CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Identification Malaysia is currently one of the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world. In 2003, Malaysia contributed to 13.4 million tons or 49% of world production and 12.2 million tons or 58% of total world exports. However, this important economic activity generates an enormous amount of effluent which could pollute the environment if not properly treated. It is estimated that for every ton of crude palm oil produced, about 2.5-3.5 ton of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated. In palm oil mills, liquid effluent is mainly generated from sterilization and clarification processes in which large amounts of steam and/or hot water are used. The mixed effluent is commonly known as POME (Ooi BoonSeiw et al 2006).

The palm oil industry should now look beyond their obligation to comply with the requirements of Environmental Quality Act 1974 in the management of POME. The future growth of the industry sector will require further enhancement in their environmental management practices and in advancing their social and sustainability development responsibility. Appropriate technologies are rapidly evolving in the local scene to meet the demands of the industry (Nurul Bahiyah et al. 2007).

In Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DOE) has enforced the regulation for the discharge of effluent from the crude palm oil industry. The regulations are based on the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) Order and Regulations 1977 (Nurul Bahiyah et al 2007).

1.2

Problems Statement Nowadays, Malaysia is currently the largest producer and exporter of palm

oil. The implication of this scenario, Malaysia has to play important role in fulfill the needs of palm oil industry. In the processing of palm oil fruit, large quantities of wastewater are generated from the sterilization and oil clarification sections. Raw

palm oil mill effluent comprises of water-soluble components of the palm fruits as well as some suspended materials like palm fibre and oil. These components are non-toxic in nature. However, palm oil mill effluent cannot be discharged into the watercourse directly. The effluent must be treated to acceptable quality before it can be discharged into the watercourse for land application. ( Nurul Bahiyah et al. 2007)

Water pollution become worse day by day. Industrial wastewater contributed to pollute the environment. Because of that, industrial waste should be treated first before discharge to the river. It is important to decrease the spread of harmful organism. Raw material wastewater usually receives some level of pretreatment before discharge to a wetland treatment system. In this study, wetland treatment system was used a salvinia molesta and oval leaves pondweed as a treatment for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). This system involved the application of selected microorganisms to improve the quality of the effluent. In conclusion, the heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater (POMSE) bring a lot of disadvantages, thus must be treat before discharge into the river.

The combination of treatment environment with artificial wetlands can provide water quality that suitable to discharge to river or lake. Artificial wetlands have their own advantages compare to other wastewater treatment. They have advantages of low investment, low energy consumption and easy maintenance.

Figure 1.1: A tank which is produces Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) Unitata Plantation Berhad.

1.3

Objective i. To built treatment model of wastewater Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) by using artificial wetland. ii. To study the efficiency of artificial wetland model as industrial wastewater Palm

Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) treatment.

1.4

Scope of Study The study is focusing on wastewater palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) from

Unitata Plantations Sdn Bhd in Jandarata Estet, Teluk Intan Perak. Unitata activities focus on processing palm oil, and manufacturing, packing or distributing of end products in the form of cooking oils, edible oils, specialty fats and soap products. The waste palm oil mill secondary (POMSE) will be treat by Salvinia Molesta and Oval-leaved pondweed by using artificial model wetland. This study comprised of experimental work at laboratory.

The treatment wastewater followed by Environment Quality Acts 1977. To obtain the data for analysis parameter is a Suspended solid (SS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and power of hydrogen (pH)

Figure 1.2 : Unitata Plantation Sdn. Bhd

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE VIEW

2.1 Introduction to Palm Oil The history of palm oil can be traced back to the days of the Egyptian pharaohs 5000 years B.C. It was introduced to Malaysia at the start of the 20th century and commercially produced in 1917. When all this has been commercialized, the demand of oil palm is increasing, so, they need a lot of water to extracts the oil palm. Hence, this will produce palm oil mill effluent (POME). The range palm oil mill effluent (POME) for BOD, pH, and SS is high and was treated, then, it produce palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). The range of BOD, pH, and SS palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is less than the range of palm oil mill effluent. (Ooi Boon Siew,UTM 2009)

Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) needs to be properly treated or recycled because it will give bad effect to environment such as water pollution and has been identified as one of the major sources of aquatic pollution in Malaysia. Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) consists of water soluble components of palm fruits as well as suspended materials like palm fibre and oil. Beside the main product, the crude palm oil (CPO), the mills also generate many by products and liquid wastes, which may have a significant impact on the environment. Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is outcome of the palm oil mill effluent that has been treated with biological process. Although it has been treated it still contains high organic matter and colour (Fahmi 2007).

The typical characteristics of POME have been given. The raw or partially treated POME has an extremely high content of degradable organic matter, which is due in part to the presence of unrecovered palm oil. This highly polluting wastewater can therefore cause severe pollution of waterways due to oxygen depletion and other related effects (Ahmad et.al, 2003). The oil droplets of POME can be found in two phases. They either suspend in the supernatant or float on the upper layer of the suspension. The residue oil droplets in POME were solvent extractable. (Ahmad et.al, 2005). As mentioned earlier, POME is characterized by high temperature (80-

90oC), acidic (pH 3.8 to 4.5) and contains high organic content with BOD from 20, 000 mg/L to 30, 000 mg/L.

