Name of Author: Keanu Mitchell H T (1206292023) Name of PBL Problem: Iodine deficiency and exothermic reaction of iodine with

Alumunium Title of Special Subject: i. Factors Affecting Reactivity Trend ii. Physical and Chemical Characteristic of Iodine and Aluminium Outline Content of Teaching Notes: i. Introduction ii. Body: Periodic Table, Group 7A of A Periodic table, Iodine, Aluminium

INTRODUCTION Elements are everywhere. We encountered it every single second of our life, the example is oxygen. We need oxygen to breath. Without oxygen we will die. This kind of interaction also occurs in our daily activity without we ever notice it. The example of interaction between our body and element that me may not notice it is the interaction between our body with iodine. Without we ever notice it, iodine played a big part in the human body. If we dont get enough iodine, we will sick. In order to understand a problem that involved elements we need to understand the elements first, because by understanding it we will know the characteristic and behavior of that element so we can solve the problem accurately. Therefore we need to understand iodine, aluminium, and other things related to it in order to answer the main problem. BODY Periodic Table Periodic table is a table, which contain information about elements. The elements are situated, with increasing atomic number, seven horizontal periods. The arrangement is such that all elements arrayed in given column or groups have similar valence electron structure, as well as chemical and physical properties. These properties change gradually, moving horizontally across each period and vertically down each column1. To determine what are the factors that affecting reactivity of elements in one group of periodic table we have to remember that how reactivity varies as we move down a group is more complicated as it. Depend on whether you are looking at the metal (group 1) or nonmetal (group 7).

Periodic Table
1

Callister, William D., and David G. Rethwisch. "Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding." Materials Science and Engineering. 8th ed. New York, NY: Wiley, 2011. 26-28. Print

Metal have few electrons in their outer shell, which are held by the positive charge of the nucleus. To react a metal lose electrons. Remember as you move down a group (higher period number) the more shells of electrons. For metals the higher the period number and the more shells of electrons the easier it is to lose electrons and the more reactive the element. For non-metals the situation is different because they need to gain electrons in their valance shell to react. As we move down a group the more shells of electrons the less effect the nucleus has on these outer electrons and the less able to gain electrons. This means for the non-metals (in contrast to the metals) reactivity decreases as you move down a group. In summary, when you take all these factors into account, reactivity is highest at the bottom left and top right and decrease as you move diagonally across the table. Group 7A of A Periodic table Group 7A is also known as the Halogens or Halogen element. Halogens element are a series of non-metals elements. The elements are: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (At). The group of halogens is the only periodic table group, which contain elements in all three familiar states of matter at standard temperature and pressure. States of matter are the distinct forms that different phases of matter take on. Three states of matter are known in everyday experience: solid, liquid, and gas2. The Halogens show a series of trends when moving down the group. As already mentioned above in halogens if you move down a group you will find that there are a decreasing electronegativity and reactivity, and increasing melting and boiling point. For the reactivity trend in the group 7A, we have to know the concept that for nonmetals they need to gain electrons in their valance shell to react. As we move down a group the more shells of electrons the less effect the nucleus has on these outer electrons and the less able to gain electrons. This means for the non-metals (in contrast to the metals) reactivity decreases as you move down a group. Also, the elements become less reactive and have higher melting points as the atomic number increases.

Group 7A trends Iodine Iodine is the heaviest of the commonly occurring halogens. The halogens are in Group 17 (VIIA) of the periodic table. Iodine's chemical properties are similar to the lighter halogens above it like: fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. But its physical appearance is very different. It is a steel-gray solid that changes into beautiful purple vapors when heated. The element is mainly found primarily in seawater and in some case iodine also found in solid form. This solid form of iodine is formed when seawater evaporate. Iodine
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"Group 7A." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Dec. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7A>

