TWO STAGE APPROACH FOR ECONOMIC POWER DISPATCH

Jizhong Zhu1, Senior Member, IEEE, Xiaofu Xiong2, Shan Lou3, Mingzhong Liu3, Zhiqiang Yin3, Bin Sun3, Cheng Lin3,
AREVA T&D Corporation, 10865 Willows Rd. NE, Willows Creek Building E, Redmond, WA 98052, USA 2 College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, PRC 3 Guizhou Power Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, PRC jizhong.zhu@areva-td.com Abstract This paper presents a practical approach to implement the economic power dispatch of the power system in Southern China. The proposed economic dispatch method consists of two stages. The first stage involves the classic economic power dispatch without considering network loss, where the initial generation plans of the generator units are determined according to the rank of fuel consuming characteristic of the units or the principal of equal incremental rate. The second stage involves economic dispatch considering network loss and security constraints, where two objectives are proposed for the second stage. One is loss minimization, and another is the minimum movement of generator output from the initial generation plan. For showing the effectiveness of the proposed two stage economic dispatch approach, the IEEE 30-bus system is used for testing. The test results show the two stage dispatch method can not only reduce the system losses and system fuel consumption, but also control the movement of the generator output. Index TermsPower systems, economic dispatch, Loss minimization, Losses, Equal incremental principal, Interior point, Optimization I. INTRODUCTION Security, economy and reliability are always the major aim of power systems operation, although the electric power industry is undergoing massive changes around the world. Despite the changes with different structures, market rules, and uncertainties, a power system dispatch control center must always be in place to maintain the security, economy, reliability, and quality of electric service [1]. A number of methods have been proposed to solve secure and economic operation of power systems such as optimal power flow (OPF) or simplified OPF (i.e. economic power dispatch) [2-16]. This paper presents a two-stage economic dispatch approach according to the practical operation situation of power systems in China. The first stage involves the classic economic power dispatch without considering network loss. The initial generation plans of the generator units are determined according to the rank of fuel consuming characteristic of the units or the principal of equal incremental rate. The second stage involves economic dispatch considering network loss. Since network losses are generally high in most of power systems in China, the loss reduction is a major concern in power system economic operation in China, especially in southern China. Therefore, two objectives are proposed for the second stage. One is loss minimization, and another is the minimum movement of generator output from the initial generation plan. The paper presents the implementation details of the two stage economic power dispatch approach. Section 2 describes the problem of economic dispatch neglecting network losses. Section 3 describes the calculation of the problem of economic dispatch considering network losses. Section 4 evaluates the saving of system total fuel including the portion of loss reduction. Section 5 analyzes the simulation results of two stage economic power dispatch approach. II. ECONOMIC POWER DISPATCH STAGE ONE The equal incremental principal can be used for the first stage of economic power dispatch. Given the inputoutput characteristic of NG generating units are F1(PG1), F2(PG2),, Fn(PGn), respectively. The total system load is PD. The problem is to minimize the total fuel consumption of generators F subject to the constraint that
1

2008 IEEE.

the sum of the power generated must equal the received load. That is

s.t.

P
i =1

Gi

= PD

This is a constrained optimization problem, and can be solved by the Lagrange multiplier method. First of all, the Lagrange function should be formed by adding the constraint function to objective function after the constraint function has been multiplied by Lagrange multiplier , then the principal of equal incremental rate of economic power operation for multiple generating units can be obtained as [2-3].

dFi = dPGi
or

i = 1,2,..., N

dF1 dF2 dF = = ... N = dPG1 dPG 2 dPGN

0 Gi

The economic operation points P of first stage can be obtained from the above equation. III. ECONOMIC POWER DISPATCH STAGE TWO The second stage of economic power dispatch includes loss correction and security constraints. One hand, the system power losses are major concern of the economic power dispatch in the power systems of Southern China. On the other hand, the operators expect the optimal dispatch points close to the economic operation points PGi of first stage. Thus, the following two objectives are adopted in the second stage of economic dispatch. (1) Minimize the fuel consumption
0

(2) Minimize the adjustment of generator output

min F2 =

min F1 =

NG i =1

Fi ( PGi )

NG i =1

0 ( PGi PGi ) 2

i =1

min F = F1 ( PG1 ) + F2 ( PG 2 ) + ... + Fn ( PGn ) =

NG

Fi ( PGi ) (1) (2)

The constraints include real power balance, generator power output limits and branch power flow constraints, that is

iNG

Gi

kND

Dk

+ PL

(7)

PGi min PGi PGi max

Pij Pij max
where PD: Pij: Pijmax: PGi: PGimin: PGimax: PL: Fi : NT: NG:

i NG

(8) (9)

ij NT

(3)

(4)

The real power load. The power flow of transmission line ij. The power limits of transmission line ij. The real power output at generator bus i. The minimal real power output at generator i. The maximal real power output at generator i. The network losses. The fuel consumption function of the generator unit i. The number of transmission lines. The number of generators.