Parameter BOD5 pH SS

Standard discharge limit 100 mg/L 5.0 6.0 400 mg/L

Table 1: Standard Discharge Limit by the Department Of Environment Malaysia (DOE)

2.2

Introduction to Wetland Wetlands are defined as land inundated with temporary or permanent water that is

usually slow moving or stationary, shallow, either fresh, brackish or saline, where the inundation determines the type and productivity of soils and the plant and animal communities (Putrajaya, 1999). Wetland area with a water reservoir capable of supporting aquatic life in it. United States Army Corps of Engineer has defined wetland is a place that can support aquatic life in it. Place is mean wetland, valley or others. ( Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland Delination, 1989 ). Wetlands are among the most important natural resources. They provide an array of ecological and environmental functions. These functions are the biological, physical, and chemical processes that take place between water, vegetation, soil, microbial and wildlife communities within a wetland.

Wetland functions result in environment and economic values. The utilization of the wetlands for wastewater treatment is a good example of the association between wetland functions and values. By using the natural biogeochemical processes in wetlands, wastewater wetlands produce a desired output: low energy, high quality wastewater treatment that results in environmental enhancement, not degradation. This output translates into economic benefits for the facility and environmental benefits (Keunzler, 1989). There are two categories of wetland systems, which are natural wetlands and constructed wetland system. Constructed free surface flow wetland (FWS) wetlands, and constructed

subsurface (SSF) wetlands (De Busk, 2003). In addition, wetlands can be considered as the kidneys of the planet since they have the ability to filter out pollutants, transform nutrients and serve as sinks for many compound (Jordan et al, 1999). Generally, there are two types of wetland, which are natural wetland and constructed wetland.

2.3

The Function of Wetland

2.3.1 Water supply Water is the important thing in wetland. River, pond, and lake is a source to all living thing. So, without water there is no wetland and no addiction of water surface that can fixed the level of the underground water.

2.3.2 Arrangement of flow and flood controlling Wetlands make the movement of storm water slower so there is less run off, and these same wetlands can provide storage areas for floods. Flood damage can affect the view, animals, living creatures, fish, humans, food, and water. Wetlands hold back flooding by holding water much like a sponge. Wetlands keep river water levels normal, filter pollutants and purify the surface water. Creeks are a part of wetlands, and they also help the rivers not to flood. The creeks are like a straining area. Floods cause erosion. Erosion is the movement of soil because of wind or the movement of water. A flood makes the water mostly sand and mud.

We all drink water, wash in water, swim in water, and some things live in water. Two thirds of our earth is water, and it helps us a lot. Part of water's power comes from its weight and ability to travel fast. Water is heavy. The heavier it is, the faster it is. A flood can flow up to 20 miles per hour. The deadliest flood ever was the China Yellow River. It killed many people.

2.3.3

Prevent salty water Salty water can be poisoned if it can go far to land, and can cause damage at agricultural

sector and people around will lose their source. Wetland can prevent this thing from happened with fixed the fresh water and act as a wedge between salty water, so, it can prevent the salty water.

2.3.4 Prevent from corrosive and wind. Wetland is a good thing. It can help to protect land near the sea and can control corrosive from happened. The physical characteristics of wetland plant is can stabilize and tied the soil, therefore, it can trap the sediment through the structure of roots. Wetland plant also act as a wind barrier to the structure and agricultural sector during wind storm.

Erosion of soils is decreased because wetlands hold water during and after a storm, and the water is released slowly to prevent fast moving water which causes erosion. Wetland plant life provides important protection to soil near water bodies by filtering and holding sediments that would otherwise enter lakes and streams and slowly fill them. Erosion wears away rock materials by moving them from the earth's surface. Wetlands benefit us by slowing down water which prevents us from losing valuable soil. (Portal Rasmi Perbadanan Putrajaya 2011).

2.3.5 Sediment barrier Wetland and plant can act as a filtration for sediment, exsiting the good drainage. Removing the sediment through the wetland can help to increase the water quality and this can give benefit to all the community around the area. (Martin Gauss April 2009).

2.3.6

Nutrition barrier When a lot of nutrient in water, it will cause a problem such as algae bloom. Algae bloom

can cause bad effects to coral and fish. Wetland areas such as heath and swamp is very effective removing nutrients from the water through it. The plant will use or change this nutrition into another way that harmless.

2.4

The advantages of wetland Wetland is a natural source and give protection to biodiversity.

2.4.1 Natural material source Mangroves is used for house construction and as well as boat. Leave, fruits, and seed of the some species of wetland plant is use for human. For example, leave of Rhizophora can be eat as vegetables. Dear, bird and other than is protein source meanwhile bamboo is using for hand craft.

2.4.2 The Production of Energy Wetland can also use as a place to supply energy in many way. Hydroelectric power is design through dam at river and mangroves is using for fire wood. The peat of soils is using for fuel home and most of the peat of soils area all around the world was act as a mine. At the same time, sources of wetland is non renewable and need safely handle is needed.

2.5

Importance of Conservation and Preservation Wetland conservation is aimed at protecting and preserving areas where water exists at or

near the Earth's surface, such as swamps, marshes and bogs. Wetlands cover at least six per cent of the Earth and have become a focal issue for conservation due to the 'ecosystem services' they provide. More than three billion people, around half the worlds population, obtain their basic water needs from inland freshwater wetlands. The same number of people rely on rice as their staple food, a crop grown largely in natural and artificial wetlands. In some parts of the world, such as the Kilombero wetland in Tanzania, almost the entire local population relies on wetland cultivation for their livelihoods.

Fisheries are also an extremely important source of protein and income in many wetlands. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the total catch from inland waters (rivers and wetlands) was 8.7 million metric tonnes in 2002. In addition to food, wetlands supply fibre, fuel and medicinal plants. They also provide valuable ecosystems for birds and other aquatic creatures, help reduce the damaging impact of floods, control pollution and regulate the climate. From economic importance, to aesthetics, the reasons for conserving wetlands have become numerous over the past few decades.

