Experiment

Title :- IR Blocker

Module No :Student Name:Student No :-

PHYC40370 Oisin Maguire 09464778

Abstract:- In this experiment an intruder alarm was developed created constructed and tested.

Theory:- In this experiment resistors, capacitors, polar capacitors, transistors, LED(light emitting diode), a photo sensitive diode, a NE567 and an NE555 are used. A resistor resists the flow of charge in a linear fashion going by Ohm's law.
V IR

where V is the voltage drop across the resistor, I is the current through the resistor and R is a proportionality constant which is the factor by how much the charges were retarded within the resistor itself. A capacitor stores charge across two plates one of charge Q and the other of charge -Q which also has the property
V Q C

were C is the capacitance in Farads. Polar capacitors are capacitors with an implicit polarity it can only be connected in the circuit in one direction, they also come with a tested voltage as anything above this value can cause a chemical reaction within a polar capacitor that can cause them to blow up. A transistor is basically a switch with 3 terminal's, these switches can be used in logic circuits to compute logic calculations. These 3 terminals are known as the base(B), collector(C) and the emitter(E). Transistors come in 2 types npn and pnp. Silicon is a semiconductor and can be doped with gallium or arsenic, when silicon is doped with gallium this is called p-type semiconductor this is in which the gallium impurity creates a hole in the electron cloud through the metal lattice. When silicon is doped with arsenic, arsenic adds an extra electron to the electron cloud in the metal this is an n-type semiconductor. For an npn transistor the collector must be more positive than the emitter, the base emitter and the base collector bout act like diodes. A small current flowing into the base controls a large current flowing into the collector. For the pnp transistor all the directions of flow and charge are reversed.

The diagram to the left is of using an alternator as a control switch lighting an led when the voltage output is positive. The diagram has the results for a 3 step dc and a sin wave driving the switch, when the switch is completes the circuit the led lights and when the circuit is broken the led is off. Thus gives the useful application of the transistor. If however we want to compute the output of a system with two inputs and a single output say to confirming that two keys were turned on the ignition of launching a missile we can use two transistors in series(AND gate), or perhaps having the transistors in parallel(OR gate) so the if either switch is on the device at the end is on.

The above diagram has the circuit diagram for bout the AND and the OR logic gates, with the respected inputs and outputs below. These are included as they are easy to understand and its an application of transistors.

A NE567 is a phase lock loop in which its main purpose is to drive a load if a frequency is repeated within its detection band width. The NE567 comes in a 8 pin duel in line package (dip). The image to the left is of a 8 pin dip, the 8 pins are numbered anticlockwise looking down on the package to the left of the semi-circle as in the diagram below.

The pins on the NE567 are pin 1 output filter, pin 2 low-pass filter, pin 3 input, pin 4 supply voltage, pin 5 is timing element, pin 6 timing element, pin 7 is ground and pin 8 is output.

A NE555 is a classic timer chip, as well as the NE567 the NE555 has an 8 dip design. Pin 1 is ground, pin 2 is the trigger, pin 3 is the output, pin 4 is rest, pin 5 is control, pin 6 is the threshold, pin 7 is discharge, pin 8 is Vcc (Voltage collector collector). When power is applied to the NE555 the capacitor discharges causing the output to go high, this causes the discharge transistor to turn off causing the capacitor to begin charging again. The output of the NE555 is a square wave of arbitrary width.

The diagram below is of the infra red led in which the output is square wave pulsed modulated by the potentiometer and the 15kilohm resistor. When the output of the NE555 is high the transistor switch is on and current flows through the resistor and the two led's light up. When the output of the NE555 is low the transistor switch is off and the two led's are off. C2 is a decoupling capacitor in which noise from the rest of the circuit is dissipated through the capacitor as to stop too much noise interfering with the rest of the electrical circuitry.

The diagram above is of the sensor and alarm part of the circuit. The input to the alarm part of the circuit is either high in which case the alarm sounds or is low in which case the alarm is silent. The PLL or phase lock loop, locks on to a periodic wave form that if cycled causes the PLL to send out a high voltage to the alarm. The 4kHz Tone Amp has two capacitor in which they charge and discharge rapidly when the photodiode detects infrared light the output of the tone amp is high and when the photodiode does not have any light incident on it the output of the 4kHz is low and anything in between will result in a pulse that is linearly dependent on the intensity of the incident light. Since the refresh rate of the 4 kHz tone mp is faster than the PLL circuit it acts almost instantaneous with respect to the PLL circuit. Therefore as the sensor and alarm picks up the output of the infra red alarm led the alarm is off but when the sensor and alarm doesn't pick up the infra red alarm the alarm is on thus we have an intruder alarm.

