CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

GEOGRAPHY 0460/02
Paper 2
May/June 2003

1 hour 45 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer three questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

This document consists of 12 printed pages and an insert.

SP (SC/KN) S39382/4
© CIE 2003 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Fig. 1 was produced by the United Nations. It shows the actual growth in the world’s
population by 1999. It also shows that the world’s population may grow in three possible ways
by 2050 (estimates X, Y and Z).
(i) Describe fully what the graph shows about population growth. [3]
(ii) How and why do the two estimates for future population growth X and Y differ? [2]
(iii) Suggest why the future growth of the world’s population might be as shown by estimate
Z. [2]

(b) With reference to examples you have studied, explain why

(i) changes may occur in countries from time to time in
A the birth rate,
B the death rate; [7]
(ii) governments may be concerned by a rapid growth of population. [5]

(c) Describe the main features of the population pyramid of a developing country shown in Fig. 2
and suggest reasons for these features. [6]

0460/02/M/J/03
 3

Total world population (actual and estimated 1950–2050)

11 11 Key
World population (billion) 10 6 billion X 10 up to 1999

World population (billion)

9 (1999) Y 9 high estimate (X)
8 8 medium estimate (Y)
Z low estimate (Z)
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
19 0
19 0
19 0
19 0
20 0
20 0
20 0
20 0
20 0
20 0
50
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
19

Years

Fig. 1

80+
80 – 84
Males 75 – 79 Females
70 – 74
65 – 69 65 years
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19 15 years
10 – 14
5–9
0–4
8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8
Percentage

Fig. 2

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 4

2 (a) Fig. 3 (opposite) shows part of a large urban area in a developed country. With the help of
information from Fig. 3 and other facts you may know, suggest reasons for each of (i), (ii) and
(iii):
(i) the location of
A the large superstore/hypermarket labelled X, [4]
B the district shopping centre labelled Y, [3]
(ii) differences in the numbers and distribution of different types of shopping areas shown,
[3]
(iii) the different road pattern in area Z when compared with the road pattern in other
residential areas further away from the CBD. [2]

(b) Choose two of the following types of urban land use (I–III);
I leisure centre or sports ground,
II bus and railway stations,
III offices.

Referring to a named town or city you know well, describe and explain the distribution of your
chosen urban land uses. [4,4]

(c) The area surrounding towns and cities is known as the rural-urban fringe. An example of this
area is shown on Fig. 3. Why do many town and city authorities control the developments
which may take place in the rural-urban fringe? [5]

0460/02/M/J/03
 5

u r b a n fr i ng
the rural - e

d
ring roa
r
oute

N
Key

AREA Z Selected important

roads
edge of Mainly residential
CBD land use
CBD Boundary of built-up area
Single shops
shopping areas

Rows of local shops

0 1 2 District shopping centres
Kilometres Superstore/hypermarket

Fig. 3

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 6

3 (a) (i) Explain how a river transports its load of large rocks and smaller materials. [4]
(ii) What changes in a river cause it to deposit some of the load it is carrying? [4]

(b) Photograph A (opposite) shows the Victoria Falls on the River Zambezi in Africa. The location
and area surrounding the Victoria Falls are shown on Fig. 4 (opposite).
With the help of information from the photograph and map:
(i) describe the main features of the Zambezi River and its valley, including the waterfall, [6]
(ii) suggest how the river and valley features shown have influenced the lives of people in
the area. [5]

(c) Explain how the work of a river and rock structure influence the formation of a waterfall and its
retreat upstream. [6]

0460/02/M/J/03
 7

Photograph A

VICTORIA FALLS River ZAMBIA

Zambezi
MA
FAL IN
LS RAINB
OW F
AL LS
HOTEL

HOTEL
N
HOTEL HOTEL
POWER
STATION

Direction of river flow

Built Up Area
Hotel
Power Lines
Roads

Gorge
Railway
River Zambezi
ZIMBABWE 0 metres 1000

Fig. 4

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 8

4 (a) (i) Describe the main features of the climate of an area of tropical rain (evergreen) forest
shown in Fig. 5 below. [4]
(ii) With the aid of labels only, added to Fig. 6 (insert), describe the characteristics of
tropical rain forest. [5]
(iii) How are the characteristics of tropical rain forest you have described in (a)(ii) related to
the climate features you have given in (a)(i)? [4]