2.5.1 Filtration Wetlands aid in water filtration by removing excess nutrients, slowing the water allowing particulates to settle out of the water which can then be absorbed into plant roots. Studies have shown that up to 92% of phosphorus and 95% of nitrogen can be removed from passing water through a wetland. Wetlands also let pollutants settle and stick to soil particles, up to 70% of sediments in runoff. Some wetland plants have even been found with accumulations of heavy metals more than 100,000 times that of the surrounding waters' concentration.

Without these functions, the waterways would continually increase their nutrient and pollutant load, leading to an isolated deposit of high concentrations further down the line. Wetlands can even filter out and absorb harmful bacteria from the water. Their complex food chain hosts various microbes and bacteria, which invertebrates feed on. These invertebrates can filter up to 90% of bacteria out of the water this way.

2.5.2

Storage Wetlands can store approximately 1-1.5 million gallons of floodwater per acre. When you

combine that with the approximate total acres of wetlands in the United States (107.7 million acres), you get an approximate total of 107.7 - 161.6 million gallons of floodwater US wetlands can store. By storing and slowing water, wetlands allow groundwater to be recharged. "A 550,000 acre swamp in Florida has been valued at $25 million per year for its role in storing

water and recharging the aquifer. And combining the ability of wetlands to store and slow down water with their ability to filter out sediments, wetlands serve as strong erosion buffers.

2.5.3 Biological Productivity Through wetlands ability to absorb nutrients, they are able to be highly biologically productive (able to produce biomass quickly). Freshwater wetlands are even comparable to tropical rainforests in plant productivity. Their ability to efficiently create biomass may become important to the development of alternative energy sources.

While wetlands only cover around 5% of the Conterminous United States land surface, they support 31% of the plant species. They also support, through feeding and nesting, up to of the native North American bird species. Bird populations, while playing a major role in food webs, are also the focus of several, well-funded recreation sports. (Waterfowl hunting and bird watching to name a pair)

2.5.4 Wildlife Habitat Wildlife habitat is important not only for the conservation of species but also for a number of recreational opportunities. As a conservation purpose, wildlife habitat is managed for maintaining and using the resources in sustainable manner. Ninety-five percent of all commercially harvested fish and shellfish in the United States are wetland dependent. Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge is an example of recreational destination for hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and photography that has a good wildlife management. Some parts of the area are wetlands managed for providing habitat of migratory birds, such as waterfowl and songbirds. The 14 million United States hunters generate in excess of $50 billion annually in economic activity. This does not include the 60 million people that watch migratory birds as a hobby. The Florida Keys wetland area generates more than $800 million in annual tourism income alone.

2.6

Natural and artificial wetland Wetlands is one among the ecosystems that can be created to resemble the natural

equivalent. Natural wetlands are biologically productive areas in the world. Although artificial wetlands capable of performing the same function, a natural wetland ecosystem complex and the complex is not easy to duplicate. But artificial wetlands provide important functions such as pollution control, flood retention and habitat for wildlife.

2.6.1

Natural wetland Natural wetlands are complex ecosystems where the relationship between hydrology,

soils, plants, animals and nutrients has grown almost over thousands of years. It is a biologically productive areas in the world. Wetlands are a natural library that contains the genetic information is priceless. Natural wetland plants such as rice and sago have natural origins in wetlands. Although artificial wetlands capable of performing such functions as natural wetlands, but wetlands ecosystem is complicated and complex nature are not easily duplicated by artificial wetlands.

2.6.2 Constructed wetland Artificial wetlands are man-made or created wetlands is not genuine. Wetlands are among the one between ecosystems that can be created to resemble natural equivalent compared to other ecosystems such as tropical rain forests or forest land distribution. Man-made wetlands created for specific functions wetlands can be performed. Previously, two types of wetlands identified common project, to build mire water birds and wildlife, and the formation of mire, or along rivers. But today, wetlands constructed for various purposes, used as a pollution control (sediment traps, removal of toxic metals, waste water treatment or sewage), reservoir flooding and storm water detention areas, create value wetlands, create fish habitat, function as food chain, serve as receiving and issuing of surface water, or creating a legacy. The difference between artificial and natural wetlands can be seen through the use of concrete structures such as weirs engineering, pen Locks, Traps sediment and sluice gates. Putrajaya wetlands is said to be the largest artificial wetland in the tropical zone and Malaysians can be proud of this great achievement.

2.7

The types of constructed wetland There are two types of artificial wetlands that artificial wetlands and the flow of sub-

surface flows - surface. Surface flow wetlands are artificially mimic the natural marsh. Surface water flows will be welling up along the ground against the flow of sub - surface water in the soil saturated.

2.7.1 Surface flow, SF Surface flow wetlands is more like a sand filter with a plant - a plant, for which there is a layer of sand above the gravel. Waste water to flood the marsh surface and will flow down through the layers of media. Just like the flow of sub - surface, roots and soil is an effective filter and the microbiological treatment often form around the roots of plants. 2.7.2 Sub surface flow, SSF Sub flow artificial wetland have surface with pore and filled with sand and rock. Root of the plant and sand or rock have filtration process and can filter heavy metal. This type of wetland is efficient in the anaerobic process second level for nitrogen removal because the flow of the wastewater is under the surface. Plant involved in this process is floating plant and it will place in the media (USEPA, 1998). Contrast to SF, SSF involved small area and can avoided bad smell and mosquito.

