CPL 2 Lab

INTRODUCTION OF LINUX
LINUX is now a widely used operating system. For a general user there can many reasons to prefer LINUX OS for everyday use. It is free, it comes with many programs including an pc suit, Security in LINUX is high, It is an open source operating system, you can change the system as your wish; even create your own private LINUX distribution. For a scientific user we may add three more. It is a very suitable system LINUX can easily handle multiple tasks and run for a long time without crashing. It allows parallel programming, it turns ordinary PC to a LINUX Workstation.
BASIC OF LINUX
1. USER RIGHTS AND FILE PERMISSIONS: Linux is a multi-tasking operating system. Thus the system can be used by more than one user in the same time and can perform multiple operations simultaneously. The user of the system has limited rights to use the system and these rights are given by the system administrator who has access to the root account 1. Each user has a private directory called home, in the system. This is the main working directory of the user. The users cannot reach and modify the others directories and files except for shared ones. On the other hand the root has unlimited rights. It can reach and modify all the directories and files. There three types of permissions: Read permission(r),
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Write permission (w), Execute permission(x) Permission determine: Who can read the file or the directory? Who can write the file or the directory? Or who can execute the file Should be noted that in LINUX any file can be executable and it is not necessary to have an extension like, To see the file permissions in the current directory. The 1s command can be used with the -1 flag.
2. CREATING A USER ACCOUNT: The easiest way to create a user account is to use the graphical interface (GUI). If the default home directory should not be changed. Management of the user accounts and file permissions can only be done by the root. The most used shell and also the default is the bash shell, so it should also be left unchanged. A shell is a program that interprets the command you have given to the system. A group can be added to the system with a in similar way to adding a user. Several users can be grouped together to give them specific group rights.
LINUX COMMANDS
GENERAL PURPOSE COMMANDS DIRECTORY HANDLING COMMANDS FILE HANDLING COMMANDS PATTERN SEARCHING COMMANDS
INPUT AND OUTPUT REDIRECTION, WILD CARD PATTERNS AND SECURITY COMMANDS PIPES AND FILTERS
Ex No: 8 Date : LINUX COMMANDS
1.To display the date as mm/dd/yy.

[admin@localhost ~]$date +%d/%m/%y
OUTPUT: 08/05/2011 2.To display the time as HH:MM:SS(A.M/P.M) [admin@localhost ~]$date +%r OUTPUT: 11:13:41 PM 3.To display the current day in abbreviated form.
[admin@localhost ~] $date +%A
OUTPUT: Friday 4.To display the calendar May 2009..

[admin@localhost ~]$cal jan 2006
OUTPUT:
January 2006 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1234567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
5.To display the complete name of the terminal.

[admin@localhost ~]$tput longname
OUTPUT:
[admin@localhost ~]
6.To display about your operating system.

[admin@localhost ~]$ uname a
OUTPUT: Linux Localhost.localdomain 2.6.18 53.e15 RESULT: Thus the Linux command for general purpose command has been executed successfully.
II.DIRECTORY HANDLING COMMANDS

7.To view the name of the current directory
[admin@localhost ~]$pwd
OUTPUT: /home/admin 8.To display all the files including hidden files.
[admin@localhost ~]$ls a
OUTPUT: area.sh a.txt com.sh fahren.sh lines powers.sh vowel.sh arith.sh basic.sh echo leap.sh lines.sh stu.sh w.sh ari.txt big.sh echo.sh libdata odd sumeven.sh a.tct b.txt fact.sh lib.sh odd.sh three.sh 9.To display all the files with its inode number.
[admin@localhost ~]$ls i
OUTPUT: 11633005 5as.c 11632958s.sh
10.To display all the files including files in subdirectories.

[admin@localhost ~]$ls R
OUTPUT: 5as.c A.c Ajjj.c a.out
11. To create a directory called stud. Change to the stud. Directory

[admin@localhost ~]$mkdir stud
[admin@localhost ~]$cd stud
OUTPUT:
[admin@localhost ~stud]
12.To verify whether you have actually changed to the stud directory, return to your original directory
[admin@localhost ~]$pwd [admin@localhost ~]$cd..
OUTPUT: /home/admin/stud
[admin@localhost ~]
RESULT:
Thus the Linux command for directory handling commands has been executed successfully.
III. FILE HANDLING COMMANDS
12. To create a directory called marks inside the stud director

