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Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. Understand the purpose of measures of location. Be able to compute the mean, median, mode, quartiles, and various percentiles. Understand the purpose of measures of variability. Be able to compute the range, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. Understand skewness as a measure of the shape of a data distribution. Learn how to recognize when a data distribution is negatively skewed, roughly symmetric, and positively skewed. Understand how z scores are computed and how they are used as a measure of relative location of a data value. Know how Chebyshevs theorem and the empirical rule can be used to determine the percentage of the data within a specified number of standard deviations from the mean. Learn how to construct a 5-number summary and a box plot. Be able to compute and interpret covariance and correlation as measures of association between two variables. Be able to compute a weighted mean.
5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
3-1
Chapter 3
Solutions: x= xi 75 = = 15 n 5
1.
2.
3.
15, 20, 25, 25, 27, 28, 30, 34 i= 20 (8) = 1.6 100 25 (8) = 2 100 65 (8) = 5.2 100 75 (8) = 6 100
i=
i=
6th position = 28 28 + 30 = 29 2
i=
4.
Mean =
Median = 57
3-2
Mode = 53
It appears 3 times
5.
a.
x=
x
n
1194.50 = 39.82 30
b.
There are an even number of items. Thus, the median is the average of the 15th and 16th items after the data have been placed in rank order. Median =
40.2 + 40.8 = 40.5 2
c. d.
First Quartile i =
e.
75 30 = 22.5 100
Rounding up, we see that Q3 is at the 23rd position. Q3 = 42.1 x= xi 871.74 = = 36.32 n 24
6.
a.
Median is average of 10th and 11th values after arranging in ascending order. Median = 39.00 + 39.95 = 39.48 2
b.
Median =
Data are bimodal: 19.95 (3 brokers), 29.95 (3 brokers) c. Comparing the measures of central location, we conclude that it costs more to trade 100 shares in a broker assisted trade than 500 shares online.
3-3
Chapter 3
d.
From the data we have here it is more related to whether the trade is broker-assisted or online. The amount of the online transaction is 5 times as great but the cost of the transaction is less. However, if the comparison was restricted to broker-assisted or online trades, we would probably find that larger transactions cost more. x= xi 1380 = = 46 n 30
7.
a.
b. c.
Yes, the mean here is 46 minutes. The newspaper reported an average of 45 minutes. Median = 45 + 52.9 = 48.95 2
d.
Q1 = 7 (value of 8th item in ranked order) Q3 = 70.4 (value of 23rd item in ranked list)
e.
40 Find position i = 30 = 12; 40th percentile is average of values in 12th and 13th positions. 100 40th percentile = xi = 695 x= xi 695 = = 34.75 n 20 28.8 + 29.1 = 28.95 2
8.
a.
The modal age is 29; it appears 3 times. b. Median is average of 10th and 11th items. Median = 33 + 36 = 34.5 2
Data suggest at - home workers are slightly younger. c. For Q1, 25 i= 20 = 5 100 Since i is integer,
3-4
Q1 =
d.
32 i= 20 = 6.4 100 Since i is not an integer, we round up to the 7th position. 32nd percentile = 27
9.
a.
x=
b. c.
Median would be better because of large data values. i = (25 / 100) 25 = 6.25 Q1 (Position 7) = 5984 i = (75 / 100) 25 = 18.75 Q3 (Position 19) = 14,330
d.
i = (85/100) 25 = 21.25 85th percentile (position 22) = 15,593. Approximately 85% of the websites have less than 15,593 unique visitors.
10. a.
3-5
Chapter 3
28 42 45 48 49 50 55 58 60 Median = 49 Do not report a mode; each data value occurs once. The index could be considered good since both the mean and median are less than 50. 25 i= 9 = 2.25 100 Q1 (3rd position) = 45 75 i= 9 = 6.75 100 Q3 (7th position) = 55 11. Using the mean we get xcity =15.58, xcountry = 18.92 For the samples we see that the mean mileage is better in the country than in the city.
b.
City 13.2 14.4 15.2 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.9 16 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.7 16.8 Median Mode: 15.3 Country 17.2 17.4 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.6 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.4 20.6 21.1 Median Mode: 18.6, 19.4 The median and modal mileages are also better in the country than in the city.
