LEADERSHIP AND CHANGE

Management people not only manage; they also lead. As leaders, they take the initiative and engage their followers interactions toward achievement of certain goals An avenue for growth Creates useful change/s Morale boosting is related to productivity and is an important function of leadership; studies show high morale is accompanied by high productivity Good leadership effects a positive correlation between morale & productivity Without leadership, an organization would be only a confusion of people and machinesjust as an orchestra without a conductor would be only musicians and instruments Leadership skills can be acquired thru observation of role models, management training and work experiences The catalyst that transforms potential into reality Elements in leadership What is Leadership? The process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives. Management and Leadership

Managers plan activities, organize structures and control resources but the primary role of a leader is to influence others voluntarily to attain goals.

Managers achieve results by directing the activities of others, whereas leaders create a vision and inspire others to achieve this vision and to stretch themselves beyond their capabilities.

One can be a weak leader and still be an effective manager specially if one happens to be managing people who have a clear understanding of their jobs and a strong drive to work.

Theories of Leadership 1. Trait theory. Leadership is innate; determined by certain individual personality traits and significant physical characteristics Follows the clich,Like father, like son Leaders excel non-leaders in intelligence, scholarship and responsibility High producing supervisors were predominantly employee-centered 4 traits predominate: intelligence, social maturity, inner motivation and achievement drive and human relations skills Confirmed hypotheses of a study: a. there is positive relationship between leadership and abilities, personality characteristics and academic performance b. gender is not a determinant of leadership c. type of organization does not influence leadership d. males excel in mental abilities; females are superior in academic performance e. student leaders are achievers Three (3) Components of charismatic leadership (motivates followers to perform better) a. envisioning the creation of a picture of the future or of a desired future state b. energizing generation of energy among members of the organization

c. enabling psychologically helps people act or perform in the face of challenging goals
2. Environmental theory.

Leadership skills are acquired Proper environment is a strong force that spots, identifies,supports and develops leadership potential Leaders are made,not born 3. Behavioral theory Leaders adopt a particular leadership style which exerts impact over individual and group behavior; 4 types of leader: a. Dictatorial with absolute authority and utilizes threats and punishment to induce compliance b. Authoritarian authority to exact obedience c. Democratic or participative involves subordinates d. Laissez-faire or free rein leader offers information to the members but shows little involvement and participation in group activities University of Michigan study: Styles of leader behavior 1. job- centered or task oriented = emphasizes the use of rules, procedures and close supervision of subordinates 2. employee-centered or relationship-oriented = emphasizes delegation of authority and responsibility , concern for employee welfare, needs, advancement and personal growth Other results of the Michigan study: 1. Supervisors with the best records of performance focus their primary attention on the human aspects of their subordinates problems and build effective work groups with high performance goals (employee-centered)

2. Supervisors who kept constant pressure on production were called job-centered and were found more often to have low-producing sections 3. General rather than close supervision tended to be associated with high productivity
T P Managerial Grid by Blake and Mouton

4. Situational or Contingency theory Situation calls for the emergence of a leader

Leadership Contingency Model

5. Shared leadership theory Responsibility for the success of the group rests upon all the members , not only upon the designated leader Main functions or activities of a leader Two types of leadership roles 1. Role to accomplish the task or attain the goal and 2. Role to develop members feelings to maintain the strength of the group Six types of a leader in terms of number 1 above are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Initiates action Keeps the members attention on a goal Clarifies issues Helps the group develop a procedural plan Evaluates the work done Makes expert information available

Six tasks of a leader in terms of number 2 above are: 1. Keeps inter-personal relations pleasant 2. Arbitrates excuse 3. Provides encouragement

4. Gives a chance to divert 5. Stimulates self-direction 6. Increases inter-dependence among members Leadership is only as strong as the weakest link in the chain. If any link breaks, the entire chain becomes weak. If the leader fails in his tasks, the leadership chain weakens and may cause it to break.