo conslilule
appvopvialion
and undevsland
lIen as
invoIvinc
lIe
inposilion
oJ viII and lIe
expvession
oJ
pevsonaIilv.
So
Jav,
lIe lasI Ias Ieen
inlevpvelalive,
and inlended lo
anpIiJv
lIe cenlvaI
52 BUBLEY KNOWLES
lIene,
lIal
pvopevlv
is lIe enIodinenl oJ
pevsonaIilv, Iv appeaIinc
lo ouv
undevslandinc
oJ JaniIiav
pvaclices.
IJ lIese iIIuslvalions Iave vovIed ve viII
acInovIedce
lIal one vIo laIes
possession Iv cvaspinc, Jovninc
ov
navIinc,
exlevnaIises Iis viII in sucI a
vav
lIal il is
vecocnisaIIe Iv
olIevs and
Iv
IinseIJ.
AIlIoucI
ve can
speaI quile naluvaIIv
oJ
pvopevlv
as lIe enIodinenl oJ
pevsonaIilv
ov exlevnaIisalion oJ
viII,
ve cannol Ie suve lIal sucI
laII,
and
associaled senlinenls and
IeIieJs,
do nol
encapsuIale
evvov and iIIusion unliI
ve can Iocale lIose inluilions vilIin an
acceplaIIe pIiIosopIicaI
accounl oJ
Iunan
acencv
and viII. TIis is ouv second
slvalecv
- lo exanine
diveclIv
lIose
inluilions
cIavaclevislicaIIv
adduced in lIe
undevslandinc
oJ
pvopevlv
inslilulions.
AJlev
discussinc
lIe vavious nodes oJ
laIinc possession, HeceI pvoceeds
lo
anaIvse
lIe Use oJ lIe
TIinc.
He vviles
Bv Ieinc
laIen inlo
possession,
lIe
lIinc acquives
lIe
pvedicale
'nine' and
nv
viII is veIaled lo il
posiliveIv.
WilIin lIis
idenlilv,
lIe
lIinc
is
equaIIv
eslaIIisIed as
sonelIinc necalive
and
nv
viII in lIis
silualion is a
pavlicuIav viII,
i.e.
need,
incIinalion and so JovlI... TIe
use oJ lIe
lIinc
is
nv
need
Ieinc exlevnaIIv
veaIized
lIvoucI
lIe
cIance,
deslvuclion,
and
consunplion
oJ lIe
lIinc |FB?59).
We can
aIveadv
see a IillIe nove
cIeavIv
vIal
aspecl
oJ lIe viII is invoIved in
appvopvialion.
Use naniJesls lIe viII oJ lIe
possessov Iv dispIavinc
Iov lIe
oI]ecl
is Jilled inlo lIe
pallevn
oJ Iis
needs,
incIinalions and desives.
Mv
use oJ
an
oI]ecl
sIovs vIal I vanled lo do vilI il.
We
nicIl vespond
lo lIis
deveIopnenl
oJ lIe
lIeovv
as JoIIovs.
Nov,
ve
cIain,
ve can undevsland lIis laII oJ enIodinenl oJ lIe viII. Il veduces lo lIe
sinpIe
cIain lIal lIe viII oJ lIe ovnev is
expvessed
in Iis use oJ lIe
oI]ecl.
Bul
no one evev denied lIis. His use oJ lIe
oI]ecl
is an
aclion,
and so lIis viII
nav
Ie
inlevpveled
as Iis inlenlion.
NolIinc excepl
conJusion is added
Iv
lIe
lIesis lIal lIe
oI]ecl
enIodies lIe viII.
TIe vesl oJ
nv exposilion
oJ
HeceI's
vievs
nav
Ie seen as a suslained
vepIv
lo lIis
oI]eclion.
A Jivsl
poinl
lo naIe is lIal lIe
oI]eclion
can
onIv
Ie
undevslood in levns oJ a
sinpIe
coIIeclion and
consunplion
nodeI oJ
pvopevlv
ovnevsIip.
Il onils
enliveIv
lIe
vav pvopevlv
is
acquived
and
inlecvaled
inlo
lIe IiJe oJ a nan vIo
vecocnises
Juluve as veII as
pvesenl
desives and
ovcanises
Iis
pvopevlv
in Iine vilI Iis
conceplion
oJ Iis
IiIeIv
and
pveJevved pvospecls.
TIe vesonanl
pIvases
oJ
pIiIosopIevs
vIo
enpIasise aulononv,
a vIoIe
discouvse
concevninc pIans
oJ
IiJe, pvo]ecls
oJ
seIJ-expvession, expevinenls
oJ
Iivinc
and
slvalecies
oJ
pvudence, nav
Ie casIed oul in levns oJ lIe
disposilion
oJ an individuaI's naleviaI assels.
Inacinalive conceplions
oJ ouv Juluve seIves
ave
indislincuisIaIIe
Jvon
Janlasv
ov
dav-dveans
unIess
lIev
ave
suppovled Iv
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
53
acquisilion,
inveslnenl ov
pIanned savincs.
Fvudence vilIoul
pvopevlv
is a
]oIe. Anvone
vIo visIes lo conducl an
invenlovv
oJ Iis desives
nav pvoJilaIIv
Iecin Iv vaIIinc
vound Iis ovn
dveIIinc
ov
IooIinc
in Iis vavdvoIe.
Lel us
lvv
lo
cive
lIis
vepIv
nove
pIiIosopIicaI soIidilv. HeceI dislincuisIes
lvo eIenenls in lIe viII. Il
conlains,
Jivsl
lIe eIenenl oJ
puve indelevninacv
ov lIal
puve
veJIeclion oJ lIe
eco
inlo ilseIJ vIicI invoIves lIe
dissipalion
oJ
evevv
veslviclion and
evevv
conlenl eilIev
innedialeIv pvesenled Iv naluve, Iv needs,
desives
and
inpuIses,
ov
civen
and delevnined
Iv anv
neans vIalevev. TIis
is lIe unveslvicled
inJinilv
oJ aIsoIule aIslvaclion ov
univevsaIilv,
lIe
puve lIoucIl
oJ oneseIJ
|FB?5).
