Nonlinear Dyn (2011) 64:365373

DOI 10.1007/s11071-010-9867-3
ORI GI NAL PAPER
Fractional almost KhlerLagrange geometry
Dumitru Baleanu Sergiu I. Vacaru
Received: 29 June 2010 / Accepted: 7 October 2010 / Published online: 24 November 2010
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract The goal of this paper is to encode equiv-
alently the fractional Lagrange dynamics as a non-
holonomic almost Khler geometry. We use the frac-
tional Caputo derivative generalized for nontrivial
nonlinear connections (N-connections) originally in-
troduced in Finsler geometry, with further develop-
ments in Lagrange and Hamilton geometry. For fun-
damental geometric objects induced canonically by
regular Lagrange functions, we construct compatible
almost symplectic forms and linear connections com-
pletely determined by a prime Lagrange (in par-
ticular, Finsler) generating function. We emphasize
the importance of such constructions for deformation
quantization of fractional Lagrange geometries and
applications in modern physics.
D. Baleanu is on leave of absence from Institute of Space
Sciences, P.O. Box, MG-23, R 76900, MagureleBucharest,
Romania.
D. Baleanu ()
Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences,
ankaya University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey
e-mail: dumitru@cancaya.edu.tr
e-mail: baleanu@venus.nipne.ro
S.I. Vacaru
Science Department, University Al. I. Cuza Ia si, 54,
Lascar Catargi street, Ia si 700107, Romania
e-mail: sergiu.vacaru@uaic.ro
e-mail: Sergiu.Vacaru@gmail.com
Keywords Fractional derivatives and integrals
Fractional Lagrange mechanics Nonlinear
connections Almost Khler geometry
1 Introduction
The fractional calculus and geometric mechanics are
in areas of many important researches in modern
mathematics and applications. During the last years,
various developments of early approaches to fractional
calculus [119] were reported in various branches of
science and engineering. The fractional calculus is
gaining importance due to its superior results in de-
scribing the dynamics of complex systems [6, 8, 12].
One important branch of fractional calculus is devoted
to the fractional variational principles and their appli-
cations in physics and control theory [2024]. One of
the open problems in the area of fractional calculus is
to nd an appropriate geometrization of the fractional
Lagrange mechanics.
In our paper, we provide a geometrization of
the fractional Lagrange mechanics using methods of
LagrangeFinsler and (almost) Khler geometry fol-
lowing the ideas and constructions from two partner
works [28, 29] which initiated a new direction of frac-
tional differential geometries and related mathematical
relativity/gravity theory and nonholonomic Ricci ow
evolution. Quantization of such theories is an interest-
ing and challenging problem connected to fundamen-
tal issues in modern quantum gravity and fundamental
interaction/evolution theories.
366 D. Baleanu, S.I. Vacaru
There were published different papers related to
quantum fractional theories (see, for instance, [25
27]). Nevertheless, there is not a general/systematic
approach to quantization of fractional eld/evolution
theories. The aim of our third partner work [30] is
to prove that the strategy used in [3134] allows us
to quantize also a class of fractional geometries fol-
lowing Fedosov method [35, 36]. To perform such
a program is necessary to elaborate (in this paper)
a general fractional version of almost Khler geom-
etry and then to apply (in the next paper [30]) the
KarabegovSchlichenmaier deformation quantization
scheme [37]. For the canonical models (with the so
called canonical CartanFinsler distinguished connec-
tions [38]) of Finsler and Lagrange geometries [39],
there is a standard scheme of encoding such spaces
into almost Khler geometries (the result is due to
Matsumoto [40], for Finsler geometry, and then ex-
tended to Lagrange spaces [41]; see further develop-
ments in [42, 43]).
In brief, a geometrization of a physical theory in
terms of an almost Khler geometry means a nat-
ural encoding of fundamental physical objects into
terms of basic geometric objects of an almost sym-
plectic geometry (with certain canonical one- and two-
forms and connections, almost complex structure, etc.
induced in a unique form, for instance, by a Lagrange
or Hamilton function). In general, physical theories
are with nonholonomic (equivalently, anholonomic,
or nonintegrable) structures which does not allow us
to transform realistic physical models into (complex)
symplect/Khler geometries. Nevertheless, the bulk of
physical theories can be modeled as almost symplectic
geometries for which there were elaborated advanced
mathematical approaches and formalism of geomet-
ric/deformation quantization, spinor and noncommu-
tative generalizations, unication schemes, etc. Our
main idea is to show that certain versions of frac-
tional calculus (based on Caputo derivative), and re-
lated physical models, admit almost Khler type frac-
tional geometric encoding which provides an unica-
tion scheme with integer and noninteger derivatives for
classical and quantum physical theories.
In our papers [2830], we work with the Caputo
fractional derivative. The advantage of using this frac-
tional derivative (resulting in zero values for actions
on constants) is that it allows us to develop a frac-
tional differential geometry which is quite similar to
standard (integer dimensions) models and to use stan-
dard boundary conditions of the calculus of varia-
tions. There is also a series expansion formalism for
the fractional calculus and fractional differential equa-
tions [44] allowing us to compute fractional modica-
tions of formulas in quite simple forms. This explains
why such constructions are popular in engineering and
physics.
1
The plan of this paper is as follows: In Sect. 2,
we outline the necessary formulas on fractional Ca-
puto calculus and related geometry of tangent bundles.
A brief formulation of fractional LagrangeFinsler
geometry is presented in Sect. 3. The main results on
almost Khler models of fractional Lagrange spaces
are provided in Sect. 4. Finally, conclusions are pre-
sented in Sect. 5.
2 Preliminaries: fractional Caputo calculus on
tangent bundles
We follow the conventions established in [28, 29].
2
In
our approach, we try to elaborate fractional geomet-
ric models with nonholonomic distributions when the
constructions are most closed to integer calculus.
Let f (x) be a derivable function f : [
1
x,
2
x] R,
for R > 0, and
x
= /x be the usual partial
derivative. By denition, the left RiemannLiouville
(RL) derivative is
1
x

