International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Performance Analysis and Power Distribution of OFDM Using M-PSK and M-QAM in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading Channel
S. Sarangi1, J. Mohanty2, S. Swain3 and S. Dash4
1, 2, 3, 4

Eastern Academy of Science & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Abstract: A mobile radio channel is characterized by a multipath fading environment.

Due to reception of multiple copies of transmitted signal ISI results. OFDM technology promises to be a key technique for achieving the high data capacity and spectral efficiency requirements for wireless communication systems. The purpose of this paper is to use a Mat-lab simulation of OFDM to see how the Bit Error Ratio (BER) of a transmission varies when M-PSK and M-QAM modulation scheme is used in different channel. Further depending upon the carrier to noise ratio of dm transmitter allocates different power to strong and weak channels using water-filling algorithm. Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Eb/No, M-Phase Shift keying(M-PSK), M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM).

INTRODUCTION
A common problem found in high-speed data communication is inter-symbol interference (ISI). ISI occurs when a transmission interferes with itself and the receiver cannot decode the transmission correctly. In a wireless communication system the same transmission is sent in all directions. As the signal reflects from large objects such as mountains or buildings, the receiver receives more than one copy of the signal. In communication terminology, this is called multipath. Since the indirect paths take more time to travel to the receiver as compared to line of sight path, the delayed copies of the signal interfere with the direct signal, causing ISI. OFDM is especially suitable for high-speed communication due to its resistance to ISI. Since the delay time caused by multipath remains constant, ISI becomes a limitation in high-data-rate communication. OFDM avoids this problem by sending many low speed transmissions simultaneously. OFDM is a relatively new spectrally efficient digital modulation scheme which employs multiple carriers that are mutually orthogonal to one another over a given time interval [2]. Each carrier, consisting of a pair of sine wave and a cosine wave, is referred as a sub-carrier. Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and Fast Fourier transform(FFT) in OFDM system are used to multiplex the signals together and decode the signal at the receiver respectively. The system adds cyclic prefixes (CP) before transmitting the signal in order to increase the delay spread of the channel so that it becomes longer than the channel impulse response. The purpose of doing this is to minimize inter-symbol interference (ISI). However, the CP has the disadvantage of reducing the spectral containment of the channels. Usually, the modulation operation is carried out at the baseband level and the baseband-modulated signal is translated in the frequency domain by frequency up-conversion to the required radio frequency band. A data symbol consists of several bits and the symbol is used to modulate all the carriers simultaneously. The symbol rate and the sub carrier spacing are so chosen that all the carriers are orthogonal over one OFDM symbol duration. The two main drawbacks of OFDM are the large dynamic range of the signals being 89
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

transmitted and the sensitivity to frequency errors. The purpose of this paper is to perform simulation study on the OFDM particularly using M-PSK and M-QAM modulator in two channel conditions (AWGN and Rayleigh).

BASIC OFDM SYSTEM

The block diagram of OFDM system is shown in Figure.1. The data in random binary form is first being modulated by modulator (M-PSK,M-QAM) to generate the symbols X (k).These symbols are then input into the IFFT block. This involves taking N parallel streams of modulated symbols (N being the number of sub-carriers used in the transmission of the data) and performing an IFFT operation on this parallel stream. Mathematically if X (k) represents a sequence of N complex modulating symbols, the complex baseband modulated OFDM symbol is represented as
~

x (t )

1 N

X (k ) e
k 0

N 1 ~

j 2f 0 t

, 0 t T and k = 0,1,..,(N-1) .(1)

Figure:1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OFDM SYSTEM The cyclic prefix (CP) is lastly added before transmission to minimize the inter-symbol interference (ISI). At the receiver, the process is reversed to obtain the decoded data.[7-8] MODULATION SCHEMES OF OFDM SYSTEM OFDM normally referred as wideband modulation scheme uses different digital modulation schemes. The sinusoids can be generated easily and the orthogonality between a sine and a cosine carrier of the same frequency can be exploited to modulate information bearing signals so that the information can be received reliably at the receiver. In this paper the OFDM system is simulated using M-PSK and M-QAM modulation schemes. PSK is a modulation scheme conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a reference signal. A finite number of phases are used to represent digital data. Each of these phases is assigned a unique pattern of binary word consisting equal bits. Each pattern of bits forms the 90
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