30
20
Temperature (°C)
10
0
–10
–20
–30
J F M A M J J A S O N D
300
Total rainfall 2413 mm
Rainfall (mm)

200

100

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Fig. 5

(b) (i) Study the extract from a newspaper account opposite (Fig. 7) which was written about
deforestation in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin in Brazil in May 2001.
Use this information together with other facts you may know, to suggest why the writer of
the newspaper account refers to deforestation which has taken place in the Amazon
rainforest region as
A ‘an economic disaster’ and [3]
B ‘an environmental disaster’. [4]
(ii) Give your views, with reasons, on the need to conserve natural environments, such as
the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin. [5]

0460/02/M/J/03
 9

E
mpty fields, as far as the eye can see, line the
highway for most of the 300 km from Belem,
eastern Amazonia’s main city, to the timber-
cutting town of Paragominas. Once it was all forest,
but since the 1970s most of the trees in a broad strip
beside the road have been cut, not just to extract
timber, but to clear pasture for cattle-raising,
encouraged by government grants. Now, though,
most of the fields lie empty and are becoming
overgrown with scrub. Cattle are now seen
infrequently.
This deforestation, has been both an economic
disaster and an environmental disaster. The usable
timber would be ripped out of a stretch of forest and
the rest would then be burned, because the land
would often be worth more when cleared than it had
been as untouched forest.
When farming was actually tried, it was frequently
found to be unprofitable.

Fig. 7

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 10

5 (a) Give reasons for the differences shown on Fig. 8 in the percentage employment in different
sectors of the economy in the two groups of countries X and Y. [5]

0
100
10
90

d
20

ye

%
80

us plo

of in se
30
ind e em

the co
try
70

l ab nda
tia r forc

40

ou r y i
60
ry
in abou

r fo nd
50

rce ust
50
ter
l
the

em ry
60
of

40

plo
Japan
%

70

ye
d
France 30
80 USA
Y
Nigeria
20
90
Indonesia
10
100 Tanzania
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% of the labour force employed

in primary industry

Fig. 8

(b) Explain how at least four of the following factors have influenced a motor vehicle industry to
become established at a named location you have studied:

• labour,
• components and other raw materials,
• siting factors,
• capital,
• transport,
• markets. [10]

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 11

(c) Fig. 9 shows a diagram which may be used to describe a farming system.
With reference to the ideas in the diagram and other facts you may know, describe a system
of small-scale cash-crop farming. [10]

SMALL-SCALE
NATURAL INPUTS CASH CROP HUMAN INPUTS
FARMING

OUTPUTS

MARKETS CAPITAL

Fig. 9

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 12

6 (a) Study Fig. 10 which shows some of the changes in global energy use from 1990 to 2000.

Global energy use, 1990-2000

annual average % change

Wind power
Solar energy
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear power
Coal

–5 0 +5 10 15 20 25

Fig. 10

Suggest reasons why from 1990 to 2000:

(i) the use of nuclear energy expanded by only a small amount, [4]
(ii) the use of coal declined, [5]
(iii) there was a considerable increase in the use made of wind power and solar energy. [4]

(b) As tourism increases in importance in areas of natural beauty, there is a need to protect the
environment and the well being of local people. Eco-tourism is a term used when tourism is
developed whilst at the same time the natural environment is carefully protected. For a
named area of natural beauty which attracts tourists:
(i) explain why tourists are attracted to the area; [4]
(ii) explain how eco-tourism would bring benefits to the area; [4]
(iii) describe how eco-tourism may be developed. [4]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Fig. 1. Hazel Barrett. Six Million and Counting. Published by the Geographical Association.
Photograph A. © D Barton.
Fig. 4. © Photo Safari (Pvt.) Ltd.
Fig. 7. © The Economist.
Fig. 8. © The Economist.
Fig. 10. © The Economist.

Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make
the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

0460/02/M/J/03
Model Answers and Examiner’s Notes
Paper 2 May/June 2003
Q1
(a)(i) The graph shows a steep rise in population from I950 to I999 (9). In that
time population almost trebled (9). The graph shows three different estimates
for growth from I999 to 2050. The high estimate X suggests that growth will
continue at the pre−I999 rate with population about doubling again to I0.7
billion (9). [3]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• medium estimate Y shows an increase at a slightly reduced rate
and an uneven slowing down to 9 billion
• low estimate Z shows a decrease in rate from 1999 to 2025 and
then levelling out at about 7 billion.

Note: The question is about ‘growth’ which requires some description of

trends. To quote only the 2050 statistics does not effectively answer
the question.

(ii) How: X continues to grow rapidly while Y shows a reduction in growth (9).
Why: For X, the birth rate will be high compared to death rate. While Y
may suffer from either an increased death rate or a declining birth rate (9). [2]

(iii) The future growth of world population might be shown by estimate Z if the
birth rate continues to be above death rate (9) but then the birth declines to
become almost the same as death rate or even slightly lower (9) [2]

(b)(i) A: changes may occur in the birth rate as birth control/contraceptive measures
are more widely practised (9). Abortion and sterilisation may become
more common (9). An increase in education, particularly for girls, will
create awareness of some of the problems posed by large families (9).
The emancipation of women may lead to careers and the realisation that
smaller number of children can be better looked after with an increased
standard of living (9).

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• Government action like China’s one child policy, reinforced by
incentives such as bonuses in salary and fines for those who have
more than one child.
• Conversely a rise in birth rate may occur in countries anxious to
maintain their world positions like Singapore where ‘Stop at two’
has been replaced by ‘Three or more’ to encourage larger families.
 B: A fall in the death rate may occur through improved medical facilities
such as more doctors, hospitals and vaccinations (9). More and better
quality food may lead to improved diets and less malnutrition (9).
Improved services such as clean water, piped water supply, better
sanitation will reduce death rate (9) [7]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• increased spending on older people to provide more care
• increased awareness of the need to look after the body and take
regular exercise
• conversely, in some countries death rates may rise through
outbreaks of disease such as AIDS, through wars and natural
disasters such as earthquakes, severe floods.

Note: Answers must deal with explanations of ‘change’ and not existing
birth rate may be high or death rate low.

(ii) Governments may be concerned about rapid population growth as this may lead
to overpopulation (9) resulting in lower living standards and greater demand
on resources (9). Further, high levels of unemployment may be experienced
(9) leading to poverty (9) and civil unrest. Infrastructure may decline with
inadequate maintenance of roads, rail and other forms of transport (9). [5]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• services will come under pressure with shortages in housing, water
supply, sanitation, health facilities, education
• soil may be over-used leading to food shortages, malnutrition and
starvation
• squatter settlements may develop.

(c) The main features of the population pyramid are that is has a broad base
(9), a large percentage of people below I5 years of age (9) a narrow top
or small number of people over 65 (9). [6]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• The 5 – 9 age group is larger than 0 – 4.
• The reason for these features are a high birth rate (9) and a low
life expectancy /high death rate (9). The high birth rate may be
caused by lack of contraception, tradition and a desire for family
labour (9).
 An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:
• High death rate due to poor medical facilities, poor hygiene and
inadequate food supply.

Note: A balance is required between description and reasons with 2 marks

out of 6 reserved for each.

Q2
(a)(i) A The superstore labelled X is located in a large open area which provides
space for car parking and future expansion (9). It is near a junction
on the other ring road for ease of access (9). An influencing factor
may be that land is cheaper in the rural−urban fringe (9) and close
[4]
proximity to residential areas ensures a ready market (9).