[admin@localhost ~]$cd stud [admin@localhost ~]$mkdir marks
OUTPUT:
[admin@localhost ~stud]
13. To create a file in the stud directory called slaec and enter the data for the slaec file
[admin@localhost ~stud]$cat >slaec
1. Arun cse 2. Anna ece 3. Anbu eee Note : [ after entering the data in the files press ctrl + z key ] 14. To change to the marks directory and copy the files slaec from stud directory to marks directory. To verify whether the files has been copied to the mark directory.
[admin@localhost ~stud]$cd marks [admin@localhost ~marks]$cp/admin/home/stud/slaec slaec2 [admin@localhost ~marks]$1s
Slaec1 15.To rename the file slaec to slaeccse. To verify the file name has been changed.
[admin@localhost ~stud]$ln slaec1 slaeccse [admin@localhost ~stud]$ls
OUTPUT: Slaeccse 16. To move the file slaec1 from marks directory to stud directory. To verify whether the file has been moved to the stud directory.
[admin@localhost ~]$mv slaec1/ramdisk/home/knoppix/stud [admin@localhost ~]$cd .. [admin@localhost ~]$1s
[admin@localhost ~]$cd marks [admin@localhost ~]$1s
OUTPUT: /home/admin/stud/marks/ 17. To display the total numbers of lines, words and characters in a file
[admin@localhost ~]$wc slaeccse
OUTPUT: 4 12 45 slaeccse 18. To display the list of files starting from our current directory
[admin@localhost ~]$find.-print
OUTPUT:
./slaeccse
RESULT :
Thus the linux file handling commands has been executed successfully.
IV. PATTERN SEARCHING COMMANDS

18. To display students under csedepartment in the file named slaeccse
[admin@localhost ~]$cat slaeccse
1. Arun cse 2. Anna ece 3. Anbu eee

[admin@localhost ~]$grep cse slaeccse
OUTPUT: Arun cse 19. To display the words ending with a or b or c in file
[admin@localhost ~]$cat >raj
This is a new file. There are two types of files newa, newb and newc. The second is new1, new2, new3.
[admin@localhost ~]$grep new[a-c] raj
OUTPUT: There are two types of files newa, newb, and newc. 20. To display the students details whose names are arun, anna and anbu in the file named
[admin@localhost ~]Slaeccse [admin@localhost ~]$egrep arun|anna|anbu slaeccse
OUTPUT: 1. Arun cse 2. Anna ece
3. Anbu eee 21. To display the lines in the file raj to which has exact string there are
[admin@localhost ~]$fgrep there are raj
OUTPUT: There are two types of files newa, newb, and newc.
RESULT:
Thus the Linux commands pattern searching commands has been executed successfully.
V. INPUT AND OUTPUT REDIRECTION, WILD CARD PATTERNS AND SECURITY COMMANDS
22. To redirect the system calendar contents to the file a1. [admin@localhost ~]$ cal > a1 [admin@localhost ~]$ cat a1 OUTPUT:
23. To move the contents of the named a1 to a new file by using redirection operator [admin@localhost ~]$ cat < a1 > a2 [admin@localhost ~]$cat a2 OUTPUT:
24. List the files starting with a [admin@localhost ~]$ ls a*
OUTPUT: a1 a2 a1 25. To find the file names ending with 1 [admin@localhost ~]$ ls * 1 OUTPUT: a1 raj1 26. To find the file starting with vignesh and then followed by any one character and with any extension of one character [admin@localhost ~]$ls vignesh.? OUTPUT: Vignesh2.c
27. To revoke the execute function for the file name vignesh and granting all permissions to file named raj [admin@localhost ~]$chmode 777 vignesh [admin@localhost ~]$ls -1 OUTPUT: 1localhost admin 168 may 1 03:47 vignesh 28. To revoke the execute permission for the user of the file vignesh [admin@localhost ~]$ -rwxrwxrwx 1 localhost localhost 168 jan 1 03:47 vignesh [admin@localhost ~]$ chmod u-x vignesh [admin@localhost ~]$ -rw-rwxrwx 1 localhost localhost 168 jan 1 03:47 vignesh
RESULT: Thus the linux commands for input and output redirection, wildcard patterns and security commands has been executed successfully.
VI PIPES AND FILTERS

29. To display the permissions of the group for the files whose name being withv. [admin@localhost ~]$ ls l v *|tr s |cut d c5-7 OUTPUT: r-r-r-r-30. To create a file department with some student details [admin@localhost ~]$ cat > dept OUTPUT: 4001 mohan 80 4002 raj 65 4003 mani 75 31. To display the names of the students in the file department in alphabetical order [admin@localhost ~]$sort + 1f -2 dept OUTPUT: 4003 mani 75 4001 mohan 80 4002 raj 65 32. To display the list of students who have scored marks between 50 and 80 [admin@localhost ~]$cat dept | grep [5-7][0-9] OUTPUT: 4002 raj 65 4003 mani 75 33. To display the first line of the file raj [admin@localhost ~]$head -1 raj OUTPUT:
This is a new file.
RESULT: Thus the unix pipes and filters commands has been executed successfully.
SHELL PROGRAMMING
SHELL INTRODUCTION
A shell is a command language interpreter. It is possible to write and run your own shell. As shells are no different than any others programs as far as the system is concerned. This manual deals with the details of one particular shell, called shell script. There are various graphical interfaces available for linux the still is a very neat tool. The shell is not just a collection of commands but a really good programming language. It is often possible to perform simple tasks using these scripts without writing a program in a language such as c, by using the shell to selectively run others programs. Many shell variables have special meaning to the shell. There three mainly shells with UNIX BOURN SHELL, KORN SHELL, C SHELL. The shell is very good for system administrator tasks.
FUNCTION OF SHELL
It accepts commands from the user and interpreter it. It starts executing the appropriate executable file.
It request the kernel to carry out 1\0 transfer. Thus the shell acts middle man between the kernel and the user. The shell implements a number of substitutions where sequences indicated by Meta character. The shell function is unlike any other than the wildcard function in that it communication with of the world outside make. The shell function performs the same function that back quotes ( ) perform in most shells : it does command expansion. This means that it takes as an argument a shell command and evaluates to the output of the command expansion. This means that it takes as an argument a shell command and evaluates to the output of the command. The only processing make does on the result is to convert each newline to a single space. If there is a trailing newline it will simply be removed. The command run by calls to the shell function are run when the function calls are expanded.
SHELL PROGRAMMING
Even though there are various graphical interfaces available for linux the shell still is a very neat tool. The shell is not just a collection of command but a really good programming language. You can automate a lot of task with it, the shell is very good for system administrator task. You can quickly try out if your ideas work which makes it very useful for simple prototyping.
WORKING WITH SHELL PROGRAM

