MRSM BALING KEDAH

PBS ENGLISH BAND 6

Name: Siti Mazenah Dienta Rochani binti Mohamed Tajudin Class:

1D (Jauzi) : Music

Topic

Introduction
As an obligatory evidence for PBS, this scrapbook is for the Band 6 English Assessment. After given a list of topics to pick from, I have chosen 'Music' as the topic of my scrapbook. I hope my work satisfies your expectations.

The word "music" derives from Greek (mousike; "art of the Muses"). Music is an ever evolving subject and activity that has different genres and types, not to mention the various applications of music to various situations in life, such as in enjoyment and entertainment, therapy, military applications and productivity in the work place. To fully grasp music within an historical context to yield full appreciation and thorough understanding of this most mysterious art form/language, one must approach it from a Neanderthal understanding. Music has three elements: Rhythm; Melody; and Harmony.

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A Brief History
People have been making music almost as long as there have been people, probably for at least a hundred thousand years. The earliest music, in Africa, was probably clapping hands and singing. Soon people also begun to bang on hollow logs and knock sticks together to make louder sounds; these were the earliest percussion instruments.

By about 3100 BC (if not earlier) musicians in West Asia and Egypt were making instruments that could produce different pitches: high and low notes. The first wind instruments may have come from Egypt, even before the beginning of the Old Kingdom. These were hollow reed pipes with holes in them to put your fingers on to vary the pitch.

Hollow Reed Pipes

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Some probably had reeds in one end that you put in your mouth, like a modern clarinet. Musicians sometimes played one pipe, and sometimes played two pipes at the same time, one with fingers of each hand. By about 1800 BC, in the Shang Dynasty (if not earlier), people were also playing pipes in China.

Chinese Pipes

The earliest stringed instruments may have come from West Asia, where the Sumerians built thin lyres as early as 3000 BC. By 2500 BC people in northern Syria are also playing lyres, and by about 1900 BC, in the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian musicians had also learned to play the lyre, though lyres did not become common in Egypt until the New Kingdom. By 200 BC, people were playing stringed instruments like the Qin in China, too. The earliest lutes- a lyre with a neck like a modern mandolin- were also from West Asia.

Lyres

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We don't know what this early music sounded like, because there was no way to write down notes or to record music. We can tell from pictures and from descriptions that people sometime played their instruments alone and sometimes in groups, and they probably played songs with verses and choruses as we do today.

Ancient Egyptians with music

By about 1500 BC, in the New Kingdom, people in Egypt were playing bronze trumpets as well as flutes. (But it's possible that trumpets existed as early as the Old Kingdom). At the first musicians seem to have mostly played trumpets for the army. They were also blowing through cow and goat horns to make music.

Trumpets

Cow horns

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Around 300 BC, Greek musicians worked out ways of writing down notes to describe songs. Soon afterward, thanks to the Greek conquest of Egypt, Egyptian musicians are also used the Greek method to write down songs.

In the Middle Ages, about 1000 AD, Christian monks in Europe began to use a new method of writing down notes, the ancestor of the system we use today.

Chords

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Shows
Musical performance may refer to:

Concert Performance Recital Audition: a performance in front of a panel of judges Concerto: a virtuoso solo work (in the Classical style) Musical technique

Concert

Performance

Recital

Audition

Concerto

Musical technique

1. CONCERT
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A concert is a live performance before an audience. The performance may be by a single musician, (also known as solo artists) or by a musical ensemble such as orchestra, choir or a musical band. Concerts are held in a wide variety and size of settings, from private houses to entertainment centers and even sport stadiums. Indoor concerts are called "arena concerts". Regardless of venues, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment. Before recorded music, concerts would provide the only opportunity one would generally hear musicians play. Informal names for concerts include "music show" and "gig".

A concert in Sydney

Some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. In order to create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, the artist will frequently include additional entertainment devices within their concerts. These tend to include elaborate stage lighting; an image magnification (IMAG) system and/or pre-recorded video; inflatable, artwork or other set pieces; various special effects such as theatrical smoke and fog and unusual costumes or wardrobe. Some singers, especially in genres of popular music, augment the sound of their concerts with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singer's own voice. Activities which may take place during these concerts include dancing and sing along. Some performers well known for including these elements in their performances include: Lady Gaga, Michael Jackson and Madonna.