It is noted that the proposed two stages approach for economic dispatch can be used for dynamic economic dispatch or daily dispatch in the practical operation situation of the power systems in China. In order to actualize the transition from the time point t to t 1 schedule successfully, the real power generation regulations constraint, PGrci must be considered. These are determined from the product of the relevant regulating speed and regulating time specified.
0 | PGi PGi | PGRCi max

i NG

(10)

or
0 0 PGRCi max + PGi PGi PGRCi max + PGi

i NG
(11) Thus, the regulating value of the generation is restricted by the two inequality equations (8) and (11), which can be combined into one expression:
0 max PGRCi max + PGi , PGi min PGi

(5)

min PGRCi max + PGi , PGi max

(6)

i NG

(12)

The economic dispatch model for the second stage can be written as.

s.t.

min F = h1 F1 + h 2 F2

(13) (14)

The equivalent fuel consumption for the power violation is computed as

iNG

P = P max{ P min{P
Gi kND

Dk

+ PL
0 + PGi , PGi min PGi

GRCi max

Fviol = PViol

(18)

GRCi max

+ PGi , PGi max

i NG

(15)

Pij Pij max

where h1: h2:

ij NT

(16)

Obviously, equivalent fuel consumption for the power violation Fviol will be zero if there is no branch violation (i.e., Nl is empty set). Thus, the system total fuel consumption in stage one will be

The weighting factor of the fuel consumption objective function. The weighting factor of the generator output adjustment objective function.

The economic dispatch model for the second stage can be solved by interior point method [15-16]. IV. EVALUATION OF SYSTEM TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION In the practical system operation, the system total fuel consumption is mainly concerned. Generally, the system total fuel consumption includes two parts: (1) The total fuel consumption of the generators. (2) The equivalent fuel consumption of the system power losses. Generally, the system total fuel consumption obtained in stage one is taken as reference point. It is expected that the system total fuel consumption obtained in stage two is less than that in stage one. For stage one, the initial system power losses P are computed through power flow solution after the economic operation points are obtained through the equal incremental fuel principal. In addition, since the line constraints are not considered in stage one, there may have branch flow violation based on the economic operation points in stage one. Thus the penalty term for the power violation should be introduced in the calculation of the system total fuel consumption for stage one. The system total power violation can be computed as below.
0 L

For stage two, the system power losses PL and the economic operation points are computed through solving the model (13) (16) and power flow. That is

where :

The coefficient of converting the power loss to fuel consumption. The requirement of the two stage economic dispatch will be

FT2 FT1
where

FT1 : F
2 T :

the initial system total fuel consumption. the final system total fuel consumption. V. TEST EXAMPLE

where Nl is the set of violated branch.

PViol =

Nl ij =1

( Pij0 Pij max )

(17)

The proposed two stage economic power dispatch method is implemented and used in the power system in Guiyang province of Southern China Grid. Here we only show simple results of the IEEE 30 bus system with some data change. The modified 30 bus system consists of 5 generation units, 21 loads, 41 transmission lines / transformers. The fuel consumption functions of the generators are quadratic curves and are shown in Table I. The two stage economic dispatch results are shown in Table II and III.

FT2 =

i =1 NG i =1

FT1 =

NG

0 Fi ( PGi ) + PL0 + PViol

(19)

Fi ( PGi ) + PL

(20)

(21)

TABLE I THE FUEL CONSUMPTION FUNCTION OF GENERATORS FOR IEEE 30 BUS-SYSTEM Gen. No. a 1 0.00984 2 0.00834 5 0.00850 11 0.00884 13 0.00834 2 where: F1 = a i PGi + bi PGi + c i b 0.33500 0.22500 0.18500 0.13500 0.22500 c 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

tested here is the part of China Southern Power Grid. It consists of 150 buses, and 188 branches. There are 29 generators. The testing results show that the system losses and fuel consumption of the second stage are lower that those from the first stage. Generally the loss reduction is about 0.5 ~ 1.0%.

