ABSTRACT Attempts are made to examine the quantum eects in the neibourhood of a singularity.

We study the nature of the spontaneous particle creation in the extreme curvature regions of the space time. Inhomogeneous dust collapse scenario described by the Tolman-Bondi metric is used in this thesis to get the tractable formation. Standard mathematica packages like Tensorpak m are utilized to compute some details of the formalism and to visualize the simulations in this thesis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks to Professor Dr Ko Ko Kyaw Soe, DEngg (Nagoya Inst Tech), Head of Department of Physics and Dean of Engineering, Yangon University, for his kind permission to carry out this research. I am also greatly indebted to supervisor Dr Thant Zin Naing PhDYgn, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, for his close guidance, helpful advice and supervision. I am greatly indebted to I H Dwivedi for his guidance, helpful advice.

Contents
1 Self-Similar Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Particle Creation in the Marginally Bound, Self Similar Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 7

2 Derivation of Null Coordinates for Self-Similar Collapsing Spacetimes 12 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 Derivation of Null Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 Advanced and Retarded Null Coordinates in Black Hole and Naked Singularity 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 The Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Radiation ux spectrum for black holes and naked singularities. 4 Concluding Remarks 22 22 23 25 30

List of Tables

List of Figures
1.1 3.1 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 1 Self-Similar Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust

1.1 Introduction

One of the most important issues in current relativity theory is the occurrence of singular regions in the spacetimes which are naked. Some of the very familiar examples are singularities in the cosmological models like big bang etc., and the singularities occurring as an end state of a gravitational collapse. Theoretically singularities are bound to occur in relativity theory under certain general conditions imposed on the stress energy tensor. However, these classically reasonable conditions may not hold if the matter eld is quantized. In the late stages of gravitational collapse when regions of strong gravitational elds develop, it becomes important to examine the quantum eects in the near singular regions of the spacetimes. The results of such a study not only provides the hope that may be the quantum eects would lead to avoidance of singularities. An equally important question is the nature of the spontaneous particle creation in the extreme curvature regions of the spacetimes.

1.2

Particle Creation in the Marginally Bound, Self Similar Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust

Let us consider a collapsing dust cloud. The eld of a inhomogeneous dust is given by the Tolman-Bondi metric given by Tolman and Bondi. We are interested only in the marginally bound self similar collapse. The eective two dimensional metric giving the eld of such a dust cloud is given by ds2 = dt2 R(t, r)2 dr2 (1.1)

where R is the physical radius of the collapsing dust cloud. Using the variables (z, x) where z = lnr and x = t/r. dr2 = r2 dz 2 . dt2 = x2 r2 dz 2 + 2xr2 dxdz + r2 dx2 . Substituting equations (2)and (3) in equation (1), we get ds2 = r2 dx2 + 2xdxdz + (x2 R2 (x))dz 2 . Now we will use the following, 1 1 = z + (I + I+ ) = (I + I+ ), 2 2 I = and equation (4) reads: ds2 = r2 x2 R The physical radius R is given by, 3 t R = r 1 2 r 3 t R = ez 1 2 r 7
2 3

(1.2) (1.3)

(1.4)

(1.5) (1.6)

dx xR

d 2 d2 .

(1.7)

(1.8)
2 3

(1.9)

and the transformed collapsing dust radius is, dR R= dr (1 1 x) 2 R= 1 3 (1 2 x) 3 We will evaluate the integrals of I = dx xR (1.12) (1.10) (1.11)

The new transformed parameters of and becomes, =z+ xdx x2 R 2 xdx x2 R 2

2

d = dz + and and hence,

xdx dz = d (x2 R2 )
2

The value is dened as,

1 = [I I+ ] 2 = Rdx x2 R 2

(1.13)

and, we have

(1.14)

and therefore,

Rdx d = x2 R 2 x2 R2 d R 8

(1.15)

and dx =

(1.16)

These values of dz 2 and dx2 are substituted in equation (3)and it reads: ds2 = r2 x2 R 2 R2 d2 + R2 d 2 2 R

(1.17)

x2 R2 x2 d 2 R2 d2 2x2 d2 + x2 d2 + R2 d 2 ds2 = r2 2 R ds2 = r2 x2 R2 (d 2 d2 )

(1.18) (1.19)

