Tuesday 1/5 Intro

1790-1945 Rise of the Modern Nation State o First came to being around 1800 Before there were dynastic states 4 Big Revolutions o Rise of Nationalism Most powerful force Big and powerful armies, people willing to fight and die o Industrialization Britain is first in early 1800's Warfare is also industrialized and creates massive slaughter Railroads used to transport armies (american civil war) o Democratization How does democracy effect the causes and outcomes of war? o Beaurocratization ? Series of important wars o French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792-1815) o Wars of German Unification (1862, 1866, 1870) o World War I (1914-1918) o World War II (1941-1945) Europe and Pacific Theatres War o Think in broader and political contexts "War is an extension of politics by other means" Clausewitz

War in European History Reading

Wednesday, January 06, 2010 11:37 AM

Ch. 4 The Wars of the Professionals Change in war from feudal honor of battlefield leaders to professional servants of the state o This development allowed for the differentiation of civilian and military elements of society "Essential Outlines" (elements) o A state responsible for and capable of maintaining an armed force in war or peace o Hierarchy separated from the rest of society Military development made militaries essential o Allowed state an increase in control over communities o Dutch wealth allowed for maintaining armies throughout the year

Because they were paid well, they could make them dig and drill, which strengthened defense Prince Maurice of Orange (16th Century) o Formations to increase firepower o Procedures to ensure continuous delivery Demanded control of movement, control of fire, self control Discipline essential Self Sacrifice and Obedience worked well with Protestantism Gustavus the Sweed (1611) o 1 in 10 serve, the others are taxed to provide his equipment Created a long and regular troop coalition 20 years o Strong discipline enforced by court martial o 30 Years War Same formation as Gustavus, but lighter muskets Controlled Calvary charges with focused swords that caused fear and inflicted great pain o Overcome the immobility of artillery Half size of barrel and weight of round Same effectiveness o Maximize power and offensive shock Needed effective hierarchy, brilliant commanders, and disciplined soldiers to respond quickly All of this created the influx of great generals depicted in the 17th century All possible because of the improvement in the mechanism of states Temperate and indecisive contests of the 18th century? (60) 18th century weaponry changes o Guns better, 3 rounds per minute o Ring bayonet and pikes o Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval Standardized parts for cannons and ammunition More Significant, not weapons but rather "the structure of the armies and of the states which employed them" (62). o Full time professionals needed to make weapons effective o Full time statesmen to finance and approve the operation France pioneered this with the Bourbon Monarchy Before 1648 armies were characterized by bankruptcy, indiscipline, and corruption (63) Aided by an increase in commerce and thus wealth Colonels were inspected and aided in supply and maintenance Officers had to serve as a foot soldier first Instill obedience to the crown Civil Bureaucracy Inspectors key to the system, ensured all was followed through with Still, corruption was still a problem as well as the mistreatment of soldiers

Harder to recruit in the army because of greater prosperity in the trades in France

Germany o Nobles forfeited the right to tax themselves and soldiers in order to receive preferential treatment Regretted it. Why? Frederick William asked for everything the nobles had to spare in order to ensure peace and tranquility in the future Now he had the allegiance of many, if some withheld from taxed, he would take it by force Creation of Central government focused in Berlin gradually eliminated local rights Commissioned Officers vs "other Ranks" Strategy o Cut off supply lines o Fight on favorable terrain o Siegecraft, fortification, marches, and supply of the utmost concern Wars had less effect on economy and it was the duty of the citizen to make his money and pay his taxes, the wars were of the king, not of the people o People of the enlightenment didnt accept war as destiny, and economists didnt think society prospered from war as they once did in the 17th century o With truly wise people war would never occur Before resources became exhausted but NOW, with modern technology and greater resources, wars could be fought to an end rather than a stalemate while each side recuperated and "sharpened their weapons" (74). Ch. 5 Changes in warfare began from 1792 until 1815, with revolutionary France battling neighboring states Wars are not discrete activities but rather an expression of state policy by other means (von Clausewitz) (76) Innovations of War during Napoleon's time o Autonomous divisions of the army Greater speed and mobility o Free moving soldiers called "light infantrymen" Fired freely, easy and small skirmishes o More artillery usage Superiority of firepower o Column of attack (rather than line) Offensive shock rather than defensive firepower 1+2 acquired by improvements in gun technology Concentration of effort tactic o Greatest amount of troops and artillery where we want to break the Revolutionary Men o Ridded themselves of the fake class structure of the old military Free men fighting for freedom "Exterminate to the bitter end, wars were no longer temperate and inconclusive" (81)

Guillotine used to instill order and fix prices Research laboratory Science applied for the first time to war Napoleonic Wars o Romantic heroism in search for glory and treasure Social mobility (effective) o Changed the composition of the war into corps (8000 men groupings)' Allowed for nearly unlimited amounts of decentralization o Plans were defeated if battles were lost, not alternative plans because losing was not an option o His defeat in Russia ignited a wave of patriotism in Germany which called for a self-serving state Still, no expression of power through a single state emerged Britain o Strong opposition to ground forces by parliament Opposed military college because they still believed wealthy should be officers and no one else o Royal Navy allowed this to be okay o Blockade used to be capturing of trade but 20th century focused on mutual starvation Smuggling problem on both sides because of reduced profits and necessity War became a conflict of populations more so than simply armiess
o o

Clausewitz On War
Thursday, January 07, 2010 1:29 AM

BOOK 1 Intro
o

War is the nature of the whole Parts and whole must be one in the same Definition o "An act of force to compel our enemy to do our will" A powerless enemy as goal Max Use of Force o Related to the use of intellect Never back down o Moderation is absurdity o Hostile feeling and hostile intentions drive war

o No logical limit to the application of that force (78) The Aim is to Disarm the Enemy o Make enemy defenseless puts them in a terrible position and they must succumb to your will o Both sides strive for this, thus no security until the other side is completely disarmed The Maximum Exertion of Strength o Total means of his disposal and strength of his will o Competition leads to extreme outcomes Modifications in Practice o Extreme effort in the abstract War is never an isolated act

Laws of probability used to guess opponents actions Political objective determines military force used A desire to wait for a better moment to act is the only thing able to suspend a war

Thursday 1/7
Thursday, January 07, 2010 1:30 PM

THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION

0-500AD o Decline of the Roman Empire 500-1500 o Middle Ages 1500-1800 o Age of Dynastic States Fight different kinds of wars than the nation state The sociopolitical fabric effects the shift greatly toward the nation state, France key No nationalism in dynastic states o Battle between crown and nobility Crown wanted to centralize power (key to dynastic states) Nobility resisted this Poland is the only real place where nobles were successful, and Poland has never had a successful military force Peasants See the beginnings of the bourgeoisie and the proliteriate working class "War made the State and the state made War" Charles Tille Religion's importance o 1517 Martin Luther's 95 Theses 1618-1648 30 years war State formation bound up with the reformation