3-6
Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods xi 12, 780 = = $639 n 20 xi 1976 = = 98.8 pictures n 20 xi 2204 = = 110.2 minutes n 20
12. a.
x=
b.
x=
c.
x=
d.
This is not an easy choice because it is a multicriteria problem. If price was the only criterion, the lowest price camera (Fujifilm DX-10) would be preferred. If maximum picture capacity was the only criterion, the maximum picture capacity camera (Kodak DC280 Zoom) would be preferred. But, if battery life was the only criterion, the maximum battery life camera (Fujifilm DX10) would be preferred. There are many approaches used to select the best choice in a multicriteria situation. These approaches are discussed in more specialized books on decision analysis. Range 20 - 10 = 10 10, 12, 16, 17, 20 i= 25 (5) = 1.25 100
13.
14.
x=
xi 75 = = 15 n 5 ( xi x ) 2 64 = = 16 n 1 4
s2 =
3-7
i=
Q1 =
i=
Q3 =
s2 =
s = 34.57 = 588 . 16. a. b. Range = 190 - 168 = 22 ( xi x ) 2 = 376 s 2 = 376 = 75.2 5 c. s = 75.2 = 8.67 8.67 Coefficient of Variation = 100% = 4.87% 178 Range = 92-67 = 25 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 80 - 77 = 3 x = 78.4667
d.
17.
( x x )
i
= 411.7333
2
( x x ) =
i
n 1
411.7333 = 29.4095 14
18. a.
s = 29.4095 = 5.4231 x x = i 115.13 (Mainland); 36.62 (Asia) n Median (7th and 8th position) Mainland = (110.87 + 112.25) / 2 = 111.56
3-8
Median (6th and 7th position) Asia = (32.98 + 40.41) / 2 = 36.695 b. Range = High - Low Mainland 86.24 26.82 23.30% Asia 42.97 11.40 31.13%
Greater mean and standard deviation for Mainland. Greater coefficient of variation for Asia. Range = 60 - 28 = 32 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 55 - 45 = 10
b.
x=
435 = 48.33 9
s = 92.75 = 9.63 c. 20. The average air quality is about the same. But, the variability is greater in Anaheim. Dawson Supply: Range = 11 - 9 = 2 s= 4.1 = 0.67 9
3-9
Chapter 3 21. a. Winter Range = 21 - 12 = 9 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 20-16 = 4 Summer Range = 38 - 18 = 20 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 29-18 = 11 b. Winter Summer c. Winter s 2.8694 Coefficient of Variation = 100% = 100% = 16.21% x 17.7 Summer s 6.6700 Coefficient of Variation = 100% = 100% = 26.05% x 25.6 d. 22. a. More variability in the summer months. 100 Shares at $50 (Broker-assisted) Min Value = 9.95 Max Value = 55.00 Variance 8.2333 44.4889 Standard Deviation 2.8694 6.6700
Range = 55.00 - 9.95 = 45.05 Q1 = 24.99 + 25.00 = 24.995 2 Q3 = 48.00 + 49.95 = 48.975 2
Interquartile range = 48.975 - 24.995 = 23.98 500 Shares at $50 (Online) Min Value = 5.00 Max Value = 62.50
Range = 62.50 - 5.00 = 57.50 Q1 = 12.95 + 14.00 = 13.475 2 Q3 = 24.95 + 24.95 = 24.95 2
3 - 10
s2 =
s = s 2 = 11.86 c. 100 Shares at $50 (Broker-assisted) s 13.81 (100%) = (100%) = 38.02% x 36.32
Coefficient of Variation =
Coefficient of Variation =
d.
Using the standard deviation as a measure, the variability seems to be greater for the broker-assisted trades. But, using the coefficient of variation as a measure, we see that the relative variability is greater for the online trades. s2 = 0.0021 Production should not be shut down since the variance is less than .005. Quarter milers s = 0.0564 Coefficient of Variation = (s/ x )100% = (0.0564/0.966)100% = 5.8% Milers s = 0.1295 Coefficient of Variation = (s/ x )100% = (0.1295/4.534)100% = 2.9% Yes; the coefficient of variation shows that as a percentage of the mean the quarter milers times show more variability. x= xi 75 = = 15 n 5
23. 24.
25.
