Chapter 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Multiple Choice
1. Agasolineengineabsorbs2500Jofheatandperforms1000Jofmechanicalwork ineachcycle.Theefficiencyoftheengineis a. b. c. d. e. 2. 80% 40% 60% 20% 50%

Agasolineengineabsorbs2500Jofheatandperforms1000Jofmechanicalwork ineachcycle.Theamountofheatexpelledineachcycleis a. b. c. d. e. 1000J 1500J 2000J 500J 3000J

3.

Aheatpumphasacoefficientofperformanceof4.Iftheheatpumpabsorbs 20calofheatfromthecoldoutdoorsineachcycle,theheatexpelled(incal)to thewarmindoorsis a. b. c. d. e. 34 27 36 40 80

375

120CHAPTER 22

4.

Arefrigeratorhasacoefficientofperformanceof4.Iftherefrigeratorabsorbs 30calofheatfromthecoldreservoirineachcycle,theheatexpelled(incal)into theheatreservoiris a. b. c. d. e. 40.5 37.5 36.5 34.5 22.5

5.

Alawnmowerhasa6horsepowerengine(1HP=750W).Iftheenginehasan efficiencyof20%,andthethrottleissuchthattheenginecycles10timesa second,theheatthatisexpelledinonecycleis a. b. c. d. e. 1800J 2000J 2200J 2400J 2250J

6.

Asteamengineisoperatingatitstheoreticalmaximumefficiencyof60%.Ifthe wasteheathasatemperatureof100F(38C),whatisthetemperatureofthe boiler? a. b. c. d. e. 350C 94C 225C 504C 775C

7.

Acompanythatproducespulsedgasheatersclaimstheirefficiencyis approximately90%.Ifanengineoperatesbetween250Cand25C,whatisits maximumthermodynamicefficiency? a. b. c. d. e. 83% 65% 43% 90% 56%

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics121

8.

Aheatengineabsorbs2500Jofheatfromahotreservoirandexpels1000Jtoa coldreservoir.Whenitisruninreverse,withthesamereservoirs,theengine pumps2500Jofheattothehotreservoir,requiring1500Jofworktodoso.Find theratiooftheworkdonebytheheatenginetotheworkdonebythepump.Is theheatenginereversible? a. b. c. d. e. 1.0(no) 1.0(yes) 1.5(yes) 1.5(no) 2.5(no)

9.

Onacoldday,aheatpumpabsorbsheatfromtheoutsideairat14F(10C)and transfersitintoahomeatatemperatureof86F(30C).Determinethemaximum COPoftheheatpump. a. b. c. d. e. 0.2 4.4 0.5 7.6 6.7

10.

Anewelectricpowerplanthasanefficiencyof42%.Forevery100barrelsofoil neededtoruntheturbine,howmanyareessentiallylostaswasteheat(inbarrels ofoil)totheenvironment? a. b. c. d. e. 21 42 58 10 79

11.

An800MWelectricpowerplanthasanefficiencyof30%.Itlosesitswasteheat inlargecoolingtowers.Approximatelyhowmuchwasteheat(inMJ)is dischargedtotheatmospherepersecond? a. b. c. d. e. 1200 1900 800 560 240

122CHAPTER 22

12.

Ahomeownerhasanewoilfurnacewhichhasanefficiencyof60%.Forevery 100barrelsofoilneededtoheathishouse,howmuch(inbarrelsofoil)goesup thechimneyaswasteheat? a. b. c. d. e. 20 60 40 80 10

13.

Onekilogramofchilledwaterat32F(0C)isplacedinafreezerwhichiskeptat 0F(18C).Approximatelyhowmuchelectricenergy(inkilocalories)isneeded tooperatethecompressortocoolthiswaterto0Fiftheroomtemperatureis J 5 J 3 maintainedat75F(24C)?( Lice = 3.33 10 kg ; cice = 2.09 10 kgC ) a. b. c. d. e. 13 1.5 15 16 33

14.

Onekilogramofchilledwater(0C)isplacedinafreezerwhichiskeptat0F( 18C ).Approximatelyhowmuchelectricenergy(inkilocalories)isneededjust tofreezethewateriftheroomtemperatureismaintainedat75F(24C)?( Lice = 333J/g ; cice = 209J/gC .) a. b. c. d. e. 11 15 16 13 33

15.