B District shopping centre Y is located at a road junction for easy access

(9), in the middle of a large residential area which provides a market
(9) and away from the CBD in an area where land prices would be
lower (9). [3]

(ii) The area has more local shops and single shops as these deal mainly with
convenience goods (9) and have a small sphere of influence (9). There are
fewer district shopping centres as these had a larger sphere of
[3]
influence/threshold to offset competition (9)

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• There are many single shops in the older residential areas where
population density may be high.

(iii) The reason for the different road pattern in Area Z is that it is older than
the other residential areas (9) and it has a grid−iron pattern/rectangular
layout (9). [2]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• pattern may result from spontaneous growth and lack of planning.
Conversely:
• roads in the newer residential area result from town planning and
planned development.

(b) The town to be used is Bracknell, an old established and recently expanded
town to the west of London in the M4 corridor (9).

I Description: The combined leisure/sports centre is located on the

outskirts of the town on the main A322 road (9).
 Explanation: The centre serves six local residential neighbourhoods, the
A322 provides access to other residential areas in
Bracknell (9) as well as to other neighbouring towns,
[4]
such as Bagshot, Ascot and Wokingham (9)

II Description: Both bus and railway stations are located on the fringe
of the CBD (9). They are within walking distance of
each other.

Explanation: Provision of access to the CBD and town centre (9).

Ease of interchange of modes of transport (9) and
adjacent to the main shopping centre located in the CBD
[4]
(9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

III Description: Offices are located in the CBD and also in the
high-tech industrial estates on the western and
south western side of the town.
Explanation: The CBD is the centre of banking, insurance
commence and legal activities. The industrial
estates are centres of high-tech industries which
require large number of administrative/office staff.

Note: Precision is required for the descriptive elements of the question. II is

concerned with bus and railway ‘stations’ and not ‘networks’.

(c) Town and city authorities control development in the rural-urban fringe to
prevent urban sprawl (9), to maintain green belt areas for recreational
purposes (9) and to prevent the joining together of neighbouring towns/cities
into conurbations (9). These controls also help to protect agricultural land and
local wildlife (9). In developing areas, they may also prevent the growth of
squatter settlements (9). [5]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• green belt area provides space for leisure activities and recreation
for people living in densely populated areas.

Q3
(a)(i) A river carries its load by:
traction − pebbles and boulders rolled along the river bed (9)
saltation − gravel and coarse sand lifted and also dropped to bounce along
in a series of jumps (9)
suspension − small particles such as clay and salt are carried in the water
 without touching the bed (9)
solution − dissolved minerals are carried in the water (9). [4]

(ii) Changes which cause a river to deposit some of its load are loss of energy
and decrease in velocity (9). Loss of energy is caused by changes in volume
caused by seasonal changes in rainfall (9), shallowing of the channel through
braiding (9) or at the inner/convex bank of a meander. Decrease in velocity
is caused by a reduction in gradient (9). [4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• by river entering a lake/sea
• by obstruction in the channel where a river gains more load than it
can carry.

(b)(i) The main features of the River Zambesi and its valley are:
shallow water above the waterfall (9), braiding/islands above the waterfall
(9), resistant rock/cap rock in the waterfall (9), gorge/steep−sided
valley/cliffs below the waterfall (9), meanders within the gorge (9),
deposited rock fragments at side of gorge (9). [6]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• rapids/turbulent flow below waterfall
• gullies below waterfall.

Note: No credit is given for stating ‘waterfall’ as a feature as this is given

in the question Information is derived from both photography and
map, ‘learned by rote’ list of general river features is not acceptable.

(ii) The river and valley features have influenced the lives of the people living in
the area by encouraging the development of tourism which provides employment
in hotels and leisure (9). The falls have contributed to the growth of the
settlement of Victoria Falls (9). The falls are a source of hydro−electric
power (9). The falls have caused an interruption in river transport (9) and
presented problems for both road and rail transport necessitating the building of
bridges (9). [5]

Note: Water for irrigation, drinking and domestic use not acceptable.