For null coordinates such that in the limit as 0 these reduce to the standard null coordinates in Minkowski space. Such coordinates are given by u = +reI for x R > 0region and u = reI for x R < 0region. v = +reI+ for x R > 0region and v = reI+ for x R < 0region. To further analyze the causal structure, it is now convenient to go to the variable y dened by y = R . In terms of y, the integralI can be written. r For outgoing case, we have the following parameters, I+ (x) = R = a = y2 = y3 = x = and dx = dx x+R 3 x r 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 1 x 2 1 ax 1 y3 a 3y 3 dy a
2 3

(1.20) (1.21) (1.22) (1.23) (1.24)

From above equation dx and xare substituted in I+ . Then I+ = 3y dy a

1 (1ax) 3 2

1 a x 3
2

(1.25)

I+ = I+ =

3y dy a
1y 3 a

2+y 3 3

(1.26) (1.27) (1.28) (1.29)

9y 3 dy 3y 3y 4 + 2a + ay 3 9y 3 dy I+ = 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a y 3 dy I+ = 9 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a Similarly, for incoming case, dx I = xR I =

3y 2 dy a 3 (1 a x) 1y 3 1 a (1ax) 3 3y 2 dy a 1y 3 a

(1.30) (1.31)

I =

2+y 3 3

(1.32)

I = I So the integral becomes

9y 3 dy 3y 3y 4 2a ay 3 y 3 dy = 9 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a y 3 dy ay 3 3y ay 3 3y

(1.33) (1.34)

I = 9 and hence,

3y 4

2a 2a

(1.35) (1.36)

f (y) = 3y 4

We shall give the detail evaluation of the above in our next chapter. 10

The Variation of the Transformed Collasping Dust Radius

1.1 R 1.05 1 0 0.25 -0.5 0.5 0.75 1 -1 0 x 0.5

Figure 1.1: .

11

Chapter 2 Derivation of Null Coordinates for Self-Similar Collapsing Spacetimes

2.1 Introduction

Singular regions, if naked, have far reaching implications. One of the very familiar example is the big bang singularity in cosmological models. The study of gravitational collapse in cases of imploding radiations, dust etc. have also pointed out the existance of naked singularities. Theoretically singularities(naked or covered) are bound to occur in relativity theory under certain general conditions imposed on the stress energy tensor. However, these classically reasonable conditions may not hold if the matter eld is quantized. In the late stages of gravitational collapse when regions of strong gravitational elds develop and the matter is compactied in region of spacetime of the order of planck length, it becomes important to examine the quantum eects in the near singular regions of the space-times.

2.2

Derivation of Null Coordinates

y 3 dy ay 3 3y 12

We shall now consider the following integral I = 9 3y 4 2a (2.1)

and hence, f (y) = 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a (2.2) If we consider the coordinates with respect to f (y). For region x R > 0 xR>0 (1 1 x) 1 y3 2 ) ( 1 > 0 a (1 3 x) 3
2

(2.3) (2.4)

(1 a x) 1y 3 ) 1 > 0 a (1 ax) 3
3
3

[1 a ( 1y )] 1 y3 3 a ( ) >0 1y 3 1 a [1 a( a ) 3 ] 3y 4 ay 3 + 3y 2a > 0 3y 4 + ay 3 3y + 2a < 0 f (y) = 3y 4 + ay 3 3y + 2a Therefore f (y) < 0 Similarly for region x R < 0 (1 1 x) 1 y3 2 ( ) 1 < 0 a (1 3 x) 3 2 ( (1 a x) 1 y3 3 ) 1 < 0 a (1 ax) 3
3

(2.5) (2.6)

(2.7)

[1 a ( 1y )] 1 y3 3 a <0 ( ) 1y 3 1 a [1 a( a ) 3 ] 3y 3y 4 2a ay 3 <0 3ay 3y 4 ay 3 + 3y 2a < 0 3y 4 + ay 3 3y + 2a > 0 13

f (y) = 3y 4 + ay 3 3y + 2a Therefore f (y) > 0 Similarly for region x + R > 0 (1 1 x) 1 y3 2 ( )+ 1 > 0 a (1 3 x) 3 2 (1 a x) 1 y3 3 ( )+ 1 > 0 a (1 ax) 3 [1 a ( 1y )] 1 y3 3 a >0 ( )+ 3 1 a [1 a( 1y ) 3 ] a 3y 3y 4 + 2a + ay 3 >0 3ay 3y 4 + ay 3 + 3y + 2a > 0 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a < 0 f+ (y) = 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a Therefore f+ (y) < 0 Similarly for region x + R < 0 (1 1 x) 1 y3 2 ( )+ 1 < 0 a (1 3 x) 3 2 (1 a x) 1 y3 3 ( )+ 1 < 0 a (1 ax) 3 [1 a ( 1y )] 1 y3 3 a )+ ( <0 3 1 a [1 a( 1y ) 3 ] a 3y 3y 4 + 2a + ay 3 <0 3ay 3y 4 + ay 3 + 3y + 2a < 0 14
3 3