Anautomobileengineoperateswithanoverallefficiencyof12%.Howmuch energyisdeliveredaswasteheat(ingallonsofgasoline)foreach10gallonsof fuelburned? a. b. c. d. e. 1.2 8.8 6.5 4.7 7.5

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics123

16.

Anengineisdesignedtoobtainenergyfromthetemperaturegradientofthe ocean.Whatisthethermodynamicefficiencyofsuchanengineifthe temperatureofthesurfaceofthewateris59F(15C)andthetemperaturewell belowthesurfaceis41F(5C)? a. b. c. d. e. 3.5% 67% 31% 17% 96%

17.

Avesselcontaining5.0kgofwaterat10Cisputintoarefrigerator.The 1 7 HP motor(1HP=746W)runsfor5.0minutestocooltheliquidtotherefrigerators lowtemperature,0C.WhatistheCOPoftherefrigerator? a. b. c. d. e. 5.7 4.6 6.5 7.2 3.6

18.

Exactly500gramsoficearemeltedatatemperatureof32F.( Lice = 333J/g .)The changeinentropy(inJ/K)is a. b. c. d. e. 321 146 512 610 5230

19.

WhenwaterofmassmandspecificheatcisheatedfromabsolutetemperatureT1 toabsolutetemperatureT2,itschangeinentropyis a. b. c. d. e. cmln(T2/T1) cm(T2/T1) cm(T2T1)/T1 cm(T2T1)/T2 cm(T2T1)/(T2+T1)

124CHAPTER 22

20.

Thechangeinentropyof1.00kgofwaterthatisheatedfrom50Cto100Cis(in cal/K) a. b. c. d. e. 516 312 144 946 391

21.

Thechangeinentropyofamassmofasolidsubstancewhichhasalatentheatof fusionLandmeltsatatemperatureTis a. b. c. d. e. LT/m mLln(T) mLT mL/T L/mT

22.

SinceLice=333J/g,thechangeinentropy(incal/K)when1.00kgoficemeltsis a. b. c. d. e. 144 291 312 516 80

23.

IfnmolesofanidealgasarecompressedisothermallyfromaninitialvolumeV1 toafinalvolumeV2,thechangeinentropyis a. b. c. d. e. nRln(V2/V1) nRTln(V2/V1) nkBln(V2/V1) nCv dT/T nCv/T

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics125

24.

Determinethechangeinentropy(inJ/K)when5.00molesofanidealgasat0C arecompressedisothermallyfromaninitialvolumeof100cm toafinalvolume of20cm . a. 191 b. 52 c. 71 d. 67 e. 208

3 3

25.

Anidealgasisallowedtoundergoafreeexpansion.IfitsinitialvolumeisV1and itsfinalvolumeisV2,thechangeinentropyis a. b. c. d. e. nRln(V2/V1) nRTln(V2/V1) nkln(V2/V1) 0 nRV2/V1

26.

Findthechangeinentropy(inJ/K)when5.00molesofanidealgasundergoa freeexpansionfromaninitialvolumeof20cm toafinalvolumeof100cm . a. b. c. d. e. 71 52 67 191 208

3 3

27.

Anidealgasisallowedtoexpandadiabatically.Assumetheprocessisreversible. Thechangeinentropyis a. 0 b. nRln(V2/V1) c. d. e. nRln(T2/T1) knln(V2/V1) knln(T2/T1)

126CHAPTER 22

28.

Findthechangeinentropy(inJ/K)when5.00molesofanidealmonatomicgas areallowedtoexpandisobaricallyfromaninitialvolumeof20cm toafinal volumeof100cm . a. 167 b. 100 c. 67 d. 52 e. 152

3 3

29.