The shell may be used to read and execute commands contained in a file.
The shell to read commands to read commands from file. Such a file is called a command procedure of shell procedure. When you login, the shell is started by the system in your home directory and begins by reading commands from a file. A login shell executed after you login to the system. Login also in your home directory. The file contains several commands to be executed by linux each time two login. The first is set command which is interpreted directly by the shell.
Ex No: 2 Date : Factorial Of a Given Numbers
AIM: To find the factorial of numbers using shell script
ALGORITHM:
STEP1: Start the program STEP2: Give the numbers is real STEP3: Fact =1 ; i =1 STEP4: Do the while loop [ $i u $n ] STEP5: Give the condition do fact = èxpr $i \* $fact` STEP6: Stop the program.
PROGRAM echo "enter the number" read n fact=1 i=1 while [ $i -le $n ] do fact=èxpr $i \* $fact` i=èxpr $i + 1` done echo "the factorial number of $n is $fact OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh fact.sh enter the number 4 the factorial number of 4 is 24
RESULT: Thus the given shell script has been executed successfully.
Ex No: 3 Date : Leap Year Or Not
AIM: To find the given year is leap or not using shell script
ALGORITHM:
STEP1: Start the program STEP2: Give the year STEP3: Read the year STEP4: If loop [expr $y % 4 eq 0] STEP5: If the remainder is zero the tear is leap or not leap year. STEP6: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo "Enter The Year" read y if [ èxpr $y % 2` -eq 0 ] then echo "the year is leap" else echo "the year is not leap" fi
OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~] $ sh leap.sh Enter The Year 2008 the year is leap
Ex No: 4 Date : SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS
AIM:
To write a program to find the sum at even numbers upto n.
ALGORITHM:
STEP1: Start the program STEP2: Enter the upper limit STEP3: Give the limit and real n. STEP4: Do the while loop [ $i u $h ] STEP5: Give the condition as run. STEP6: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo " ENTER THE UPPER LIMIT " read n i=2 while [ $i -lt $n ] do sum=èxpr $sum + $i ` i=èxpr $i + 2 ` done echo " SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS UPTO $n IS $sum" OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh sumeven.sh ENTER THE UPPER LIMIT 10 SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS UPTO 10 IS 20 RESULT: Thus the given shell script has been executed successfully.
Ex No: 5
Date :
SUM OF N NUMBERS
AIM:
To write a shell script to find the sum of n numbers
ALGORITHM:
STEP1: Start the program. STEP2: Enter the upper limit. STEP3: read n STEP4: Do the while condition Give condition [ $i le $h ] STEP5: Sum = expr $sum + $i i = expr $i + 1 STEP6: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo "enter the upper limit " read n i=1 sum=0 while [ $i -le $n ] do sum=èxpr $sum + $i` i=` expr $i + 1` done echo "the sum of numbers is $sum" OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh upperlim.sh enter the upper limit 5 the sum of numbers is 15
Ex No: 6 Date : MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM WITH UNIX COMMANDS
AIM:
To write a shell program to generate menu driver program with unix commands.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1: Start the program. STEP2: Read and display the (1) list of files (2) todays date (3) process status (4) logged in users (5) display the current working directory (6) quit. STEP 3: Read ch. STEP 4:condition case $ch STEP 5:condition satisfied to display the choice. STEP 6:* invalid choice. STEP 7: execute the program STEP 8: stop the program.
PROGRAM echo "menu" echo "1.list of files" echo "2.today's date" echo "3.process status" echo "4.logged in users" echo "5.display the current working directory"
echo "6.Quit" echo -n "enter our choice" read ch case "$ch" in 1) ls -1 ;; 2) date ;; 3) ps ;; 4) who ;; 5) pwd ;; 6) exit ;; *) echo "invalid choice" exit ;; esac
OUTPUT:
Menu 1.List of files 2.Todays date. 3.Process status 4.Logged in users 5.Display the current working directory. 6.Quit
Enter your choice: 2 22/11/2010 Enter your choice: 5 localhost/admin
RESULT:
Thus the given shell script has been executed successfully.
Ex No: 7 Date : FIBONACCI SERIES
AIM: To write a program to display the Fibonacci series.
ALGORITHM: STEP1: Start the program. STEP2: Read limit after enter limit. STEP3: Do the while loop [$var ie èxpr $lim-2`] STEP4: Give the condition. do n3= èxpr $n1+$n2` n1= èxpr $n2` n2= èxpr $n3` var= èxpr $var+1` STEP5: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo " ENTER THE LIMIT FOR FIBONACCI SERIES" read lim n1=0 n2=1 var=0
echo "FIBONACCI SERIES IS " echo "$n1" echo "$n2" while [ $var -lt èxpr $lim - 2` ] do n3=èxpr $n1 + $n2 ` n1=èxpr $n2 ` n2=èxpr $n3 ` var=èxpr $var + 1 ` echo "$n2" done
OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~]$ sh fibonacci.sh ENTER THE LIMIT FOR FIBONACCI SERIES 5 FIBONACCI SERIES IS 0 1 1 2 3