symbol that is represented by the particular phase. There are two fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way (i) By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator must have a reference signal to compare the received signal's phase (ii) By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information differential schemes, some of which do not need a reference carrier. In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually positioned with uniform angular spacing around a circle because it gives maximum phaseseparation between adjacent points and thus the best immunity to corruption. Again they are positioned on a circle so that they can all be transmitted with the same energy. Since the data to be conveyed are usually binary, the PSK scheme is usually designed with the number of constellation points being a power of two. QAM also called Quadratrure Carrier Multiplexing. Is a modulation scheme which enables two DSB-SC modulated signals to occupy the same transmission bandwidth and therefore it allows for the separation of the two message signals at the receiver output. It is therefore known as a bandwidth-conservation scheme. More generally signals can be generated which are described as M-QAM or M-PSK. Here M = 2L, where L = the number of levels in each of the I and Q arms. If L = 2, then M = 4. The M defines the number of points in the signal constellation. For the cases M > 4 then M-PSK is not the same as M-QAM. [13] CHANNEL MODELS The Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel is the channel which comprises with statistically independent Gaussian noise samples corrupting data samples free of inter symbol interference (ISI). As the name indicates the channel adds white Gaussian noise to the signal that passes through it according to Gaussian distribution and also performs low pass filtering. Similarly Rayleigh fading channel is a statistical model which assumes that the power of a signal that has passed through such a transmission medium will vary randomly or fade according to a Rayleigh distribution. It is reasonable model for tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation as well as the effect of heavily built up urban environment on radio signals. Rayleigh fading is most applicable when there is no line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. According to Rayleigh fading channel model when there are large number of paths, each path can be modeled as circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable with time as the variable as far as the Central Limit Theorem is concerned. A circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable is of the form Z = X + j Y, where real and imaginary parts are zero mean independent and identically distributed Gaussian random variables. Again we have E[Z] = E[ejZ] = ej E [Z]. The statistics of a circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable is completely specified by the variance 2 = E[ Z2 ].The magnitude |Z| which has a probability density for

Z 2 P( Z ) 2 e 2 (2)
for Z 0,is called a Rayleigh random variable[10,12]

Z 2

91
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

POWER ALLOCATION OFDM modulation divides the total bandwidth into N sub channel. If the proper cyclic prefix is added to the end of each OFDM symbol then each sub channel experiences a flat fading channel. In other words OFDM converts a frequency selective channel into a set of parallel flat fading sub channels, which makes the receiver simpler. Thereby, the bandwidth of the sub-carriers becomes small compared with the coherence bandwidth of the channel, which allows simple equalization[6]. In this paper an algorithm was simulated & the result was plotted as water filling algorithm which assigns more power to sub channels which experience good condition and may assign no power to bad conditioned sub channels. Let Number of sub channels = N Total available power for each OFDM symbol = P watt Channel state information = CSI Total available bandwidth= B Hz One sided noise spectral density= NSD watt / Hz Now the sub channel noise(SCN) and carrier to noise ratio(CNR) can be calculated as.

NSD B SCN N

and

CSI 2 CNR .................................(3) SCN

The initial power allocated to sub channels is given by

1 CNR ....................................(4) InitialPower 1 N CNR P

During the power allocation process there may be some sub channels allocated with negative power because of the optimization formula (Eq.4). So the sub channels will be eliminated by using any power and the loop is repeated for the other sub channels, until all the remained ones, will be allocated the positive power and the result was plotted.[8]

SIMULATION RESULT
In this proposed work, simulation was carried out by Matlab 7.7.0.471 version with Compaq Presario Pentium Dual core Processor. The particular specification of OFDM IEEE 802.11a was taken as the parameters of simulation. The specifications are represented in Table 1

92
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

Parameter FFT size. Number of used subcarriers. FFT Sampling frequency Subcarrier spacing Used subcarrier index Cylcic prefix duration, Data symbol duration, Total Symbol duration,

Value 64 52 20MHz 312.5kHz {-26 to -1, +1 to +26} 0.8us 3.2us 4us

Table-1 OFDM Specification as per IEEE 802.11a The algorithm of the proposed study was discussed in the following way

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Step10: Step11: Step12: Step13: Step14: Step15:

Random binary sequence generation M-PSK or M-QAM modulation Modulated OFDM symbols are assigned to subcarriers Cyclic prefix addition. Convolution of each OFDM symbol with Rayleigh fading channel. The frequency response of fading channel on each symbol is computed and stored Concatenation of multiple symbols to form a long transmit sequence Adding White Gaussian Noise Grouping the received vector into multiple symbols, Cyclic prefix removal Conversion of the received symbol from time domain into frequency domain Dividing the received symbol with the early computed frequency response of the Channel Taking the desired subcarriers Demodulation and conversion to bits Counting the number of bit errors Repeating for multiple values of Eb/No

The simulation result is shown below

93
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

10

Bit error probability curve for OFDM in AWGN channel

10

-1

Bit Error Rate

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

4-PSK 8-PSK 16-PSK 32-PSK 4-QAM 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eb/No, dB 7 8 9 10