Cavlesians viII
vecocnise
lIis
lIoucIl
as lIe conlenl oJ a
cocilo
so vadicaI
lIal il excIudes veJevence lo lIe lIinIev. TIe aIslvaclion invoIved
|and
vIo
Ias evev allained
il?)
is so aIsoIule lIal
univevsaIilv
is disliIIed Jvon il. You and
I,
seeIevs aJlev
lvulI,
ave conscious nol oJ
vouv lIoucIl
and nine Iul oJ
lIoucIl, puve
and
sinpIe.
TIe second eIenenl oJ viII is viII as
pavlicuIav,
vilI a delevninale
oI]ecl,
conlenl,
and ain
|FB?6)
as in I do vanl lIal
doccv
in lIe vindov.
BolI oJ lIese eIenenls ov nonenls oJ lIe viII ave aIslvaclions. WiII
pvopev
is lIe
unilv
oJ lIese novenenls.
HeceI's Iancuace
Ieve is Iavd. He vviles oJ
lIe viII
Il is lIe
seIJ-delevninalion
oJ lIe
eco,
vIicI neans lIal al one and
lIe sane line lIe
eco posils
ilseIJ as ils ovn
necalive,
i.e. as veslvicled
and
delevninale,
and
vel
venains
Iv ilseIJ,
i.e. in ils
seIJ-idenlilv
and
univevsaIilv.
Il delevnines ilseIJ and
vel
al lIe sane line Iinds ilseIJ
locelIev
vilI ilseIJ.
|FB?7).
On lIis accounl lIe cenlvaI Jealuve oJ Iunan
viIIinc
is seIJ-delevninalion.
TIe eIenenls oJ aIslvaclion and
univevsaIilv, delevninacv
and
pavlicuIavilv
ave uniled in a
pvocess vIeveIv
viII
opevales
on ilseIJ. An
exanpIe
sIouId
naIe lIis cIeav. I Ieave vovI
evevvdav
al lIe sane line and vaII Ione
aIonc
a
voule lIal laIes ne
pasl
lIe Feav Tvee Inn vIicI Ias
]usl
opened
Jov lIe
eveninc.
SevevaI oJ
nv
Jviends Iave siniIav IaIils and I
dvop
in lo see lIen.
On odd
occasions, lIev
don'l luvn
up
Iul I Iave a Jviend in lIe Iavnan and an
conlenl lo veIax in Iis
conpanv. CIeeviIv vaIIinc
lo lIe
puI
one
eveninc
I
vondev vIelIev
Fved,
a JeIIov
vecuIav,
Ias
col
lIe
]oI
Ie vanled and
]usl
as
quicIIv
veaIise I don'l
veaIIv
cave. WIal I vanl is a dvinI. I lIen see lIal I Iave
IocIed
nvseIJ
inlo a
IaIil,
and I don'l IiIe vIal I Iave Iecone. I conlinue
coinc
lo lIe
puI,
Iul
incveasincIv vecavd nvseIJ
vilI dislasle as I nolice lIal I
an
sIippinc
vovI so as lo Ieave on line ov
Iancinc
avound so as lo avoid
coinc
Ione
eavIv. So,
in snaII
vavs,
I
Iecin
lo IveaI
up
lIis vouline. IJ vovI JinisIes
54
BUBLEY KNOWLES
eavIv
I
co slvaicIl Ione:
iJ lIeve is sliII vovI lo do I JinisI il. Sonelines I Iave
a
quicI
dvinI and
disappeav,
sonelines I
sIip
inlo a diJJevenl
puI
and
sonelines I
accepl
a IiJl
slvaicIl
Ione in a Jviend's cav.
We can
idenliJv
lIe
HeceIian
eIenenls oJ lIe viII al sevevaI
poinls
in lIis
slovv.
WIen I acIieve an exlevnaI
pevspeclive
on
nv
IiJe and
idenliJv
a IaIil
vIicI naIes ne
squivn
I Iave cIeav sense oJ
nvseIJ
as a
desivinc
cvealuve
vIose desives couId Ie diJJevenl. I can aIslvacl Jvon lIe desives I acI-
novIedce.
I see lIal lIeve ave
lIincs
vIicI I couId do vIicI viII naIe lIe
desive Jov a dvinI Iess
pvessinc.
CenlvaI lo
nv slvalecv
Jov
naIinc sonelIinc
diJJevenl oJ
nvseIJ,
and a
consequence
oJ
nv aIiIilv
lo
slep
oulside
nvseIJ
and
appvaise nvseIJ
indiJJe-
venlIv,
is
nv
veaIizalion lIal desive ilseIJ can Ie
nanipuIaled.
Besives vIicI
ave
slvonc
in
pvaclice
ave eIininaIIe in
lIoucIl,
and desives eIininaled in
lIoucIl nav
Ie nasleved in
pvaclice.
WIen ve
assicn
a slvucluve oJ lIis sovl lo lIe
viII, vievinc
ouv desives as
naleviaI lo Ie
vecuIaled
and ovdeved in Iine vilI desives oJ a
IicIev
ovdev sliII
|Jov exanpIe
lIe desive nol lo Ie lIe Iind oJ
pevson
ve see ouvseIves
Ieinc
ov
Ieconinc)
ve veacI a cIeavev
undevslandinc
oJ lIe
sIippevv concepl
oJ seIJ-
delevninalion.
|FB,
Addilion lo
?7).9
TIe viII is nol
sonelIinc conpIele
and univevsaI
pviov
lo ils delev-
nininc
ilseIJ and
pviov
lo ils
supevsedinc
and
ideaIizinc
lIis delevni-
nalion. TIe viII is nol a viII unliI il is lIis
seIJ-nedialinc aclivilv,
lIis
veluvn inlo ilseIJ.
|FB,
BenavI lo
?7).
Hov does lIis accounl oJ lIe
aclivilv
oJ lIe viII connecl vilI
HeceI's
accounl oJ
pvopevlv?
TIe Jivsl lIvee
cIaplevs
oJ lIe
FIenonenoIocv oJ Spivil
conlain a suslained
avcunenl
lovavds lIe concIusion lIal JuII
seIJ-InovIedce
cannol Ie allained
Iv Ieincs
vIose
pIiIosopIicaI
IaIouvs ave divecled lovavds
lIe eIucidalion oJ a
lIeovv
oJ
InovIedce.