Ex No: 8 Date : SUM AND PRODUCT FOR THE GIVEN TWO NUMBERS
AIM :
To write a shell program to find the sum and products for the given two numbers
ALGORITHM :
STEP1: Start the program. STEP2: Enter the value of a and b. STEP3: read a, b; STEP4: To find sum = product write sentences Sum = expr $a +$b Product = expr $a -$b STEP5: To give the result write this Sum = $sum\ +product -$prod STEP6: Stop the program.
PROGRAM:
echo -n "enter the values for a & b" read a b sum=èxpr $a + $b` prod=èxpr $a \* $b` echo -n "sum=$sum, product=$prod" OUTPUT
Enter the values for a and b 23 Sum = 5 Product = 6
Ex No: 9 Date : TEMPERATURE TO FAHRENHEIT.
AIM
To write a program to convert temperature in Fahrenheit to degree centigrade
ALGORITHM: STEP1: Start the program STEP2: Enter the temperature in Fahrenheit STEP3: read f STEP4: expr $f -32 expr $t /*5/9 STEP5: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo " ENTER THE TEMPERATURE IN FAHRENHEIT " read f t=èxpr $f - 32 ` c=èxpr $t \* 5 / 9` echo "$c"
OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh temp2far.sh
ENTER THE TEMPERATURE IN FARENHEIT 39 3 RESULT: Thus the given shell script has been executed successfully.
Ex No: 10 Date :
AIM: To write a program to find the value of a string
VOWELS OF A STRING.
ALGORITHM: STEP1: Start the program STEP2: read the string STEP3: Do the while loop[$1 gto] STEP4: Give the condition Do Temp = expr $str act c$ Case $ temp in STEP5: else condition is bring out 1 = expr $l I STEP6: Stop the program.
PROGRAM:
echo "enter the string" read str l=èxpr length $str` vowel=0 while [ $l -gt 0 ] do temp=èxpr $str | cut -c $l` case $temp in a|A) vowel=èxpr $vowel + 1`;; e|E) vowel=èxpr $vowel + 1`;; i|I) vowel=èxpr $vowel + 1`;; o|O) vowel=èxpr $vowel + 1`;; u|U) vowel=èxpr $vowel + 1`;; esac l=èxpr $l - 1` done echo "the string has $vowel vowel" OUTPUT
Enter the string Operating System The string has 5 vowels
Ex No: 11
Date :
AIM:
SUM OF DIGITS FOR GIVEN INTEGER
To write a shell program to find the sum of digit for given integer.
ALGORITHM: STEP1: Start the program STEP2: Read n STEP3: Assign sol = 0 STEP4: Condition while[$n gto] STEP5 : Compute a = expr $n%10 Sd = expr $sd + $a and n= expr $n/10 STEP6: Print the sum of the digits in the given number is d. STEP7: Stop the program. PROGRAM:
echo "enter the number" read n sd=0 while [ $n -gt 0 ] do a=èxpr $n % 10` sd=èxpr $sd + $a` n=èxpr $n / 10` done echo "the sum of digits in the given number is $sd"
OUTPUT
Enter the number: 1 2 3 4 5 The sum of digits for the given number is: 15
Ex No: 12 Date: BASIC SALARY
AIM:
To write the program to find the basic salary. ALGORITHM: STEP1: Start the program. STEP2: Enter the basic salary. STEP3: Real b. STEP4: Give the condition. da=èxpr $b \* 10/100` hr=èxpr $b \* 20/100` gr=èxpr $b + $da + $h` STEP5: Exit the program salary=$gr. STEP6: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo " ENTER THE BASIC SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE " read b da=èxpr $b \* 10 / 100 `
hr=èxpr $b \* 20 / 100 ` gr=èxpr $b + $da + $hr ` echo " GROSS SALARY = $gr " OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh bsal.sh ENTER THE BASIC SALARY OF THE EMPLOYEE 900 GROSS SALARY = 1170
Ex No: 13 Date:
COMBINATION OF 123
AIM: To write a shell script program to print the combination of 123.
ALGORITHM: STEP1: Start the program. STEP2: Give the three condition for i&j&k in 123. STEP3: Echo $i $j $k STEP4: Stop the program.
PROGRAM
for i in 1 2 3
do for j in 1 2 3 do for k in 1 2 3 do echo $i $j $k done done done
OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh comb.sh 111 112 113 121 122 133 211 212 213 221 222 223 231 232 233 311 312 313 321
322 323 331 332 333 RESULT: Thus the given shell script has been executed successfully.
Ex No: 14 Date:
POWER OF A NUMBER
AIM: To write a shell script to find the power of a number. AIGORITHM: STEP1: Stort the program. STEP2: To find xn enter X=N value. STEP3: Do the while loop [$i-u $h]. STEP4: Give the condition X=expr $ x\* $ temp I=expr $ i+1 STEP5: Stop the program.
PROGRAM echo "Enter the value of X & N to find X^N " read x n temp=èxpr $x` i=1 while [ $i -lt $n ]
do x=èxpr $x \* $temp` i=èxpr $i + 1` done echo "RESULT IS $x"
OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh power.sh Enter the value of X & N to find X^N 8 2 RESULT IS 64
Ex No: 15 Date:
NUMBER OF CHARACTER LINES IN A FILE
AIM: To write a program to find the number of character lines,words in a file. ALGORITHA: STEP1: Start program. STEP2: Enter the file name. STEP3: Give the if condition If (file $file) then STEP4: Bring the else condition. STEP5: Stop the program.
PROGRAM:
echo "enter the file name" read file if ( file $file )then echo "file exists" echo "no of lines" wc -l $file echo "no of characters" wc -c $file echo "no of words" wc -w $file else echo "file does not exists" fi OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh check.sh enter the file name area.sh file exists. no of lines 11 no of characters 36 no of words 150 [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh check.sh enter the file name focus.sh file does not exists.