Many people think 1648 created state, but it is actually around 1500

1800-Present o Age of the Nation State o Presence of the Aristocracy decreases (along with their importance) o Presence and importance of lower classes becomes more important Before 1500, there were no states o Just city states and empires, did not look anything like we see today o First three states are Spain, France, and England Prussia to Germany 1870, Italian unification during 1850's and '60s In 1500 there were 500 political entities in Europe o By 1900 there were 20 o 1492 key to starting this, the carving up of nations and when the key players left states are created After 1800 there is a rise in nationalism o Nationalism "A set of political beliefs which holds that a nation-body of individual with characteristics that distinguish them from another set of individuals-should have their own stake" J.M. As a nation, there is the belief that a state is deserved Before there was no real sentiments of allegiance to the state Big Wars o 1618-1648 30 Years War o 1756-1763 7 Years War British, French, in North America, including Native Americans o 1792-1815 French Revolutionary War (1799 ends) and Napoleonic Wars France took on the world, no single powerful ally Took 6 balancing coalitions to defeat him o 1864, 1866, 1870 German Wars of Unification o WWI o WWII Asia and European Front Located in Europe, Asia, and neighbors the Middle East Revolutions Nationalism Industrialization o 1800-present Democratization o 1800-present Professionalization/Beauracratization o 1800-present

Warfare in the 18th Century

Composition of Army o Officers were mainly made of aristocrats o Calvary (most mobile forces) was filled with aristocrats o The beginnings of the bourgeoisie (merchant middle class) Artillery and other skilled war positions o Soldiers were mainly mercenaries People who were problematic to society (criminals and rejects) o Peasants did not fight because they were needed to create tax revenue for the state Strategy and Tactics o Limited Mobility You cannot move the army through the woods or night because the armies disappear Fear of Desertion No care for the state because the soldiers are hired mercenaries Cities on the Go Foraged for food, raided cities on the way This gives people license to leave the base camp and find food They often do not return o Low Tolerance to Casualties Hard to replace mercenaries, high price of death o Ultimate Result is many Limited Wars o Many lines (5-7miles long) composed of 3 smaller lines Needed much training and drilling to fire properly in sequence Alternative to the line is the column, which is a lone flipped 90 degrees In 1800, the Bourgeoisie becomes the dominant force in the military o 1789 1000/10000 French officers are commoners o 1793 6000/10000 non commoners emigrate o 1794 85 percent of lieutenants were NCO's, or not wealthy o Size of the army increases greatly Every Frenchman is nationalistic and committed to fighting for the Fatherland Also increase in birthrate in the period helped greatly o Desertion Rate Decreases significantly Easy to replace people who become killed Now Wars are BLOODY AND LONG o Skirmishes ahead of the columns and if any part of the other side broke, the columns would rush through quite easily (as compared to the lines) Frees up the people's to have initiative where before discipline was more important Nationalism plays a much greater role o 1806 Two Battles knocked Prussia out of the war Frederick the Great, considered the best army of the old order Napoleon defeated with great ease

Russians were the key role in defeating Napoleon, Spanish defeated him as well through guerilla warfare and tactics
o

Tuesday 1/12
Tuesday, January 12, 2010 1:26 PM

Old Order o 18th century warfare (Frederick the Great) o Dynastic State Louis XIV " I am the State" State and society only tenuously linked to each other Officers were aristocrats Soldiers were mercenaries Peasants needed to provide tax revenue o Inability to replace people who were killed Limited warfare New Order o The rise of the nation state (nationalism in France in 1787) o Nation state different than the dynastic state State and society become fused as one Huge military consequences Took 6 coalitions to beat Napoleon because of this It was so powerful because it was the first nation state where the army was based upon fundamentals of nationalism Large armies with replaceable forces People willing to fight for their countries Clausewitz o On War is the most brilliant book written on war o Common sense to a level of brilliance His thinking on war was greatly affected by the great transformation He was in the Prussian army that was defeated by Napoleon in 1806, and the Russian army that defeated him in 1812 o Book 8 pgs 586-598 610 586 If we know the nature's of states and societies it will help us understand more 589

Nearly every state had been reduced to an absolute monarchy Decrease in the number of political entities in Europe Privileges and immunities for citizens were nearly completely gone King represented the state, and treasury of the society did not concern the people but only the government Government ran a nation similar to the running of an estate, in which habitants had little or no interest in international politics and other importance Numbers and time, war is deprived of its most important feature. A tendency toward the extreme 590 Limited and constricted form of war, due to narrow base of which it rested 591 State of affairs at the outbreak of French Revolution 1793 war again became the business of the people, all of which thought themselves as citizens

69
o

Themes Absolute and Limited War (1827 Notes on revision) Absolute is "unconditional surrender" The United States with Japan during WWII Since there is a tendency towards this, wars tend to be bloody Aim at decisive victory and expect that it will be long and bloody Then there is the idea that through cleverness the time period can be cut significantly with the aims being met and saving many lives This is what Clausewitz missed (according to Mearshimer) Limited war is indecisive in where you gain some enemy territory so that it can be used during peace bargaining Limited aims strategy (LAS) Problem of Contradiction You can do either A or B, clear alternatives Bush senior in Gulf War in 1991 Limited war is a perversion War in its natural form is really absolute war Powerful tendencies for the escalation of war from limited to absolute Militaries enjoy winning decisively Favors the first interpretation of clear alternatives over perversion

89
o

War is an extension of politics by other means Realist view, linked to theme (1) Often do not want to risk absolute war Politicians have to exercise significant control over military commanders to keep limited wars limited Political considerations should dominate military considerations Pg 607 Significant civilian-military problems in every war MacArthur When politics fails and the military takes over, you must trust the military Against Clausewitz

Trinity of Dominant Tendencies Primordial violence, hatred, and enmity Blind, natural force 138 modern wars are seldom fought without hatred between nations Nationalism is the root of the conflict Tendency to slip from limited to absolute o Play of chance and probability within which the creative spirit is free to roam Chance and Probability Friction (shit happens) and chance War is a crapshoot and most of the time things do not go to plan Creative Spirit Individual genius o Bureaucratization Clausewitz doesnt understand that you need people to coordinate the numerous amounts

Stephen van Evera

Wednesday, January 13, 2010 6:39 PM

Hypotheses on Nationalism and War: Summary. I. IMMEDIATE CAUSES 1. The greater the proportion of state-seeking nationalities that are stateless, the greater the risk of war. 2. The more that nationalities pursue the recovery of national diasporas, and the more they pursue annexationist strategies of recovery, the greater the risk of war. 3. The more hegemonistic the goals that nationalities pursue toward one another, the greater the risk of war. 4. The more severely nationalities oppress minorities living in their states,

