Unit BIOL 1: Biology and Disease 3.1.

1 Pathogens Examples Damage to cells & production of toxins Interfaces with environment Lifestyle & risk factors for CHD & cancer Risk factors associated with cancer & CHD Life style & associated risk Analysis & interpretation of data on risk factors & incidence of disease, correlation & Causation 3.1.2 Digestive system Gross structure Large small molecules, hydrolysis, absorption, assimilation. Proteins Structure of an amino acid Polypeptides, peptide bond Primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary structure Protein functions/examples Enzymes Catalysts, activation energy Lock & key, induced fit Enzyme properties (related to tertiary structure of proteins) Temperature, pH, substrate concentration Competitive & non-competitive inhibition Use lock & key to explain enzyme properties, explain why induced fit is a better model Carbohydrate digestion Salivary & pancreatic amylase Maltase(intestinal epithelium), sucrase, lactase Monosaccharide, structure of glucose Condensation, formation of lactose, maltose, sucrose Glycocidic bonds Polysaccharides/starch Lactose intolerance Test for reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars & starch 3.1.3 Cells e.g. epithelial cell from small intestine Eukaryotic cells Appearance & structure of : plasma membrane, microvilli, nucleus, mitochondrion, lysosome, ribosomes, RER, SER, Golgi Application of knowledge to explain adaptations in eukaryotic cells Principles & limitations of transmission & scanning electron microscopes Magnification: resolution Cell fractionation & ultracentrifugation

Plasma membrane Triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol Saturated, unsaturated phospholipids Emulsification test for lipids Fluid mosaic model Use fluid mosaic model to explain properties of plasma membranes Diffusion(concentration gradients: thickness of exchange surfaces) Facilitated diffusion Osmosis, water potential Active transport Absorption of glucose(co-transport with Na+), fructose & galactose Cholera Prokaryotic cells (cell wall, plasma membrane, capsule, circular DNA, flagellum, plasmid) Toxin & Cl- causing diarrhoea Oral Rehydration Solutions Be able to discuss the development of improved ORS & ethical issues of testing these on Humans. 3.1.4 Lung function Gross structure of Human lung (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) Features of alveoli epithelium Exchange of gases Pulmonary ventilation rate(tidal volume x ventilation rate) Mechanism of breathing (inspiration, expiration) Biological basis of lung disease TB (course, symptoms, transmission) Effects of fibrosis, asthma & emphysema on lung function Be able to discuss the symptoms of disease in terms of gas exchange & respiration. Be able to interpret data on pollution, smoking & lung disease Analyse & interpret data on risk factors & incidence of disease Recognise correlation & causation 3.1.5 Heart structure & function Gross structure of heart & associated blood vessels Double circulation Cardiac cycle (pressure & volume changes, valves) Myogenic stimulation :SAN, AVN, bundle of His Cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volume) Analysis of data on cardiac cycle Biological basis of heart disease Atheroma: fatty deposits in arterial walls Link between Atheroma & increased risk of aneurysm & thrombosis Myocardial infarction, interruption of blood flow to cardiac muscle

 Risk factors & CHD (diet, blood cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure) Describe & explain data associated with CHD 3.1.6 Principles of immunology Phagocytosis & lysosome Definition of antibody & antigen Antibody structure: antibody-antigen complexes Humeral (B cell )responses Cellular( T cell )responses Plasma cells, memory cells, secondary response Effect of antigenic variability e.g. `Flu Vaccination, active & passive Monoclonal antibodies, targeting of substances & cells Evaluate methodology, evidence & data relating to vaccines & monoclonal antibodies Discuss ethical issues associated with vaccines & monoclonal antibodies Explain the role of the scientific community in validating new knowledge about vaccines & monoclonal antibodies ensuring validity Discuss ways in which society uses scientific knowledge relating to vaccines & monoclonal antibodies to make informed decisions.