Ex No: 16
Date :
CHECK WHETHER THE NUMBER IS ZERO OR POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
AIM: To write a program to check the given number is positive or negative. ALGORITHA: STEP1: Start program. STEP2: Enter the integer. STEP3: Give the if condition if [ $n -eq 0 ] then STEP4: Condition satisfied the given number is zero STEP5: Bring the else if condition elif [ $n -gt 0 ] STEP6:If the given numer is greater than zero print positive or else negative STEP7: Stop the program. PROGRAM echo "enter any number" read n if [ $n -eq 0 ] then echo "number is zero " elif [ $n -gt 0 ] then echo "number is positive" else echo "number is negative" fi
OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~]$ sh posneg.sh enter any number 4 number is positive [administrator@localhost ~]$ sh posneg.sh enter any number -98 number is negative [administrator@localhost ~]$ sh posneg.sh enter any number 0 number is zero
C PROGRAMMING
Ex.No: 17 DATE:
DISPLAY THE CONTENTS OF A FILE
AIM: To write the C program to display the contents of a file
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:start STEP 2:write number of command line arguments STEP 3:open a file in a read mode STEP 4: display the content of the file STEP 5: stop PROGRAM: #include<stdio.h> int main(int argc,char *argv[]) { FILE *fptr; char ch; int i; printf("no of arguments %d \n",argc); for(i=1;i<argc;i++) { fptr=fopen(argv[i],"r"); ch=getc(fptr); while(ch!=EOF) { putchar(ch); ch=getc(fptr); } } }
OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc disp.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out one.txt no of arguments 2 This is linux laboratory. RESULT: Thus the program has been executed successfully and the output is verified.
Ex.No: 18 DATE:
COPY THE CONTENTS OF ONE FILE TO ANOTHER
FILE
AIM: To write the C program to copy the contents of a file to another file.
ALGORITHM: STEP 1:start STEP 2: check no of command line arguments is equal to 3 if not exit STEP 3:if so, open two files one in read mode and other in write mode STEP 4:copy the contents of file in read mode to file in write mode STEP 5:stop PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> int main( int argc,char *argv[ ] ) { FILE *fptr1,*fptr2; char ch; int i; if(argc>3) { printf("too many arguments"); return(0); } else if(argc<2) { printf("\n parameter required"); return(0); } else { fptr1=fopen(argv[1],"r+"); fptr2=fopen(argv[2],"w+"); ch=getc(fptr1); while(ch!=EOF) { putc(ch,fptr2); ch=getc(fptr1); } printf(the contents of %s is successfully copied to %s \n,argv[1],argv[2]); } }
OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc copy.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out one.c two.c the contents of one.c is successfully copied to two.c
RESULT: Thus the program has been executed successfully and the output is verified.
Ex.No: 19 DATE:
TO COUNT THE CHARACTERS AND LINES IN A
FILE
AIM: To write the C program to count the characters and lines in a file.
ALGORITHM: STEP 1: Start the program STEP 2: Declare a file pointer fp. STEP 3: Assign nlines=0, and nc=0. STEP 4: Read the filename. STEP 5: Open the file filename under read mode assigned to fp. STEP 6: If (fp1 == NULL) then print cannot open filename for reading and then go to step 15.
STEP 7: Assign c=getc(fp) STEP 8: Repeat the steps 9 to 10 until while (c!=EOF) STEP 9: if (c ==\n) then nlines=nlines+1 else nc=nc+1. STEP 10: Assign c=getc(fp) STEP 11: Close the file-fp STEP 12: If (nc!=0) then step 13 else step 14. STEP 13: Print the total no of characters and total of lines in the file then goto step 15. STEP 14: Print the file is empty STEP 15: Stop PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<stdlib.h> main() { FILE *fp; int c,nc,nlines; char filename[40]; nlines=0; nc=0; clrscr(); printf("\n\n\t\t To count the characters and lines in a given file \n"); printf("\n\n Enter a file name: "); gets(filename); fp=fopen(filename,"r");
if(fp==NULL) { printf("\n\n Cannot open %s for reading \n", filename); getch(); exit(1); } c=getc(fp); while(c!=EOF) { if(c=='\n') nlines++; else nc++; c=getc(fp); } fclose(fp); if(nc!=0) { printf("\n\n There are %d characters in %s \n",nc,filename); printf("\n\n There are %d lines %n",nlines); } else printf("\n\n The File %s is empty \n",filename); getch(); }
OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc count.c
[admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out To count the characters and lines in a given file Enter the file name:strcopy.c There are 345 characters in strcopy.c There are 25 lines
Ex.No: 20 DATE:
FACTORIAL OF A GIVEN NUMBER
AIM: To write a C program to find the factorial of a given number using recursive function.