Although this case already study and the efficiency was approved, but the further study should be do. This is due to the different of climate.

2.8

Introduction to Giant Salvinia (Salvinia Molesta) Salvinia molesta is a floating aquatic fern that thrives in slow-moving, nutrient rich,

warm, freshwater. Salvinia molesta is cultivated by aquarium or pond owners and it is sometimes released by flooding, or by intentional dumping. Salvinia molesta may form dense vegetation mats that reduce water-flow. The root zone also growth faster and continuously compare to others plant and proved that the contaminant is successfully absorbed by the root in order to stabilize the industrial wastewater. (Norzatijl akma Binti Mohd Kodori,UMP, 2010)

The mature plant produces egg-shaped spore sacs containing infertile spores. It lacks true roots but its submerged fronds function as roots. Its fronds are in whorls of three (two floating and one submerged). The floating fronds are positioned in an opposite orientation to each other and are round to oblong in shape. On their upper surface they have rows of cylindrical papillae. Each papilla has four hairs at its distal end (each consisting of a single row of cells) that are joined together at their tips to form what looks like an inverted egg-beater. The cage-like structure of the end hairs is an effective air trap giving the plant buoyancy in the water.

Figure 2.1: Salvinia Molesta

2.9

Introduction of Oval Leaves Pondweed (Monochoria vaginalis) Common name Oval Leaves Pondweed Scirntific name Monochoria Vaginalis Family, Liliopsisa,Liliidae, Haemodorales, Pontederiaceae Emergent or floating Total height between 20 30 cm Grows in sweet water swamps, along dishes, in shallow pools. The shiny green leaves are up to about 12 centimeters long and 10 wide and are borne on rigid, hollow petioles. The inflorescence bears 3 to 25 flowers which open underwater and all around the same time. Each has six purple-blue tepals just over a centimeter long. The fruit is a capsule about a centimeter long which contains many tiny winged seeds

Figure 2.2: Oval Leaves Pondweed

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction Methodology is a method use to accomplish the objective. It is important to determine the of reading parameter, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Power Of Hydrogen (pH) of aquatic plant Oval-leaved pondweed (Monochoria vaginalis) and Giant Salvina (Salvinia Molesta) in water treatment, Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE).

In preparing a report on the study to be made, the methodology of the study is important to refer to the course of study at an early stage to the final stage of the study.

In this study, a natural water treatment system using plants (Monochoria vaginalis) and Giant Salvina (Salvinia Molesta) provided laboratory scale to study the physical and chemical aspects of the potential use of plants in the system. The sample taken from palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) at United Plantation Bhd,Jandarata,Teluk Intan Perak.

The desired results and a survey conducted smoothly and successfully, careful planning must be done first. Systematic implementation is highly influence the results of this study.

Therefore, in this chapter will emphasize and explain how the research field observations, water sampling is done, the design model using a natural water treatment plants and laboratory experiments to be conducted. 3.2 Specification of location Specification of location become a main important thing to ensure the effectiveness of study. Location fixed is United Plantations Bhd, Jandarata Plantation. Selection of location based on the production of palm oil effluent. The effluent contains heavy material such as Nickel and Chromium.

Industrial wastewater, Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) is one of the major concerns of the environment problems. As the wastewater is found to be highly contaminated, it could not be discharged directly into the environment. Therefore, wastewater treatment is essential to minimize the effect of the contaminants to nature. Based on previous studies, constructed wetland system (CWS) was proved to have high efficiency in treating industrial wastewater with low operating and maintenance cost. The industrial wastewater studied was Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) which was taken from United Plantations Bhd, Jandarata Plantation.

Wastewaters Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) from industrial places is very complex and lead to water pollution if discharged untreated. Palm oil mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) contain Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Power Of Hydrogen (pH). Therefore, wastewater treatment such as constructed wetland is needed to decrease the effect of contamination. Artificial wetland is a wetland that specifically constructed to control pollution from wastewater. In this study, lab scale of constructed wetland had been constructed by using Salvinia Molesta and Monochoria vaginalis (oval leaves pondweed) as wetland plant and gravel as filter.

3.3

Project Executants

These project executants will show all of our procedure on working to finish this project.

Introduction Theory Data Collection Project Development Laboratory Test: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Ph Suspended Solid (SS) Data Analysis Result Discution and Conclusion Component: Salvinia Molesta Oval-Leaved Pondweed Tupperware

Figure 3.1 Methodology for project Development

3.4

Materials And Methods

3.4.1 Plant and material

The plant Giant Salvinia (Salvinia Molesta) was collected from the University Putra Malaysia (UPM) lakes and Monochoria vaginalis (Oval Leaves Pondweed) from Sg Lang area. Meanwhile, the gravel also collected from area Sg Lang.

3.4.2 Methods 1. Prepare 3 container. 2. 1 container for Salvinia Molesta, second container for oval-leaved pondweed and third container for both aquatic plant (Salvinia molesta and oval-leaved pondweed). Every container were put gravel together. 3. The detention period is five days.

Figure 3.4.1: Oval- leaved pondweed

Figure 3.4.2: Salvinia Molesta

Figure 3.4.3: Salvinia Molesta and Oval- Leaved Pondweed

3.5.

Water sampling

3.5.1. Objectives - Learn the technique or the proper way to take a water sample 3.5.2. Equipment I Mask II Gloves III. Bottle experiment

3.6.

Laboratory Analytical Methods

Initially the samples were measured to determined the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Power Of Hydrogen (pH).

