MODELING OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS

By MATTA MADAN KUMAR

Mr. P. RAJA, Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, NITT.

Objectives

To develop functional model of Novel Hybrid type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (HT-SFCLs)

Superconducting fault current limiter application - to reduce the transformer Inrush current

Introduction
As increase in power demand

Electrical power system

Size increases

Complexity increases

Increase in disturbance (fault)

Present system Breaker capacity < if fault Current level increases

Fault Current Limiter

Current limiter
During normal condition
Passes the current without loss
offers low impedance

During fault condition

Current is instantaneously controlled Offers High impedance

Introduce a current limiter

reduce burden of breaker high flexibility high power

Fault Current Limiter

Requirements of fault current limiter

In normal operation impedance is low High speed working In fault condition high impedance Repeated using

Types of current limiters Current limiting reactor Is-limiter Network splitting

Solid-state fault current limiter Superconducting fault current limiter

Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL)

Tc Jc Bc

Tc: critical temperature

Bc: critical magnetic field Jc: critical current density

Superconductor Critical Plane If any value over a critical level

Superconducting State (Z=0)

S/N transition

Normal Conducting State (Z0)

Mathematical Modeling of Resistive type SFCL

During Fault

Rn = max resistance of SFCL

t0 = fault occurring instant TF = time constant

After Fault Clearing

Rr = recovery starting resistance of SFCL t1 = fault clearing instant a = recovery slope

Modeling of Resistive type SFCL in PSCAD

Setting parameters for Resistive (HTSC element) type SFCL in PSCAD HTSC Element Value Unit

Maximum Resistance ( Rn )
Time Constant ( TF ) Recovery starting resistance ( Rr ) Recovery Slope ( a )

5
0.05 5 -100

s 1/s

Implementation flow of (HTSC element) Resistive type SFCL in PSCAD

Flux-Lock type SFCL

Three winding transformer

1st winding is connected in series with load

2nd winding is connected in series with HTSC element total in parallel with 1st winding.

Configuration diagram of flux-lock type SFCL

Mathematical modeling of Flux- Lock type SFCL

Normal Operation

v1, v2 and v3 are voltages across coil 1, 2 and 3 respectively

n1, n2 and n3 are numbers of turns of coils

Short Circuit Condition

Modeling of Flux-Lock type SFCL in PSCAD

Setting parameters for Flux-Lock type SFCL in PSCAD

Flux-Lock type SFCL Turns number of coil 1(N1 ) Turns number of coil 2(N2 ) Turns number of coil 3(N3 ) Resistance inserted in coil 3 (R) 100 40

Value

unit Turns Turns Turns

1, 10, 50,100 0.1

Simulation Results
Test system

Model test system m

Parameter
Source voltage Source impedance 132 0.6342

PSCAD test system PSCAD test system

Value Unit
V (rms) Hz A (rms) s

System frequency
Line nominal current Load impedance Total simulation time

50
10.9 11.5+ j 0.1 2

Line Current
line current 0.080 line current 0.060

0.040

line current in kA

0.020

0.000

-0.020

-0.040

-0.060

-0.080 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00

Time in sec

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current without fault

Rms line current 0.0120 rms current

0.0100

Rms line current in kA

0.0080

0.0060

0.0040

0.0020

0.0000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ... ... ...

Rms value of line current without fault

Case study 1: Without RSFCL

Test system model under line to ground fault without RSFCL

PASCAD Test system under line to ground fault without RSFCL

Line Current During Fault

line current 0.40 line current 0.30

0.20

line current in kA

0.10

0.00

-0.10

-0.20

-0.30 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current with fault

Rms line current 0.225 rms current

0.200

0.175 0.150

Rms line current in kA

0.125

0.100

0.075 0.050

0.025

0.000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Time in1.00 sec

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Rms value of line current with fault

Case study 2: With RSFCL

Test system model under line to ground fault with RSFCL

PSCAD test system under line to ground fault with RSFCL

Resistance variation of RSFCL and line current with RSFCL

Time in sec

Resistance variation of RSFCL

line current 0.250 line current

0.200

0.150

line current in kA

0.100

0.050

0.000

-0.050

-0.100

-0.150 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current with RSFCL

Line Current with RSCL

Rms line current rms current 0.100

Rms line current in kA

0.080

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Time in sec

... ... ...

Rms value of line current with RSFCL

Summary of simulation results for test system under line to ground fault with and without RSFCL
Without RSFCL Parameter Line fault current Value 206.8141 Unit A (rms) Parameter Line fault current With RSFCL Value 23.9 Unit A (rms)

Case study 3: With Flux- lock type SFCL

Test system model under line to ground fault with Flux- Lock type SFCL

PSCAD test system under line to ground fault with Flux-Lock type SFCL

Results of flux-lock SFCL with Coil3 to Coil1 turns ratio of SFCL = 1

line current 0.30 line current 0.20 0.10

line cutrrent in kA

0.00

-0.10

-0.20

-0.30 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=1

Rms line current 0.225 0.200 0.175 0.150 0.125 0.100 0.075 0.050 0.025 0.000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 line rms current