x
f (x) :=
1
(s )

x
1
x
(x x

)
s1
f (x

) dx

,
where is the Eulers gamma function. It is also con-
sidered the left fractional RiemannLiouville deriva-
tive of order , where s 1 < < s, with respect to
coordinate x is

x
f (x) := lim
1
x
1
x

x
f (x).
1
Perhaps, it is not possible to introduce a generally accepted
denition of fractional derivative. For constructions with vari-
ous types of distributions, in different theories of physics, eco-
nomics, biology, etc., when the geometric picture is less impor-
tant, it may be more convenient to use the RiemannLiouville
(RL) fractional derivative.
2
All left, up and/or low indices will be considered as labels
for some geometric objects but the right ones as typical abstract
or coordinate indices which may rung values for corresponding
space/time dimensions. Boldface letters will be used for spaces
endowed with nonlinear connection structure.
Fractional almost KhlerLagrange geometry 367
Similarly, the right RL derivative is introduced by
x

2
x
f (x) :=
1
(s )

2
x
x
(x

x)
s1
f (x

) dx

,
when the right fractional Liouville derivative is com-
puted
x

f (x
k
) := lim
2
x x

2
x
f (x).
Integro-differential constructions based only on RL
derivatives seem to be very cumbersome for the pur-
pose to elaborate (fractional) differential geometric
models and has a number of properties which are very
different from similar ones for the integer calculus.
This problem is a consequence of the fact that the frac-
tional RL derivative of a constant C is not zero, but for
instance,
1
x

x
C = C
(x
1
x)

(1)
. We shall use a different
type of fractional derivative.
The fractional left, respectively, right Caputo deriv-
atives are dened
1
x

x
f (x) :=
1
(s )

x
1
x
(x x

)
s1

s
f (x

) dx

;
x

2
x
f (x) :=
1
(s )

2
x
x
(x

x)
s1

s
f (x

) dx

.
(1)
In the above formulas, we underline the partial deriv-
ative symbol, , in order to distinguish the Caputo dif-
ferential operators from the RL ones with usual . For
a constant C, for instance,
1
x

x
C = 0.
The fractional absolute differential

d is written in
the form

d :=

dx
j

j
, where

dx
j
=

dx
j

(x
j
)
1
(2 )
,
where we consider
1
x
i
= 0. For the integer cal-
culus, we use as local coordinate cobases/frames
the differentials dx
j
= (dx
j
)
=1
. If 0 < < 1,
we have dx = (dx)
1
(dx)

. The fractional sym-

bol (dx
j
)