TIe Iesson laIen Jvon lIe JaiIuve oJ
lvadilionaI
epislenoIocv
lo
dislincuisI
slvucluvaI Jealuves oJ lIe
pevceivinc
consciousness Jvon
oI]eclive pvopevlies
oJ
oI]ecls
in lIe exlevnaI vovId is lIal
ve can
onIv
undevsland vIal il is Jov us lo Iave
InovIedce
vIen ve undev-
sland ouvseIves.
SeIJ-InovIedce Iecins
vilI a
conceplion
oJ ouvseIves as
9
BecenlIv,
H. FvanIJuvl Ias
dislincuisIed
Jivsl- and second-ovdev desives in
vovIinc
oul a
siniIav
pvo]ecl:
WiIIian AIslon
dislincuisIes
Iovev- and
IicIev-IeveI
nolivalion in ovdev lo
expIain
Iov lIe
acenl's conceplion
oJ lIe seIJ enlevs
expIanalion
oJ
aclion:
and CIavIes
TavIov
conlvasls Jivsl-ovdev desives vilI lvo Iinds oJ second-ovdev desives
|slvonc
and veaI evaIualions
oJ
desive)
in
seeIinc
an accounl oJ lIe essenliaI
pvopevlies
oJ Iunan
acencv.
See H. FvanIJuvl
Fveedon oJ lIe WiII and lIe
Concepl
oJ a
Fevson,JouvnaI oJFIiIosopIv,
L7VII No.
IJan.
1971,
pp. 5-20:
WiIIian F.
AIslon,
SeIJ-Inlevvenlion and lIe Slvucluve oJ
Molivalion,
CIavIes
TavIov,
WIal is Hunan
Acencv?,
IolI in TIe
SeIJed.
T. MiscIeI
|OxJovd, 1977) pp.
65-103
and
pp.
103-135. See aIso B.
NozicI, FIiIosopIicaI ExpIanalions |OxJovd, 1981) pp.
352-362 Jov a
veIaled accounl oJ
'SeIJ-cIoosinc'.
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
55
aninaI
spivils.
We Iocale ouvseIves Jivsl oJ aII as
pavlicipanls
in a JIux oJ
cvealion, decenevalion
and
dealI, seIJ-vepIenisIinc
Iul novlaI nediuns oJ
pvoduclion
and
consunplion.
Al lIis aninaI IeveI ve undevsland ouvseIves
pvinaviIv
nol as
conlenpIalive
ov veJIeclive
Ieincs
Iul as cvealuves noved
Iv
desive.
Man aIsovIed in veJIeclion cannol
sepavale
IinseIJ in
lIoucIl
Jvon lIe
oI]ecls
oJ Iis
conlenpIalion.
A
desivinc
cvealuve is Jovced lo do so. He
idenliJies
oI]ecls
in lIeiv olIevess
and, Ieinc aIive,
is dviven lo ovevcone lIal
olIevness in lIe consunnalion oJ Iis desive. His
seeinc oI]ecls
as lIe souvce
oJ Iis conlinued exislence enaIIes Iin lo acIieve a
vudinenlavv
sense oJ
IinseIJ as olIev lIan lIe
oI]ecls
oJ Iis desive. In
sequence,
nan sees IinseIJ
as a Iocus oJ
desive,
as an
acenl
in seavcI oJ salisJaclion and
JinaIIv
as consunev
ov
deslvovev
oJ lIe souvce oJ Iis enIanced seIJ-consciousness. Man's condi-
lion as a
desivinc
cvealuve
vieIds
a viev oJ IinseIJ lIal is
JIicIevinc
and
lvansienl. Il is acIieved
onIv
in lIe
pvesence
oJ
oI]ecls
oJ
desive,
and is ilseIJ
consuned in consunnalion.
TIe discussion oJ desive in lIe
FIenonenoIocv
and lIe
EncvcIopaedia,
and lIe
cenlvaI
posilion
oJ desive in lIe
anaIvsis
oJ viII in lIe Inlvoduclion lo lIe
FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl locelIev
delevnine an
inpovlanl aspecl
oJ ouv undevsland-
inc
oJ aclion. Man Ias an aninaI naluve vIicI Iis desives avlicuIale. He acls
vilIin
vevv sIavp
causaI conslvainls. We Inov lIeve ave sone
lIincs
Ie viII
vanl,
vIalevev eIse Ie vanls.
TIis,
lIe lIinnesl oJ aII lIeovies oJ lIe
cood,
deJines a sel oJ causaI
coods
as
pIvsicaIIv
and
pevIaps psvcIoIocicaIIv
neces-
savv
Jov IiJe lo conlinue. TIese
coods
ave JeIIov
occupievs
oJ naluvaI
space,
and IiJe Jov aII Ieasls
vequives
sone access lo lIen. Il is a
|connon)
nislaIe
anoncsl
veadevs oJ
HeceI
lo Iel ouv aninaI naluve
sIip
oul oJ lIe
picluve
aIlocelIev,
lo
Jovcel
lIal lIis naluve
pvovides,
so lo
sav,
lIe vav naleviaI oJ
seIJ-delevninalion. We Iave a
vance
oJ desives and a vasl
vance
oJ
oI]ecls
can
salisJv
lIen in one
vav
ov anolIev. TIe
scope
and
cenevaIilv
oJ lIese desives
cveales lIe
possiIiIilv
oJ Jvee aclion.
|cJ. FB?12)
TIal
povlion
oJ ouv aclion
vIicI
vequives
naleviaI
oI]ecls
as neans ov ends necessilales lIe
possiIiIilv
oJ
nen
naIinc
cIains lo sucI
oI]ecls.
TIe nexl
slep
in lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ seIJ-consciousness
vequives
lIe lvans-
cendence oJ aninaI desive. TIe
oI]ecl
oJ desive nusl Iave lIe slalus oJ
pevnanenl
OlIev iJ nan's
conceplion
oJ IinseIJ is lo Ie slaIIe and suIslan-
liaI. In lIe
FIenonenoIocv
lIe
vequivenenl
lIal nan sIouId
vecocnise
IinseIJ
viII Ie nel vIen vIal Ie desives is
pveciseIv
lIal
vecocnilion
vIicI
onIv
anolIev consciousness can aJJovd. I Iecone
seIJ-conscious,
see
nvseIJ
as a
conscious
Ieinc, onIv
vIen I
vecocnise
anolIev as conscious and
onIv
vIen
lIal olIev consciousness
vecocnises
ne.