ALGORITHM Main() program STEP 1: Start the program STEP 2: Read the value of num. STEP 3: Assign fact1=call fact(num) function STEP 4: print fact1 STEP 5: Stop Fact() function
STEP 1: Start the program STEP 2: if(n==1||n==0) then step 3 else step 4 STEP 3: return (1) STEP 4: return (n*fact(n-1))
PROGARM
#include<stdio.h> long fact(int n); main() { int num; long fact1; printf("\n Enter a number"); scanf("%d",&num); fact1=fact(num); printf("The funtion of %d is %d",num,fact1); } long fact(int n) { if(n==1||n==0) return(1); else return(n*fact(n-1)); getch(); }
OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc fact.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out Enter a number: 4 The factorial of 4 is 24
Ex.No: 21 DATE:
FIBONACCI SERIES
AIM: To write a C program to print Fibonacci Series using recursive function.
ALGORITHM main() program STEP 1: Start the program STEP 2: Read the value of n. STEP 3: call fib(0, 1, n) function STEP 4: Stop fib() function STEP 1: Start the program
STEP 2: if(num!=0) then step 3 else step 5 STEP 3: print n1 STEP 4: call fib(n2, n2+n1, num-1) STEP 5: return PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> void fib(unsigned int n1,unsigned int n2,unsigned int num); main() { int n; printf("\n Enter the limit :"); scanf("%d",&n); fib(0,1,n); } void fib(unsigned int n1,unsigned int n2,unsigned int num) { if(num!=0) { printf("%u \n",n1); fib(n2,n2+n1,num-1); } }
OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc fibo.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out Enter the limit: 8 0
1 1 2 3 5 8 13
Ex.No: 22 DATE:
IMPLEMENTATION OF LS COMMAND
AIM: To write a C program to implement ls Command
ALGORITHM: STEP 1: Read the file to be displayed through command Line STEP 2: Check whether the argument matches with file available in the current directory STEP 3: If no matches display error STEP 4: Else display the list of files which matches the given input by utilizing the system command
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> main(int argc,char *argv[]) { FILE *fp; int i; for (i=0;i<argc;i++) { if((fp=fopen(argv[i],"r"))==(FILE*)NULL) { perror(argv[i]); } else printf("%s file is present",argv[i]); } exit(0); }
OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~]$ cc ls.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out process.c file is present process.c file is present [admin@localhost ~]$ cc ls.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out area.sh a.sh: No such file or directory RESULT: Thus the program has been executed successfully and the output is verified.
Ex.No: 23 DATE:
LINEAR SEARCH
AIM: To write a C program to perform linear search using function. ALGORITHM: main() program STEP 1 : Start the program. STEP 2 : Read the value of n. STEP 3 : Assign i=0. STEP 4 : repeat the step 5 to 6 until i < n. STEP 5 : Read a[i]. STEP 6 : Compute i = i + 1. STEP 7 : Read the value of x. STEP 8 : Call linear(a,n,x) function. STEP 9 : Stop. linear() function STEP 1 : Start the program. STEP 2 : Assign i=0 and flag=0. STEP 3 : Repeat the step 4 to 5 until i < n. STEP 4 : if(x==a[i]) then flag=1 and exit from loop. STEP 5 : Compute i = i + 1.
STEP 6 : if ( flag==1) then print element found else print element not found. STEP 7 : Return to the main program.
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> void linear(int [], int, int); main() { int i,n,x,a[20]; printf("\n Enter the limit : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n Enter the Elements :"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("\n Enter the elements to be searched :"); scanf("%d",&x); linear(a,n,x); } void linear(int a[],int n,int x) { int i,flag=0; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(x==a[i]) { flag=1; break; } }
if(flag==1) printf("\n The element %d is found in the position %d",a[i],i+1); else printf("\n The element is not found in the list"); }
OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~]$ cc linear.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out Enter the limit : 5 Enter the elements : 27 39 63 18 12 Enter the elements to be searched : 63 The element 14 is found in the position 2
Ex.No: 24 DATE:
BINARY SEARCH
AIM: To write a C program to perform binary search using function. ALGORITHM: STEP 1 : Start the program. STEP 2 : Read the value of n.
STEP 3 : Assign i =0. STEP 4 : Repeat the step 5 to 6 until i < n. STEP 5 : Read a[i]. STEP 6 : Compute i = i + 1. STEP 7 : Read the value of s. STEP 8 : Call binary(q,n,s) function. STEP 9 : Stop. binary() function STEP 1 : Start the program. STEP 2 : Assign f=0, l=n-1 and flag=0. STEP 3 : Repeat the step 4 to 6 until f <= n. STEP 4 : Compute m=(f+1)/2. STEP 5 : if(s < a[m]) then l=m-1 else step 6. STEP 6 : if(s > a[m]) then f=m+1 else flag=1 exit from loop. STEP 7 : if ( flag==1) then print element found else print element not found.
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> void binary(int [], int, int); main() { int s,i,n,a[100];