2. MUSICAL PERFORMANCE
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A performance, in performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers behave in a particular way for another group of people, the audience. Choral music is an example. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand. Afterwards audience members often applaud.

Theatrical performances can take place daily or at some other regular interval. Performances can take place at designated performance spaces (such as a theatre or concert hall), or in a non-conventional space, such as a subway station, on the street, or in someone's home.

The American TV show "Glee" is the most popular reference to modern musical performance, blending in elements of pop, rock and country with dancing.

3. MUSICAL RECITAL PBS ENGLISH BAND 6 Page 9

A recital is a musical (vocal or instrumental) performance. It can highlight a single performer, sometimes accompanied by piano, or a performance of the works of a single composer. The invention of the solo piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt.

A piano recital is a formal concert that usually features students who are currently studying piano performance. Each student typically performs one piece before leaving the stage, letting another student come on stage. Because a recital is a formal concert, it is often required that the performers dress in a tuxedo or a dress and that audience members dress formally as well. Talking during a recital is frowned upon and, depending on the director, audience members may be called out and reminded to be silent.

4. AUDITION
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An audition is a sample performance by a singer, musician or other performers. It typically involves the performer displaying their talent through a previously memorized and rehearsed solo piece or by performing a work or piece given to the performer at the audition or shortly before. Singers will perform a song in a popular music context or an aria in a Classical context.

Auditions are required for many reasons in the music world. Often, employing companies or groups use auditions to select musicians for upcoming shows or productions. An audition for a performing opportunity may be for a single performance (e.g., doing a charity concert), for a series or season of performances (a season of a Broadway play), or for permanent employment with the performing organization (e.g., an orchestra or dance troupe). Auditions for performing opportunities may be for amateur, school, or community organizations, in which case the performers will typically not be paid.

5. CONCERTO
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A concerto (from the Italian: concerto, plural concerti or, often, the anglicised form concertos) is a musical composition usually composed in three parts or movements, in which (usually) one solo instrument (for instance, a piano, violin, cello or flute) is accompanied by an orchestra.

The concerto, as understood in this modern way, arose in the Baroque period side by side with the concerto grosso, which contrasted a small group of instruments with the rest of the orchestra. The popularity of the concerto grosso form declined after the Baroque period, and the genre was not revived until the 20th century. The solo concerto, however, has remained a vital musical force from its inception to this day.

6. MUSICAL TECHNIQUES
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Musical technique is the ability of instrumental and vocal musicians to exert optimal control of their instruments or vocal chords in order to produce the precise musical effects they desire. Improving one's technique generally entails practicing exercises that improve one's muscular sensitivity and agility. Technique is independent of musicality.

To improve their technique, musicians often practice fundamental patterns of notes such as the natural, minor, major, and chromatic scales, minor and major triads, dominant and diminished sevenths, formula patterns and arpeggios. For example, triads and seventh octave teach how to play chords with accuracy and speed. Scales teach how to move quickly and gracefully from one note to another (usually by step). Arpeggios teach how to play broken chords over larger intervals. Many of these components of music are found in difficult compositions, for example, a large tuple chromatic scale is a very common element to classical and romantic era compositions as part of the end of a phrase. Heinrich argued that musical technique's "most striking and distinctive characteristic" is repetition.

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Musical Instruments
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrumentit is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of human culture. The purpose of early musical instruments was ritual: a hunter might use a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a shaman might use a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures later developed the processes of composing and performing melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications.

Guitar

Piano

Trumpet

Drums

Violin

Flute

Banjo

Tambourine

Oboe

Saxophone

Clarinet

Bass

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Broadway Musicals
Broadway Musicals are a theatrical performance presented in one of the 40 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theatre District centered along Broadway, and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan in New York City. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway Musicals are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.

Musical theatre is a form of theatre that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of the piece humor, pathos, love, anger are communicated through the words, music, movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole. Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance, it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue, movement and other elements of the works. Since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals.