the greater the risk of war. II. CAUSES OF THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES AND CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR THEIR OPERATION Structural Factors: 1. Stateless nationalisms pose a greater risk of war if they have the strength to plausibly reach for freedom, and the central state has the will to resist their attempt. 2. The more densely nationalities are intermingled, the greater the risk of war. a. The risks posed by intermingling are larger the more local (house-byhouse) rather than regional (province-by-province) the pattern of intermingling. b. The risks posed by intermingling are larger if the rescue of diasporas = by homelands is difficult but possible; smaller if rescue is either impossible or easy. 3. The greater the defensibility and legitimacy of borders, and the greater the correspondence between these political borders and communal boundaries, the smaller the risk of war. a. The less secure and defensible the borders of emerging nation-states, the greater the risk of war. b. The greater the international legitimacy of the borders of emerging nation-states, the smaller the risk of war. c. The more closely the boundaries of emerging nation-states follow ethnic boundaries, the smaller the risk of war. Political/Environmental Factors: 4. The greater the past crimes committed by nationalities toward one another, the greater the risk of war. a. The better these crimes are remembered by the victims, the greater the risk of war. b. The more that responsibility for past crimes can be attached to groups still on the scene, the greater the risk of war. c. The less contrition and repentance shown by the guilty groups, the greater the risk of war. d. The greater the coincidence of power and victimhood, the greater the risk of war. 5. The more severely nationalities oppress minorities now living in their states, the greater the risk of war. (This restates Hypothesis No. 1.4; 1 list it twice because it operates as both a direct and a remote cause of war.) Perceptual Factors: 6. The more divergent are the beliefs of nationalities about their mutual history and their current conduct and character, the greater the risk of war. a. The less legitimate the governments or leaders of nationalist movements, the greater their propensity to purvey mythical nationalist beliefs, hence the greater the risk of war. b. The more the state must demand of its citizens, the greater its propensity to purvey mythical nationalist beliefs, hence the greater the risk of war. c. If economic conditions deteriorate, publics become more receptive to

scapegoat myths, hence such myths are more widely believed, hence war is more likely. d. If independent evaluative institutions are weak or incompetent, myths will more often prevail, hence war is more likely.

1/14 Discussion Group

Thursday, January 14, 2010 10:58 AM

War is becoming more deadly for both soldiers and extremely more deadly for non-combatants o How did we get here through Nationalism, Professionalism, democratization, and industrialization ? Ideas on what to look for: o Difference between absolute and limited war Size of army due to nationalism Improved food and railroads (logistics) Better rifles and artillery Quality of infantry better Structural characteristics place brakes on the slide towards absolute war Why didn't nations escalate wars before Incomplete state-building? Industrialized ties between persons within a country? Army's composition was mercenaries, proliteriates, criminals Defensive fighting preferred because safer o Key dates: 1791-Ordinance Creation of new type of Army 1806-Napoleon defeats Prussia Imitate or die, must be like the strongest to survive international politics 1812-Russia Defeats Napoleon 1815-Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo Strategy vs. Tactics o Strategy is the overarching how you move and deploy your troops to achieve the political aims of war Looking for the decisive victory o Tactics is specific to a battle like how you arrange your troops etc MICRO Vs. MACRO perspective Remarkable Trinity Enmity, violence, hatred o People Chance, probability

Military Friction is the term that oversteps both chance and probability Genius is the creative spirit that overcomes this Is important (Napoleon) for the "Art of War" Subordination to policy Government (reasonable) Can there be a science of war? Clausewitz thinks war is an art versus a science Private security forces could indicate the removal of the "human element" The people element is the important A potential balance

Thursday 1/14
Thursday, January 14, 2010 1:25 PM

NATIONALISM o Mearshimer Set of political beliefs which hold that a nation, a body of individuals with particular characteristics which distinguish a set of individuals from others, should have its own state o Mosen 81 Propensity of individuals to identify their personal interest with that of a group which is too large to meet together. Shared culture and history and to believe that this group must have a state structure of its own in order to survive Culture is bigger than ethnicity, nationalism is not about ethnic groups that want their own state. Can be about this but doesnt need to be America's common culture is immigration There is no one thing that distinguishes cultures from one another (like religion) o Ben Anderson A political movement with two characteristics. Individual members give their primary loyalty to their own ethnic or national community. This loyalty supersedes their loyalty to other groups eg those based on common kinship or political idealogy These ethnic communities desire their own political states o Political and National interests should be congruent Most Americans uncomfortable with this idea because it is associated to ethnicities and it also causes problems o Particularistic vs Universalistic ideas of nationalism Liberalism is universal Bush doctrine is about spreading around this process that is inevitable and universal

Nationalism is particularistic There are x's, and there are y's: and x's and y's dont mix WWI whether or not the workers would fight for their own nation or simply not fight because there is a cross-nationalistic tie between the proliteriate Since nationalism is the greatest loyalty, they did fight. o Where did the sense of national identity come from? Psychological phenomenon When you are exposed to the other it gives you a sense of self identity Mearshimer China visit story Familiarity, socio-economic intercourse, although it seems as if it may break down nationalism, actually strengthens the sense of national identity Decline of religion After 1618-1648, when the enlightenment takes over, religion loses its grip and their identities are less influenced by religion 1456 the Printing Press Allows communication about the broader world, and allows people to "get a sense of the other" Produce written histories of past Urbanization The increased mobility of populations in Europe or around the world Allows for the increase of personal contact Capitalism Imperialism Leads to the knowledge of the world being comprised of a great deal of human beings o Why is there a need for one's own stake? Rise of the bureaucratic state important 1500-1800 the dynastic state Constant fighting of war During the passage of time the state grew more and more powerful that interferes in the daily lives of its citizens And citizens became to depend on the state to solve their disputes through adjudication Then it moved from education and welfare problem What these states realize when they constantly fight wars is that it can use nationalism as a force multiplier This is why people have to imitate France (during Napoleon's time) or the best The elites foster nationalism through history writing and other forms in order to inspire these sentiments

1800-present nation state Le ta se mua

"I am the state"

Tuesday 1/19
Tuesday, January 19, 2010 1:30 PM

Liberal Democracy in War o Simple versus liberal democracy in war o Liberalism is about rights Individual freedoms and rights Universal rights transcending national boundaries o Democracy is about voting Competitive Elections by a substantial portion of populations o Illiberal democracies more likely to go to war o A liberal state is democratic, but a democracy is not necessarily liberal Democracy Peace theory does not apply to illiberal democracies Trans-national respect for national rights in democracies Relationship between liberalism and nationalism o Nationalism is particularistic ideology Define one's self in relationship to others o Liberalism is a universal ideological concept Americans believe everybody should share rights, not just Americans Conduct of War o Democracies Used to be that democracies were not good at fighting wars When the cold war ended, many arguments took the opposite stance Democracies are inefficient at making decisions Now we look at the facts and arguments Most of the time Democracies won 51 total wars, 36 democracies won (71%) Others say 31 since 1815, 3 draws. 28 left and democracies won 23 times (82%) Why??? Selection-effects argument Smarter than non democracies, and have a powerful tendency at entering wars that they are likely to win Cost of war to leaders is great because of re-election Open debates, a marketplace of ideas Checks and balances, the clearing of hurdle Military efficiency argument

Coalitionary forces Democracies stick together with one another Individuals display great initiative than in a tyrannical or nondemocratic state More public support for troops Soldiers fight harder because they love their country more The other side, Democracies are inefficient Conflicts are misagregated WWII Democracies beat non democracies Can't count WWII as one war Germany defeats Poland Germany defeats France, Britain, Holland, Belgium Germany invades the USSR Soviets really defeated Germany, not US So you can't count this war as a victory for Democracy Fights must be fair Unfair fights result in political systems not being fair fights (gross mismatches) Coded Incorrectly War of Atrition coded incorrectly, triumpherants call it a victory when it was really a draw Calling non-democracies democracies and democracies non-democracies Coding problems true for both wars and countries Of 31 cases, 21 were fair fights (desh) Total of 9 cases where democracy fights non democracies 6 wins, 9 too small of a number to base conclusions off of 3 wins are for Israel, cause for concern Look carefully at facts makes it hard to make the case that democracies are better at fighting wars Leaders of non-democracies often lose their lives and regimes rather than simply not getting re-elected Soldiers do not necessarily fight harder in democracies Verma in Nazi Germany were the hardest fighters ever seen to man Individual initiative plays a key role Germans gave objectives, but choosing the objectives was more up to the smart individuals composing the armies Likelihood of War Democratic Peace Theory Is it that Dem's don't fight Dem's or Lib Dem's don't fight Lib Dem's?