3 - 11
Chapter 3
s2 =
( xi x ) 2 = n 1 z=
64 =4 4
10
10 15 = 1.25 4 20 15 = +1.25 4
20
z=
12 17
16
26.
z=
520 500 = +.20 100 650 500 = +1.50 100 500 500 = 0.00 100 450 500 = 0.50 100 280 500 = 2.20 100 40 30 =2 5 45 30 =3 5 38 30 = 1.6 5 42 30 = 2.4 5 48 30 = 3.6 5 1 1 = 0.75 At least 75% 22 1 = 0.89 At least 89% 32 1 = 0.61 At least 61% 1.62 1 = 0.83 At least 83% 2.42 1 = 0.92 At least 92% 3.6 2
z=
z=
z=
z=
27. a.
z=
b.
z=
c.
z=
d.
z=
e.
z=
3 - 12
28. a. b. c. 29. a.
Approximately 95% Almost all Approximately 68% This is from 2 standard deviations below the mean to 2 standard deviations above the mean. With z = 2, Chebyshevs theorem gives: 1 1 1 1 3 = 1 2 = 1 = 2 z 2 4 4
Therefore, at least 75% of adults sleep between 6.8 and 10.0 hours per day. b. This is from 2.5 standard deviations below the mean to 2.5 standard deviations above the mean. With z = 2.5, Chebyshevs theorem gives: 1 1 1 1 = 1 = 1 = .84 2 2 z 2.5 6.25
Therefore, at least 84% of adults sleep between 6.4 and 10.4 hours per day. c. With z = 2, the empirical rule suggests that 95% of adults sleep between 6.8and 10.0 hours per day. The percentage obtained using the empirical rule is greater than the percentage obtained using Chebyshevs theorem. 2 hours is 1 standard deviation below the mean. Thus, the empirical rule suggests that 68% of the kids watch television between 2 and 4 hours per day. Since a bell-shaped distribution is symmetric, approximately, 34% of the kids watch television between 2 and 3 hours per day. 1 hour is 2 standard deviations below the mean. Thus, the empirical rule suggests that 95% of the kids watch television between 1 and 5 hours per day. Since a bell-shaped distribution is symmetric, approximately, 47.5% of the kids watch television between 1 and 3 hours per day. In part (a) we concluded that approximately 34% of the kids watch television between 2 and 3 hours per day; thus, approximately 34% of the kids watch television between 3 and 4 hours per day. Hence, approximately 47.5% + 34% = 81.5% of kids watch television between 1 and 4 hours per day. Since 34% of the kids watch television between 3 and 4 hours per day, 50% - 34% = 16% of the kids watch television more than 4 hours per day. Approximately 68% of scores are within 1 standard deviation from the mean. Approximately 95% of scores are within 2 standard deviations from the mean. Approximately (100% - 95%) / 2 = 2.5% of scores are over 130. Yes, almost all IQ scores are less than 145.
30. a.
b.
c.
31. a. b. c. d.
3 - 13
Chapter 3
32. a.
z=
b.
z=
c.
The z-score in part a indicates that the value is 0.95 standard deviations below the mean. The zscore in part b indicates that the value is 3.90 standard deviations above the mean. The labor cost in part b is an outlier and should be reviewed for accuracy.
33. a. b.
Therefore, at least 75% of benefits managers have an annual salary between NT$36,580 and NT$50,380. c. The histogram of the salary data is shown below:
16 14 12 10
Frequency
44-46
46-48
48-50
3 - 14
Visual inspection of the histogram and the skewness measure of .53 indicate that it is moderately skewed to the right. Although the distribution is not perfectly bell shaped, it does appear that the distribution of annual salaries for benefit managers is NOT symmetric. d. With z = 2, the empirical rule suggests that 95% of industry and service workers have an annual salary between NT$36,580 and NT$50,380. The percentage is much higher than obtained using Chebyshevs theorem, but requires the assumption that the distribution of monthly salary is bell shaped. There are no outliers because all the observations are within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
e. 34. a. b.
c.
Thus, a winning margin of 32 points is not an outlier (z = 1.94 < 3). Because a winning margin of 32 points is farthest from the mean, none of the other data values can have a z-score that is less than 3 or greater than 3 and hence we conclude that there are no outliers x= xi 79.86 = = 3.99 n 20 4.17 + 4.20 = 4.185 (average of 10th and 11th values) 2
35. a.
Median =
b.