3.6.1. Power of Hydrogen (pH) The hydrogen ion concentration is an important quality parameter of both natural waters and wastewater. The usual means of expressing the hydrogen-ions concentration is as pH, which is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (Metcalf et.al, 2003).

pH is a unit of concentration or explain or describe the degree of alkalinity or acidity of the rate of a liquid solution. It also is one of several methods to measure the quality water. pH means (p for strength and H is the symbol for hydrogen), which refers to strength of the hydrogen ion concentration in water . pH value usually ranges between 0 (meaning very acidic with a positive hydrogen ion concentration is high) to 14 (very alkaline or neutral to the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH the high .however, the pH value can change negative or more than 14 in the most extreme or extreme. pH 7.0 indicates neutrality of water at point 46 F (8 C), where atomic H + and ions OH be at equilibrium. pH is reported in units of the logarithm, equal to the unit scale ritcher used to measure the shaking. water at pH 4 is ten times more acidic than water at pH 5. pH measured using a variety of ways, including by using pH paper, pens, pH, and pH meters. by using a microprocessor pH meter, we can see how the pH and water temperature in a short time. the test is important to ensure that the water is all around us clean and safe.

3.6.2. Suspended Solid (SS) A will mixed sample is filtered through a weighed standard glass-fiber and the residue retained on the filter dried to a constant weight at 103 to 105oC. The increase in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. If the suspended material clogs the filter and prolongs filtration the difference between the total solids and the total dissolve solids may provide an estimate of the total suspended solids (Andrew D. Eaton et. Al, 1995).

3.6.4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) BOD is a important parameter in waste water. It can shows many organic metals that presence in a example of water. It also can be used as a parameter to detect the water pollution. The main reason that this BOD test is have been taken is because of to determine the volume that needed to decomposed the organic metal that can be biodegradation (that can decomposed by naturally) from one water sample on the fifth day at the temperature of 20C. many oxygen is used is same with the BOD sample value.

As a theory, BOD is done the process of biology activity, this is because 70-80% oxygen can be biodegradation. At some time decomposition is take time for 20 days, but it depends of the type of organic metals. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was analysed based on the HACH method. The sample was cooled in incubator Bod temperature 130C prior to the analysis. Based on the BOD range selected, the correct sample volume was determined.

3.7.

Type of equipment used:

3.7.1. pH a. Material: 1. Water samples 2. Distilled water b. Equipment: 1. pH 213 microprocessor pH meter 2. Beakers 500 ml 3. HI 1131 (pH reading) 4. Glove

3.6.2. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) a. Material: 1. Water samples 2. Distilled water b. Equipment: 1. BOD meter (dissolved Oxygen Meter) 2. BOD bottle 3. Beakers 500 ml 4. BOD incubator 3.8 The estimated cost of research

Bill. 1 2 3 4 5

Equipment Former Model Neet Salvinia molesta Oval-leaved pondweed Gravel

Quantity 4 unit meter -

Price (RM) 72.00 5.00 RM 77.00

Total (RM)

Table 3.1: Show the estimated cost of research

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND PROJECT ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction This chapter will explain about the data of laboratory test for the wastewater. There are some parameter will be taken regarding on this laboratory such as BOD, TS and pH. The main purpose of this experiment is to study the efficiency of aquatic plant in water treatment Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE).

4.2

Waste water Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) parameter test This are laboratory test did to the Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) that is BOD,

TS, and pH. The wastewater was taken from Unitata Plantations Berhad. The reading of wastewater, palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) sample are taken before and after treatment. All this test was did at Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Polytechnic of Sultan Idris Shah.

4.3

Results BOD5 after and before treatment for 3 and 5 days.

4.3.1. BOD5 result for 3 and 5 days treatment The data of all parameter test will be presented in a table and graph. BOD is important parameter in waste water. It shows amount of organic that presence in example of water. It also can be used as a parameter to detect the water pollution. The main reason that this BOD5 test is have been taken is because of to determine the volume that needed to decomposed the organic metal that can be biodegradation (that can decomposed by naturally) from one water sample on the fifth day at the temperature of 25C. Items POMSE Salvinia Molesta Oval Leaves Pondweed Salvinia Molesta mix with Oval Leaves Pondweed Before 175.13 mg/L After 3 days 114.75 mg/L 39.0 mg/L After 5 days 69 mg/L 82.5 mg/L

52.88 mg/L

46.13 mg/L

Table 4.1: Shows data the different of BOD before and after treatment

4.3.1. BOD Graph resul

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 POMSE Salvinia Molesta Oval Leaves Pondweed Mix 69 39 52.88 46.13 114.75 82.5 BEFORE AFTER 3 DAYS AFTER 5 DAYS 175.13

Graph 1: Show the different of BOD before and after treatment

*All the data is represent in mg/L *Mix = Salvinia molesta with Oval leaves pondweed.

The results of the study were shown in Table 4.1 and was represent in graph 1. BOD before treatment is 175.13 mg/L for Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE). After 3 days treatment by using Salvinia Molesta, the result obtained is 114.75 mg/L. Meanwhile, the results for Oval-leaved pondweed is 39.0 mg/L and for Salvinia molesta mix with Oval leaves pondweed is 52.88 mg/L. This shown decrease value for each of the plant after 3 days. The results after 5 days treatment is the value of Salvinia molesta still decrease to 69 mg/L, for Oval leaves pondweed the value is increasing from 39.0 mg/L to 82.5 mg/L. The results for mix is also decrease to 46.13 mg/L.Then this show that Oval leaves pondweed is not suitable for wastewater treatment, palm oil secondary mill effluent (POMSE). From the result obtained Salvinia molesta is suitable than oval-leaved pondweed in palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) treatment because BOD for 3 and 5 days treatment is decrease. This show Salvinia molesta is more effective to reduced the BOD reading. Salvinia molesta can growth faster and can reduced value for BOD, pH, Ammonia with effective. (Ooi Boon Siew,UTM.2006)

The root zone also growth faster and continuously compare to others plant and proved that the contaminant is successfully absorbed by the root in order to stabilize the industrial wastewater. (Norzatijl akma Binti Mohd Kodori,UMP, 2010)

4.4

Results of total suspended (SS) before and after 3 and 5 days treatment.