Hard to criticize on the facts, but critics say that there are a lot of coding errors involved Logistics are hard to back up, however States have a trans-national respect for individual rights Golden rule of international politics Peaceful resolution preferred Counter-argument is by Christopher Lane 4 cases See how the leaders on both sides communicated Not strategically feasible to fight war People vote not to fight, but they are willing to fight Selection-effects argument Because they are smart enough to select to fight into a war Good sense of who will win therefore they will not go into a war Why fight a war you're going to lose when you know you're going to lose Smarter Checks and Balances argument Boundaries to entry, smarter, bad ideas weeded out Marketplace of ideas and open discourse

Thursday 1/21
Thursday, January 21, 2010 1:35 PM

Effects of industrialization (1800-present) 1st Britain o Increasingly sophisticated weaponry Costly Rich country can only buy and develop these weapons o Constantly changing Improving at a rapid pace Weapons acquisition process takes place in a dynamic environment Examples are B bombers after WWII and ICBM missiles One warhead to Multiple Reentry Vehicles to Merv (propelled vehicles) to Marv (targeted) Decision-making tougher

Poor decisions feared in weapons purchasing

Arms Races o A competition between two states where each side either tries to build more weaponry or build better weaponry it either to out-do opponent or prevent them from out-doing you Action/Reaction Quantitative versus qualitative aspects in Arms Race o 1st Arms race Naval Competition between Britain and Germany 1890-1914 o What drives arms races and what are the consequences? Driven fear of obsolescent weapons and possibility of advantage Consequences Instability and cause war Windows of opportunity (or vulnerability from other side) Political differences increase probability combined with window Some say its a safe alternative to war No war occurs just a bunch of tension o Modern Rise of the Military Industrial Complex (MIC) o Never had a powerful peacetime military until cold war in America o Recognize that we need it Grave implications Must guard against disastrous rise of misplaced power o Military depends on industry and universities Likewise the tables turn and I and U's are dependent on M Technology and Doctrine o How you use it is sometimes more important than the physical technology French thought tanks were artillery pieces on tracks Germans thought you could organize panzer divisions around tank Allowed army to break through enemy lines readily which fosters the demise of the enemy more rapidly Then complimented the tanks with air units to further help Difference in WWII was not the technology either quantitative or qualitative but rather the doctrine used to implement it Imperialism o Between 1800 and 1900 the population of the British Empire increased 20x and land increased 7x o In 1800 Europe controlled 35% land and after 75%, in 1914 Europe encompassed 84% of all land mass Why? Machine gun and quick-firing missiles Quinine to fight disease Allowed Europe to finally conquer Africa

Railroads Gunboats Steam-driven with low drafts for river maneuverability o Why Ended? They don't pay for themselves anymore and become ineffective because of industry Effects on armies o Railroads is the largest effect on land fighting Before they traveled on dirt rows marching Move with greater speed Less wear and tear Cheaper to move troops Preservation of supplies saves money Dont have to live off countryside which limited where u could go Remove wounded and return wounded quickly Transport artillery and prisoners o Telegraphs and telephones Communication greatly improved o Rifling More accurate 1852 musket could not put one round at 300 yards at an 18sq ft target with 20 shots o Breach-loading More efficient First war was 1866 war of German unification Prussians used needle-gun against Austrians 7-1 shots Prussian vs Shot Austrians o Machine Gun Several-hundred rounds per minute o Hand Grenades, mortars, recoil-less rifles, o Artillery Rifling in artillery as well, way more deadly range-wise and much more accurately o Tanks and armored vehicles o Helicopters o Napoleon's time needed high maneuverability to flank enemies Now its penetrating a long front is the name of the game o Force to Space ratio Smaller force can control larger area

Examples: Sputnik and 1st ICBM launch by USSR, increased math and science in us WWII Academics research in military o Convoys would be threatened by German submarines Large and Slow or Small and Fast Universities figured out that large and slow is better when escorted

Breaking of intelligence codes on both sides Researching behavior of soldiers in warfare Egypt Vs Israel 1973 o Precision guided munitions possessed by Egypt They are outmatched by Israel and dig a ditch for their precision guided munitions PGM's and Tanks by themselves don't matter but what matters is employment strategy
o o

Tragedy
Saturday, January 23, 2010 9:40 AM

Wealth and Power Latent and military power o Latent is the socio-economic assets that are put into building great military power "raw potential" Land forces key to powerful state Need wealth as a base o Historical cases prove this Wealth is not a substitute for military strength however Material Basis for Power o Assets versus outcomes More powerful countries have more, not necessarily need to win (although increased likelihood) Population and wealth: the sinews of military power o Wealth incorporates population size inherently More wealthy countries have more people generally GNP is good for comparison when states are at the same socio economic level (US japan 1990) but bad when they are clearly different (UK and Russia 1815-1914) Gap between latent power (wealth) and military o Exists because of allocation of resources to different types of military buildup o % wealth used for military

Tuesday 1/26
Tuesday, January 26, 2010 1:29 PM

Further Industrialization

Navies o Propulsion Sail to steam

Wind was tremendously important and this made the effects of chance great Steam allows navies to go wherever you want Paddlewheels create vulnerability to enemy fire however Development of the screw propeller results, all below the waterline
o

hull

Wood to iron to steel Wooden hulls meant that the navy was heavily dependent on forests Need to control large pieces of real-estate Size of the ships dependent on size of largest tree Iron allowed ships' size to be enormous and steel even more so o Armament Improvement in weaponry partially because of size They are bigger Also improvement in quality, rifling o Protection Belt armor more sophisticated because of increase in armament o Submarines and torpedoes Response to raiding ships Surface navies could not destroy commerce o Air Craft Carriers Replaced battleships as the key platform in navies Battles began to be carrier to carrier versus ship to ship Airplanes battle not ships Air Forces o After 20th century o Reconnaissance Fly over enemy lines and gather intelligence (before or after battle) o Strategic Bombing Strike deep into enemy's homeland Hit enemy economic targets or civilian population Germany and Japan in WWII (firebombing Japan) Decapitation Taking out of elite commanders (not a serious form of bombing) o Tactical Missions Air Superiority Primary objective, dogfights occur Close Air Support Flying artillery Deep Interdiction Fly behind enemy lines and destroy roads, rails, gathering forces, etc. o Carrier-Based War