Q1 = 4.00 (average of 5th and 6th values) Q3 = 4.50 (average of 15th and 16th values) s= ( xi x ) 2 12.5080 = = 0.8114 n 1 19
c.
3 - 15
Chapter 3
d. e.
The distribution is significantly skewed to the left. Allison One: z = 4.12 3.99 016 . 0.8114 2.32 3.99 2.06 0.8114
f.
The lowest rating is for the Bose 501 Series. Its z-score is: z= 2.14 3.99 2.28 0.8114
This is not an outlier so there are no outliers. 36. 15, 20, 25, 25, 27, 28, 30, 34 Smallest = 15 i= 25 (8) = 2 100 25 + 27 = 26 2 Q3 = 28 + 30 = 29 2 Q1 = 20 + 25 = 22.5 2
Median =
i=
75 (8) = 8 100
Largest = 34
37.
20
25
30
35
3 - 16
Largest = 18
10
15
20
Five number summary: 5 9.6 14.5 19.2 52.7 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 19.2 - 9.6 = 9.6 Lower Limit: Upper Limit: Q1 - 1.5 (IQR) = 9.6 - 1.5(9.6) = -4.8 Q3 + 1.5(IQR) = 19.2 + 1.5(9.6) = 33.6
c.
The data value 41.6 is an outlier (larger than the upper limit) and so is the data value 52.7. The financial analyst should first verify that these values are correct. Perhaps a typing error has caused 25.7 to be typed as 52.7 (or 14.6 to be typed as 41.6). If the outliers are correct, the analyst might consider these companies with an unusually large return on equity as good investment candidates.
d.
-10 41. a.
20
35
50
65
3 - 17
Chapter 3
i=
Q3 (16th position) = 8305 608, 1872, 4019, 8305, 14138 b. Limits: IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 8305 - 1872 = 6433 Lower Limit: Upper Limit: c. d. Q1 - 1.5 (IQR) = -7777 Q3 + 1.5 (IQR) = 17955
There are no outliers, all data are within the limits. Yes, if the first two digits in Johnson and Johnson's sales were transposed to 41,138, sales would have shown up as an outlier. A review of the data would have enabled the correction of the data.
e.
0 42. a. b. c.
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
15,000
Mean = 105.7933 Median = 52.7 Q1 = 15.7 Q3 = 78.3 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 78.3 - 15.7 = 62.6 Lower limit for box plot = Q1 - 1.5(IQR) = 15.7 - 1.5(62.6) = -78.2 Upper limit for box plot = Q3 + 1.5 (IQR) = 78.3 + 1.5(62.6) = 172.2 Note: Because the number of shares covered by options grants cannot be negative, the lower limit for the box plot is set at 0. Thus, outliers are values in the data set greater than 172.2.
3 - 18
Outliers: Silicon Graphics (188.8) and ToysRUs (247.6) d. 43. a. Mean percentage = 26.73. The current percentage is much greater. Five Number Summary (Midsize) 51 71.5 81.5 96.5 128 Five Number Summary (Small) 73 101 108.5 121 140 b. Box Plots Midsize
50 Small Size
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
50 c. 44. a. b. c.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
The midsize cars appear to be safer than the small cars. x = 37.48 Median = 23.67 Q1 = 7.91 Q3 = 51.92 IQR = 51.92 - 7.91 = 44.01 Lower Limit: Upper Limit: Q1 - 1.5(IQR) = 7.91 - 1.5(44.01) = -58.11 Q3 + 1.5(IQR) = 51.92 + 1.5(44.01) = 117.94
Russia, with a percent change of 125.89, is an outlier. Turkey, with a percent change of 254.45 is another outlier. d. With a percent change of 22.64, the United States is just below the 50th percentile - the median.
3 - 19
Chapter 3
70 60 50 40 y 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 x 15 20
45. a. b.
c/d. xi = 40
( xi x )( yi y ) = 240 sxy =
( xi x ) 2 = 118
sx =
sy =
rxy =
60 = 0.969 (5.4314)(11.4018)
3 - 20
46. a.
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 x 20 25 30
b.
Positive relationship x= 80 = 16 5 yi = 50 y= 50 = 10 5 ( yi y ) 2 = 86
c/d. xi = 80
( xi x )( yi y ) = 106 sxy =
( xi x ) 2 = 272
sx =
3 - 21
Chapter 3
47. a.