4.4.1. SS result for 3 and 5 days treatment Items POMSE Salvinia Molesta Oval Leaves Pondweed Salvinia Molesta mix with Oval Leaves Pondweed Before 320 mg/L After 3 days 140 mg/L 100 mg/L After 5 days 60 mg/L 140 mg/L

80 mg/L

70 mg/L

Table 4.2: Shows reading of SS before and after treatment

4.4.1 SS Graf result

350 300 250 200 150 100 60 50 0 POMSE Salvinia Molesta Oval Leaves Pondweed Mix 140 100 80 70 140 320

BEFORE AFTER 3 DAYS AFTER 5 DAYS

Graph 2: Show the reading of SS before and after treatment

The results of the study were shown in Table 4.2 and was represent in graph 2. Suspended solid for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before treatment is 320 mg/L. The value after 3 days treatment with Salvinia Molesta is 140 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 100 mg/L and Salvinia molesta and oval pondweed is 80 mg/L. The value of suspended solid for each plant is decreasing. Microorganism need oxygen to composed organic materials in palm oil mill secondary effluent, (POMSE). So, the value decrease of suspended solid then the value of BOD is also decrease. After 5 days treatment with Salvinia molesta, the value for suspended solid is decrease from 140 mg/L to 60 mg/L. For Oval-leaved pondweed is increase from 100 mg/L to 140 mg/L, and Salvinia molesta mix with Oval leaves pondweed decrease from 80 mg/L to 70 mg/L.

4.5

Results pH after and before treatment for 3 and 5days.

4.5.1. pH result for three day and five day treatment pH is a unit of concentration or explain or describe the degree of alkalinity or acidity of the rate of a liquid solution. It also is one of several methods to measure the quality water. pH means (p for strength and H is the symbol for hydrogen), which refers to strength of the hydrogen ion concentration in water. pH value usually ranges between 0 (meaning very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline or neutral).

Items POMSE Salvinia Molesta Oval Leaves Pondweed Salvinia Molesta mix with Oval Leaves Pondweed

Before 5.84 -

After 3 days 6.17 7.72

After 5 days 7.57 6.13

6.16

7.29

Table 4.3: Shows reading of pH before and after treatment

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 POMSE Salvinia molesta Oval leaves pondweed Mix BEFORE AFTER 3 DAYS AFTER 5 DAYS 5.84 7.57 6.17 7.72 6.13 7.29 6.16

4.5.2. pH graph for result treatment

Graph 3: Show the reading of pH before and after treatment *Mix = Salvinia molesta with Oval leaves pondweed.

The results of the study were shown in table 4.3 and was represent in graph 3. From the results have been taken, palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is 5.84 before treatment. The reading after days treatment for salvinia molesta is 6.17, oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and mix (salvinia molesta and oval leaves pondweed) is 6.16. The results for 3 days treatment is increasing day by day. After 5 days treatment the reading for all the plant is still increasing, for salvinia molesta is 7.57, Oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and for mix 7.20. This show the plant can reduce the value of pH day by day from acid to the neutral. This happened because microorganism use oxygen in the wastewater to compose food.Nitrification process will produce ammonia. Ammonia is a toxicity to aquatic life, the value of pH will increase the temperature as well as pH. From the results, we can conclude palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before treatment by using Salvinia molesta is after 3 and 5 days treatment the pH was follow the standard limit Department of Environment in Malaysia, where the range is 5.0 9.0.

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction Discussions carried out to identify problems that existed during the whole experiment conducted to obtain a perfect result. This discussion is to discuss how to resolve are also to determined the ensure effective research conducted in line with the objectives of the study was done. This discussion chapter is to determine and compare the effectiveness of using aquatic plant Salvinia Molesta, and Oval-Leaved Pondweed as the removal of the pollutant substances. Water quality standards after completing the study also investigated to find effective systems designed. Data have been obtained compared to a certain standard to find out the effectiveness of aquatic plant Salvinia Molesta, and Oval-Leaved Pondweed in the removal of pollutants in waste water (POMSE) whether has reached prescribed standards.

5.2.

Efficiency of Salvinia Molesta and Oval-leaved Pondweed in treatment by using artificial model wetland

5.2.1 Salvinia Molesta From the result obtained Salvinia molesta is suitable than oval-leaved pondweed to treat palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) because the plant can tolerate a wide pH range, the optimum being between pH 6 and pH 7.5. The plant is able to tolerate salinity, and growth is greatly stimulated by an increase in nutrients levels. Besides that, salvinia molesta can faster growth rate easily in less than 3 days (Ooi Boon Siew, 2010) and can reduced value for BOD and pH with effective.

5.2.3 Oval-leaved pondweed Oval-leaved pondweed is less effective for water treatment because it is not reproduce rapidly and live in moist landed. From this experiment, Oval Leaves Pondweed have progressively increased value from day by day. This plant is not effective in reduce and absorbs

pollutant from POMSE according to the data obtain. In this study, Oval leaves pondweed is not suitable in water treatment without soil.