Bombers and fighters Ground Based Missiles Defense against bombers (Sam 6, patriot) Guided by radar o Air-Transport Need to use it to transport ground troops from point to point Cargo aircraft Helicopters o Pilots take long to train o We buy less planes, but more sophisticated Size of air forces shrink Nature of Military Power o Power is relative Power is contrasted against potential adversaries Equivalent to balance of power o Main Ingredients Huge Population Tremendous Wealth New Technologies (cutting edge) o Kinds of Military Power Land Naval Air Where do you place the drafted people??? How much of each power do you want? Armies work differently They are in the business of conquest Naval and Air power (independent) Works through coercion Japan WWII was coerced into surrendering Punish other sides civilian population or wreck economy Independent Sea Power Admiral Mahan o Command of the Sea (1st thing navies need to do) Do that with capital ships with great battles Doesnt tell you how you bring your adversary to the ground How do big victories translate into military victory He thinks blockade is used to bring other side down Not true at all, extremely difficult to impossible to bring a modern power down by this Inflicting punishment on civilian population does not bring about protests from society Colonies and having an empire mattered before industrialization After industrialization colonies become a liability rather than an asset
o

Discussion Group 1/28

Thursday, January 28, 2010 11:02 AM

Be able to tell a story about technological advancements over time (just like democracy and nationalism) How do these technologies transform the nature of combat? Power o Capabilities (prediction) Latent Mobilizable Wealth Ability to take economic wealth and transform into military power Democracies need smaller fraction to mobilize Autocracies more efficient but economies smaller How do you measure this? After 1960 GNP Before iron and steel production as well as energy consumption Actual Land Ability to conquer What makes more lethal? Technology (rifling and breach loading) Size (nationalism) Defense technology Meritocratic officer corps Navy Coercion through blockade Impact War machine Punish civilians Nationalism is the reason for effectiveness (Vietnam) Air Coercion through bombing Direct killing of civilians Impact War Machine Economic capacity Relatively ineffective because states can shift production Decapitation of leaderships (difficult) Number of weapons Quality Number troops Quality Strategy for using technology/ (allocation) WWII and the German tank strategy o Influence

Outcome-based (demonstrated and explanatory) Not a good measure of power (sometimes weaker beat the stronger) Why do weaker states sometimes win? Strategy Chance Clausewitz Resolve Matters more o Means to an end o "Force is the ultimate ratio of international politics" Power to kill and conquer o Stopping power of water Insular and continental states Boats more vulnerable Internally key transportation is rail o Navy lauten-schlager key take-away point Destroyers kill subs Incremental technological developments lead to huge developments overall Specialized military (different boats for different purposes)

Thursday 1/28
Thursday, January 28, 2010 1:29 PM

Early Exam Thursday Afternoon Reading Period Monday is normal exam time Rise of the Military Profession Professionalism o Expertise School and Training o Corporateness Group apart from average person on the street Language barriers (unable to understand by normal people) o Responsibility Duty to society, social good 5 key military institutions o Requirements for entry Officer level was placed by who your parents were, versus meritocracy now o Requirements for promotion Dependent on Merit rather than personal connections

Educational system Master's or college degrees #1,2,3 are meant to Develop Expertise o Staff system Partial facilitation of the development of expertise Central military organization that assist the civil politicians on policy Bureaucracy (Pentagon) o Esprit and Confidence Expertise related (morale important) The military profession is all about "the management of violence, not the act of violence itself" pg 13 o Distinguishes between warriors and managers o Interested in higher-ranking officials and moral thoughts (like clausewitz) CAUSES o Sheer size of Armies Nationalism o Organizations become complex over time Industrialization (ex. Added air force to army and navy) Different types of technology for different jobs Different types of people for different jobs Need staff system to manage all this that are intelligent o Coming of railroads (earlier on) o Power Projection CONSEQUENCES o Battlefield Allows one to flexibly use massive armies, helps win Efficiency o Civil-Military Relations Expertise and corporateness creates problems They, not civilians know how to fight wars Responsibility is the solution Officers have a responsibility to society Must listen to political leaders without question to serve the people "War is an extension of politics by other means" War has a tendency to escalate Is Huntington Right? o Germany is the counterpoint Large and murderous army that went unchecked++ Old Order Aristocracy Individual genius o Fredrick The Great Napoleon Meritocracy Individual genius
o

1815-Present Meritocracy Staff system and military professionals August 6th 1808 Prussians release decree that officers should be named based on merit "Perseverance is genius" 68,69,73 in Huntington

Tuesday 2/2
Tuesday, February 02, 2010 1:22 PM

WWI Accident June 28th Assassination July 5-6 Blank Check o Germans to A-H July 14th Austria-Hungary decides to present ultimatum to Serbia July 23rd presents ultimatum July 25th Serbia rejects; Serbs and A-H mobilize (plan B) July 26th Russia: "period prepatory to war" July 27th France pressuring Russia July 28th Austria declares war (against Serbians) July 29th Russian partial mobilization July 30th Moltke Panics July 31st A-H general mobilization August 1st, 1914 War Fisher believes that Germany is responsible Turner's thesis is that Germany is not responsible for WWI, accident o Military calculations matter enormously 113 Most players have remarkably rigid and inflexible plans Railroads, mass industrialization, planning (bureaucracy) Armies can't change plans because of size and energy Great advantage to striking first Cold war temptations Civilians who ran the show were idiots, had no idea of the power of military Look at all the actors, the system as a whole Military Plans o Germans and the Schleiffen Plan Reversing the order, keep few forces in east and attack in the west Quick and decisive victory was goal Go through Belgium, Luxemburg, then circle Paris and attack from back Original plan was for the German's to be weak at the German-France border, and create a revolving door Let French in and take Paris, smash French on the way back 35 divisions on the pinwheel, 5 along the border Changed to 59 divisions to 9 along Like the battle of Kinai Von Moltke decides to make it from a 9:1 ration to 3:1 ratio Unstable Abandons Holland attack Can't use railroads that are desperately needed that run through Holland Fear of Russians mobilizing forces Russia and A-H Ally
o

Weak bc Russians know A-H is

incompetent France Marshal General Jeauffer Offensive strategy for military Intangibles important in war, morale Concentrated forces on G-F border Destabilizing in that the Russians start to mobilize British Never station ground forces on the continent in peace time, long history Off shore balancer Austria-Hungary Plan B Just knock out Serbia Plan R Mobilize all 16 of the corps 13 for Russians, hold Serbians with 3 Russian 6 Armies 4 at A-H, 2 at G They are committed to Serbia, must defend Serbia

Discussion Group 2/4

Thursday, February 04, 2010 11:02 AM

Conduct Cause Make an Argument to what caused WWI? o Pick the argument that matters of the three images and tell why the other two do not Professionalization o Managing the civil-military relations properly is key Levels of analysis (lenses): o Structural (3rd image) neo-realist (j.m.) here maybe WWI not in august but inevitable The system did it, most ambiguous with respect to fault Opposes agents (states in IR) If structure is cause, then agents are not Often, balance of power argument o Unit Level (2nd image) States What effects state behavior from the bottom up? Domestic politics Regime type