(2.8) (2.9)

(2.10)

(2.11) (2.12)

(2.13)

3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a > 0 f+ (y) = 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a Therefore f+ (y) > 0 The coordinates become u = +reI for f (y) < 0 and u = reI for f (y) > 0 v = +reI+ forf+ (y) < 0and v = reI+ forf+ (y) > 0 Leti be the roots of f (y),for i 1, 2, 3, 4. Asf are both real, they admit either 0,2or 4 real roots. The integrals can now be put in the form
4

(2.14) (2.15)

I = 3 Since i is the roots of f (y), f = 3y 4

[
i=1

A i ] (y i )

(2.16)

ay 3 3y

2a = 0

(2.17)

a y4 y3 y 3

2a = 0 3

(2.18)

a 2a (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) = y 4 y 3 y 3 3

(2.19)

y 4 4 y 3 3 y 3 2 y 3 1 y 3 + 3 4 y 2 + 2 4 y 2 + 2 3 y 2 + 1 4 y 2 + 1 3 y 2 2a a +1 2 y 2 2 3 4 y 1 3 4 y 1 2 4 y 1 2 3 y 1 2 3 4 = y 4 y 3 y 3 3 (2.20) y 4 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 )y 3 + (1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 2 3 + 2 4 + 3 4 )y 2 a 2a (1 2 3 + 1 2 4 + 1 3 4 + 2 3 4 )y 1 2 3 4 = y 4 y 3 y 3 3 (2.21) 15

By comparing left hand side and right hand side of the equation, we can get 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = a 3 (2.22) (2.23) (2.24)

1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 2 3 + 2 4 + 3 4 = 0 1 2 3 + 1 2 4 + 1 3 4 + 2 3 4 = 1 1 2 3 4 = 2a 3

(2.25)

By comparing the equations and from equation (1)and equation (16),we get 3 y4 y 3 dy a 3 y y 3 9 3 y 3 dy a 3 y y 3 y 3 dy a 3 y y 3
2a 3

=3

dy[

A A A A 1 2 3 4 + + + (2.26) ] (y 1 ) (y 2 ) (y 3 ) (y 4 ) 2a =3 dy[ A i ] (y i )

3y 4
2a 3

y 3 dy ay 3 3y =3 dy[

y4 y4

A A A A 1 2 3 4 + + + ] (y 1 ) (y 2 ) (y 3 ) (y 4 )

2a 3

A (y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) + A (y 1 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) + ... 2 dy 1 (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 )

So y 3 = A (y 3 3 y 2 2 y 2 4 y 2 + 2 3 y + 3 4 y + 2 4 y 2 3 4 ) 1 +A (y 3 1 y 2 3 y 2 4 y 2 + 1 3 y + 1 4 y + 3 4 y 1 3 4 ) 2 3 +A3 (y 1 y 2 2 y 2 4 y 2 + 1 2 y + 2 4 y + 1 4 y 1 2 4 ) +A (y 3 1 y 2 2 y 2 3 y 2 + 1 2 y + 2 3 y + 1 3 y 1 2 3 ) 4 (2.23) Then A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = 1 16 (2.24)

A1 (2 + 3 + 4 ) + A2 (1 + 3 + 4 ) + A3 (1 + 2 + 4 ) +A4 (1 + 2 + 3 ) = 0 A1 (2 3 + 3 4 + 2 4 ) + A2 (1 3 + 1 4 + 3 4 ) +A3 (1 2 + 2 4 + 1 4 ) + A4 (1 2 + 2 3 + 1 3 ) = 0 A1 (2 3 4 ) + A2 (1 3 4 ) + A3 (1 2 4 ) + A4 (1 2 3 ) = 0 I = 9 I = 3 3(y 4 y 3 dy a 3 y y 3

2a ) 3

(2.24)

(2.24) (2.25)

y 3 dy (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 )