most important ability is the ability to kill germs. It is used in almost every medical application like antiseptics, germicides (product that can kill germs) and many more. Nonetheless, iodine not only for medical purpose, it also can be use as a commercial applications. For Iodine it has an I symbol in a periodic table, 53 for atomic number, 126.9045 for atomic mass, and iodine is belong to group 7A (VII A) also known as Halogen group in a periodic table. Iodine can be extracted when a mixture of substances containing iodine is heated, the iodine sublimes. It can then be collected and purified. Physical Properties of iodine are Iodine is one of the most striking and beautiful of all elements. As a solid, it is a heavy, grayish-black, metallic-looking material. When heated, it does not melt. Instead, it sublimes. Sublimation is a process where a solid material turns directly to a gas without first melting. The finish product of the sublimation process is an iodine vapor, which has a violet color and a harsh odor. If a cold object, such as an iron bar, is placed in these vapors, iodine changes back to a solid. It forms attractive, delicate, metallic crystals.3 The negative part about the vapor iodine is the vapor iodine can be irritating to the eye, nose and throat. For this reason, iodine is best weighed in a stoppered bottle; for the preparation of an aqueous solution, the bottle may contain a solution of potassium iodide, which considerably decreases the vapor pressure of iodine; a brown complex (triiodide) is readily formed: KI + I2 KI3 Iodine dissolves only slightly in water. But it dissolves in many other liquids to give distinctive purple solutions. If heated under the proper conditions, it can be made to melt at 113.5C (236.3F) and to boil at 184C (363F). The density of the element is 4.98 grams per cubic centimeter.

Iodine Atomic Structure Chemical Properties of iodine are mostly similar with other halogens. Iodine is an active element. But iodine is less active than the three halogens above it in the periodic table. Iodine has a tendency to form compounds with those of the alkali metals, sodium, and potassium. However iodine also forms compounds with other elements and iodine also able to forms compounds with other halogens. The example are iodine monobromide (IBr), iodine monochloride (ICl), and iodine pentafluoride (IF 5 ). The other important fact that we have to remember about iodine is the iodide ion is a strong reducing agent; that is, it readily gives up one electron.

"Iodine and Iodine Compounds." Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.scribd.com/doc/30121795/Iodine-and-Iodine-Compounds>

Molten iodine may be used as a nonaqueous solvent for iodides. The electrical conductivity of molten iodine has in part been ascribed to the following self-ionization equilibrium: 3 I2 I3+ + I3. The alkali iodides are soluble in molten iodine and give conducting solutions typical of weak electrolytes. Alkali iodides react with compounds containing iodine with the oxidation number +1, such as iodine bromide, as in the following equation:4 KI3 + IBr KBr + 2 I2 Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group. Aluminum is also a member of group 3A in the periodic table. Aluminum is symbolized by Al and has a atomic number 13. It is silvery white and it is not soluble in water under a normal circumstances. Aluminium is the third most common and abundant element in the world. It also the most abundant metal in the earth. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth's solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium is famous for the metals low density and it also famous for its ability to resist corrosion. This resistant is due to the phenomenon of passivation. Passivation is a state where material becoming passive which mean the material being less affected by environmental factors such as air or water. Passivation is useful in strengthening and preserving the appearance of metallic. Physical Properties of aluminium are aluminum is a relatively soft, durable, lightweight, ductile and malleable metal with appearance ranging from silvery to dull gray, depending on the surface roughness. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite. A fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector (approximately 92%) of visible light and an excellent reflector (as much as 98%) of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of pure aluminium is 711 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel. It is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. Aluminium has stacking-fault energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Stacking-fault energy (SFE) is a material property on a very small scale. It is noted as SFE in units of joules per square meter. Aluminium is a good thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper, both thermal and electrical, while having only 30% of coppers' density. Aluminium is capable of being a superconductor, with a superconducting critical temperature of 1.2 Kelvin and a critical magnetic field of about 100 gauss (10 milliteslas).5

"Iodine (I) (chemical Element) : Physical and Chemical Properties." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/292625/iodine-I/280159/Physical-andchemical-properties>. 5 "Aluminium." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium>.

Aluminium Electron Configuration Chemical Properties of aluminium are aluminium have a good corrosion resistant ability. This resistant is due to a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms when the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation that can cause a corrosion. The other factor that make the aluminium is have a good resistant against corrosion is due to the phenomenon of passivation which already mentioned above. Aluminium is one of the few metals that retain silvery reflectance in finely powdered form, making it an important component of silver-colored paints. Aluminium mirror finish has the highest reflectance of any metal in the 200400 nm (UV) and the 3,00010,000 nm (far IR) regions; in the 400700 nm visible range it is slightly outperformed by tin and silver and in the 7003000 (near IR) by silver, gold, and copper. Aluminium is oxidized by water to produce hydrogen and heat: 2 Al + 3 H2O Al2O3 + 3 H2 This conversion is of interest for the production of hydrogen. Challenges include circumventing the formed oxide layer that inhibits the reaction and the expenses associated with the storage of energy by regeneration of the Al metal.6

"Aluminium." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 09 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium>.