The fuel consumption functions of the generators are quadratic curves and are shown in Table I. The two stage economic dispatch results are shown in Table II and III. Table II shows the generation plans for two stages respectively. Tables III shows system total losses and fuel consumption for two stages respectively. It can be observed from Table III that the system losses and fuel consumption of the second stage are lower that those from the first stage, where loss is about 2.18% reduction, and total system fuel consumption is about 0.36% reduction. TABLE II THE RESULTS OF GENERATION SCHEDULING FOR IEEE 30 BUS-SYSTEM Gen. No. 1 2 5 11 13 Stage one for ED 50.580 59.480 60.570 57.370 59.480 Stage two for ED 51.305 60.330 61.440 58.190 60.190

Figure 1. Guizhou Power System in China Southern Power Grid VI. CONCLUSION A practical approach to implement the economic power dispatch of the power system in Southern China is discussed in the paper. The proposed economic dispatch method consists of two stages. The first stage involves the classic economic power dispatch without considering network loss, where the initial generation plans of the generator units are determined according to the rank of fuel consuming characteristic of the units or the principal of equal incremental rate. The second stage involves economic dispatch considering network loss and security constraints. Two objectives are proposed for the second stage. One is loss minimization, and another is the minimum movement of generator output from the initial generation plan. The proposed two stage economic

TABLE III THE RESULTS OF SYSTEM FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR IEEE 30 BUS-SYSTEM Stage Total system loss (MW) Total system fuel consumption Stage one for ED 4.120 216.686 Stage two for ED 4.030 215.906

The proposed two stage approach is applied in Guizhou Power System in China Southern Power Grid, which is shown in Figure 1. The China Southern Power Grid contains Guangdong Power Grid, Guangxi Power grid, Guizhou Power Grid, and Yunnan Power Grid. We focus on Guizhou Power Grid, and hence the system

dispatch approach is tested IEEE 30-bus system. The test results show the two stage dispatch method can not only reduce the system losses and system fuel consumption, but also control the movement of the generator output, so that there is no generation output jump for dynamic economic dispatch. VII. REFERENCES [1] T.E. Dy-Liyacco, Control Centers Are Here to Stay, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Vol.15, No.4, pp18-23, 2002. [2] L.K. Kirchamayer, Economic Operation of Power Systems, New York: Wiley, 1958. [3] O.I. Elgerd, Electric Energy Systems Theory: An Introduction, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. [4] O. Alsac and B. Sttot, Optimal Power Flow with Steady-State Security, IEEE Trans., PAS, Vol.93, 1974, pp745-751 [5] J.Z. Zhu and M.R. Irving, Combined Active and Reactive Dispatch with Multiple Objectives using an Analytic Hierarchical Process, IEE Proc. C, Vol.143, No.4, 1996, pp344-352 [6] H.W. Dommel and W.F. Tinney, Optimal Power Flow Solutions, IEEE trans., PAS, Vol.87, No.10, 1968, pp1866-1876 [7] M.R. Irving, and M.J.H. Sterling, Economic Dispatch of Active Power with Constraint Relaxation, IEE Proc. C, Vol.130, No.4, 1983 [8] M.R. Irving, and M.J.H. Sterling, Efficient Newton-Raphson Algorithm for Load Flow Calculation in Transmission and Distribution Networks, IEE Proc. C, Vol.134, 1987 [9] J.Z. Zhu and G.Y. Xu, A New Real Power Economic Dispatch Method with Security, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.25, No.1, 1992, pp9-15 [10] D.C. Walters and Z.C. Sheble, Genetic Algorithm Solution of Economic Dispatch with Valve Point Loading, IEEE Trans., on Power Systems, Vol.8, No.3, 1993 [11] T.H. Lee, D.H. Thorne and E.F. Hill, A Transportation Method for Economic Dispatching-Application and Comparison, IEEE Trans., PAS, 1980, Vol.99, pp2372-2385 [12] E. Hobson, D.L. Fletcher and W.O. Stadlin, Network Flow Linear Programming Techniques and Their Application to Fuel Scheduling and Contingency Analysis, IEEE Trans., PAS, 1984, Vol.103, pp1684-1691 [13] K.P. Wong, and J. Yuryevich, EvolutionaryProgramming-Based Algorithm for Environmentally Constrained Economic Dispatch, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.13, No.2, 1998, pp.301-306

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BIOGRAPHIES
Jizhong Zhu (SM98) received the Ph.D. from Chongqing University, P.R. China, in Feb. 1990. Dr. Zhu was a professor in Chongqing University. His work experience includes Chongqing University in China, Brunel University in UK, National University of Singapore, Howard University in USA, and AREVA T&D Inc. (since 2000). His research interest is in the analysis, operation, planning and control of power systems. Xiaofu Xiong (M2005) received the BSEE, MSEE, Ph.D. from Chongqing University, P.R. China, in July 1982, July 1986, and July 2005, respectively. He is a professor in the college of electrical engineering at Chongqing University, Chongqing, China. His research interests include the analysis, operation, protection and control of power systems. Shan Lou is with power dispatching bureau of Guizhou Power Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, P.R. China.

Mingzhong Liu is with power dispatching bureau of Guizhou Power Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, P.R. China.
Zhiqiang Yin is with power dispatching bureau of Guizhou Power Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, P.R. China. Bin Sun is with power dispatching bureau of Guizhou Power Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, P.R. China. Cheng Lin is with power dispatching bureau of Guizhou Power Grid Corporation, China Southern Power Grid, Guiyang, P.R. China.