4

I = 3

dy
i1

A i (y i )

(2.26)

I = 3

dy

A1 A2 A3 A4 + + + (y 1 ) (y 2 ) (y 3 ) (y 4 )

(2.27)

y 3 = A1 (y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) + A2 (y 1 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) +A3 (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 4 ) + A4 (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 ) When y = 1 ,
3 A1 (1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 ) = 1

(2.27)

(2.28)

A1 =

3 1 (1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )

(2.29)

Similarly, wheny = 2 , we get A2 =

3 2 (2 1 )(2 3 )(2 4 )

17

If,y = 3 , A3 = Then y = 4 ,

3 3 (3 1 )(3 2 )(3 4 )

A4 =

3 4 (4 1 )(4 2 )(4 3 ) a 3 2 f (y) = y 4 y y a 3 3 f (y) = 4y 3 ay 2 + 1

f (y) = f () y4 a 3 y y 3 2 a = (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) 3

(2.30) (2.31) (2.32)

f () = (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) f (1 ) = (y 2 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) f (2 ) = (y 1 )(y 3 )(y 4 ) f (3 ) = (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 4 ) f (4 ) = (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 ) If y = 1 , f (1 ) = (1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 ) If y = 2 , If y = 3 , If y = 4 , Since, A1 = f (2 ) = (2 1 )(2 3 )(2 4 ) f (3 ) = (3 1 )(3 2 )(3 4 ) f (4 ) = (4 1 )(4 2 )(4 3 )
3 1 , (1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 )

(2.33)

18

A1 = Similarly,

3 1 , f (1 )

(2.34)

A2 = A3 = A4 =

3 2 , f (2 ) 3 3 , f (3 ) 3 4 , f (4 )

The A are constants related to the coecient of f (y)and their roots by, i A = i In particular, the A satisfy i is explicitly given by
i i

f (i )

(2.35)

A = 1. If all the roots are real, the solution i (2.36)

u = reI When we consider the value of I , I = 3 dyA 1 + (y 1 ) dyA 2 + (y 2 ) dyA 3 + (y 3 ) dyA 4 (y 4 )

I = 3 A log(y 1 ) + A log(y 2 ) + A log(y 3 ) + A log(y 4 ) 1 2 3 4

I = log(y 1 )3A1 + log(y 2 )3A2 + log(y 3 )3A3 + log(y 4 )3A4 I = log(y 1 )3A1 (y 2 )3A2 (y 3 )3A3 (y 4 )3A4

(2.37)

Since u = reI u = relog(y1 )

3A1 (y )3A2 (y )3A3 (y )3A4 2 3 4

(2.38)

u = r(y 1 )3 A (y 2 )3 A (y 3 )3 A (y 4 )3 A 1 2 3 4

19

u = r
i=1

(y i )3Ai

(2.39)

When we consider the value of I , I = 3 dyA 1 + (y 1 ) dyA 2 + (y 2 ) dyA 3 + (y 3 ) dyA 4 (y 4 )

I = 3 A log(y 1 ) + A log(y 2 ) + A log(y 3 ) + A log(y 4 ) 4 3 2 1

I = log(y 1 )3A1 + log(y 2 )3A2 + log(y 3 )3A3 + log(y 4 )3A4 I = log(y 1 )3A1 (y 2 )3A2 (y 3 )3A3 (y 4 )3A4

(2.40)

Similarly since v = reI+ v = relog(y1 )

+ + + + + + 3A1 (y+ )3A2 (y+ )3A3 (y+ )3A4 2 3 4 + + +

(2.41)

+ + + + v = r(y 1 )3A1 (y 2 )3A2 (y 3 )3A3 (y 4 )3A4 4

v = r
i=1

+ (y i )3Ai

(2.42)

We will now consider the case in which there are two real roots and a conjugate pair of complex roots. Let us order the roots so that the rst two1,2 are a complex conjugate pair and3,4 are real.A1,2 is also a complex pair whereas A3,4 are real. Then the integrals are of the form,
4

I=3

dy
i=1

Ai (y i )

(2.43)

I = 3 [Aln(y ) + A ln(y )]

(2.44)

where , are the complex roots and A, A are the (complex)coecients.Putting A = |A|ei , y = |y |ei , we get
u(y) = r(y 1 )3A1 (y 2 )3A2 (y 3 )3A3 (y 4 )3A4

(2.45)