TIis ideaI is Jivsl canvassed in
pavacvapIs
182-184 oJ lIe
FIenonenoIocv.
HeceI
vviles
56 BUBLEY KNOWLES
lIis novenenl oJ seIJ-consciousness in veIalion lo anolIev seIJ-
consciousness Ias in lIis
vav
Ieen
vepvesenled
as lIe aclion oJ one
seIJ-consciousness,
Iul lIis aclion oJ lIe one Ias ilseIJ lIe douIIe
sicniJicance
oJ
Ieinc
IolI ils ovn aclion and lIe aclion oJ lIe olIev as
veII. Fov lIe olIev is
equaIIv independenl
and
seIJ-conlained,
and
lIeve is
nolIinc
in il oJ vIicI il is nol ilseIJ lIe
ovicin.
TIe Jivsl does
nol Iave lIe
oI]ecl
IeJove il
neveIv
as il exisls
pvinaviIv
Jov
desive,
Iul as
sonelIinc
lIal Ias an
independenl
exislence oJ ils
ovn, vIicI,
lIeveJove,
il cannol uliIize Jov ils ovn
puvposes,
iJ lIal
oI]ecl
does nol
oJ ils ovn accovd do vIal lIe Jivsl does lo il... EacI sees lIe olIev do
lIe sane as il
does:
eacI does ilseIJ vIal il denands oJ lIe
olIev,
and
lIeveJove aIso does vIal il does
onIv
in so Jav as lIe olIev does lIe
sane . . .
TIev vecocnise
lIenseIves as
nuluaIIv vecocnisinc
one
anolIev.
In nove accessiIIe
Iancuace,
lIe
poinl nav
Ie
expvessed
as JoIIovs.
Man,
lo
Ie
pvopevIv seIJ-conscious,
nusl
appIv
lo IinseIJ
concepls
vIicI sevve lo
diJJevenliale nan Jvon lIe vesl oJ naluvaI cvealion. TIese
concepls
cannol Ie
acquived lIvoucI soIilavv conlenpIalion,
Iul
enevce
as nen in
Iislovv
veIale
lIenseIves lo olIev
nen: lIev nav
Ie discevned as lIe slvucluvaI Jealuves oJ
Jovns oJ sociaI
IiJe,
veveaIed in lIe couvse oJ a sovl oJ
palIoIocv
oJ
Iislovv.
Al
lIe
end-poinl,
nen
nav
Ie said lo
vecocnise
lIenseIves vIen
lIev
descviIe
lIenseIves in levns oJ
concepls
vIicI
lIev
see as inslanlialed
equaIIv Iv
olIev
nen. TIese olIev nen IiIevise viII descviIe lIenseIves in lIese sane
levns,
appIvinc
lIen
equaIIv
lo olIevs. We sIaII see ouvseIves as olIevs see
us, seeinc
olIevs as ve see ouvseIves.
WIal ave lIese
concepls
vIicI Jvane
seIJ-undevslandinc?
Al lIe IeveI oJ
oI]eclive Spivil lIev conpvise
lIe
calecovies
oJ
seIJ-ascviplion inveslicaled
in
lIe
FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl,
lIe
calecovies
oJ
pevson,
aulonous novaI
suI]ecl
and
nenIev oJ an elIicaI
connunilv,
a valionaI Slale vilI
JaniIv,
civiI and
poIilicaI
veIalions. Fov us lIe cvuciaI
calecovv
is lIal oJ
pevson.
TIe
inpevalive
oJ
vicIl,
Be a
pevson
and
vespecl
olIevs as
pevsons |FB?36), en]oins
us lo
cIain
pvopevlv vicIls
and
vespecl
lIe
pvopevlv vicIls
oJ
olIevs,
lo
appvopviale,
Ience
idenliJv
ouvseIves
lIvoucI
lIe nediun oJ ouv
pvopevlv
and lo accovd
olIevs
equivaIenl
slalus as
lIev expvess
and
vecocnise
lIenseIves in lIeiv
pvopevlv.
TIis concIusion is
expvessed nealIv
in lIe
EncvcIopaedia
TIe
lIinc
is lIe nean
Iv
vIicI lIe exlvenes
|oJ
SeIJ and
OlIev)
neel
in one. TIese exlvenes ave lIe
pevsons vIo,
in lIe
InovIedce
oJ
lIeiv
idenlilv
as
Jvee,
ave
sinuIlaneousIv nuluaIIv independenl.
Fov
lIen, nv
viII Ias ils
deJinile vecocnizaIIe
exislence in lIe
lIinc, Iv
lIe
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY
57
innediale
IodiIv
acl oJ
laIinc possession,
ov
Iv
lIe Jovnalion oJ lIe
lIinc ov,
il
nav Ie, Iv
neve
desicnalion
oJ
il.'0
Fvopevlv
is lIus an essenliaI eIenenl oJ seIJ-consciousness. To
vepeal,
lIvoucI
il
nv
viII Ias ils deJinile
vecocnizaIIe
exislence.
We can sunnavise as JoIIovs lIese conneclions Ielveen
pvopevlv, pevson-
aIilv
and aclion. As
Ieasl,
nan desives lIe Iave
necessilies,
and
possessions
can
salisJv
lIose needs.
Fvopevlv
sevves a veIaled Iul
cvealev puvpose.
Fvee-
don vouId Ie
inpossiIIe
veve nen nol aIIe lo accunuIale and
dispose
oJ lIe
assels
vequived
lo
suppovl
lIe
conceplion
oJ lIe
cood
IiJe vIicI
lIev adopl.
As
soon as lIis
conceplion coes Ievond
a
conceplion
oJ lIe seIJ as alonislic
consunev,
nen viII
appvopviale
duvaIIe ilens vIicI can Ie
enpIoved vecu-
IavIv
in lIe salisJaclion oJ
sociaIIv ovdeved,
vecuvvenl desives.
Fvopevlv
is a
sociaI veIalion aIin lo
Iancuace
in
inleveslinc vavs:
a nediun oJ sociaI
lvanspavencv,
il
pevnils
IolI
seIJ-expvession
and
puIIic inleIIiciIiIilv,
IolI
seIJ-idenliJicalion and nuluaI
vecocnilion.