, related to

dx
j
, is used instead of usual
integer differentials (dual coordinate bases) dx
i
for elaborating a covector/differential form calculus.
We consider the exterior fractional differential

d =

n
j=1
(2 )(x
j
)
1

dx
j
0

j
and write the exact
fractional differential 0-form as a fractional differ-
ential of the function
1
x

d
x
f (x) := (dx)

1
x

x
f (x

).
The formula for the fractional exterior derivative is
1
x

d
x
:=

dx
i

1
x

i
. (2)
For a fractional differential 1-form

with coef-
cients {
i
(x
k
)}, we may write

dx
i

x
k

(3)
when the exterior fractional derivatives of such a frac-
tional 1-form

results a fractional 2-form,
1
x

d
x
(

) =
(dx
i
)

(dx
j
)

1
x

j

i
(x
k
). The fractional exterior
derivative (2) can be also written in the form
1
x

d
x
:=
1
( +1)
1
x

d
x

x
i

1
x
i

1
x

i
when the fractional 1-form (3) is

=
1
(+1)

1
x

d
x
(x
i

1
x
i
)

F
i
(x).
The above formulas introduce a well-dened ex-
terior calculus of fractional differential forms on at
spaces R
n
; we can generalize the constructions for a
real manifold M, dimM = n. Any charts of a cov-
ering atlas of M can be endowed with a fractional
derivative-integral structure of Caputo type as we ex-
plained above. Such a space

M (derived for a prime

integer dimensional M of necessary smooth class) is
called a fractional manifold. Similarly, the concept
of tangent bundle can be generalized for fractional
dimensions, using the Caputo fractional derivative.
A tangent bundle T M over a manifold M is canon-
ically dened by its local integer differential struc-
ture
i
. A fractional version is induced if instead of

i
we consider the left Caputo derivatives
1
x
i

i
of
type (1), for every local coordinate x
i
on M. A frac-
tional tangent bundle

T M for (0, 1) (the symbol

T is underlined in order to emphasize that we shall as-
sociate the approach to a fractional Caputo derivative).
For simplicity, we shall write both for integer and frac-
tional tangent bundles the local coordinates in the form
u

= (x
j
, y
j
).
368 D. Baleanu, S.I. Vacaru
Any fractional frame basis

= e

(u

on

T M
is connected via a vielbein transform e

(u

) with a
fractional local coordinate basis

j
=
1
x
j

j
,

b
=
1
y
b

, (4)
for j

= 1, 2, . . . , n and b

= n + 1, n + 2, . . . ,
n +n. The corresponding fractional cobases are

e

=
e

(u

du

, where the fractional local coordinate

cobasis is written

du

dx
i

dy
a

, (5)
with h- and v-components, correspondingly, (dx
i

and (dy
a

, being of type (3).

3 Fractional LagrangeFinsler geometry
A Lagrange space [45] L
n
= (M, L), of integer di-
mension n, is dened by a Lagrange fundamental
function L(x, y), i.e., a regular real function L :
T M R, for which the Hessian
L
g
ij
= (1/2)
2
L/y
i
y
j
is not degenerate.
3
We can consider that a Lagrange space L
n
is a
Finsler space F
n
if and only if its fundamental func-
tion L is positive and two homogeneous with respect
to variables y
i
, i.e., L = F
2
. For simplicity, we shall
work with Lagrange spaces and their fractional gener-
alizations, considering the Finsler ones to consist of a
more particular, homogeneous, subclass.
Denition 3.1 A (target) fractional Lagrange space

L
n
= (

M,

L) of fractional dimension (0, 1), for

a regular real function

L :

T M R, when the frac-

tional Hessian is
L

g
ij
=
1
4

j
+

L = 0. (6)
3
The construction was used for elaborating a model of geomet-
ric mechanics following methods of Finsler geometry in a num-
ber of works on LagrangeFinsler geometry and generalizations
[39]; see our developments for modern gravity and noncommu-
tative spaces [46, 47].
In our further constructions, we shall use the coef-
cients
L

g
ij
being inverse to
L

g
ij
(6).
4
Any

L
n
can
be associated to a prime integer Lagrange space L
n
.
The concept of nonlinear connection (N-connec-
tion) on

L
n
can be introduced similarly to that on
nonholonomic fractional manifold [28, 29] consider-
ing the fractional tangent bundle