(c) A waterfall is caused by a resistant cap rock overlying softer rock (9) which
is eroded by undercutting (9) and splash back/eddying in the plunge pool
(9). The undercutting leaves the cap rock unsupported (9) leading to collapse
(9). This continuation process will cause the waterfall to retreat leaving a
d t (9
 gorge downstream (9). [6]

Note: The question can be answered by an annotated diagram but no credit

is given for diagrams which are not labelled. Where a diagram is
used to supplement text, marks will only be awarded on the diagram
for additional information not included in the text.

Q4
(a)(i) The main features of the climate of tropical rain forest shown in the graph
are:
− temperatures are high all year around (20oC − 30oC) (9).
− the annual range of temperature is low (6oC) (9). [4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• the highest temperature is in April (29oC)
• the annual rainfall total is large (2413 mm) (9)
• there is no dry season (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• lowest rainfall occurs in the months of February, May and
September (about 180 mm).

Note: Features shown on the graph are required. Vague terms such as ‘hot
and wet’ are not acceptable. Statements are acceptable without
figures being quoted.

(ii)

[5]
 Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:
• Crowns interlock
• Epiphytes on branches/trucks
• Tall trees
• First storey 15- 20m
• Smooth bark Little undergrowth
• Trees close together
• Evergreen
• Ferns and low-growing shrubs
• Broad leaves
• Drip tips.

(iii) Features of the tropical rain forest are related to climate in the following
ways. Trees are tall as they compete for some light (9). The forest has
little undergrowth because of lack of sunlight penetrating through to the forest
floor (9). Growth is prolific because of high temperature and abundant
rainfall (9). Vegetation is evergreen as climate lacks seasonal variations (9). [4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• leaves have drip tips, waxy coating to shed water easily.
• roots are shallow because high rainfall makes much water
available in the top layers of soil.

Note: Soil conditions are irrelevant to this question.

(b)(i) A: Deforestation of the Amazon Basin rain forest was an ‘economic disaster’
as usable timber has been removed and burned (9). When farming
was attempted it was found to be unprofitable (9). Many fields
created by clearance lie empty and are overgrown with scrub (9). [3]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• cattle rearing has declined.

B: It is an ‘environmental disaster’ because removal of the trees reduces

interception, increasing run−off and river flooding (9). The nutrient
cycle is broken with much reduced leaf fall and decay (9). Soil
leaching is caused by the heavy rainfall (9). The soil becomes
[4]
vulnerable to erosion with roots no longer binding the soil together (9).

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• habitats are lost so animals die and many become extinct
• forest burning contributes to global warming.
 Note: The newspaper extract may be complemented by other facts about
forest depletion.

(ii) Views about the need to conserve natural environment include: loss of
environment may cause loss of plant and animal species (9), trees may be
lost which could be the source of valuable drugs (9), areas become vulnerable
to soil erosion, flooding and disruption of ecosystems (9), tourism potential is
reduced (9), loss of natural vegetation may upset the O2/CO2 balance
contributing to global warming (9). [5]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• areas of desertification may extend.

Note: Views are not restricted to rain forest areas, any natural environment
may be used.

Q5
(a) In the X countries agriculture is more mechanised, in Y more manual labour
is required (9). In X, manufacturing industry developed in the I9th and 20th
century and is well established, in Y the development is recent (9). In X,
higher levels of education give a more skilled workforce, in Y much labour
remains unskilled (9). The X countries are more developed with a greater
demand for service, while Y countries are less developed with a lower demand
(9). In the X countries, more capital in available for investment whereas in
Y less capital is available (9). [5]

(b) The establishment of a motor vehicle industry at Keihin (9) (Tokyo −

Yokohama) Japan has been influenced by:
Labour: The availability of a well educated, hard working labour force
(9) with skilled and semi−skilled workers (9) available for
assembly line production.

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• labour is available from the conurbation
• high levels of automation used.

Components Iron ore and coking coal is imported and processed at steel
and raw plants located on tidal sites in sheltered natural harbours (9).
materials: Components are manufactured in the Keihin area and supplied
to manufacturers on the ‘just−in−time’ basis (9).
 Siting: Areas of reclaimed land are used with their advantages of flat
land for assembly line production (9) and space for storage
and expansion (9).