750 700 650 y = SAT 600 550 500 450 400 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 x = GPA 3.4 3.6 3.8
b.
c/d. xi = 19.8
( xi x )( yi y ) = 143 sxy =
( xi x ) 2 = 0.74
( yi y ) 2 = 36,400
sx =
sy =
rxy =
3 - 22
xi = 420
x=
yi = 270
y=
( xi x )( yi y ) = 475 sxy =
( xi x ) 2 = 1660
sx =
sy =
rxy =
A strong negative linear relationship 49. a. b. 50. a. b. 51. The sample correlation coefficient is .78. There is a positive linear relationship between the performance score and the overall rating. The sample correlation coefficient is .92. There is a strong positive linear relationship between the two variables. The sample correlation coefficient is .88. This indicates a strong positive linear relationship between the daily high and low temperatures. x= wi xi 6(3.2) + 3(2) + 2(2.5) + 8(5) 70.2 = = = 3.69 wi 6+ 3+ 2 +8 19
52. a.
b. 53.
fi 4 7 9 5 25 x= f i M i 325 = = 13 n 25
Mi 5 10 15 20
3 - 23
fi 4 7 9 5
Mi 5 10 15 20
s2 =
f i ( M i x ) 2 600 = = 25 n 1 24
s = 25 = 5 54. a. Grade xi 4 (A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0 (F) Weight Wi 9 15 33 3 0 60 Credit Hours
x=
b.
Yes; satisfies the 2.5 grade point average requirement x= wi xi 3000(15) + 5500(14) + 4200(12) + 3000(25) + 3000(20) + 3800(12) + 2500(35) = wi 3000 + 5500 + 4200 + 3000 + 3000 + 3800 + 2500 440,500 = 17.62% 25, 000 wi xi 3000(1.21) + 5500(1.48) + 4200(1.72) + 3000(0) + 3000(.96) + 3800(2.48) + 2500(0) = wi 3000 + 5500 + 4200 + 3000 + 3000 + 3800 + 2500 31, 298 = 1.25% 25, 000
55. a.
b.
x=
56. Mi 2 7 12 17 22 27 fi 74 192 280 105 23 6 680 fi Mi 148 1,344 3,360 1,785 506 162 7,305 Mi x -8.742647 -3.742647 1.257353 6.257353 11.257353 16.257353 (M i x )2 76.433877 14.007407 1.580937 39.154467 126.728000 264.301530 fi ( M i x )2 5,656.1069 2,689.4221 442.6622 4,111.2190 2,914.7439 1,585.8092 17,399.9630
3 - 24
x=
s2 =
s = 5.06 Estimate of total gallons sold: (10.74)(120) = 1288.8 57. a. Class 0 1 2 3 4 Totals x= i fM i 1745 = = 3.49 n 500 fi 15 10 40 85 350 500 Mi 0 1 2 3 4 fi Mi 0 10 80 255 1400 1745
b. Mi x -3.49 -2.49 -1.49 -0.49 +0.51 ( Mi x )2 12.18 6.20 2.22 0.24 0.26 Total fi ( Mi x )2 182.70 62.00 88.80 20.41 91.04 444.95
s2 =
s = 0.8917 = 0.9443
58. a.
x=
x
n
37640 = 1505.6 25
Median = 1620 (13th value) Mode = 0 (4 times) b. It appears that this group of households spent much less than the average household. The mean and median are much lower than the average of NT$ 2,117 reported in the newspaper. Q1 = 982 (7th value)
c.
3 - 25
Chapter 3
d.
Min = 0
Max = 3280
The data are significantly skewed to the left. This seems reasonable. A few people buy clothes and footwear almost all the time causing the left tail of the distribution to be longer, and the distribution is bounded below at zero. The z - score for the largest value is:
g.
z=
It is the only outlier and should be checked for accuracy. 59. a. xi = 760 x= xi 760 = = 38 n 20
The modal cash retainer is 40; it appears 4 times. b. For Q1, 25 i= 20 = 5 100 Since i is integer, Q1 = 28 + 30 = 29 2
For Q3,
3 - 26
d.
3318 = 174.6316 20 1
s = s 2 = 174.6316 = 13.2148 s 13.2148 Coefficient of variation = 100% = 100% = 34.8% x 38 x= xi 260 = = 18.57 n 14
e.
