Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Uses
• Manufacture of detergents
• Manufacture of fertilizer
• Manufacture of paint pigments
• Manufacture of artificial fibres
• As electrolyte in car batteries(lead-acid accumulation)
• To remove metal oxides from metal(metallurgy)
Alloys
Pure Metals
• Pure metals are weak and soft because of the arrangement
of atoms in pure metals.
• The orderly arrangement of atoms enables the layers of
atoms to slide over each other easily when external force
is applied on them. This makes the metals ductile.
• There are imperfections in the arrangement of metal
atoms. Empty space exists in the structures of pure
metals. When pressed, metal atoms may slide into new
positions in these empty spaces. This makes metal
malleable.
Alloy
• An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain
composition in which the major component is a metal. Most
pure metals are weak and soft because of it arrangement of
atoms.
• The aim of making alloys is to make them stronger, harder,
resistant to corrosion, have a better furnish and lustre.
• Example: bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, duralumin and
pewter.
Alloy Composition Uses
Duralumin • 93% aluminium In building of the body of
• 3% copper aeroplane and bullet train
• 3% magnesium
• 1% manganese
Brass 70% copper In the making of the musical
30% zinc instruments and kitchenware
Stainless 74% iron In the making of surgical
steel 8% carbon instruments
18% chromium
The factor why alloys are stronger than pure metals is because
the presences of atoms of other metals that are of different
sizes disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in the metal. This
prevents the layers of atoms from sliding. Thus an alloy is
stronger and harder than its pure metal.
Synthetic Polymers
Polymers
• Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical
repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined
together by covalent bonds. Monomers are joined by a
process called polymerisation.
• Some polymers occur naturally such as starch, cellulose,
wool, protein, silk and rubber.
Composite materials
Material such as clay wood and metal are heavy, bulky or difficult
to be shaped. Therefore continuous researches have been done in
search of new raw materials.
CLASS: 4 Amanah