Rms line current in kA

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Rms value of line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=1

Results of flux-lock SFCL with Coil3 to Coil1 turns ratio of SFCL = 0.5
line current 0.30 line current 0.20 0.10

line cutrrent in kA

0.00

-0.10

-0.20

-0.30 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Time in sec

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=0.5

Rms line current 0.200 line rms current

0.175

0.150

Rms line current in kA

0.125

0.100

0.075

0.050

0.025

0.000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Rms value of line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=0.5

Results of flux-lock SFCL with Coil3 to Coil1 turns ratio of SFCL = 0.1
line current 0.200 line current 0.150 0.100

line cutrrent in kA

0.050

0.000

-0.050

-0.100

-0.150 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Time in sec

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=0.1

Rms line current 0.140 line rms current

0.120

0.100

Rms line current in kA

0.080

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 ... ... ...

Time in sec

Rms value of line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=0.1

Results of flux-lock SFCL with Coil3 to Coil1 turns ratio of SFCL = 0.01
line current 0.200 line current 0.150 0.100

line cutrrent in kA

0.050

0.000

-0.050

-0.100

-0.150 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Instantaneous line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=0.01

Rms line current 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 line rms current

Rms line current in kA

Time in sec

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

... ... ...

Rms value of line current with flux-lock type SFCL N3/N1=0.01

Variation of Percentage Current Limitation with Percentage of N3/N1 Ratio

Comparison between RSFCL and Flux-lock type SFCL

Parameter % fault current limitation

With RSFCL 88.4434

With Flux-lock SFCL from 4 to 94

Conclusions
Superconducting fault current limiters are studied

Functional model of Resistive type and Flux-lock type SFCLs are developed in PSCAD
Cases studied on test system in PSCAD software. 1. Without RSFCL 2. With RSFCL 3. Flux-lock type SFCL a) With N3/N1=1 b) With N3/N1= 0.5 c) With N3/N1= 0.1 d) With N3/N1= 0.01

Future Work

To run simulation studies with two or more FCLs in a larger distribution system, and monitor its effect on current mitigation, relay co-ordination.

Also, with increased interest in distributed generation, it would be useful to evaluate the performance of the FCL in terms of current reduction.

References

[1] Andrew T Rowley, "Superconducting fault current limiters", The Institution of Electrical Engineers printed and published by the IEE, Savoy Place, London WCZR OBL, UK, 1995. [2] Xueguang Wu, Joseph Mutale, Nick Jenkins and Goran Strbac", An Investigation of network splitting for fault level reduction", The Manchester Centre for Electrical Energy (MCEE), UMIST, UK, September 2003. [3] Willi Paul, Makan Chen, "Superconducting control of surge currents", IEEE SPECTRAM. May 1998. [4] Swarn S. Kalsi, Member and Alex Malozemoff, Senior Member, "HTS fault current limiter concept", published in proceeding of IEEE power Engineering Society Meeting, June 6- 10, 2004. [5] Mathias Noe and Michael Steurer, "High-temperature superconductor fault current limiters: concepts, applications, and development status", Institute for Technical Physics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Hermannvon-Helmholtz-Platz , 76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany Center for Advanced Power Systems, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA.,Published 15 January 2007. [6] S.R. Currhs, R. Santos, G. Domarco, A. Diaz, J.A. Veira, J. Maza, M.X.Francois* and F. Vidal, "Construction and characterization of an inductive superconducting current limiting device based on ceramic YBa2Cu307 Orings", Cryogenics 37 (19Y7) 6X-655 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.,1997. [7] Lin Ye, Member, IEEE, M. Majoros, T. Coombs, and A. M. Campbell, "System Studies of the Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in Electrical Distribution Grids", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.17, No. 2, June 2007.

References
[8] Sung-Hun Lim, Hyo-Sang Choi, Dong-Chul Chung, Seokcheol Ko, and Byoung-Sung Han, "Impedance Variation of a Flux-Lock Type SFCL Dependent on Winding Direction Between Coil 1 and Coil 2", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.15, No. 2, June 2005. [9] J. S. Kim, S. H. Lim, and J. C. Kim, "Study on Protection Coordination of a Flux-Lock Type SFCL with Over-Current Relay", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.20, No. 3, June 2010. [10] C. Kurupakorn, H. Kojima, N. Hayakawa, M. Goto, N. Kashima, S. Nagaya, M. Noe, K.-P. Juengst, and H. Okubo, "Recovery Characteristics after Current Limitation of High Temperature Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Transformer (HTc-SFCLT)", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.15, No. 2, June 2005. [11] Hye-Rim Kim, Seong-Woo Yim, Sung-Yong Oh, and Ok-Bae Hyun, "Recovery in Superconducting Fault Current Limiters at Low Applied Voltages", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.18, No. 2, June 2008. [12] Lin Ye and Klaus-Peter Juengst, "Modeling and Simulation of High Temperature Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.14, No. 2, June 2004. [13] T. Matsumura, H. Shimizu and Y. Yokomizu, "Design Guideline of Flux-Lock Type HTS Fault Current Limiter for Power System Application", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol.11, No. 1, March 2001

Thank you