60. a.
Packard-Bell is 1.15 standard deviations slower than the mean. e. z= 12 18.57 = 0.90 7.31
IBM is 0.9 standard deviations faster than the mean. f. Check Toshiba: z= 37 18.57 = 2.52 7.31
On the basis of z - scores, Toshiba is not an outlier, but it is 2.52 standard deviations slower than the mean.
3 - 27
Chapter 3
61.
Sample mean = 7195.5 Median = 7019 (average of positions 5 and 6) Sample variance = 7,165,941 Sample standard deviation = 2676.93
62. a. b.
The sample mean is 770,010.88 and the sample standard deviation is 138,308.23. With z = 2, Chebyshevs theorem gives: 1 1 1 1 3 = 1 2 = 1 = 2 z 2 4 4
Therefore, at least 75% of household incomes are within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Using the sample mean and sample standard deviation computed in part (a), the range within 75% of household incomes must fall is 770,010.88 2(138,308.23) = 770,010.88 276,616.46 ; thus, 75% of household incomes must fall between 493,394 and 1,046,627 or NT$493,394 to NT$1,046,627. c. With z = 2, the empirical rule suggests that 95% of household incomes must fall between NT$493,394 to NT$1,046,627. For the same range, the percentage obtained using the empirical rule is greater than the percentage obtained using Chebyshevs theorem. The disposable income for Hsinchu City is 1,078,255; thus, Hsinchu City observation is an outlier. Public Transportation: x = Automobile: x = 320 = 32 10 320 = 32 10
d. 63. a.
b.
c. d.
Prefer the automobile. The mean times are the same, but the auto has less variability. Data in ascending order: Public: Auto: 25 28 29 29 32 32 33 34 37 41 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 35
3 - 28
29 31 32 33 35
Public:
24 Auto:
28
32
36
40
24
28
32
36
40
64. a.
The box plots do show lower variability with automobile transportation and support the conclusion in part c. The sample covariance is 2,614,606,406.32. Because the sample covariance is positive, there is a positive linear relationship between disposable income and rent. The sample correlation coefficient is .928; this indicates a strong linear relationship between disposable income and rent.
b.
65. a.
Let x = media expenditures ($ millions) and y = shipments in barrels (millions) 404.1 119.9 xi = 404.1 x = = 40.41 yi = 119.9 y = = 11.99 10 10 ( xi x )( yi y ) = 3763.481 sxy = ( xi x ) 2 = 19, 248.469 ( y i y ) 2 = 939.349
( xi x )( yi y ) 3763.481 = = 418.1646 n 1 10 1
b.
3 - 29
Chapter 3
sy =
rxy =
Note: The same value can also be obtained using Excel's CORREL function 66. a. b. The scatter diagram indicates a positive relationship xi = 798 yi = 11, 688 xi yi = 1, 058, 019
yi2 = 16, 058, 736 = 1, 058, 019 (798)(11, 688) / 9 71,306 (798) 2 / 9 16, 058, 736 (11, 688) 2 / 9 = .9856
xi yi ( xi yi ) / n xi2 ( xi ) / n yi2 ( yi ) / n
2 2
67. a.
b.
The sample correlation coefficient is .75; this indicates a positive linear relationship between book value and earnings. (800 + 750 + 900)/3 = 817 Month Weight January 1 February 2 March 3
68. a. b.
3 - 30
Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods wi xi 1(800) + 2(750) + 3(900) 5000 = = = 833 wi 1+ 2 + 3 6 wi xi 20(20) + 30(12) + 10(7) + 15(5) + 10(6) 965 = = = 11.4 days wi 20 + 30 + 10 + 15 + 10 85
x=
69. 70.
x=
Mi 47 52 57 62 67 72 77
a.
b.
s2 =
s = 31.23 = 5.59 71. fi 2 6 4 4 2 2 20 x= 1030 = 51.5 20 4320 = 227.37 19 Mi 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 f i Mi 59.0 237.0 198.0 238.0 139.0 159.0 1,030.0 Mi x -22 -12 -2 8 18 28 ( Mi x )2 484 144 4 64 324 784 fi ( Mi x )2 968 864 16 256 648 1568 4320
s=
s = 15.08
3 - 31