Democracy vs dictatorship etc Sectoral interests (industrial interest common)

o o

LCF
o

Individual (1st image) classical realists here Leaders Proximate vs Ultimate Ultimate cause would be something like j.m.'s argument that it was the balance of power Need proximate causes to give timing to an argument, aka assassination or declaration of war on serbia Essentially micro vs macro causes Turner Framework doesn't apply Accident, unintentional war At all levels, system units and leaders Civilians don't understand military Affects alliances War plans Local war, didn't understand that it could spin out of control They knew Britain would enter the war from the beginning, why need a windpipe? Germany pushed A-H into war with Serbia Future of A-H, don't want them to break up Partial mobilization of Russia key to start of war Bad luck at the end of the day, long series of counter-factuals Deadly Deadly Deadly more: resources and M/L: scape goat/economic M/L: war is biz/ trained to Less: Think thoroughly

Nationalism motivation Industrialization ties Professionalization win Democratization before war

Realists do not care about intentions, states are simply billiard balls

Thursday 2/4
Tuesday, February 09, 2010 12:20 PM

Deep Causes of WWI Great Challenges to primacy of foreign policy perspective Echkard Kerr 1902-1933

German Marxist World View Class relations, bourgeois, aristocracy, working class, proletariat Powerful working class! Aristocracy and the Bourgeois stopped fighting against each other to join against the proletariat Aristocracy running the political show Bourgeosie dominant force in society Carrot and stick approach Build an advanced welfare state to keep upper class under raps (p.38) Put people in jail, riots, etc. Did not work p.39 Gov't loses control Uses external forces/ threats to bring country/ nationalist sentiment. Believes economics is driving the push for the war Eastern part of Germany hates Russia, b/c Russia is producing cheap wheat and rye and flooding German markets with it, weakening German aristocracy Boug loves Russia b/c industrialists can buy food cheaply. Russia is a huge market for industrial products Germany is producing Boug needs to find new markets all over the world... answer new navy. Anger Russia so that they put tariffs on their products to screw over the boug. Create a Navy b/c it requires a lot of steel, thus pleasing the boug. As result Russia hates Germany... Russia becomes antagonistic. Building Navies also antagonizes British ARMS RACE Marriage of Iron and Rye Self encirclement Uses economic justification Leads to an aggressive Germany ---> Leads to July crisis Fritz Fischer Emmanuel Geist Germany = country of bad ideas Germany wants a continental war to break entrenchment Gets cold feet, b/c British are coming into the war Military issues Social Darwinism If you don't grow your weaponry and power you won't have any to project Preventive War Very aggressive Germany Strange Balance of aggressiveness and doubts Myth of encirclement Triple Entaunt vs. Triple Alliance turned into enemies waiting to attack and crush Germany, Germanies allies were not very significant Blank Check Asking A-H to start a war Turner Germany wanted a local war

Local Balkans (Can't have a local war if Russians were going to help the

Serbs) European/Continental - FGR World FGR +B Foreign policy more important to understanding war than domestic policy System was very tightly wound, based on preemption. Civil-military relations. Jack Snyder Myths of Empire Takes Eckhart Kerr and updates it Civil-Military relations when bad ---> offensive military doctrine ---> WWI Cult of the Offensive Allows the military to maintain its autonomy! Military gets the structure the battle Only country that can claim it worked for them France Didn't like the idea of a professional military Professional military = offensive war Want to win quick decisive wars. Offense is easier to pull back

Pasted from <file:///C:\Users\NCWILL~1\AppData\Local\Temp\War%20and%20the%20Nation%20State%20notes.doc>

Origins of War Sum

Tuesday, February 09, 2010 10:16 AM

Copeland: The origins of major war

Copeland begins with a critique of three historical realist theories: classical realism, neorealism (Waltz), and hegemonic stability theory. He presents his new theory: dynamic differentials theory. This theory looks at how changing relative capabilities (i.e. "dynamic differentials") in military, economic, and potential power affect the probability of war. It's largely a revision of hegemonic stability theory. THE VARIABLES AND PREDICTIONS: Y = probability of war Intervening variable: the state's selection of a policy response along the hard-line/soft-line spectrum. X = Three variables about "dynamic differentials," three variables about the effects of any given policy. The five possible policy responses along the hard-line/soft-line continuum (from hard to soft): (1) initiate war, (2) initiate a crisis, (3) deterrence/containment, (4) do nothing, (5) reassurance/accomodation. X1, X2, X3: The three "dynamic differentials" variables: 1. Present differential of relative military power 2. Depth of dominant state's future decline in the absence of "strong" action 3. Probability of dominant state's decline in the absence of

"strong" action X4, X5, X6: The three parameters that affect how a state responds to these three "dynamic differentials": 1. "the extent to which hard-line policies . . . hold out the prospect of overcoming the state's decline" 2. "the extent to which such hard line actions will increase the probability of" inadvertent major war 3. "the probability of the other [state] attacking later" if it is allowed to continue to rise Assumption: The declining state's objective is to "pick the option that maximizes the state's security, that is, the option which, all things considered, leads to the highest expected probability of survival (EPS) over the foreseeable future." Main prediction: "All things being equal, the more severe a state's decline will be in the absence of strong action [X2, X3, X4], the more severe its actions are likely to be, that is, the more risks of inadvertent spiraling [X5] it will be willing to accept." Two primary hypotheses: 1. "the greater the declining state's inferiority in economic power and potential power, the more likely it is to pursue risky policies" 2. "in multipolarity, the declining state will be more likely to initiate major wars or crises/cold wars that increase the risk of inadvertent major war when it possesses marked military superiority versus the other great powers taken individually" FIVE PATHS TO WAR 1. Direct preventative attack (crisis is optional, has no independent role); declining state prefers war to peace 2. Declining state uses a crisis to justify an attack that it wanted to do anyway [Bush in Iraq?] 3. War happens after the declining state provokes a strategic crisis and then is forced to go through with the war to save face after the strategy fails, declining state prefers to fight than accept the status quo but is open to peaceful changes to the status quo 4. Preemptive attack because the declining state thinks another state will attack it, but prefers peace to war 5. Similar to (3) except that states prefer the status quo to fighting but given their provocative actions, prefer to fight so as not to appear weak in the future TEST CASE (and inspiration for the theory): WWI. Germany took a series of deliberate steps to provoke a crisis that would lead to war with Russia (a rising power) and make it look like Russia's fault. Retrieved from "http://wikisum.com/w/Copeland:_The_origins_of_major_war" Keywords: Summaries Needing Wikification - Authors/Copeland, Dale Political Science - International Relations - Dynamic Differentials - Realism Hegemony - Power - War

Tuesday 2/9

Tuesday, February 09, 2010 1:29 PM

Accident Theory o Turner Civilians do not understand war Would have preferred negotiated peace Domestic Politics Systemic o Realist Pessimistic about collaboration between states Bottom up (human nature) Hobbesian Structural realism (kenneth waltz) States are primary actors States have to resolve their problems amongst themselves No 9-1-1 problem States compete for power in a zero sum environment (relative power) Offensive (Mearshimer) Maximize power, take all opportunities available Defensive Status quo powers, seek security Security dilemma Offensive defense balance When there is a balance, more likely to win war and war more likely When there is not, victor is obvious Also opposite predictions can be true Time periods affect this How do you measure power Preventative war Dickenson Book Introduces the word anarchy to IR theory o Hobbes does not expand anarchy into international realm Anarchy is the cause of war o 136 No common law causes the best intentions to be defeated by a common sense of lack in security Discerning intentions o Never can be certain the thoughts of another state (mutual fear and suspicion) Action-reaction cycle (nukes) He appears to be an offensive realist, seeking power after power All states are implicated Pro league-of-nations Problems Anarchy leads to security problems leads to war