Tenkilogramsofwaterat0Cismixedwith10kgofwaterat100C.Thechange inentropy(incal/K)ofthesystemis a. 1000 b. 480 c. 720 d. 240 e. 168 Avesselcontaining10kgofwaterisleftoutwhereitevaporates.Ifthe temperatureremainsconstantat20C,whatisthechangeinentropy(inkcal/K)? (Thelatentheatofvaporizationat20Cis585cal/g.) a. 30 b. 10 c. 20 d. 40 e. 290 Agasolineengineabsorbs2500Jofheatat250Candexpels2000Jata temperatureof50C.Thechangeinentropy(inJ/K)forthesystemis a. 6.2 b. 4.7 c. 1.4 d. 10.9 e. 3.2

30.

31.

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics127

32.

100gramsofmoltenlead(600C)isusedtomakemusketballs.Iftheleadshotis allowedtocooltoroomtemperature(21C),whatisthechangeinentropy(in J/K)ofthelead?(Forthespecificheatofmoltenandsolidleaduse1.29J/gC; thelatentheatoffusionandthemeltingpointofleadare2.45 10 J/kgand 327C.) a. 140 b. 252 c. 302 d. 429 e. 100
4

33.

Thereasonthatwecancalculatethechangeinentropyofasystemisthat a. b. c. d. e. entropyalwaysdecreases. entropyalwaysincreases. theentropyoftheuniversealwaysremainsconstant. itdependsonlyonthepropertiesoftheinitialandfinalequilibriumstates. systemsalwaysfollowreversiblepaths.

34.

Byoperatingareversibleheatenginewithanidealgasastheworkingsubstance inaCarnotcycleandmeasuringtheratioQc/Qh,wecancalculate a. b. c. d. e. n,thenumberofmolesoftheidealgas. theratioVc/Vhofthevolumesoftheidealgas. theratioPc/Phofthepressuresoftheidealgas. theratioPcVc/PhVhoftheproductsofvolumesandpressuresoftheideal gas. thevalueofAvogadrosnumber.

35.

Whichofthefollowingisanalmostreversibleprocess? a. b. c. d. e. Theexplosionofhydrogenandoxygentoformwater. Heattransferthroughthickinsulation. Theadiabaticfreeexpansionofagas. Aslowisothermalcompressionofagas. Aslowleakageofgasintoanemptychamberthroughasmallholeina membrane.

128CHAPTER 22

36.

Thechangeinentropywhen1kgoficemeltsat0Cis(inJ/K).( Lice = 333J/g .) a. b. c. d. e. 335. 603. 1220. 1310. 2160.

37.

Anidealheatenginecanhaveanefficiencyof1ifthetemperatureofthelow temperaturereservoiris a. b. c. d. e. 0K. 0C. 0F. 0R. thesameasthetemperatureoftheheatsource.

38.

Anadiabaticfreeexpansionofagasinathermallyisolatedcontainerisnot reversiblebecause a. b. c. d. e. workmustbedoneonthegastoreturnittoitsoriginalvolume. heatmustbeexchangedwiththesurroundingstoreturnthegastoits originaltemperature. itsinternalenergyhasagreatervalueaftertheexpandedgasisreturnedto itsoriginalvolumeandtemperature. ofalloftheabove. of(a)and(b)aboveonly.

39.

ACarnotcycle,operatingasaheatengine,consists,intheordergiven,of a. b. c. d. e. anisothermalexpansion,anisothermalcompression,anadiabatic expansionandanadiabaticcompression. anadiabaticexpansion,anadiabaticcompression,anisothermalexpansion andanisothermalcompression. anisothermalexpansion,anadiabaticcompression,anisothermal compressionandanadiabaticexpansion. anadiabaticcompression,anisothermalcompression,anisothermal expansionandanadiabaticexpansion. anisothermalexpansion,anadiabaticexpansion,anisothermal compressionandanadiabaticcompression.

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics129

40.

AllrealenginesarelessefficientthantheCarnotenginebecause a. b. c. d. e. theydonotoperatethroughtheOttocycle. theydonotoperatethroughareversiblecycle. theworkingsubstancedoesnotmaintainaconstantvolumethroughthe cycle. theworkingsubstancedoesnotmaintainaconstantpressurethroughthe cycle. theworkingsubstancedoesnotmaintainaconstanttemperaturethrough thecycle.

41.

InanengineoperatingintheOttocycle,thefinalvolumeofthefuelairmixture isonesixththeinitialvolume.Assume = 1.4 .Themaximumtheoretical efficiencyofthiscycle,inpercent,is a. b. c. d. e. 17. 49. 51. 56. 83.

