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The Lancet, 7olume J70, ssue 9594, Pages 125J 126J, 6 Dctober 2007
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doI:10.1016/S014067J6(07)612562 CIte or LInk UsIng 0D
ThIs artIcle can be found In the followIng collectIons: PublIc Health; Clobal Health; NutrItIon E |etabolIsm
(NutrItIon E metabolIsmother)
PublIshed DnlIne: 1J September 2007
Food, IIvestock productIon, energy, cIImate change, and heaIth
Prof Anthony J |c|Ichael Ph0
a
, John W Powles Ph0
b
, ColIn 0 8utler Ph0
a
, Prof FIcardo Uauy Ph0
c

d
Summary
Food provIdes energy and nutrIents, but Its acquIsItIon requIres energy expendIture. n posthuntergatherer socIetIes, extra
somatIc energy has greatly expanded and IntensIfIed the catchIng, gatherIng, and productIon of food. |odern relatIons between
energy, food, and health are very complex, raIsIng serIous, hIghlevel polIcy challenges. Together wIth persIstent wIdespread
undernutrItIon, overnutrItIon (and sedentarIsm) Is causIng obesIty and assocIated serIous health consequences. WorldwIde,
agrIcultural actIvIty, especIally lIvestock productIon, accounts for about a fIfth of total greenhousegas emIssIons, thus
contrIbutIng to clImate change and Its adverse health consequences, IncludIng the threat to food yIelds In many regIons. PartIcular
polIcy attentIon should be paId to the health rIsks posed by the rapId worldwIde growth In meat consumptIon, both by
exacerbatIng clImate change and by dIrectly contrIbutIng to certaIn dIseases. To prevent Increased greenhousegas emIssIons from
thIs productIon sector, both the average worldwIde consumptIon level of anImal products and the IntensIty of emIssIons from
lIvestock productIon must be reduced. An InternatIonal contractIon and convergence strategy offers a feasIble route to such a goal.
The current global average meat consumptIon Is 100 g per person per day, wIth about a tenfold varIatIon between hIgh
consumIng and lowconsumIng populatIons. 90 g per day Is proposed as a workIng global target, shared more evenly, wIth not
more than 50 g per day comIng from red meat from rumInants (Ie, cattle, sheep, goats, and other dIgastrIc grazers).
To read thIs artIcIe In fuII you wIII need to IogIn or make a payment
a NatIonal Centre for EpIdemIology and PopulatIon Health, The AustralIan NatIonal UnIversIty, Canberra, AustralIa
b nstItute of PublIc Health, CambrIdge UnIversIty, CambrIdge, UK
c NutrItIon and PublIc Health nterventIons Fesearch UnIt, London School of HygIene and TropIcal |edIcIne, London, UK
d nstItute of NutrItIon NTA, UnIversIty of ChIle, SantIago, ChIle
Correspondence to: Prof Anthony J |c|Ichael, NatIonal Centre for EpIdemIology and PopulatIon Health, The AustralIan NatIonal
UnIversIty, Canberra, ACT 0200, AustralIa
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