Capital: Capital is available from well−established, profitable companies

(9) and from financial centres in Tokyo and Yokohama (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• from government subsidies.

Transport: Manufacturing sites are linked by motorways and fast rail

services (9). [10]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• Coastal location facilitates import of raw materials and export of
finished products by sea.

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

Markets: A large home market is provided by conurbations such as
Keihin, Hanshin and Kita Kyushu.
The Japanese population has high purchasing power.
Overseas markets are established in USA, most
European Countries, Singapore, Australia.

Note: The location used must be specific and factors related to that location.
Vague, general statements unrelated to the specific site are not
acceptable.

(c) A small−scale, cash−crop farming system is the production of market garden

vegetables and orchids in Singapore (9).

Natural Inputs: A well distributed rainfall and high temperatures throughout

the year (9). There are no seasonal variations of climate.
Soils are alluvial (9).

Human Inputs: Specialised and skilled labour (9). Mechanisation in the

form of motorised fillers, (9) automatic sprinklers, robotic
sprayers, greenhouses and fertilizers dissolved in water (9).
Pesticides are used to reduce crop loss (9).
 Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:
• Computers to control temperature, water supply and fertilizer
application.
• Soil-less composts for hydroponics.

Output: Vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and spinach (9), long

beans, cucumbers, lettuce and orchids (9).
Markets: Urban areas of Singapore including Singapore City which have
a high demand for fresh vegetables, fruit and flowers (9). [10]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

Capital: Profits from the outputs are put back into the system in
the form of additional mechanisation, training of staff,
computerisation, improved seeds and the extension of
high-tech farming.

Q6
(a)(i) Nuclear energy expanded by only a small amount from I990 to 2000 because
the cost of building and running power stations is high (9). The stations also
take a long time to build (9). The disposal of nuclear waste is a problem
(9). There is much public concern over radioactivity and safety following
disasters (9). [4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• competition from renewable forms of energy
• large expense of dismantling outdated stations
• political pressures such as anti-nuclear campaigns.

(ii) The use of coal has declined as accessible reserves are running out (9).
There is strong competition from oil and natural gas (9). There is also
competition from alternative sources of energy (9). Costs of production are
increasing (9) and there is environmental pollution associated with extraction [5]
and use (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes:

• coal is associated with greenhouse gas production.

(iii) Wind power and solar energy have increased in use because they are
renewable (9), they are non pollutant (9), technological improvements have
made them more efficient (9) and running cost are much lower (9). [4]
 Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:
• some countries may not have access to fossil fuels and wish to
become self-reliant in energy
• wind farms can be constructed in a relatively short period of time
• both forms of energy can provide power for small, localised areas
• many countries may wish to reduce costly oil inputs.

(b)(i) Eco-tourism is being developed in Peninsular Malaysia in National Parks such

as Taman Negara and in off−shore islands such as Pulan Langkawi and
Pulan Tioman (9).
The attractions are protected areas of rain forest, plants and wildlife (9),
sandy beaches with clear water (9) which contain coral reefs, sea turtles,
giant clams and fish (9). [4]

Note: A specific area must be identified and the information must be related
to that area.

(ii) Eco−tourism helps to preserve the natural attractions of the area, landscapes
are protected from development and wildlife is not disturbed (9). It also
helps to prevent over development of holiday complexes, hotels and
roads/airports serving them (9). It reduces the loss of natural habitats and
helps to preserve rare animal/plants from extinction (9). It reduces all forms
pollution in the area such as littering, refuse disposal and aircraft noise
(9). [4]

(iii) Eco−tourism may be developed by publicity which stimulates understanding and

awareness of the fragility of the natural environment (9), by exercising
planning controls over proposed developments (9), by developing carefully
organised towns with specialised guides and rangers which have a limited
number of tourists (9). It may also be developed by encouraging activities
which are compatible with nature such as trekking, bird watching and river
rafting (9). [4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include:

• by establishing national parks
• by establishing forest reserves.

Note: Parts (ii) and (iii) of this question are not restricted to the area
identified in (b)(i) and may be answered in a general manner.