T M.
Denition 3.2 A N-connection

N on

T M is dened
by a nonholonomic distribution (Whitney sum) with
conventional h- and v-subspaces, h

T M and v

T M,
when

T M = h

T M v

T M. (7)
Locally, a fractional N-connection is dened by a
set of coefcients,

N = {

N
a
i
}, when

N =

N
a
i
(u)

dx
i

a
, (8)
see local bases (4) and (5).
By an explicit construction, we prove the following
proposition.
Proposition 3.1 There is a class of N-adapted frac-
tional (co) frames linearly depending on

N
a
i
,

e
j
=

N
a
j

a
,

e
b
=

, (9)

e
j
=

dx
j

e
b
=

dy
b

N
b
k

dx
k

.
(10)
The above bases are nonholonomical (equivalently,
nonintegrable/anholonomic) and characterized by the
property that

=

e

=

W

,
where the nontrivial nonholonomy coefcients

W

are computed

W
a
ib
=

N
a
i
and

W
a
ij
=

a
ji
=

e
i

N
a
j

e
j

N
a
i
; the values

a
ji
dene the coef-
cients of the N-connection curvature.
4
We shall put a left label L to certain geometric objects if it is
necessary to emphasize that they are induced by Lagrange gen-
erating function. Nevertheless, such labels will be omitted (in
order to simplify the notations) if that will not result in ambigu-
ities.
Fractional almost KhlerLagrange geometry 369
Let us consider values y
k
() = dx
k
()/d, for
x() parameterizing smooth curves on a manifold M
with [0, 1]. The fractional analogs of such congu-
rations are determined by changing d/d into the frac-
tional Caputo derivative

=
1

when

y
k
() =

x
k
(). For simplicity, we shall omit the label for
y

T M if that will not result in ambiguities and/or we

shall do not associate to it an explicit fractional deriv-
ative along a curve.
By straightforward computations, following the
same schemes as in [39, 46, 47] but with fractional
derivatives and integrals, we prove the following the-
orem.
Theorem 3.1 Any

L denes the fundamental geo-

metric objects determining canonically a nonholo-
nomic fractional RiemannCartan geometry on

T M
being satised the properties:
1. The fractional EulerLagrange equations

1
y
i

1
x
i

L = 0
are equivalent to the fractional nonlinear geo-
desic (equivalently, semi-spray) equations

2
x
k
+2

G
k

x,

= 0,
where

G
k
=
1
4
L

g
kj

y
j
1
y
j

1
x
i

1
x
i

denes the canonical N-connection

L
N
a
j
=
1
y
j

G
k

x,

. (11)
2. There is a canonical (Sasaki type) metric structure,
L

g =

L
g
kj
(x, y)

e
k

e
j
+

L
g
cb
(x, y)

L
e
c

L
e
b
,
(12)
where the preferred frame structure (dened lin-
early by

L
N
a
j
) is

L
e

= (

L
e
i
, e
a
).
5
5
A (fractional) general metric structure

g = {

} is
dened on

T M by a symmetric second rank tensor

3. There is a canonical metrical distinguished con-
nection

c
D =

c
D, v

c
D

L
i
jk
,

C
i
jc

,
(in brief, d-connection), which is a linear connec-
tion preserving under parallelism the splitting (7)
and metric compatible, i.e.,

c
D (
L

g) = 0, when

c

i
j
=

c

i
j

L
e

=

L
i
jk
e
k
+

C
i
jc

L
e
c
,
for

L
i
jk
=

L
a
bk
,

C
i
jc
=

C
a
bc
in

c

a
b
=

c

a
b

L
e

L
a
bk
e
k
+

C
a
bc

L
e
c
, and

L
i
jk
=
1
2

L
g
ir

L
e
k

L
g
jr
+

L
e
j

L
g
kr

L
e
r

L
g
jk

C
a
bc
=
1
2

L
g
ad

e
c

L
g
bd
+

e
c

L
g
cd

e
d

L
g
bc

(13)
are just the generalized Christoffel indices.
6

g =

g

(u)(du

(du

. For N-adapted construc-

tions, see the details in [2830, 46, 47]. It is im-
portant to use the property that any fractional metric

g can be represented equivalently as a distinguished metric

(d-metric),

g = [

g
kj
,

g
cb
], when

g =

g
kj
(x, y)

e
k

e
j
+

g
cb
(x, y)

e
c

e
b
=
k

e
k

e
j

+
c

e
c

e
b

,
where matrices
k

j
= diag[1, 1, . . . , 1] and
a

b
=
diag[1, 1, . . . , 1] (reecting signature of prime space
T M) are obtained by frame transforms
k

j
= e
k
k

e
j
j

g
kj
and

b
= e
a
a

e
b
b

g
ab
. For fractional computations, it is conve-
nient to work with constants
k

j
and
a

b
because the Ca-
puto derivatives of constants are zero. This allows us to keep
the same tensor rules as for the integer dimensions even the
rules for taking local derivatives became more sophisticate be-
cause of N-coefcients