Construction and troubleshooting:- Construction of the prototype was made on a standard circuit board with the connection between the electronic parts and the circuit board being made by solder. Initially when the led circuit was made there was a low voltage drop across the LEDs although the LEDs were very bright indicating that there is a high current flowing through the LEDs this infers that there was a short in the circuit and indeed there was a short in which the voltage input to the NE555 was not correctly soldered onto the circuit board and as such caused a large current through the LED's. This was fixed by resoldering the connections and the voltage drop across the LEDs greatly increased and the current through the LEDs dropped. The output of the pulse from the LEDs were modulated by the potentiometer the pulse width of the LEDs was of the order of 20 microseconds with a relax time of the order of 200 microseconds. The proper circuit was created by etching away cooper on a plastic sheet. Were first the circuit is illuminated by ultraviolet light for 6 minutes and then a layer of chemicals is burned off by using another chemical, then the etching is do in a vat were the unprotected metal is boiled off, this leaves the circuit that was illuminated by the ultraviolet light. Holes were drilled into the etched material as the electrical components can fit into the holes and then be soldered into place to complete the electrical circuit. The proper circuit after all the components were soldered into place worked perfectly first time even up to a separation of over 1 metre after swapping out the 15k resistor with a 10k resistor in the emitter circuit as to increase the overall distance that can be achieved between the two circuits.

Above to the left is a picture of the prototype infrared emitter and above to the right is of the prototype alarm.
7

Above is a picture of the alarm after the plastic has been etched drilled and the components soldered into place.

The above diagram is of the emitter circuit after the plastic has been etched drilled and the components soldered into place.

The above diagram is of the Tina schematic of the infrared emitter of which the red line was printed onto a transparent medium and used in the etching process.

10

The above diagram is of the alarm circuit, it only has the parts of the circuit that were left on the plastic medium as the rest of the copper surface will be etched away.

11

Testing and Optimisation:- The prototype was tested and the distance between the emitter and the receiver was around 3centimetre on the other hand on the actual emitter and receiver the initial separation was around 30 centimetres, the 15kilohm resistor in the emitter circuit was swapped out and replaced with a 10kilohm which causes the pulse width and separation to decreases and makes the signal standout more so than the background infrared light thus making it easier for the 4kHz tone amp to pick up the signal and send it to the PLL this changed the maximum separation of the emitter and receiver from 30 centimetre to just over 1 metre which is more than sufficient for any doorway or any other place that would need an intruder alarm.

Conclusion:- Commercial electronics can be made at a fraction of the cost of the product on the shelves but there is a higher reliability rate as there is generally a limited warranty on electrical devices and as such there might not be a saving between building and buying electrical devices unless your proposes is very pacific and as you can easily change the design of the electrical devices you create yourself it is handier for customisation and expansion.

12

Appendices:-For resistors in series the reisitance of the resistors add in the form
R ri
i

as the current has to flow through each resistor in the series of resistors. The equation above demonstrates that if you add on a resistor with a high resistance the current drops across the series of resistors. For resistors in parrallel if you add more resistors the total current through the resistors increases as the charges can flow through more resistors like a river can flow through many streams and if the river can flow through more streams keeping the impeadance of each stream the same therefore the more streams the faster the total water will flow out of all the streams. plotting the amount of streams on an x-axis and the resultant water flow on the y-axis a logarithimic curve is drawn. This logarithimic curve is true since if you have no streams for the river to flow the water cannot flow just like charges in the wires connecting resistors also there is a limit to how much water or current can flow through anything as there is no infinite charge source.

For capacitors
Q CV dQ I dt I C dV dt

which means if the voltage across a capacitor is changed there is a resulting current directly proportional to the change in voltage. In this case the proportionality constant is the capacitance of the capacitor.

13

References:- The advanced laboratory manual The art of electronsics by Paul Horowitz and Winifield Hill

14