printf("\n\t\t To search for an element using binary search \n"); printf("\n Enter the no of elements : "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n Enter the Elements :"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("\n Enter the element to be searched :"); scanf("%d",&s); binary(a,n,s); } void binary(int a[],int n,int s) { int f,l,m,flag=0; f=0; l=n-1; while(f<=1) { m=(f+l)/2; if(s<a[m]) l=m-1; else if(s>a[m]) f=m+1; else { flag=1; break; }
} if(flag==1)
printf("\n\n %d is found \n",s); else printf("\n\n %d is not found \n",s); }
OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc binary.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out To search for an element using binary search Enter the no. of elements : 5 Enter the elements : 65 85 25 95 45 Enter the element to be searched: 95 95 is found. RESULT: Thus the program has been executed successfully and the output is verified.
Ex.No: 25 DATE:
STRING CONCATENATION
AIM: To write a C program to concatenate two strings.
ALGORITHM: STEP 1 : Start the program. STEP 2 : Declare the character pointer variables as s1, s2, and s3.
STEP 3 : Allocate memory for s1, s2, and s3 character pointer variables using malloc function. STEP 4 : Read the string s1 and s2. STEP 5 : Assign i=0. STEP 6 : Repeat the steps 7 and 8 until ((c=*(s1+i))!=\0). STEP 7 : Assign s3[i]=0. STEP 8 : Compute i=i+1. Step 9 : Assign k=0. STEP 10 : Repeat the steps 11 to 12 until ((c=*(s1+i))!=\0). STEP 11 : Assign s3[i+k]=0. STEP 12 : Compute k=k+1. STEP 13 : Assign s3[i+k]=\0. STEP 14 : Print the concatenated string s3. STEP 15 : Stop.
PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<malloc.h> #define length 20 main() { char *s1,*s2,*s3,c;
int i,k; s1=(char *)malloc(length *sizeof(char)); s2=(char *)malloc(length *sizeof(char)); s3=(char *)malloc(2*length *sizeof(char)); printf("\n Enter the String1 : "); scanf("%s",s1); printf("\n Enter the String2 : "); scanf("%s",s2); i=0; while((c=*(s1+i)) != '\0') { s3[i]=c; i++; } k=0; while((c=*(s2+k)) != '\0') { s3[i+k]=c; k++; } s3[i+k]='\0'; printf("\n Concatenated String is %s ",s3); getch(); }
OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~]$ cc strcon.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out
Enter the String1 : Raja Enter the String2 : Sekaran Concatenated String is : RajaSekaran
Ex.No: 26 DATE:
STRING COPY
AIM: To write a C program to copy the contents of one string to another.
ALGORITHM: STEP 1 : Start the program. STEP 2 : Declare the character pointer variables as s1 and s2. STEP 3 : Allocate memory allocation for s1 and s2 using malloc() function. STEP 4 : Read s1. STEP 5 : Assign i=0. STEP 6 : Repeat the steps 7 and 8 until ((c=*(s1+i))!=\0). STEP 7 : Assign s2[i]=0.
STEP 8 : Compute i=i+1. STEP 9 : Assign s2[i]=\0. STEP 10 : Print s2. STEP 11 : Stop. PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> #include<malloc.h> #define length 30 main() { char *s1,*s2,c; int i; s1=(char *)malloc(length *sizeof(char)); s2=(char *)malloc(length *sizeof(char)); printf("\n Enter the String1 : "); scanf("%s",s1); printf("\n The entered String1 is %s",s1); i=0; while((c=*(s1+i)) != '\0') { s2[i]=c; i++; } s2[i]='\0'; printf("\n The Copied String1 in String2 is %s ",s2); getch(); }
OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~]$ cc strcpy.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out Enter the string1 : ASHOK The entered string1 is ASHOK The copied String1 in String2 is ASHOK
Ex.No: 27 DATE:
FORK SYSTEM CALL
AIM: To write a C program to view the main value using the fork function.
ALGORITHM:
STEP 1:start STEP 2:initialize the variable fork, value. STEP 3:when the value is equal to the fork, print the main value as value. STEP 4:stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void) { int fork(void),value; value=fork(); printf("main:value =%d\n",value); return 0; } OUTPUT
[admin@localhost ~]$ cc fork.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out main:value =0 main:value =5545
Ex.No: 28 DATE:
WAIT SYSTEM CALL
AIM: To write a C program to display the waiting process state.
ALGORITHM: STEP 1: start STEP 2: initialize the variable pid,status,exitch
STEP 3: if the pid is equal to fork and it satisfy the condition that it equal to -1,then print the error message STEP 4: when pid is equal to other print the child process else print the parent process STEP 5: when exit is equal to status and it is equal to -1 then print perror is in wait else parent existing STEP 6:stop
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h> #include<unistd.h> int main(void) { int pid,status,exitch; if((pid=fork())==-1) { perror("error"); return (0); } if(pid==0) { sleep(1); printf("child process"); return (0); } else { printf("parent process\n"); if((exitch=wait(&status))==-1) {
perror("during wait()"); return(0); } printf("parent existing\n"); return (0); } }
OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~]$ cc wait.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out parent process child process parent existing