N
a
i
(u) and additional vierbein trans-
forms e
k
k

(u) and e
a
a

(u). Such coefcients mix fractional deriv-

atives

a
computed as a local integration (1). If we work with
RL fractional derivatives, the computation become very sophis-
ticate with nonlinear mixing of integration, partial derivatives,
etc. For some purposes, just RL may be very important. Our
ideas, for such cases, is to derive a geometric model with the
Caputo factional derivatives, and after that we can redene the
nonholonomic frames/distributions in a form to extract certain
constructions with the RL derivative.
6
For integer dimensions, we contract horizontal and vertical
indices following the rule: i = 1 is a = n+1; i = 2 is a = n+2;
. . . i = n is a = n +n.
370 D. Baleanu, S.I. Vacaru
Finally, in this section, we note that:
Remark 3.1 We note that

c
D is with nonholonomi-
cally induced torsion structure dened by 2-forms

L
T
i
=

C
i
jc

e
i

L
e
c
,

L
T
a
=
1
2
L

a
ij

e
i

e
j
(14)
+

e
b

L
N
a
i

L
a
bi

e
i

L
e
b
computed from the fractional version of Cartans
structure equations
d

e
i

e
k

c

i
k
=

L
T
i
,
d

L
e
a

L
e
b

c

a
b
=

L
T
a
, (15)
d

c

i
j

c

k
j

c

i
k
=

L
R
i
j
in which the curvature 2-form is denoted

L
R
i
j
.
In general, for any d-connection on

T M, we
can compute respectively the N-adapted coefcients
of torsion

T

= {

} and curvature

R

=
{

} as it is explained for general fractional non-
holonomic manifolds in [28, 29].
4 Almost Khler models of fractional Lagrange
spaces
The goals of this section is to prove that the canoni-
cal N-connection

L
N (11) induces an almost Khler
structure dened canonically by a fractional regular

L(x,

y).
Denition 4.1 A fractional nonholonomic almost
complex structure is dened as a linear operator

J act-
ing on the vectors on

T M following formulas

L
e
i

e
i
and

e
i

=

L
e
i
,
where the superposition

J = I , for I being the

unity matrix.
The fractional operator

J reduces to a complex
structure J if and only if the distribution (7) is inte-
grable and the dimensions are taken to be some integer
ones.
Lemma 4.1 A fractional

L induces a canonical
1-form

L
=
1
2
(
1
y
i

L)

e
i
and a metric
L

g (12)
induces a canonical 2-form

L
=
L

g
ij

x,

L
e
i

e
j
(16)
associated to

J following formulas

L
(X, Y)
L

g(

JX, Y) for any vectors X and Y on

T M.
Using a fractional N-adapted form calculus,
d

L
=
1
6

(ijk)
L

g
is

s
jk

e
i

e
j

e
k
+
1
2

g
ijk

L

g
ikj

L
e
i

e
j

e
k
+
1
2

e
k

g
ij

e
i

g
kj

L
e
k

L
e
i

e
j
,
where (ijk) means symmetrization of indices and
L

g
ijk
:=

L
e
k L

g
ij

L
B
s
ik
L

g
sj

L
B
s
jk
L

g
is
,
for
L
B
s
ik
=

e
i

L
N
s
k
, we prove the results.
Proposition 4.1
1. A regular L denes on T M an almost Hermitian
(symplectic) structure

L
for which d

L
=

L
;
2. The canonical N-connection

L
N
a
j
(11) and its cur-
vature have the properties

ijk
L

g
l(i

l
jk)
= 0,
L

g
ijk

L

g
ikj
= 0,

e
k

g
ij

e
j

g
ik

= 0.
Conclusion 4.1 The above properties state an al-
most Hermitian model of fractional Lagrange space

