Molecules and Ions

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Molecules
Two or more atoms of the same or different elements, covalently bonded together. Molecules are discrete structures, and their formulas represent each atom present in the molecule.
Pentane, C5H12

Covalent Network Substances

Covalent network substances have covalently bonded atoms, but do not have discrete formulas. Why Not??

Graphene carbon allotrope

Ions
Cation: A positive ion Mg2+, NH4+ Anion: A negative ion Cl-, SO42Ionic Bonding: Force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. Ionic compounds form crystals, so their formulas are written empirically (lowest whole number ratio of ions).

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 1: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions
H+ Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 2: Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+

Predicting Ionic Charges

B3+ Al3+ Ga3+
Group 13: Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions

Predicting Ionic Charges

Caution! and are both called carbide C22C4-

Group 14: Loses 4 electrons or gains 4 electrons

Predicting Ionic Charges

N3- Nitride P3- Phosphide As3- Arsenide
Group 15: Gains 3 electrons to form 3- ions

Predicting Ionic Charges

O2- Oxide S2- Sulfide Se2- Selenide
Group 16: Gains 2 electrons to form 2- ions

Predicting Ionic Charges

F1Cl1Br1I1Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Group 17: Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions

Predicting Ionic Charges

Group 18: Stable Noble gases do not form ions!

Groups 3 - 12: Many transition metals have more than one possible oxidation state. Iron(II) = Fe2+ Iron(III) = Fe3+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Groups 3 - 12: Some transition metals have only one possible oxidation state. Zinc = Zn2+ Silver = Ag+

Predicting Ionic Charges

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Barium nitrate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced.

3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.

Ba2+ ( NO3- ) 2
Not balanced

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Ammonium sulfate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. 3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.

( NH4

+)

Not balanced

SO42-

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Iron(III) chloride 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. 3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.

Fe3+ Cl-

Not balanced

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Aluminum sulfide 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced.

3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.

3+ Al

2S

Not balanced

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Magnesium carbonate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced.

2+ Mg

CO32-

They are balanced

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Zinc hydroxide 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced. 3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts. Use parentheses if you need more than one of a polyatomic ion.

Zn2+ ( OH- ) 2
Not balanced

Writing Ionic Compound Formulas

Example: Aluminum phosphate 1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion, including CHARGES! 2. Check to see if charges are balanced.

Al3+ PO43They ARE balanced

Naming Ionic Compounds

Cation first, then anion Monatomic cation = name of the element Ca2+ = calcium ion Monatomic anion = root + -ide Cl- = chloride CaCl2 = calcium chloride

Naming Ionic Compounds

Metals with multiple oxidation states

some metal forms more than one cation use Roman numeral in name
PbCl2 Pb2+ is cation PbCl2 = lead(II) chloride

Binary Molecular Compounds

Compounds between two nonmetals First element in the formula is named first. Keeps its element name Gets a prefix if there is a subscript on it Second element is named second Use the root of the element name plus the -ide suffix Always use a prefix on the second element

 1 = mon(o) 2 = di 3 = tri 4 = tetra 5 = penta 6 = hexa 7 = hepta 8 = octa 9 = nona 10 = deka

List of Prefixes

Naming Binary Compounds

P2O5 = diphosphorus pentoxide
CO2 = carbon dioxide CO = carbon monoxide

N2O = dinitrogen monoxide

Practice Write the Formula

Compound Name
Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Diphosphorus pentoxide Dinitrogen monoxide Silicon dioxide

Compound Formula

Carbon tetrabromide
Sulfur dioxide Phosphorus pentabromide

Iodine trichloride
Nitrogen triiodide Dinitrogen trioxide

Check next slide for answers

Answers Write the Formula

Compound Name
Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Diphosphorus pentoxide Dinitrogen monoxide Silicon dioxide

Compound Formula
CO2 CO P2O5 N2O SiO2

Carbon tetrabromide
Sulfur dioxide Phosphorus pentabromide

CBr4
SO2 PBr5

Iodine trichloride
Nitrogen triiodide Dinitrogen trioxide

ICl3
NI3 N2O3

Practice Name the Compounds

Compound Formula
N2O4

Compound Name

SO3
NO NO2 As2O5 PCl3 CCl4 H2O SeF6 Check next slide for answers

Answers Name the Compounds

Compound Formula
N2O4

Compound Name
dinitrogen tetroxide

SO3
NO NO2 As2O5 PCl3 CCl4 H2O SeF6

sulfur trioxide
nitrogen monoxide nitrogen dioxide diarsenic pentoxide phosphorus trichloride carbon tetrachloride dinitrogen monoxide selenium hexafluoride