LiIe
Iancuace,
a consciousness
vIicI delevnines ilseIJ cannol Ie a
pvivale oI]ecl
oJ
inlvospeclion.
We
enpIasized
eavIiev lIal lIe viII is Jvee vIen il
opevales upon ilseIJ, Iv
ovdevinc
ils desives. In a
connunilv
oJ
pevsons
lIis
ovdevinc
viII laIe lvo
Jovns. IndividuaIs viII
appvopviale,
use and
dispose
oJ lIeiv
pvopevlv
in
puvsuil
oJ lIeiv consideved
pIans
and
anIilions,
Iul lIis exevcise oJ seIJ-
expvession
viII Ie undevlaIen in JuII
vecocnilion
oJ lIe cIains oJ olIevs lo
vespecl. Ovdevinc
viII laIe
pIace
Ieve al a
second, IicIev
IeveI as
pevsons
vovI
oul a
svslen
oJ vuIes
covevninc
lIe exacl
scope
oJ
appvopvialion,
use and
aIienalion,
and lIe nelIods and naleviaIs oJ
acceplaIIe excIance. Becavdinc
lIenseIves as
pevsons lIev
viII aIso seeI
|Iul
Ie unaIIe lo
Jind)
lIe neans oJ
delevnininc
a
]usl
neasuve oJ
punisInenl
as velviIulion Jov cvine.
In a
pvinilive vav, lIeveJove,
nen viII
accepl
vuIes
covevninc
lIeiv slalus
and veIalions as
pvopevlv
IoIdevs as
expvessions
oJ lIeiv
|nov ovdeved)
viIIs.
TIeve is no
nvslevv
Ieve.
HeceI
IinseIJ
inlevpvels
HoIIes as
avcuinc
in lIe
sane
vav.1I
TIe cilizen is lIe aulIov oJ Iavs oJ lIe
Soveveicn.
Favl oJ lIe
veason
vIv
Ie is
oIIiced
lo
oIev
lIen is lIal lIe Iavs veJIecl lIe cilizen's ovn
ovdeved
pveJevences,
an
ovdevinc
eacI cilizen vouId
accepl
veve
Ie,
in a
lIoucIl-expevinenl,
lo
pIace
IinseIJ in a Slale oJ Naluve. In lIe naluvaI slale
Evevvnan
vouId
vapidIv
deduce lIal Iis nosl
inpovlanl
desives ave lo
pve-
sevve Iis IiJe and Iive
connodiousIv.
WIen lIe Iavs oJ naluve ave lvansJovned
inlo lIe Iavs oJ lIe
soveveicn,
lIe viII oJ lIe cilizen acIieves a
posilive,
delevninale
expvession.
10
HeceI's FIiIosopIv oJ
Mind lvans. WiIIian WaIIace A. V. MiIIev
|Favl
TIvee oJ lIe
EncvcIopaedia oJ
lIe
FIiIosopIicaI Sciences, 1830), |OxJovd, 1971)
?491
p.
244.
1'
HeceI's
Lecluves on lIe
Hislovv oJ FIiIosopIv
ed. E. S. HaIdene Fvances H. Sinon
|London,
1896)
VoI.
3, pp.
315-319.
58 BUBLEY KNOWLES
V
TIe JinaI
puzzIe
lIvovn
up Iv
LocIe concevns
IaIouv,
and lIis is a suilaIIe
lopic
on vIicI lo cIose
nv exposilion,
since lIis
aspecl
oJ
HeceI's
vievs vas
laIen
up Iv
Iis
successovs, nolaIIv Iv
Mavx. In lIe
FIenonenoIocv
ve Jivsl
encounlev IaIouv in lIe
pevson
oJ lIe sIave in lIe Maslev-SIave diaIeclic. TIe
Maslev,
ve
vecaII,
JaiIs in Iis
desicn
lo Iecone an
independenl
consciousness.
He dislances IinseIJ Jvon naluve
Iv Jovcinc
lIe sIave lo calev Jov Iis
needs,
Iul nuluaI
vecocnilion
is
inpossiIIe
since lIe
sIave,
sunI in
naluve,
Ias nol
Ieen accovded lIe slalus
necessavv
Jov lIe naslev lo
vecocnise
IinseIJ. So lIe
naslev
vecocnises onIv
Iis ovn
dependence.
TIe lvulI oJ lIe
independenl
consciousness
is, accovdincIv,
lIe sevviIe consciousness oJ lIe Iondsnan.12
WIv
is lIis?
TIe essenliaI Jealuves oJ lIe consciousness oJ lIe sIave ave lIese. Al lIe
nonenl oJ lIe Maslev's
viclovv
in lIe
slvuccIe
lIe sIave
expevienced
Iis ovn
essenliaI
naluve, seeinc IinseIJ,
in
deJeal,
as a
puve, necalive,
consciousness.
TIis consciousness Ias Ieen
JeavJuI,
nol oJ lIis ov lIal
pavlicuIav lIinc
ov
]usl
al odd
nonenls,
Iul ils vIoIe
Ieinc
Ias Ieen seized vilI
dvead:
Jov il Ias
expevienced
lIe Jeav oJ
dealI,
lIe aIsoIule Lovd. In lIal
expevience
il Ias
Ieen
quile unnanned,
Ias lvenIIed in
evevv
JiIve oJ ils
Ieinc,
and
evevvlIinc
soIid and slaIIe Ias Ieen sIaIen lo ils Joundalions.'3 His nind Ias Ieen
concenlvaled
vondevJuIIv:
Iis consciousness
slvipped
oJ aII
desive,
vacanl and
IeviIdeved,
Ie conJvonls IinseIJ as a naIed
consciousness,
a soneone vIo is
nolIinc.
Nexl,
lIe sIave is
pul
lo sevvice and
pvovides
Jov lIe Maslev's
consunplion.
Bul vIeveas lIe Maslev venains a cvealuve oJ desive lIe sIave vovIs on lIe
naluvaI vovId.
WovI, HeceI
vviles is desive IeId in
cIecI, JIeelincness
slaved oJJ...
|il)
Jovns and
sIapes
lIe
lIinc...
lIe Jovnalive
aclivilv
is al lIe
sane line lIe
individuaIilv
ov
puve Ieinc-Jov-seIJ
oJ consciousness vIicI
nov,
in lIe vovI oulside oJ
il, acquives
an eIenenl oJ
pevnanence.