42.

ForagasofNidenticalmoleculesofmolecularvolume Vm intotalvolumeVat temperatureT,thenumberofwaysoflocatingtheNmoleculesinthevolumeis Vm a. . V V b. V . m c. d. e. V V . m V V . m V ln V . m

N T

43.

Aviolationofthesecondlawofthermodynamicswouldoccurif a. b. c. d. e. aballlyingonthegroundstartedtobounce. transferofenergybyheatmovedenergyfromanobjectatlowtemperature toanobjectatahighertemperature. arefrigeratorheatedtheairintheroominwhichtherefrigeratorislocated. anyoftheaboveoccurred. (a)or(b)occurred,butnot(c).

130CHAPTER 22

44.

Aviolationofthesecondlawofthermodynamicswouldoccurif a. b. c. d. e. aballlyingonthegroundstartedtobounce. transferofenergybyheatmovedenergyfromanobjectatlowtemperature toanobjectatahighertemperature. amotionpicturewasrunbackwardsthroughtheprojector. anyoftheaboveoccurred. (a)or(b)occurred,butnot(c).

45.

Thethermalefficiencyofaheatengineisgivenby a. b. c. d. e.

e=

Weng

| Qh | |Q ||Q | c e= h . |Q | h T e =1 h . T c
alloftheformulasabove. only(a)or(b)above.

46.

Rl Selenastatesthat Sf S =n n i

V f provesthatentropyhasadefinitevalueat V i

thebeginningandendofanadiabaticfreeexpansion.Ronsays

W Sf S =k l f ,whereWisthenumberofmicrostatesofagivenmacrostate. n i B W i
OnlySelena,becauseentropycandependonlyonmacroscopicvariables. OnlyRon,becauseentropycandependonlyonmicroscopicvariables. OnlySelena,because

Whichone,ifeither,iscorrect? a. b. c. d. e.

Vf Tf = inanadiabaticfreeexpansion. Vi T i

Neither,becausewecannotcalculatechangesinentropyinanadiabaticfree expansion. Both,becauseentropy,whichismacroscopicisafunctionofmicroscopic disorder.

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics131

47.

Whichanswerbelowisnotastatementofthesecondlawofthermodynamics? a. b. c. d. e. Realprocessesproceedinapreferreddirection. Energydoesnotflowspontaneouslybyheatfromacoldtoahotreservoir. Theentropyoftheuniverseincreasesinallnaturalprocesses. Intheory,heatenginesworkinginacycleemployreversibleprocesses. Youcannotconstructaheatengine,operatinginacyclethatdoesnothing buttakeheatfromareservoirandperformanequalamountofwork.

48.

S Thechangeinentropy, ,islargestina(n) a. b. c. d. e. constantvolumeprocess. constantpressureprocess. adiabaticprocess. processinwhichnoheatistransferred. processinwhichnoworkisperformed.

Open-Ended Problems
49. Inanuclearpowerplant,thereactorproduces500Csteamthatisusedtopower thesteamturbineswhichgenerate1500MWofelectricalpower.Thecooling towereliminatesthewasteheatat50C.Iftheefficiencyoftheplantwerethatof aCarnotengine,atwhatratewouldwasteheatbeventedtotheatmosphere? EverysecondatNiagaraFalls,some5000m ofwaterfallsadistanceof50m. Whatistheincreaseinentropypersecondduetothefallingwater?(Assumea 20Cenvironment). OneendofacopperrodisinthermalcontactwithahotreservoiratT=500K andtheotherendisinthermalcontactwithacoolerreservoiratT=300K.Find theentropychangeofeachreservoir,andthetotalentropychange,when8000J ofheatenergyareconductedfromoneendoftherodtotheotherwithnochange inthetemperaturedistributionintherod.
3

50.

51.

132CHAPTER 22

Chapter 22 Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. b b b b a d c b d c b c c d b a c d a c d b a

Heat Engines, Entropy, & the Second Law of Thermodynamics133

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

d a c a a d c c a d d d c a a e b c d e e e e d b 1080MW 8360kJ/K 16.0J/K,+26.7J/K,+10.7J/K