Figure 2 BER vs Eb/No for OFDM in AWGN Channel

In Figure 2 under AWGN channel the BER performance of M-PSK and M-QAM (for M =4,8,16,32) are compared. Better BER performance can be achieved with the implementation of 8-QAM

Similarly In Figure 3 under Rayleig channel the BER performance of M-PSK and M-QAM (for M =4,8,16,32) are compared. Better BER performance can be achieved with the implementation of 8-QAM

94
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

10
0

BER for OFDM in Rayleigh channel

10
Bit Error Rate

-1

10

-2

10

-3

4-PSK 8-PSK 16-PSK 32-PSK 4-QAM 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 0 5 10 15 20 Eb/No, dB 25 30 35

O Figure 3 BER vs Eb/No for OFDM in Rayleigh Channel Figure 4,5,6 shows how ofdm system allocates power to sub channels. Here water filling algorithm is used. The power like water fill the container defined by noise to carrier ratio
2.5 x 10
-6

Water filling algorithm amount of power allocated to each subchannel Noise to Carrier Ratio

1.5

0.5

8 10 subchannel indices

12

14

16

18

Figure 4 Water Filling Model(N=16,10-6 watt, NSD= -80dBm)

95
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 x 10
-5

Water filling algorithm amount of power allocated to each subchannel Noise to Carrier Ratio

10

15 20 subchannel indices

25

30

35

Figure 5 Water Filling Model(N=32,10-5 watt, NSD= -80dBm)

x 10
-8

Water filling algorithm amount of power allocated to each subchannel Noise to Carrier Ratio

10

20

30 40 subchannel indices

50

60

70

Figure 6 Water Filling Model(N=64,10-5 watt, NSD= -80dBm) 96

Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

International Journal of Creative Mathematical Sciences & Technology (IJCMST) 1(1): 89-97, 2012

ISSN (P): 2319 7811, ISSN (O): 2319 782X

CONCLUSION
This paper has outlined all the work done on studying the BER performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) under two different types of communication channels in wireless communications using M-PSK and M-QAM. From the BER curve we can conclude that M-QAM modulator is the better modulator for both AWGN and Rayleigh Channel. Similarly from the water filling model we can conclude that the OFDM transmitter assigns more power to sub channels which experience good condition(less noise to-carrier ratio) and may assign no power to bad conditioned(more noise to-carrier ratio ) sub channels in Rayleigh multipath environment.

REFERENCES
[1]. J. A. C. Bingham, "Multi-carrier modulation for data transmission: An idea whose time has come", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol.28, no. 5, pp.5-14, May 1990. [2]. Khaizuran Abdullah and Zahir M. Hussain. Studies on DWT-OFDM and FFT-OFDM Systems. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION, COMPUTER AND POWER (ICCCP09) MUSCAT, FEBRUARY 15-18, 2009. [3]. Rappaport, T.S., Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice, Second Edition Prentice Hall. [4]. Eric Phillip LAWREY. Adaptive Techniques for Multiuser OFDM, James Cook University. [5]. H. Yu, M. S. Kim, T. Jeori, S. K. Lee, Equalization scheme for OFDM Systems in long Delay Spread Channels, 15th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC, Vol. 2, September 2004, pp. 1297-1301. [6]. Mrutyunjaya Panda and Dr. Sarat Ku. Patra, Simulation Study of OFDM, COFDMand MIMO-OFDM System Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 106, Issue 7, July 2009, pp. 123-133. [7]. Deepak Gupta, Vipin B Vats,Kamal K Garg. Performance Analysis of DFT-OFDM, DCT-OFDM,and DWT-OFDM Systems in AWGN Channel. The Fourth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, DOI 10.1109/ICWMC.2008.66. [8]. Yun Hee Kim, Hong Gil Kim, Student Member, Taejoo Chang, and Hyung Myung Kim. Performance Analysis of a Coded OFDM System inTime-Varying Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channels. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 48, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 1999. [9]. R. Steele, Mobile Radio Communications, London, Pentech Press Publishers, 1992. [10]. P Malathi, P T Vanathi . Optimized Multiuser Resource Allocation scheme for OFDMMIMO system using GA and OGA . IETE Technical review Volume 25, Issue 4. [11]. N. Morinaga, N. Nakagawa, R. Kohno, New Concepts and Technologies for Achieving Highly Reliable and High Capacity Multimedia Wireless Communication Systems, IEEE Comm. Mag., Vol. 38,No. 1, Jan 1997, pp. 34-40. [12]. Chini, M.S. El-Tanany, S.A. Mahmoud, On the Performance of A Coded MCM over Multipath Rayleigh Fading Channels, Proc.ICC95, Seattle, pp. 1689-1694, Jun 95. ____________________ 97
Corresponding Author S. Sarangi, Eastern Academy of Science & Technology,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India