20

u(y) = r (y )ei u(y) = r (y )3|A

3|A |ei

(y )ei

3|A|ei

(y )3Ai (2.46)
i=3,4

|ei

e+3|A

|ei i

(y )3|A e3|A

|ei

e3|A

|ei i

(y )3Ai
i=3,4

u(y) = r(y )3|A

|ei +3|A |ei

|ei i3|A |ei i

(y )3Ai
i=3,4

u(y) = r(y )3|A u(y) = r(y )3|A

|[ei +ei ]

e3|A

i[|ei ei ]

(y )3Ai
i=3,4

|[cos +i sin +cos i sin ]

e3|A

|i[cos +i sin cos +i sin ]

(yi )3Ai i=3,4

u(y) = r(y )3|A

|.2 cos

e3|A

|i.2i sin

(y i )3Ai i=3,4

u(y) = r(y )6|A Similarly

| cos

e6|A

| sin

(y i )3Ai i=3,4

(2.47)

v(y) = r(y + )6|A

+ | cos +

e6|A

+ | sin +

+ (y i )3Ai i=3,4

(2.48)

21

Chapter 3 Advanced and Retarded Null Coordinates in Black Hole and Naked Singularity
3.1 Introduction

One of the most important issues in current relativity theory is the occurrence of singular regions in the space-times. Singular regions, if naked, have far reaching implications. One of the very familiar example is the big bang singularity in cosmological models. The study of gravitational collapse in cases of imploding radiations, dust etc. have also pointed out the existance of naked singularities. Theoretically singularities(naked or covered) are bound to occur in relativity theory under certain general conditions imposed on the stress energy tensor. However, these classically reasonable conditions may not hold if the matter eld is quantized. In the late stages of gravitational collapse when regions of strong gravitational elds develop and the matter is compactied in region of spacetime of the order of planck length, it becomes important to examine the quantum eects in the near singular regions of the space-times.The consideration and study of quantum eects, is therefore important and it may lead to avoidance of singularities. An equally important question is the nature of the spontaneous particle creation in the extreme curvature regions of the space-times.

22

3.2

The Collapse of Inhomogeneous Dust

Consider the center(r = 0)at early time, t < 0. Then, because y = (1 1 at 3 ) gives (when all roots are real) r
4

u(y) = r
i=1

|y i |3Ai

(3.1)

u(y) = r[(|y|3A1 )(|y|3A2 )(|y|3A3 )(|y|3A4 )] u(y) = r[|y|3 For f (y) > 0, u = r[|y|3
P
i

(3.2)

A i

] (3.2)

P
i

A i

u = r(1

at ) r u = r + at

u at(r = 0) Similarly,
4

v(y) = r
i=1

+ |y i |3Ai

(3.3)

v(y) = r[(|y|3A1 )(|y|3A2 )(|y|3A3 )(|y|3A4 )] v(y) = r[|y|3 For f+ (y) > 0, v = r[|y|3
P
i

(3.4)

A+ i

] (3.4)

P
i

A+ i

v = r(1

at ) r v = r + at

v at(r = 0)

23

This line is therefore given by u = v. When two of the roots are complex conjugate of each other, the line is still u = v as we now show. Note that = tan1 ( Im() ) Re(y ) (3.4)

(y is real), so that as y , 0.Then clearly u r | y |3(2ReA v r | y |3(2ReA

+A +A ) 3 4

(3.4) (3.4)

+ +A+ +A+ ) 3 4

but since i A = 1,we have the same result as before. i The general solutions in equations are useful to analyze another limit. Namely 1 the singularity at r at. Since y = (1 at ) 3 , y 0. Now when y 0, r f (y) > 0and f+ (y) < 0.Because f (y) = 3y 4 ay 3 3y 2a.

Then we see that (if all roots are real). u = r v = r and in particular u = c = v
i | i |3Ai + | i |3Ai

(3.4) (3.4)
+

| + |3Ai | |3Ai

which is a negative constant, in general = 1. The singularity is therefore 0 space-like until the last shell, r = r0 , collapse at t = t0 = ra . The case of a pair of conjugate complex roots trivially gives the same result.Beyond this point the singularity will be space-like because it is just the schwarzschild singularity in the exterior region. The behavior of the origin, r = 0, t = 0, is peculiar. It is the meeting point between two lines u = v and u = cv and its nakedness (coveredness)is far from clear. However, if a null ray originating at this point reaches the boundary at Kruskal coordinate U < 0 in the Schwarzschild region, it will reach I + and then the origin will be globally naked. 24

3.3

Radiation ux spectrum for black holes and naked singularities.