Always anarchy and security, variable Difficult to explain variable with constants

is war Measures of power o Share of relative wealth o Iron and steel production o Population Sagan Against civil mil relations argument
o

Discussion Group 2/11

Thursday, February 11, 2010 11:03 AM

Levels of Analysis Structural/Systemic Unit Individual Central Powers Germany, A-H, Keep Clausewitz in mind always Triple entente France, UK, Russia Author Turner Level Structural (mixed) IV(Ultimate Cause) Civilian leadership ignorant of military matters (rigid system ex) Rigid alliances (serbian and russian) "Bad Ideas" (social darwinism leads to bad politics, encirclement, necessity of preventive war) Domestic Politics/need to secure power DV-WWI Outbreak Causal Logic

Alliances and miscalculation

Geiss

Unit

Outbreak

Germany beh which leads to causes war

Kahr

Unit

Encirclement

Industrialist A leads to marri which leads to then encirclem happy

Snyder Sagan

Unit Structural

Cult of the offensive Strategic Considerations

Offensive Doctrines Offensive Doctrines

Org dynamics +Trigger=Wa

Strategic cons

plan) lead to o which triggere Copeland Structural Dynamic Differentials (Germany's relative loss of power to russia-Security concerns) European Anarchy Outbreak

Germany push because of pe necessity

Preventive wa Dickinson Structural Outbreak

Nobody can m which leads to international a

G Responsible N Y N N N, (everybody had OD's) N, any state would have done the same. Not morally responsible N Triple Entente has twice the population, mil ex, troops that central powers do (see chart)

Thursday 2/11

West in 1914, East 1915, West 1916, East 1917, West 1918 Russia Knocked out in 1917, Americans come in (large numbers in 1918)
Thursday, February 11, 2010 1:34 PM

War in Europe o Western Front Northeastern France and Belgium 1914 Schleiffen Plan Significant Victories against Russia in the east, decide to focus there in 1915 Back to the west in 1916, and decide to bleed the French because of manpower advantage 1915 Germans in the East

July 1st 1916 British suffer 60 k casualties on the first day Germans suffer great casualties also from British artillery Faulkenheim fired because of nor results (he was the younger von moltke replacement) (responsible for verdun (faulk)) Replaced by hindenburg 1917 Back to the east and beat Russia (Russian Revolution) March 1918 Ludendorf offensive (LO) Bring all divisions from the east to the west Also create more divisions o British and French Side 1918 80 allied divisions (75 French) French army suffered enormous casualties, which why Faulkenheim thought he could defeat the French so easily In 5 months the French suffered 995,000 casualties 1,430,000 in 1915 Germans are in the east, French go on the offensive and fail 900,000 in 1916 Decide this is the year to really go on the offensive and do serious damage to the Germans Verdun offensive hurts France tremendously Hindenburg line is a strong defensive line on the western front 1917 French mutiny, and people want out British launch an offensive in response to mutiny Field (flander's field) gets badly wet from drainage issues and mud hinders this greatly o Americans Argue that they win the war Play a small role in bleeding the germans white Americans come in at the exact right time, and stop the Germans Number of Americans greatly increases, and this significantly impacts the war

Germans Allied 83 (13E) 80 x x

120(47E) 140 129 192 to 208 178 160

Division chart Starts in 1914

L.O. 1914 1916 1917 1918 and 1915 French British and French British British and French

Tuesday 2/16
Tuesday, February 16, 2010 1:34 PM

Italian Front o Triple Entente: France Britain and Russia o Triple Alliance: Germany, A-H, Italians 1915 Italians switch sides and fights with allies o 60 mile river called azonzo Italians lost 700k, A-H 300k (dead) Most of border was mountainous, so this is the only place where they could fight 12 battles, caparetto is the most famous and last Germans fight with A-H and knock the Italians out of the war Germans use infiltration tactics Gave up on using massive artillery attacks Signals that you are coming, and tear up ground needed to traverse Small and short artillery barrages Break up infantry into small units Infiltrate the enemy lines Serbian and Salanican (Greek) Front o A-H goes to war against Serbs Serbs are few in number and poorly equipped Bulgarians fight with A-H against Serbia to acquire territory against Serbia Knock Serbs out of the war in 1915 Allies try to help Serbians by landing British and French troops in Solanican front The troops land there just after the Serbs lose, and these men are trapped there by the bulgarians We are afraid to pull out troops because it may look like a PR disaster on the home front Ottoman Empire o Encompasses the Middle East and Turkey o Controversial plan by Churchill Capture the heart of the Ottoman Empire to scare the Germans Would have allowed the British to easily supply the Russians (conquer the dardinelles?)

Get Romania to go against Bulgaria to turn all the states in SE Europe to be British Allies Turns into a disaster and Churchill gets sent to the western front as a commander British take too much time and Turks hear what might be happening and place best divisions in the necessary places for Defense Mines placed there prevent British advancement along with artillery

Naval War o British (later British and American) blockade of Germany Absolute contraband Weapons Between August 1914 and March 1915 banned from Holland Conditional Contraband Gasoline, clothing Free-List goods Cotton, grain, food etc Clear to go The blockade was a largely unsuccessful Begin to ration the free-list goods March 1915-march1917 Fall of Romania hurts (late 1916) Because Romania is a bread basket April 1917 US enters war, we make unrestricted blockade Nothing goes in Many die as a result, occurred until the end of the war in Nov 1918 Was the blockade instrumental in the defeat of Germany? Many argue that Germany was defeated at home, not on the field Because of the tremendous punishment on the blockade Problem is that the German army did collapse on the front Population still would have suffered because of the military use of resources Also, suspicion is allowed because Germans had access to food in the east (Romania and later parts of Russia) Still, if you look at the numbers many died from the blockade Blockade only mattered in the end, all economic sanctions take a long time to bite o Germany blockades Britain (subs)

Not much thought given to either side before 1914 1915 campaign Germans declare the waters around Great Britain and Ireland a warzone No questions, just sinking Neutral ships run a risk of going down Germans sink the Lucitania, 128 Americans killed Germans are afraid of American involvement Only go after armed merchant ships policy is switched Unarmed French ship mistaken, 3 Americans wounded 1917 Campaign Unrestricted submarine warfare Goal is to knock Britain out before US joins They knock out about 680 k tons of shipping product a month, and only need 600 k Subs go extremely hard for first 6 months, didnt knock britain out and didn't build new subs, subs needed maintenance and their subs navy was weaker US builds 200 destroyers in the time of the war, also built many merchant shipps British centralize economy, and rebuild their agricultural base

German campaign was overall unsuccessful o Surface engagement @ Jutlin Great naval battle British have about 28 battleships German navy have about 16 First there are a few minor skirmishes Admiral of German navy thinks he can send out entire German navy so that the British only send a part of their navy to repel the threat British navy slips away from trap, lose 14 ships Germans lose 11 ships, so the new numbers are 14 to 5 Germans become scared, go back to port and stay there for the rest of the war Trafalgar After sail and before the coming of air craft carriers Cross the "T" to cut right in front of the other line of the enemy