CPL 2 Lab

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INTRODUCTION OF LINUX

Ex No: 8 Date : LINUX COMMANDS

1.To display the date as mm/dd/yy.

OUTPUT: Friday 4.To display the calendar May 2009..

5.To display the complete name of the terminal.

6.To display about your operating system.

II.DIRECTORY HANDLING COMMANDS

OUTPUT: 11633005 5as.c 11632958s.sh

10.To display all the files including files in subdirectories.

OUTPUT: 5as.c A.c Ajjj.c a.out

11. To create a directory called stud. Change to the stud. Directory

[admin@localhost ~]$cd stud

III. FILE HANDLING COMMANDS

12. To create a directory called marks inside the stud director

[admin@localhost ~stud]$cd marks [admin@localhost ~marks]$cp/admin/home/stud/slaec slaec2 [admin@localhost ~marks]$1s

[admin@localhost ~]$cd marks [admin@localhost ~]$1s

IV. PATTERN SEARCHING COMMANDS

1. Arun cse 2. Anna ece 3. Anbu eee

OUTPUT: 1. Arun cse 2. Anna ece

24. List the files starting with a [admin@localhost ~]$ ls a*

VI PIPES AND FILTERS

This is a new file.

WORKING WITH SHELL PROGRAM

Ex No: 2 Date : Factorial Of a Given Numbers

AIM: To find the factorial of numbers using shell script

Ex No: 3 Date : Leap Year Or Not

Ex No: 4 Date : SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS

Ex No: 6 Date : MENU DRIVEN PROGRAM WITH UNIX COMMANDS

Enter your choice: 2 22/11/2010 Enter your choice: 5 localhost/admin

Thus the given shell script has been executed successfully.

Ex No: 7 Date : FIBONACCI SERIES

AIM: To write a program to display the Fibonacci series.

Enter the values for a and b 23 Sum = 5 Product = 6

Ex No: 9 Date : TEMPERATURE TO FAHRENHEIT.

OUTPUT [administrator@localhost ~] $ sh temp2far.sh

Enter the string Operating System The string has 5 vowels

SUM OF DIGITS FOR GIVEN INTEGER

Ex No: 12 Date: BASIC SALARY

AIM: To write a shell script program to print the combination of 123.

do for j in 1 2 3 do for k in 1 2 3 do echo $i $j $k done done done

do x=`expr $x \* $temp` i=`expr $i + 1` done echo "RESULT IS $x"

CHECK WHETHER THE NUMBER IS ZERO OR POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

DISPLAY THE CONTENTS OF A FILE

AIM: To write the C program to display the contents of a file

COPY THE CONTENTS OF ONE FILE TO ANOTHER

TO COUNT THE CHARACTERS AND LINES IN A

[admin@localhost ~]$ cc count.c

FACTORIAL OF A GIVEN NUMBER

AIM: To write a C program to print Fibonacci Series using recursive function.

[admin@localhost ~]$ cc fibo.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out Enter the limit: 8 0

AIM: To write a C program to implement ls Command

printf("\n\n %d is found \n",s); else printf("\n\n %d is not found \n",s); }

AIM: To write a C program to concatenate two strings.

PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<malloc.h> #define length 20 main() { char *s1,*s2,*s3,c;

OUTPUT [admin@localhost ~]$ cc strcon.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out

AIM: To write a C program to copy the contents of one string to another.

FORK SYSTEM CALL

int main(void) { int fork(void),value; value=fork(); printf("main:value =%d\n",value); return 0; } OUTPUT

[admin@localhost ~]$ cc fork.c [admin@localhost ~]$ ./a.out main:value =0 main:value =5545

WAIT SYSTEM CALL

AIM: To write a C program to display the waiting process state.

ALGORITHM: STEP 1: start STEP 2: initialize the variable pid,status,exitch

perror("during wait()"); return(0); } printf("parent existing\n"); return (0); } }

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PROGRAM #include<stdio.h> #include<malloc.h> #define length 20 main() { char s1,s2,*s3,c;