Il is in lIis
vav, lIeveJove,
lIal
consciousness, qua vovIev,
cones lo see in lIe
indepen-
denl
Ieinc |oJ
lIe
oI]ecl)
ils ovn
independence.14 |Mavx,
oJ
couvse,
vouId
suIslilule 'aIienalion' Jov
'independence' Ieve).
TIe essenliaI conlvasl Ielveen vovI and
consunplion
is lIal vovI invoIves
discipIine.
Feav is lIe souvce oJ sevvice and oIedience. TIe vovIev's desives
ave ovdeved Jov
Iin, Ience, pavadoxicaIIv
Ie can see IinseIJ as an ovdeved viII
in a
vav
lIal is
inpossiIIe
Jov Iis
Maslev,
lIe consunev.
BiscipIine, sevvice,
oIedience,
lIese ave aII levns vIicI invoIe lIal
IicIev-ovdevinc
oJ desives
12
HeceI's FIenonenoIocv oJ Spivil
?
193
p.
117.
13
IIid.,
?194
p.
117.
14
IIid., ?195
p.
118.
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY 59
vIicI ave essenliaI lo lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ viII and lIis
ovdevinc
is enIodied in
lIe
pvoducls
oJ lIe IaIouv oJ lIe sIave.
TIe nodeI oJ IaIouv
succesled
Ieve is
exenpIiJied
nove
cIeavIv Iv
lIe
naslev-cIeJ lIan
Iv
lIe
assenIIv-Iine
vovIev. Il invoIves
pIanninc
and
pvep-
avalion,
lIe
assenIIinc
oJ naleviaIs and lIe JovnuIalion oJ a
slvalecv
Jov
undevlaIinc
a succession oJ lasIs in covvecl
sequence. FinaIIv
il invoIves
palience, pevsislence
and vesoIulion in
slicIinc
lo lIe
pIan.
AII oJ lIese
quaIilies
can Ie
vecocnised
in lIe vovI oJ lIe
cvaJlsnan,
vIicI is lIe
epilone
oJ desive IeId in
cIecI, JIeelincness
slaved oJJ.
TIis Jov
HeceI
is lIe
inpovlance
oJ IaIouv. Lalev in lIe
FIenonenoIocv
Ie
cIavls lIe disIoneslies and
deceplions
vIicI
acconpanv
lIe idenliJicalion oJ
lIe
individuaI,
as
acainsl
lIe sociaI
seIJ,
in lIe
pvoducl
oJ vovI.15 In lIe
FIiIosopIv oJ BicIl
Ie
enpIasizes
lIe sociaI conlviIulion vIicI
individuaIs,
vIo seeI lIeiv ovn
salisJaclion,
ave Jovced lo naIe and
vecocnise
as soon as
division oJ IaIouv Iecones
necessavv
Jov lIe
cvaliJicalion
oJ evev nove
sopIislicaled
needs and vanls.'6 Bul
lIvoucIoul,
IaIouv is lIe
inposilion
oJ
an ovdeved viII on lIe exlevnaI
vovId,
and ouv cvealions
dispIav
il.
VI
Lel ne concIude vilI a Jev venavIs on lIe vaIue oJ
HeceI's
accounl as I
Iave veconslvucled il. Tvo
queslions
sland
oul,
and
HeceI
vouId Iave Ieen
inpalienl
vilI IolI oJ lIen as indicalive oJ ninds vIicI
viIJuIIv
venain al lIe
IeveI oJ
Undevslandinc.
TIe
Jivsl, oIviousIv,
is 'Hov Jav can lIis accounl Ie
laIen as a
]usliJicalion
oJ
pvopevlv?'
TIe
second, equaIIv pvessinc,
casls an
eve
ovev lIe vide
vance
oJ
pvesenl
and IislovicaI Jovns oJ
pvopevlv-veIalions
and
asIs vIelIev ov nol lIe
lIeovv IeIps
us eslaIIisI vIicI oJ lIese
pvovide
an
appvopviale
JvanevovI Jov seIJ-delevninalion as lIis Ias Ieen undevslood.
I sIaII laIe lIe second
queslion Jivsl,
Jov lIose vIo asI il Iave
oJlen,
IiIe lIe
sneaIv pavIianenlavian,
a nosl
povevJuI suppIenenlavv
al Iand.
TIev quicIIv
lIvov in lIe
lIoucIl
lIal lIe acluaI vIicI is valionaIised
Iv HeceI
is lIe
anaIcan
oJ
unacceplaIIe
veIalions vIicI conslilules
capilaIisl connodilv
pvoduclion.
TIis Iasl
cIavce
is nol
enliveIv
vide oJ lIe navI.'7 In
inpovlanl
vespecls
lIe nodeI ovnev in lIe accounl oJ
pvopevlv
veIalions
civen
in lIe
Is
IIid., ? ?394-418
pp.
236-252.
16
FB,
TIivd
Favl,
suI-seclion Tvo CiviI
Socielv,
nole
especiaIIv
?187
IndividuaIs can
allain lIeiv ends
onIv
in so Jav as
lIev
lIenseIves delevnine lIeiv
Inovinc, viIIinc
and
aclinc
in a
univevsaI
vav
and naIe lIenseIves IinIs in lIis cIain oJ sociaI connexions.
17
OddIv enoucI,
lIe Jovn oJ
pvopevlv
veIalion vIicI Mavx
sincIed
oul Jov delaiIed and
Jevocious cvilicisn vas lIe
pavlicuIav vavielv
oJ
pvino-ceniluve
vIicI
HeceI
IeIieved lIe Slale
sIouId
vecocnise
as suilaIIe Jov Ianded eslales.
IIid., ??304-307
and KavI
Mavx, Cvilique oJ
HeceI's 'FIiIosopIv oJBicIl',
ed.
JospeI O'MaIIev |CanIvidce, 1970) pp.
94-111.
60 BUBLEY KNOWLES
seclion on AIslvacl
BicIl
IooIs
vevv
nucI IiIe lIe
possessive
individuaIisl
JaniIiav Jvon vecenl accounls oJ cIassicaI IiIevaI
lIeovv.18
TIis
inpvession
is
conJivned
Iv HeceI's descviplion
oJ econonic nan
vovIinc
vilI IiIe-ninded
olIevs lo
puvsue
lIeiv ovn inlevesls in CiviI
Socielv.