200 150 100 50 0

175.13 82.5 39 Ovel-leaved day3 Oval-leaved day5 POMSE

Graph 5.2: Result BOD for Oval-Leaved Pondweed before and after 3 and 5day treatment.

5.2.4

Salvinia Molesta and Oval-Leaved Pondweed

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

175.13

POMSE Both of plant (3 day) 52.88 46.13 Both of plant (5 day)

POMSE

Both of plant (3 day)

Both of plant (5 day)

Graph 5.3: Results of BOD mix before and after 3 and 5 days treatment.

5.3.

Water quality

Pollutant substance from wastewater palm oil secondary effluent (POMSE) is the most important test to determine the quality of effluent after being treat with the plant. This test had been carried out at Environmental Engineering laboratory of Sultan Idris Shah Polytechnic.

5.3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

GRAPH BOD RESULT

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 175.13

114.75 69 39 82.5 52.88 46.13 BEFORE 3 DAY 5 DAY

Graph 5.4: Results BOD before and after treatment

POMSE

SALVINIA MOLESTA

OVAL-LEAVED PONDWEED

BOTH OF PLANT

The results of the study were shown in graph 5.4. The BOD before treatment is 175.13 mg/L for Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE). After 3 days treatment by using Salvinia Molesta, the result obtained is 114.75 mg/L. Meanwhile, the results for Oval-leaved pondweed is 39.0 mg/L and for Salvinia molesta mix with Oval leaves pondweed is 52.88 mg/L. This shown decreasing for each of the plant. After 5 day treatment with Salvinia molesta the value is 69 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 82.5 mg/L, Salvinia molesta and oval- leaved pondweed is 46.125 mg/L.

5.3.2 Suspended Solid (SS)

RESULT SUSPENDED SOLID

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 POMSE SALVNIA MOLESTA OVAL-LEAVED PONWEED BOTH OF PLANT 140 100 60 40 80 70 BEFORE 3 DAY 5 DAY 320

Graph 5.5: Result Suspended Solid before and after 3 and 5 days treatment.

Suspended solids content in the unit mg/L. From the graph 5.5 show, the suspended solid for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before treatment is 320mg/L. After treatment 3 days with Salvinia Molesta is 140 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 100 mg/L and Salvinia molesta and oval pondweed is 80 mg/L. This show decreasing of suspended solid day by day.

After 5 days treatment with Salvinia molesta, the value for suspended solid is 60 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 40 mg/L, showed a decrease, respectively, but the value for Salvinia molesta mix oval - leaved pondweed increasing, that is 70 mg/L. This is because the root of Salvinia Molesta decay and produce unwanted particle. Salvinia is pentaploid, has a chromosome number of 45, and is incapable of sexual reproduction (Loyal and Grewal, 1966). Each node bears a series of up to three axillary buds that develop successively under normal growing conditions (Room, 1988), and up to six in response to damage (Julien and Bourne, 1986). The number of axillary buds that grow, the rate of growth, and plant size are largely dependent on available nutrients. Growth is apically dominant and progresses by expansion of apical and axillary buds, the latter forming branches. New plants form when older plants break apart due to senescence or damage (Room, 1983).

5.3.3 Power of Hydrogen (pH)

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 POMSE SALVINIA MOLESTA 5.84 7.57 6.17

Graph
7.72 6.13 7.29 6.16

5.6: Results show the

BEFORE AFTER 3 DAYS AFTER 5 DAYS

pH before and after 3 and 5

OVAL LEAVES PONDWEED

MIX

days.

From the results have been taken, palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is 5.84 before treatment. The reading after days treatment for salvinia molesta is 6.17, oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and mix (salvinia molesta and oval leaves pondweed) is 6.16. The results for 3 days treatment is increasing day by day. After 5 days treatment the reading for all the plant is still increasing, for salvinia molesta is 7.57, Oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and for mix 7.20. This show the plant can reduce the value of pH day by day from acid to the neutral, refer to the pH scale. This happened because microorganism use oxygen in the wastewater to compose food.. Nitrification process will produce ammonia. Ammonia is a toxicity to aquatic life, the value of pH will increase the temperature as well as pH. From the results, we can conclude palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before treatment is acid then after 3 and 5 days treatment the pH was follow the standard limit Department of Environment in Malaysia, where the range is 5.0 9.0

5.4.

Standard Quality Water Discharge Limit from 1-1-1984 and thereafter 100 (1500)** 400 5.0-9.0

Parameter Biological oxygen demand (bod5)@30*c, mg/L Total solids, mg/L Suspended solids, mg/L pH

Table 5.1: Water quality standards for watercourse discharge from palm oil mill*

*Environment Quality (Presribed Premises) (crude palm-oil) regulation, 1977 (amended by P.U. (A) 193/82)

**Values for the period of 1-7-1981 to 30-6-1982. No new value stipulated since then.

5.5

Comparison Result with Standard Limit Oval-leaved pondweed 6.13 82.5 mg/L 40 mg/L

Parameter pH Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) Suspended solids (SS)

Salvinia molesta 7.57 69 mg/L 60 mg/L

Mix 7.29 46.13 mg/L 70 mg/L

POMSE 5.5 - 8.5 175.13 mg/L 320 mg/L

Standard limit 5.0 9.0 100 mg/L 400 mg/L

Table 5.2: Comparison between sample before, treating and standard limit 5.5.1. Comparison for parameter BOD and Suspended Solids
450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 BOD5 SUSPENDED SOLID 175.13 100 82.5 69 46.13 Salvinia Molesta Oval-Leaved Pondweed Mix 60 70 40 Standard limit 320 POMSE

