Chapter 10

Gears
Transmits Rotary motion Torques

Why use teeth? Why not friction rollers? Teeth need to be specially shaped to allow smooth engagement. Involute curves are ideal.

Types of Gears:

Spur Gear

Rack and Pinion

Internal Gear

Helical Gear

Herringbone Gear

Bevel Gear

Miter Gear

Worm Gear

Spur Gear Geometry:

Involute tooth Unwind a string from a base circle Track the path of the string end
Involute tooth profile

Base Circle

Pitch Diameter (d) Size of equivalent friction rollers

Pitch circle

Line of Centers Pitch circle

 Number of Teeth (N) Must be an integer value Diametral Pitch (Pd) size of a the gear tooth
N Pd = d

 Pressure Angle ()
Base Circle Pitch Circle Pressure Line Pressure Angle, Pitch Line Pitch Circle Base Circle Line of Centers

Standard values: = 140, 200, 250

Mating gears must have same pressure angle and diamtral pitch.

 Others Features
Face Width (F) Pitch Diameter (d) Tooth Thickness Tip Radius

Face Addendum (a) Dedendum (b) Flank Circular Pitch (p)

Fillet Radius Addendum Circle Pitch Circle Dedendum Circle

Circular Pitch Base circle

p = d/N db=d cos

These features are standardized for interchangeability: Addendum Dedendum Face Width a=1/Pd b=1.25/Pd F=12/Pd

Example: A 200, full-depth, involute spur gear with 18 teeth has a diametral pitch of 12. Determine: Outside (addendum) diameter. Root (dedendum) diameter. Standard face width. Base circle diameter. Circular pitch.

Mating Spur Gears :

Driver Gear (pinion)

Base Circle Pitch Circle Addendum Circle Center Distance, c

Line of Centers

Pressure Angle, Pitch Line

1
Contact Line

Base Circle

Pitch Circle Addendum Circle

Driven Gear

 Center Distance (c)

Pitch circle

Line of Centers Pitch circle

cexternal

cexternal gears=r1 + r2 cinternal gears=r2 r1

Example: Two mating external 4-pitch, spur gears have 14 and 42 teeth. Determine the center distance.

 Contact Ratio (mp) Average number of teeth in contact at any instant.

Z mp = pb

Base pitch (pb):

pb =

d1 cos d 2 cos = N1 N2

Length of contact path (Z):

Z = ( r2 + a2 ) 2 (r2 cos )2 r2 sin + (r1 + a1 ) 2 ( r1 cos ) 2 r1 sin

Larger values have smoother load transfer Recommend 1.4 1.5 Example: Two mating external 4-pitch, spur gears have 18 and 42 teeth. Determine the contact ratio.

 Interference Gears with too few teeth. Top of one gear digs into base of the other. Use table 10.4 to check.
= 200 Number of Maximum pinion teeth number of gear teeth <13 Interference 13 16 14 26 15 45 16 101 17 1309 18 =250 Number of Maximum pinion teeth number of gear teeth <9 Interference 9 13 10 32 11 249 12

= 140 Number of Maximum Pinion teeth number of gear teeth <23 Interference 23 26 24 32 25 40 26 51 27 67 28 92 29 133 30 219 31 496 32

Example: 0 Two mating 20 , 4-pitch, spur gears have 12 and 42 teeth. Will they interfere?

Gear Kinematics:
Velocity Ratio (VR) Gear Ratio
1 2

1 VR = 2

+ same direction - opposite direction

3:1 or three to one means VR = 3

Commonly written :
1 d 2 N 2 VR = = = 2 d1 N1

Example: A 5-in gear, rotating at 1725 rpm, cw, meshes with a gear having a pitch diameter of 20 in. Determine the velocity of the driven gear.

An 8-pitch, 18 tooth gear rotates at 1200 rpm, ccw. It meshes with a gear with a pitch diameter of 6 in. Determine the velocity of the driven gear.

A 10-pitch, 16 tooth gear mates with a gear having a pitch diameter of 6 in. The driven gear rotates at 300 rpm, cw. Determine the velocity of the driver gear.

 Pitch Line Velocity (vt)

2 2 1 1

vt = r11 = r22 watch units: vt = d n/12 d (in) n (rpm) vt (fpm) The pitch line speed determines: lubrication needed. quality required. (accuracy & surface finish)

 Gear Selection Need to decide: P Pressure Angle P Suitable diametral pitch P Number of teeth on each gear

Number of Teeth for Commercially Available, Stock Gears

32 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 24 Diametral Pitch 12 18 15 21 20 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 15 20 16 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 15 20 12 Diametral Pitch 12 15 13 16 14 18 10 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 15 20 8 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 15 20 6 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 15 21 5 Diametral Pitch 12 16 14 18 15 20 20 24 24 27 24 25 30 24 28 30 20 21 24 24 25 28 22 24 28 24 27 30 24 25 28 28 32 30 36 35 40 45 32 36 40 28 30 36 30 35 40 32 36 40 33 36 42 30 35 40 36 40 42 48 50 60 70 48 56 60 42 48 54 45 48 50 44 48 56 48 54 60 45 50 60 48 56 54 60 80 84 90 64 72 80 60 66 72 55 60 70 60 64 72 66 72 84 70 80 100 64 72 72 84 100 120 140 96 128 144 84 96 108 80 90 100 80 88 96 96 108 120 110 120 140 160 180 80 96 96 120 160 180 200 160 192 112 128 144

120 132 144 120 140 160 112 120 128

168 192 216 200

Example: A set of gears must be selected that transmit power from a 5 hp motor at 1200 rpm to a grinding wheel at 310 (10) rpm. Select a set of appropriate gears.

Example: A set of gears must be selected that transmit power from a 20 hp engine at 2000 rpm to an air compressor at 660 ( 10) rpm. These gears must fit into a housing with a center distance of 6.00 in. Select a set of appropriate gears.

Example

An escalator is being designed to transport 6000 people per hour. Assume an average weight of 175 lb per person. Determine the required power to operate the escalator.

15 ft

Gear Trains:
Several gear pairs are placed in series. Why?

Train Value (TV) in TV = out TV = (VR)1 (VR)2 (VR)3

Example The gear train shown is used with an input speed of 1200 rpm, cw. Given the following properties:
1 2 3 4 5 4 6

in
1

2 3

out N1=24, N2= 48 & Pd = 16 N3=24, N4= 48 & Pd=12 N5=15, N6= 35 & Pd = 10

Determine the output velocity and center distance of the gear train.

Example The gear train shown is used with an input speed of 1200 rpm, cw. Given the following properties:
1

in

1 6 3

2 3 6

out

5 4

5 4

N1=24 N5=16 & Pd=8

N2= 36 & Pd = 12 N4= 40 D6= 6.0 in

D3=2.0 in. & Pd=10

Determine the output velocity and center distance of the gear train.

 Gear Train Design Select the appropriate ratios for each gear pair. Factor the TV into suitable ratios.

Example: Design a gear train with a train value of +400:1. From interference criteria, no gear should have fewer than 15 teeth and due to size restrictions, no gear should have more than 75 teeth.

Worm Gears:
Able to obtain high ratios in limited space. Shafts are perpendicular and non-intersecting Self-locking 40-50% efficient

Worm Gear Kinematics:

1

1 N gear VR = = 2 N worm

Example: Determine the output speed of the gear drive, when the worm is driven at 1200 rpm.
1 2 5 4

in=1200 rpm

N2= 18 N3=60 N4=15 N5=45

out = ?