Novadavs,
il is
videIv vecocnised
lIal
HeceI's povlvavaI
oJ
enevcenl
capilaIisn
conlained
slvonc
cvilicaI eIenenls.
Vevv eavIv
in Iis
caveev,
Iis
vision oJ econonic science as veason
sIininc lIvoucI
a nass oJ accidenls vas
conpIenenled Iv
an avaveness lIal lIe
pvevaIenl svslen
oJ
connodilv-
pvoduclion
and
excIance
vas
acconpanied Iv
seveve slvucluvaI deJecls.
LaIouv is veduced lo nindIess
unvevavdinc loiI,
Janlaslic and vasleJuI in-
equaIilies deveIop,
lIe
svslen
ilseIJ
sIips
oul oJ
ceav,
navIels
coIIapse
and
nasses ave veduced lo
povevlv.19
TIis sels
up
one oJ lIe lasIs oJ lIe
Slale,
lIal
oJ
veslovinc
lIe necIanisn vIicI
conlincencies
Iave veaIened and lIis is lo
Ie acIieved
Iv
vedislviIulive
laxalion, Iv
civiI sevvice
supevvision
oJ
covpovale
nanacenenl
and
Iv
a
vicovous
coIoniaI
poIicv.20
Il is cIeav
enoucI
lIal lIe
pvopevlv
veIalions
HeceI
Ias in nind ave lIose oJ a
nodiJied veIJave
capilaIisn.
To lIis
exlenl,
lIose vIo see il as a
cIavce
acainsl HeceI
lIal Ie deJends
pvopevlv
veIalions vIicI ave
inIevenlIv
innovaI
ov
deneaninc,
and vIo cIain lIal lIe inslvunenls Jov noIIiJicalion ave loo
veaI lo eJJecl lIe
cIances
vIicI
HeceI's
vadicaI
cvilique denands,
ave
suveIv
covvecl in lIeiv idenliJicalion oJ Iis
posilion.
I viII nol discuss nov vIelIev lIese cvilicisns ave Jaiv. TIe
queslion
in
Iand concevns lIe
possiIiIilv
oJ
deveIopinc HeceI's lIeovv,
oJ
usinc
Iis
naleviaI on seIJ-delevninalion and
pevsonaIilv
lo cone lo a viev on vIicI
sovls oJ
pvopevlv
veIalion ave
Iecilinale.
In lIis conlexl I vouId IiIe lo IooI
acain
al sone oJ
HeceI's
venavIs
concevninc pvivale pvopevlv,
since lIese
succesl
lIal
Iappv acceplance
oJ cIassicaI
capilaIisn
need nol Ie lIe end oJ
lIe
slovv.
In
FB?46
Ie vviles as JoIIovs
Since
nv
viII as lIe viII oJ a
pevson,
and so a
sincIe viII,
Iecones
oI]eclive
lo ne in
pvopevlv, pvopevlv acquives
lIe cIavaclev oJ
pvivale
pvopevlv:
and connon
pvopevlv
oJ sucI a naluve lIal il
nav
Ie ovned
Iv sepavale pevsons acquives
lIe cIavaclev oJ an
inIevenlIv
dissoIuIIe
pavlnevsIip
in vIicI lIe velenlion oJ
anv
sIave is
expIicilIv
a nallev oJ
nv avIilvavv pveJevence.
18
Conpave
lIe
descviplion
oJ valionaI
pvopevlv
veIalions in lIe suI-seclions on
Fvopevlv
and
Conlvacl vilI' lIe nodeI oJ
possessive
individuaIisn advanced
Iv
C. B. MacFIevson. TIe FoIilicaI
TIeovv oJ
Fossessive IndividuaIisn
|OxJovd, 1962) pp.
51-61.
19
FB??185, 200,
240-6. Fov
connenlavies,
see HevIevl
Mavcuse,
Beason and BevoIulion
|London, 1955) pp. 56-61, 73-82,
204-13.
Oeovce LuIacs,
TIe
Younc HeceI |London, 1975)
pp.
319-398. SIIono
Avinevi,HeceI's TIeovv oJlIeModevn
Slale
|CanIvidce, 1972), pp.
87-109.
20
FB??241-2, 245, 246-8,287-8,299.
Fov JuvlIev
veJevences,
see
Avinevi, HeceI's TIeovv oJ
lIe Modevn Slale
pp.
99-108.
HEOEL ON FBOFEBTY ANB FEBSONALITY 61
His inlenlion Ieve is lo sIov lIal
pvivale pvopevlv |FvivaleicenlIun) lIvoucI
ils conneclion vilI a
sincIe
viII is
valionaI,
vIeveas connon
pvopevlv
|OeneineicenlIun)
is nol. TIe
pevsonaI pvonouns
in lIis
passace
ave
decep-
live,
since il is cIeav Jvon lIe venavIs
HeceI
allacIed lo Iis
nanuscvipl21
and
Jvon lIe sludenl Iecluve noles vIicI Iave Ieen
puIIisIed22
lIal lIe
inpovlanl
cIavaclevislic oJ
pvivale pvopevlv
is ils veIalion lo a
sincIe
excIusive viII
|see
aIso BenavI lo
?62).
Sone odd
exanpIes
JoIIov.
HeceI speaIs
oJnovaI ov
avliJicaI
pevsons,
JaniIies,
IocaI connunilies ov
nunicipaIilies |Oeneinde),
cIuvcIes and
nonaslevies,
aII as
Iavinc FvivaleicenlIun
valIev lIan
OeneineicenlIun.
Lalev on in lIe seclion on lIe
FaniIv
ve Jind lIal lIe
JaniIv,
as
pevson,
Ias ils veaI exlevnaI exislence in
pvopevlv |FB?169,
170-2).
In lIe
cIaplev
on lIe
Slale, HeceI
insisls lIal civiI sevvanls sIouId
IeIp
lo
nanace
lIe
FvivaleicenlIun
oJ
connevciaI, pvoJessionaI
and
nunicipaI
Covpovalions |FB?288).