We will henceforth consider rays in the neighborhood of the lines given by y = + for incoming rays. The precise values of in terms of the mass parameter will not interest us for this work but we will Taylor expand about these two values, considering y = y + . One can rewrite the Schwarzschild radial coordinate and time on the boundary as follows R0 (y) = r0 y 2 (3.4) r0 4 4 T0 (y) = y 3 ar0 y a2 r0 ln | a 3 9 U0 (y) = T0 (y) R0 (y), V0 (y) = T0 (y) + R0 (y) (whereR0 is the tortoise coordinate) take the form r0 4 8 3y U0 (y) = y 3 ar0 y r0 y 2 a2 r0 ln | 1| (3.4) a 3 9 2a r0 4 8 3y V0 (y) = y 3 ar0 y + r0 y 2 + a2 r0 ln | +1| (3.4) a 3 9 2a It is now clear that the earliest null outgoing ray, u = 0, from the origin (the Cauchy Horizon)within the cloud strikes the boundary at y = and translates into the null outgoing ray r0 3 4 8 3 2 0 U0 = ar0 r0 a2 r0 ln | 1| a 3 9 2a (3.4)
3y 2a 3y 2a

1 | +1

(3.4)

Therefore, the Edding-Finkelstein null coordinates on the boundary,

which is never innite ( 2a is not a root of f (y)). This null ray corresponds 3 to a nite value of U and will therefore reach I + , so the existence of real roots of f (y) turns out to be not just necessary, but a sucient condition for the origin to be globally naked. The same argument applies to the infalling ray(s): the earliest null ray to pass through the origin is the ray corresponding to the value y = + ,or 4 8 3+ r0 3 2 +1| V00 = + ar0 + + r0 + a2 r0 ln | a 3 9 2a 25 (3.4)

 and again, since 2a is not a roof of f+ (y),V is not innity negative and 3 such a ray will have come from I . Thus, the existence of a positive real root off+ (y)is sucient to ensure that at least one infalling ray from I will intersect the origin. The relationship between theU ,V coordinates in the exterior and the u,v coordinates on the boundary.This is dicult to do in general, but if we conne our study to rays that are closetou = 0and v = 0we can arrive at some conclusion regarding the quantum radiation onI + near the Cauchy horizon. Close will be taken to mean linearizations about y = respectively for incoming rays and outgoing rays. First consider outgoing rays. For y ,dene y = y + and nd that for small y I ln + O(y), y (3.4) where = giving u = r | y | u | y | = r u 1 y = ( ) r u 1 y = ( ) r Therefore in terms of v(on the boundary) we can write U as follows U U 0 ( ) + ( )(y ) u U = U 0 ( ) + ( )( ) r0
1

3 3 , f ( )

(3.4) (3.4)

(3.4)

where = 9

3 r0 <0 a(3 2a)

whena < ac . Likewise, for incoming rays, put y = y + + and nd that I + + ln + O(y), y 26 (3.4)

where

3 3+ + = , f+ (+ )

(3.4) (3.4)

giving v = r | y |+ v | y |+ = r v 1 y = ( ) + r v 1 y + = ( ) + r Thus in terms of v(on the boundary)we can write V as follows V V 0 (+ ) + + (+ )(y + ) v V = V 0 (+ ) + + (+ )( ) + r0
1

(3.4)

where + = 9

3 r0 + <0 a(3+ + 2a)

when a < ac . We are now in a position to compute the radiated power close to the Cauchy horizon in the geometric optics approximation. Consider a ray V =const in the nite past. We are interested only in the + region on I that is close to the Cauchy horizon, so the approximation in equation (21) and (25)will suce.

27

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Figure 3.1: .

28

0 0.25 0.5

0.75

1 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 10 8

6 y

Figure 3.2: .

29

Chapter 4 Concluding Remarks

30

Bibliography
Bertolami O & Sen A A, Sen S & Silva P T, 2004, Mon Not R, Ast Soc 353 329 Bilic N, Tupper G B, Viollier R D, 2002, Phys Lett B 535 17 Chamento L P and Lozkoz R, astroph/ 0505254 Oswalt T D, Smith J A, Wood M A & Hintzen P, 1996, Nature 382 692

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