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Lecture -1 Review of shear force and bending
moment diagram
Lecture -2 Bending stresses in beams Lecture -3 Shear stresses in beams Lecture -4- Deflection in beams Lecture -5 Torsion in solid and hollow shafts.
Material of beam is homogenous and isotropic => constant E in all direction Youngs modulus is constant in compression and tension => to simplify analysis Transverse section which are plane before bending before bending remain plain after bending. => Eliminate effects of strains in other direction (next slide) Beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend in circular arcs => simplify calculations Radius of curvature is large compared with dimension of cross sections => simplify calculations Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract => Otherwise they will generate additional internal stresses.
Bending in beams
Key Points: 1. Internal bending moment causes beam to deform. 2. For this case, top fibers in compression, bottom in tension.
Bending in beams
Key Points: 1. Neutral surface no change in length. 2. Neutral Axis Line of intersection of neutral surface with the transverse section. 3. All cross-sections remain plane and perpendicular to longitudinal axis.
Bending in beams
Key Points: 1. Bending moment causes beam to deform. 2. X = longitudinal axis 3. Y = axis of symmetry 4. Neutral surface does not undergo a change in length
P
A Neutral Surface B
Deflected Shape
RA
M M
RB
M=Bending Moment
x (Compression)
M
Neutral Surface
M
Beam
x=0 x (Tension)
x DEPENDS ON:
(i) Bending Moment, M (ii) Geometry of Cross-section
y = R
E = y R
E = y R
Neutral axis
dA dy y N A
Stress diagram
E R
E y dA R
y dA
x M M
y dA = 0
Neutral axis coincides with the geometrical axis
Moment of resistance
dA dy y N A
x M M
dA = I
M=
E M E I = R I R
Flexure Formula
M E = = I R y
Beam subjected to 2 BM
In this case beam is subjected to moments in two directions y and z. The total moment will be a resultant of these 2 moments. You can apply principle of superposition to calculate stresses. (topic covered in unit 1).
Section Modulus
Section modulus is defined as ratio of moment of inertia about the neutral axis to the distance of the outermost layer from the neutral axis
Z=
I y max
Composite beams consisting of layers with fibers, or rods strategically placed to increase stiffness and strength can be designed to resist bending.
Composite beams
Composite beams
t y d t
1 2 = E1 E 2 E1 1 = E2 2 = m 2
I y M = M1 + M 2 = 1 I1 + 2 I2 y y = 2 [ mI1 + I2 ] y
M=
m=modular ratio
mI1 + I2