TIis Iisl oJ sociaI unils
exIiIilinc 'sincIe
viIIs'
|and
a noden Iisl vouId Ie
]usl
as
Ionc) succesls
a veIaled
appvoacI
lo lIe
Iecilinalion
oJ
speciJic
Jovns oJ
pvopevlv IoIdinc,
use and
excIance. Mv pvoposaI, voucI
and
veadv,
is oJ lIis
Jovn. Man can
idenliJv
vilI
ovevIappinc
seIves oJ
cvealev
and Iessev
scope,
seeinc
IinseIJ as isoIaled
individuaI,
as nenIev oJ a
JaniIv,
a
vovIinc
connunilv,
ov a
veIicious concvecalion,
as cilizen oJ a
slale, sone, pevIaps aII,
oJ lIese
locelIev.
FoIilicaI
evanceIisls, ecoIocisls
and
nvslics
venind us lIal
videv and
deepev
aJJinilies
nav
Ie
vecocnised. Fvopevlv
is
inlecvaI
lo lIe
puvposes
sevved
Iv
lIese and olIev
seIJ-deJininc viIIs,
Iul
HeceI's poinl
is
deepev, caIIinc
allenlion lo lIe voIe oJ
pvopevlv
in lIe exlevaIizalion oJ viII
vIicI seIJ-delevninalion
vequives.
Oveal cIuvcIes ave an
exanpIe
oJ lIis.
TIev
allesl nove lIan lIe need lo acconnodale
Iavce
nunIevs oJ
vovsIip-
pevs: lIev
ave nove lIan lviIules lo ov evocalions oJ lIe Ood vIon lIe
IuiIdevs
vovsIip. TIev
vilness and suslain lIe
slvenclI
and
IovaIlv
oJ lIe
concvecalion,
and lIe
povev
oJ eccIesiaslicaI
aulIovilv.
TIeve is nove inlevesl nov in neans oJ
pvoduclion
lIan
pIaces
oJ
vovsIip.
In lIis
conlexl,
lIe
cianl
sIadov vIicI
Iavs
ovev
anv
discussion oJ
HeceI's
lIeovv
oJ
pvopevlv
is lIal oJ
Mavx,
vIo
appvopvialed
so nucI oJ il. Mavx
insisls lIal
aIIpvivale pvopevlv
is
eslvancenenl.
In Iis
viev,
slvucluves oJ cvude
connunisn in vIicI lIeve is an
equaIilv
oJ
pvivale pvopevlv,
ov FvoudIonisl
ceIeIvalions oJ lIe
idiocv
oJ
cvaJls,
sliII IIind nen lo lIeiv sociaI
Ieinc.
AIienalion viII Ie ovevcone
onIv
vIen nen
vecocnise
lIeiv sociaI
Ieinc
in
sociaI
oI]ecls
oJ sociaIisl
pvoduclion,
vIen vIal is
oI]ecliJied
is nol
pavlicuIav
and
individuaI,
Iul sociaI and univevsaI
Ieinc.
TIe exaninalion oJ conscious-
21
O. W. F.
HeceI, VovIesuncen
iiIev
BecIlspIiIosopIie 1818-31,
ed. K.-H.
IIlinc |Slullcavl,
1973),
VoI.
2,
ZU
?46, pp.
217-8.
22
IIid.,
VoI. 3
pp. 211-3,
VoI. 4
pp.
187-194 and F.B. BenavI lo
?62.
62 BUBLEY KNOWLES
ness oJ sociaI
Ieinc,
and oJ lIe Jovns oJ
pvopevlv
veIalions vIicI conslilule ils
expvession,
naIes
up
lIe
ilinevavv
oJ sociaIisl
pIiIosopIv.
Mv
conviclion is lIal sucI a
pIiIosopIv
viII Ie successJuI
onIv
iJ il
slavs
cIose lo ils
HeceIian
souvces, laIinc
as
pvinavv
lIose nodes oJ sociaI con-
sciousness vIicI nen
vecocnise
as conslilulive oJ lIeiv sense oJ seIJ.
So,
Jov
exanpIe,
nelIods oJ
pvoduclion
vIicI Jvuslvale lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ vIal
couId Ie a
connunilv
oJ lIe
vovIpIace,
vIicI dislovl and divide lIe Jovns oJ
consciousness
vequived
Jov
connodilv pvoduclion
lo Ie loIevaIIe lo lIose
encaced
in
il, nav
Ie consideved
unacceplaIIe.
TIal is a
vevv dvaucIlv
sIelcI oJ an ansvev lo lIe second
queslion, posed
aIove. TIe Jivsl
queslion
'Hov Jav does
HeceI's lIeovv
conslilule a
]usliJica-
lion oJ
pvopevlv?'
viII veceive an even Iess
salisJaclovv vepIv. HeceI
Ias lied
ouv
undevslandinc
oJ
pvopevlv
lo ouv
conceplions
oJ
seIJ, viII, pevsonaIilv
and
aclion. I see no aIlevnalive lo lIis diveclion oJ
enquivv.
TIe
pviovilv
oJ
undevslandinc
ovev evaIualion in lIe
pIenonenoIocicaI
nelIod nusl Ie
velained.
OnIv
iJ
pIiIosopIevs
Iave done lIeiv
]oI
veII and Iellev
expIained
lIe
vovId,
can ve
Iope
Jov
cIance
nove suIslanliaI lIan lIe
puvsuil
oJ lIe
lvendv.
So lIe Jivsl
queslions
lo Ie addvessed in a
lIeovv
oJ
pvopevlv
sIouId Ie
HeceI's
WIal Jealuves oJ ouv Iives enaIIe us lo
vecocnise
ouvseIves as Jvee?
Hov do ve veIale
ouvseIves,
in ouv
aclions,
lo lIal naluvaI vovId oJ vIicI ve
ave a
pavl?
WIal nove
]usliJicalion
do ve
vequive
iJ ve
accepl HeceI's Iine,
lIal nen
nusl Iave
pvopevlv
lo
Ie,
and see lIenseIves
as,
Jvee
acenls?
TIis
enpIovs
a
decvee
oJ
seIJ-undevslandinc
lIal ve seeI vIen ve
appvaise
ouvseIves and
olIevs,
ouv and lIeiv connunilies. TIis is nol lo
sav
lIal sucI
appvaisaIs
ave
aIvavs
covvecl ov
]usl:
ve ave nol aII so aslule as
FIiIip
MavIove.
Univevsilv oJ OIascov