L
n
= (

M ,

L) as a fractional almost Khler manifold

with d

L
= 0. The triad

K
2n
= (

T M,
L

g,

J), where

T M :=

T M\{0} for {0} denoting the null-sections un-

der

M, denes a fractional, and nonholonomic, almost

Khler space.
Our next purpose is to construct a canonical (i.e.,
uniquely determined by

L) almost Khler distin-

Fractional almost KhlerLagrange geometry 371
guished connection (d-connection)

D being com-
patible both with the almost Khler (

L
,

J) and N-
connection structures

L
N when

D
X L

g = 0 and


D
X

J = 0, (17)
for any vector X = X
i
L
e
i
+ X
a
e
a
. By a straightfor-
ward computation, we prove (see similar integer de-
tails in [31, 39, 46]) the following theorem.
Theorem 4.1 (Main result) The fractional canonical
metrical d-connection

c
D, possessing N-adapted co-
efcients (

L
a
bk
,

C
a
bc
) (13), denes a (unique) canon-
ical fractional almost Khler d-connection

c

D =

c
D
satisfying the conditions (17).
Finally, we note the following remark.
Remark 4.1 There are two important particular cases:
1. If

L = (

F)
2
, for a Finsler space of an integer di-
mension, we get a canonical almost Khler model
of Finsler space [40], when

c

D =

c
D transforms in
the socalled CartanFinsler connection [38] (for
integer dimensional Lagrange spaces, a similar re-
sult was proven in [41], see details in [39]).
2. We get a Khlerian model of a Lagrange, or Finsler,
space if the respective almost complex structure J
is integrable. This property holds also for respec-
tive spaces of fractional dimension.
Finally, we emphasize that the geometric back-
ground for fractional LagrangeFinsler spaces pro-
vided in this section has been used in our partner
work [30] for deformation quantization of such the-
ories. This is an explicit proof that fractional physical
models can be quantized in general form that it is pos-
sible to elaborate new types/models/theories of quan-
tum fractional calculus and geometries stating a new
unied formalism to fractional classical and quantum
geometries and physics and propose various applica-
tions in mechanics and engineering.
5 Conclusions
The fractional Caputo derivative allows us to for-
mulate a self-consistent nonholonomic geometric ap-
proach to fractional calculus [28, 29] when various
important mathematical and physical problems for
spaces and processes of noninteger dimension can be
investigated using various methods originally elabo-
rated in modern LagrangeHamiltonFinsler geome-
try and generalizations. In this paper, we provided
a geometrization of regular fractional Lagrange me-
chanics in a form similar to that in Finsler geome-
try but, in our case, extended to noninteger dimen-
sions. This way, applications of fractional calculus be-
come a direction of non-Riemannian geometry with
nonholonomic distributions and generalized connec-
tions.
Nonholonomic fractional mechanical interactions
are described by a sophisticate variational calculus
and derived cumbersome systems of nonlinear equa-
tions and less dened types of symmetries. To quan-
tize such mechanical systems is a very difcult prob-
lem related to a number of unsolved fundamental
problems of nonlinear functional analysis. Neverthe-
less, for certain approaches based on fractional Caputo
derivative, or those admitting nonholonomic deforma-
tions/transforms to such fractional congurations, it is
possible to provide a geometrization of fractional La-
grange mechanics. In this case, the problem of quanti-
zation can be approached following powerful methods
of geometric and/or deformation quantization.
Having a similarity between fractional Lagrange
geometry and certain generalized almost Khler
Finsler models, for which the Fedosov quantization
was performed in our previous works [3133], our
main goal was to prove Theorem 4.1. As a result, we
obtained a suitable geometric background for Fedosov
quantization of fractional LagrangeFinsler spaces
which will be performed in our partner work [30].
Finally, we conclude that the examples of frac-
tional almost Khler spaces considered in this works
can be redened for another types of nonholonomic
distributions and applied, for instance, as a geometric
scheme for deformation/A-brane quantization of frac-
tional Hamilton and Einstein spaces and various gen-
eralizations, similarly to our former constructions per-
formed for integer dimensions in [34, 42, 43]. Such
developments consist a purpose of our further re-
search.
Acknowledgement S.V. is grateful to ankaya University for
support of his research on fractional calculus, geometry and ap-
plications.
372 D. Baleanu, S.I. Vacaru
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