The Black Crook (1866), first staged musical

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Since the earliest days of the theatre, music has played an important part in stage drama. In Greek drama in the fifth century BC, choruses were written to be chanted and danced between the spoken sections of both tragedies and comedies. Only fragments of the music have survived. Attempts to recreate the form for revivals from the Renaissance to modern times have branched in several directions. Composers from Andrea Gabrieli to Mendelssohn to Vaughan Williams have composed chorus music for productions of plays by Sophocles, Aristophanes and others. Playwrights including Racine, Yeats and Brecht wrote original plays in styles derived from ancient drama, with sung commentaries by a chorus or narrator. In late 16th century Florence, attempts to revive ancient Greek drama, with sung vocal contributions, developed into the modern genre of opera. Folk theatre has always deployed dance music and song.

A musical play

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One of the most popular Broadway musicals is Phantom of the Opera.

The Phantom of the Opera is a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, based on the French novel Le Fantme de l'Opra by Gaston Leroux. It is considered by many to be the most successful musical of all time and is also the longest running show in Broadway history. It is about a relationship between Christine, Raul and the Phantom. Christine was adopted by Madame Geri and grew up in the Opera House where she was coached by a secret "angel of music"-the phantom. He fell in love with her and revealed to her. But his love soon overtakes him and makes him act violently, murdering people. The characters sang and their dialogues are often expressed in the lyrics. The phantom reveals at a Masquerade ball and demands that the next opera be Don Juan. Here he terrifies Christine, and she rips of his mask, revealing his scarred hideous face. He takes her down into an underground lair below the Opera House where there is a lake and Raul follows. Here, the Phantom makes Christine chose himself or Raul. She kisses the Phantom and tells him that his soul is scarred, not his face He frees them both and she and Raul leave the Opera House as it burns. She and Raul stay together until her death and the Phantom makes one last mysterious appearance at her grave- a rose with a black ribbon and the ring.
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Scenes from the critically acclaimed Broadway musical, Phantom of the Opera

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OTHER FAMOUS BROADWAY MUSICALS

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Modern Music
Music has evolved over time and drastic improvements and developments have taken place from time to time (i.e. in every musical period). It was in the early 20th century when the Modern era started, which means it started hundred years back. People were used to slow and calm forms of music, until modern music came into the scene. Modern music was different and people found it hard to listen to since most of the tunes, themes and melodies were strange to them, and mostly fast paced. Hence, modern music was also known as ugly music, initially. It was the huge changes during that period that led to the origination of modern music. Drastic changes such as the First World War, scientific discoveries and the turn down of religion and religious activities, during that period brought about confusion in the minds of people. People became violent, vigilant, restless and also more dynamic and those changes in that era influenced the way how people thought. Hence, changes were reflected in the music created during that period too. Musicians and artistes thought that the creation or composition of new sounds were a must to express those feelings that were created by the modern world. Hence, music took huge leaps and bounds during this period, which made modern music different from all other kinds of music in the past. These changes involved the making of new rules and methods, thus taking musical expression into a completely different direction. Sound effects and complex rhythms took precedence over pleasing musical themes with the widening and expansion of musical horizons and dimensions. This made modern music more complex.

It is this creation of new rules and limits that placed a lot of tension and pressure
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on the minds of people, mainly the listeners, musicians and composers, and it is due to this we could see major changes in modern music relative to others forms. Rap, Hip hop, Jazz and Rock music are some types of modern music, and John Cage, Shostakovich, Hindemith, Stravinsky and Bartok are among the famous composers in that era. Another reason for the changes in the sounds and styles of music were the constant innovations and developments that took place with respect to the music-related technology. However, it is a fact that modern music is preferred among most of the young crowd, and hence is widely accepted.

Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry and One Direction are examples of modern music

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Power of Music 1. Music A 'Mega-Vitamin' For The Brain

When Nina Temple was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2000, then aged 44, she quickly became depressed, barely venturing out of her house as she struggled to come to terms with living with the chronic condition. "I was thinking of all the things which I wished I'd done with my life and I wouldn't be able to do. And then I started thinking about all the things that I still actually could do and singing was one of those," Temple told CNN. Along with a fellow Parkinson's sufferer, Temple decided, on a whim, to form a choir. The pair placed notices in doctor's surgeries inviting others to join them and advertised for a singing teacher. By 2003, with the help of funding from the Parkinson's Disease Society, the resulting ensemble "Sing For Joy" was up and running, rehearsing weekly and soon graduating to public performances. The group now consists of around two dozen singers, including sufferers of Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis, others recovering from conditions including stroke or cancer, plus their careers, family and friends. Led by acclaimed jazz performer Carol Grimes, the group's genre-defying repertoire ranges from Cole Porter classics to ethnic punk. "It's quite easy to get overwhelmed by the disease and having something that you do every week that makes you forget all your troubles and keeps you from feeling isolated is a great pleasure," says Temple. But singing also has physical and neurological benefits for the choir's members. A common symptom of Parkinson's disease and similar conditions is voice loss and each week the group begins its rehearsals with vocal exercises worked out with speech therapists. "All neurological conditions affect the throat because it has so many muscles," says Sarah Benton, another choir member with multiple sclerosis. "So singing, which makes you lift up your body and expand your lungs, is perfect for neurological diseases." While "Sing for Joy's" DIY-style music therapy has provided obvious social, mental and physical benefits for its members, there is a growing body of clinical evidence suggesting that music can play a key role in aiding recovery or helping sufferers cope with a broad range of brain-based conditions.
June 02, 2009|By Simon Hooper CNN

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2. It's a real heart opener - Music influence

If you didn't catch the white coat and the stethoscope, you might take Dr. Mike Miller for a middleaged rocker, roaming the halls of the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore. For years, Miller, a research cardiologist, has been studying the effects of happiness -- or things that make people happy -- on our hearts. He began his research with laughter, and found watching funny movies and laughing at them could actually open up blood vessels, allowing blood to circulate more freely. Miller thought, if laughter can do that, why not music? So, he tested the effects of music on the cardiovascular system. "Turns out music may be one of the best de-stressors -- either by playing or even listening to music," said Miller. The setup was basically the same as with the laughter study: Using high-tech imaging, Miller measured blood vessel size as people listened to music. The results did not surprise Miller. "The inner lining of the blood vessel relaxed, opened up and produced chemicals that are protective to the heart," he said. But when participants listened to music they didn't particularly enjoy, Miller said, "the vessels actually began to close up." That's exactly what tension -- or stress -- does. Long-term stress can wreak havoc on the cardiovascular system. Over time, it can cause blood vessels to stiffen and become rigid, constricting blood flow. As people get older, arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, becomes a problem. Constricted vessels can cause blood pressure to rise and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Stress can also suppress the immune system, contribute to infertility and impotence, speed the aging process and even rewire the brain, leaving people more vulnerable to anxiety and depression. But music can counter the effects of stress. "It gives us an overall feeling of good, well-being -- a sense of euphoria in some cases," Miller said. A recent study out of Stanford University found elderly patients who were diagnosed with depression gained self-esteem and saw an improvement in their mood when they were visited by a music therapist.
May 11, 2009|By Val Willingham CNN Medical Producer

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Summary
Throughout history, in all cultures, music has been an integral part of human life. The value of music on a man's emotional life has been generally recognized. Its essence being the harmonious production of melodious sound. The primitive or the unsophisticated man, after the day's toils and troubles, found ease and relaxed in music and dance: rhythm itself is a great tranquilizer. At the other end of the scale of civilization, lie great thinkers and scientists who refresh their tired brain by music. Thus, music has the undoubted power of composing emotional disturbance and restoring the mind to tranquility. Hence, the value of music in an educational system has been generally recognized in the West where boys and girls are given a basic training in the rudiments of music at the school stage. Study of music also will train our taste and our ears, so that in course of time we will be accepting nothing that is not of high excellence. Therefore, the sooner music is incorporated as compulsory subject of study; the better it will be for our national culture. In the golden years, you may not be able to jog around the park, but you can sing or play an instrument. Music is a gift you can give children that will last a lifetime. Hope you enjoy my work

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References
1. articles.cnn.com 2. tumblr.com 3. wikiHow.com 4. wikipedia.com 5. wikiask.com 6. broadway.com 7. musicinlife.hull.com 8. tgravesarte360.blogspot.com 9. Galaxie Magazine 10. Books

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