Graph 5.7:
400

Comparison the water after treatment with standard limit

5.5.2. Overall result for all parameter

The standard discharge limit for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) according to Department Of Environmental in Malaysia for BOD, pH, and SS is 100 mg/L, 5.0 9.0 and 320 mg/L respectively. From the study was done, the palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before the treatment is not fulfil the requirement of Department Of Environmental in Malaysia except the value of Suspended Solid (SS) full the requirement of the standard limit which is value of the effluent for BOD is 175.13 mg/L, pH is 5.84 and SS is 320 mg/L. So, we use aquatic plant to treat the wastewater, that is Salvinia Molesta, Oval Leaves Pondweed and the combination both of plant. The period of retention is 5 day and we take the results after 3 and 5 day to ensure the accuracy and the results was shown. After we treat the palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by using Salvinia Molesta, the reading for BOD, pH, and SS for 3 and 5 day is change from 114.75 mg/L and 69 mg/L, for pH, the reading is 6.17 and 7.57 and the reading for SS is 140 mg/L and 60 mg/L. This show the decreasing of the reading after 3 and 5 day. The BOD of Salvinia Molesta is decrease day by day. Meanwhile the reading of pH after 3 and 5 days is increase refer to the range of scale, from 6.17 and 7.57 that is neutral compare to the reading before treatment. The reading of SS, show the suspended solid decrease day by day, therefore, the BOD is also decrease because the microorganism no need a lot of oxygen to compose the suspended solid (refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid),so, the composting of suspended solid by microorganism does not produce too much ammonia. For oval leaves pondweed, the reading for BOD, pH, and SS for 3 and 5 day also show the decreasing and increasing reading, where, BOD reading is before treatment is 175.13 mg/L the decrease to 39.0 mg/L and then after 5 days the reading is increase, 82.5 mg/L. This is because after 5 days the value of suspended solid is increase, 100 mg/L to140 mg/L then the value of the pH is decrease from 7.72 to 6.13. For the combination both of plant, for BOD, pH, and SS after 3 and 5 days is 52.88 mg/L and 46.13mg/L, 6.16 and 7.29 and 80 mg/L and 70 mg/L. The BOD is decrease day by day, then the pH will increase and SS will decrease. So, the conclusion can be make is when BOD is decrease, the pH will increase and the SS will decrease. From this study, Salvinia Molesta is much better from Oval Leaves Pondweed because Salvinia Molesta can reduce BOD, SS and increase the range of pH.

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion The use of Salvinia Molesta and Oval-Leaved Pondweed as aquatic plant to treating waste water palm oil secondary effluent (POMSE) to be used in this study are expected to show the proof of success in treating. This model only use three model wetland which is the first model for Salvinia Molesta ,second model for Oval-Leaved Pondweed and last model for mixture both of the aquatic plant, Salvinia Molesta and Oval-Leaved Pondweed. The first model show the good result in this study after a few day treating palm oil secondary effluent. Salvinia Molesta proof the decreasingly of result in BOD, pH and Ammonia. Salvinia Molesta is a better aquatic plant to treated Palm Oil Secondary Effluent (POMSE) as compared to Oval-Leaved Pondweed in removal aspect .This is because Salvinia Molesta can growth faster than Oval Leaved-Pondweed. So, it can absorb and remove of pollutants in waste water (POMSE). Oval-Leaved Pondweed is less effective for water treatment because it is not reproduce rapidly and live in moist landed. From this experiment, Oval Leaves Pondweed have progressively increased value from day by day. This plant can not reduce and absorbs pollutant from POMSE. Oval Leaves Pondweed only used for herb and medicine, also can not used to treat water. Hopefully, this aquatic plant of Salvinia Molesta will be used in the future as a medium for wastewater treatment. There are some recommendation to improved this model.

The conclusion that could be made from this study were as below: Salvinia molesta is a better aquatic plant to treated Palm Oil Secondary Effluent (POMSE) as compared to oval-leaved pondweed in removal aspect. Based on the result, the minimum value for treating POMSE with using Salvinia Molesta after five days for BOD is 114.13 mg/L,the pH value is 7.57 and Suspended Solid is 60 mg/L.

6.2

Recommendations

Based on the analysis of the study, there are several recommendations for the future researchers: 1. It is feasible to use Salvinia Molesta as aquatic plant in water treatment (POMSE). However, the Oval-Leaved Pondweed does not suitable to treat waste water (POMSE). 2. By improving this model, the treatment of waste water from palm oil in secondary effluent can be improved. 3. Change the design model. 4. More parameter tested for this study to ensure the accuracy and the detention day should be more than 5 days. 5. The presence of algae can be reduced by using algicide techniques, the method of addition of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) or oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

Reference
1. Ooi Boon Siew (2006). Treatment Of Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE)Using Fenton Oxidation System. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia:Tesis Master. 2. Zainal Bin Ahmad (2007). Kajian Penyerapan Logam-Logam Berat Oleh Tumbuhan Puron Dan Keladi Agas Bagi Olohan Air Larut Lesap. University Teknologi Malaysia: Tesis Degree. 3. Primefact (2006)Salvinia Control Manual NSW Department of Primary Industries. 4. Dairy Research and Development Corporation (1997). Results Of A Trial Of A Constructed Wetland In The Hunter Region of NSW. 5. Nancy Mesner and John Geiger (2010). Water Quality Extension.