Tanks
o September 1916 There were only 40 Tanks introduced by Britain initially Most of the tanks broke down frequently and went 2mph, not a

good demonstration of how future wars would be fought Broader Perspective o 9 million people died 55 million died in WWII

In WWII the British lost less than half the number of what they lost in WWI, as well as the French Soviets lost 24 million people, 16 million civilians, 8 million military War in both Asia an Europe, WWI confined to Europe and a little middle east

Discussion Group 2/18

Thursday, February 18, 2010 10:56 AM

1914

E( Tannendus, messoriun lakes), W(ypres, marne, Liege) E(Galice, Submarine G, Blockade Eng) W(ypres (gas used), W(G.Verdun,F. Somme) E(Brusilof offensives) W(G. Unres. Sub War, Nivelle offensives, Aras is a diversion for nivelle, 3rd battle of ypres, gambrais (tanks used)) E(Russia knocked out, peace treaty signed (brest-livokst) W(Ludendorff offensive 5 result in German tactical victory but strategic defeat, for Germans are now undersupplied) E(victorio vinetto (italy knocks austriahungary out)

W(Stabilization of Overall some failure the front) of offensive E(Halting of the strategy to win Russians) decisive victory

1915

1916 1917

1918

Conduct of WWI Know key battles in WWI and dates for ID's on exam o And know their effect, why important, who initiated etc. Know key technologies All quiet on the western front movie good for showing the life and impact on society and soldiers Year
o

E/W

1914 w 1915 e 1916 w 1917 e 1918 w

Know all of the war plans o French plan was Plan 17 o Austria-Hungarians Plan B, when Russians came in plan R

Hindenburg/siegfried Line Nivelle Offensive Know relationship between these two Ludendorff deputy chief of staff-driving force Hindenburg formally chief of staff

Key Weapons of WWI o Artillery o Machine Guns o Tank Slow and unmanageable o Gas Not entirely effective o Subs o Aviation Reconnaissance for intel All of these become more important in war except for gas Why did the Germans lose the war? o Resource Imbalance Allies had a greater level of shipping and industry in the end because of US involvement Matters when the war begins to go long (war of atrition), occurs during Verdunn o Failure of the Schlieffen Plan Original plan was adjusted, weakening of right wing and didn't go through Holland Indecisive grand strategy Offensive plan failures, in which military equipment is much more advanced for defense Have a story for how the failure of the schleiffen plan was inevitable o No room for peace without victory Fight to the end

War Economy Industrial Materials, Hindenberg Plan in 1916 Command economy in attempt for maximum extraction Friction is created between working class and elites Proliteriate is paid off and wages increase Protestants for the war, catholics against it USA enters Zimmerman was incompetent (zimmerman telegram) Subs

Thursday 2/18
Thursday, February 18, 2010 1:33 PM

Broader Context How Does A State Conduct a Total War o Basic instruments Militarization of an entire society This is the justification to civilian strategic bombing Everybody is involved in war effort Conscription Every state but Britain and the US has it When entering the war, they need to draft men Two very different traditions Anglo-Saxon Tradition Can't force people to do what they don't want to Man on the horseback, militarized society allows leaders to overthrow government Leftist ideas in Britain and US Continental Leftist thought Military is filled with avg joe's on street, conscripts Military can't do crazy things bc average joes on the street will not allow them to do it Geography is driving this, continent needs large army to mobilize against a threat quickly Britain and US are separated, and do not need standing army

Centralize Economy In the beginning of the war there are market economies in most countries

Move towards state-managed capitalism Government is deeply interested in allocating scarce resources Labor, women, industry Ex: British in WWI needed to rebuild their agricultural base from the blockade by the German subs Necessity of managing armament and man power Artillery tubes, shells, rifles, etc. Propaganda The most distasteful of the three instruments Because it involves the deception of your own people and allies Lying, concealing information, distorting the truth "When war is declared, truth is the first casualty" 4 rules of thumb The other side is evil Demonizing the other side (ex. Saddam Hussein is the 2nd coming of Hitler) Why necessary? Motivate people to die in large numbers Since people don't like dying, must motivate people that they are fighting for there lives Needs the Irish and German Catholics to fight for America Corpse factory and other horrifying stories, false Hindenberg to crew cut Hamburger and saur kraut to victory steak and victory cabbage Cannot say you are ever doing poorly or losing Constant optimism Hide losing, use of euphemisms Cant start looking for ways out of the war: must win You can't compromise with the devil or demons Unconditional surrender Clausewitz in the age of nationalism, very powerful tendency for war to go to absolutes You have to make sure the public does not see any or many graphic pictures Keep public support for fighting in your favor Specific Changes o Patriotism High Success of the propaganda effort
o Class and Social Distinctions The higher the amount of people who serve, the less social

stratification there will be

o Labor Relations Labor relations were good during the war Thought the economies would collapse Exact opposite occurred

o Role of Women Women's right to vote Importance of recognition of women's importance to society,

economy, and the world Feb 6th 1918 Britain is first nation to give women the right to vote o Sex and Liquor Before men die, they want to live Women are more independent Birth control is widespread Number of births out of wedlock post war is up 30%

Tuesday 2/23
Tuesday, February 23, 2010 1:33 PM

WWII After WWI ottoman empire, Russia, and Austria-Hungary collapse Hitler is popular because he is the only industrialized leader to pull their country out of a depression o Comes to power on january 30th, 1933 o German military is weak when he inherits it Fixes this in 1939 1938/9 critical years o That's when it becomes clear what hitler is up to o War starts sep 1st 1939 Before that it seems like it should be clear but not at all the case 1933 o German army has 100,000 men and 7 divisions (no panzer) In 1914 there were 2.15 million men and 102 divisions 1936 o 1st foreign policy decision that is a clue Remilitarizes the rhineland Territory in western Germany bordering France German industry heavy there 1938 o March 12 Yanzlutz Austria becomes part of Germany. Doesn't really ring alarm bells because Austria is viewed as a German country Didnt affect military balance much o October Munich Hitler demands that Germany be given the Sudaten Land Area of Czech where there are many Germans Problem was Czech's military forces were pretty formidable

1939
o o

Germany gets there demands

1940
o

March 15 Hitler takes the rest of Czech March 31 Britain gives Poland a guarantee A defense alliance, which means if the Germans invade, we have another World War August 23 Germans and Soviets agree to divide up Poland between themselves September 1 Germans invade Poland May 10 Race across Belgium and France and take both out of the war April

1941
o o

Take Greece And Yugoslavia June 22 Germans invade Soviet Union, Holocaust Begins o Resistance to Hitler evaporates by this time, but stronger earlier from '38-'40 CAUSES Deep Causes o No disagreement that Germany was responsible for WWII Interesting point comes from if Hitler would have been killed in WWI, WWII would never have happened Mearshimer argures no o Versailles Treaty unfair Every German committed to undoing this o Preventive war logic Industrialization of Soviet Union by Stalin Capture them before too dangerous and out of control o Why was everybody unable to contain Germany? Pick off adversaries one by one and avoid the two front war problem that occurred in 1914 Geography If Germany attacks France, how do the soviets get to Germany? Poles dont want it for sure France develops defensive doctrine, screws them over Britain on multiple theatres and encouraging others to do the dirty work