A figure of speech is the use of a word or words diverging from its usual meaning.

It can also be a special repetition, arrangement or omission of words with literal meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it, as in idiom, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or personification. Figures of speech often provide emphasis, freshness of expression, or clarity. However, clarity may also suffer from their use, as any figure of speech introduces an ambiguity between literal and figurative interpretation. A figure of speech is sometimes called a rhetorical figure or a locution. Metaphor As a Figure of Thought "In its broad sense, metaphor is not only a figure of speech but also a figure of thought. It is a mode of apprehension and a means of perceiving and expressing something in a radically different way. In such a sense, figurative images are not simply decorative but serve to reveal aspects of experience in a new light. simile When you compare something to something else to get a better picture of it in your head. The clouds look like cotton balls. The edge of the snow shovel is sharp like a knife. Oxymoron As an Apparent Contradiction "A contradiction in terms is also called an oxymoron. Debates are often started by asking whether a term is an oxymoron. For example, is artificial intelligence an oxymoron? Jokes are often based in oxymorons Hyperbole As Exaggeration it stands there the acme, the climax, the supremest possibility in art or nature, of bewildering, intoxicating, intolerable magnificence. One cannot make the words strong enough.'" Understatement As Beauty . . . or Sarcasm Parts of respiratory system Nose and Nasal Cavity . The nose is the uppermost part of the respiratory tract. It is made up to two bones and cartilage. It forms a hollow passage that connects the nostrils and the top of the throat. This passage is called the nasal cavity . Mouth and Pharynx The pharynx is a passageway from the back of the mouth and nose to the upper part of the esophagus and into the voice box, or larynx. The pharynx acts like a station where the food tube and the air tube meet. Larynx and Trachea . At the lower end of the pharynx is the larynx which forms part of the air tube. It is made of cartilage. One of its functions is production of voice. It does this with the help of either one of two pairs of vocal cords Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveoli . The trachea branches into two tubes-the bronchi. Each bronchus (singular of bronchi) enters the lung and branches into narrower tubes called bronchioles . The walls of the bronchi and larger bronchioles are supported by cartilage. Their walls produce mucus which is moved upward by the cilia to clear the air passage.

Aveole he alveoli have thin walls which are surrounded by blood vessels. The Lungs . We have two lungs. They lie in the chest cavity and are surrounded by the rib cage. Each lung is enclosed in the double membrane called the pleura . The pleurae are coated by fluid.

Common Respiratory Diseases Presentation Transcript

2. C O P D hronic bstructive ulmonary isease 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Includes diseases that cause airflow obstruction Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Risk Factors include environmental exposures and host factors Primary symptoms are cough, sputum production and dyspnea 5. EMPHYSEMA 6. Definition is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . It is often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals , including long-term exposure to tobacco smoke . 7. Smoking an pollution can lead to emphysema and lung cancer 9. Infectious Allergens Smoking Hereditary Air pollution agents Predisposing Factors 10. Dyspnea with insidious onset progressing to Chronic cough, sputum production severe dyspnea with slight exertion On inspection, hyper- inflated barrel chest wheezing, fatigue, and tachypnea due to air trapping, muscle wasting, and pursed- lip breathing ( pink- puffers) On auscultation, diminished breath sounds with crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, and Hyperresonance with percussion and a decrease in fremitus prolonged expiration Hypoxemia and hypercarpnia, Anorexia, weight loss, weakness, and inactivity Inflammatory reactions and infections from morning headaches in advance stages pooled secretions Clinical Manifestations 11. NURSING INTERVENTIONS Encourage the client to be in a smoking cessation program Encourage the client to do pursed- lip breathing which can help to slow and control the rate and depth of expiration, prevents lung collapse and airways Instruct the client about having a proper activity pacing Instruct client to have inspiratory muscle training Encourage lifestyle modifications Administer oxygen therapy at low volumes as prescribed 12. Nursing Management Patient education Breathing exercises Inspiratory muscle training Activity pacing Self-care activities Physical conditioning Oxygen and nutritional therapy Coping measures

13. MEDICATIONS Bronchodilators; Albuterol (Ventolin), levalbuterol (Xopenax) Corticosteriods; Budesonide ( Pulmicort), beclomethasone (Beclovent) 14. Surgical Management Bullectomy Lung Volume Reduction Surgery Lung Transplantation 15. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS 16. DEFINITION A disease of the airways The presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in each of two consecutive years. Chronic exposure to smoke or other pollutant irritates the airways, resulting in hypersecretion of mucus and inflammation, thickened bronchial walls and narrow bronchial lumen. 17. PREDISPOSING FACTORS Hereditary Exposure to irritants History of cigarette smoking Frequent respiratory infections 18. Clinical Manifestation Chronic, productive cough in winter months (earliest sign) - cough is exacerbated by cold weather, dampness, and pulmonary irritants Shortness of breath 19. Nursing Interventions Monitor dyspnea and hypoxia. Encourage high fluid intake to liquefy secretions. Instruct client in directed or controlled coughing. Eliminate pulmonary irritants. Instruct client in effective breathing techniques. Recommend the client to adopt a lifestyle of moderate activity, ideally in a climate with minimal shifts in temperature and humidity. Encourage client to avoid emotional disturbances and stressful situations. Instruct client and family about signs and symptoms of infection or other complications and to report changes in physical and cognitive status. 20. DRUGS Antibiotics amoxicillin (Amoxil) doxycycline (Vibramycin) Bronchodilators ephedrine (Primatene ) salmeterol (Serevent ) salbutamol (Ventolin) Corticosteroids prednisone (Deltasone) ipratropium (Atrovent) 22. definition Asthma is a disease in which inflammation of the airways causes airflow into and out of the lungs to be restricted. When an asthma attack occurs, the muscles of the bronchial tree become tight and the lining of the air passages swells, reducing airflow and producing the characteristic wheezing sound. Mucus production is increased. The word asthma is derived from the Greek aazein, meaning "sharp breath". 23. Predisposing factors Allergens it is one of the predisposing factors because asthma attacks are mostly caused by allergens. It is the most common predisposing factor. Too much activity (play) too much activity may lead to shortness of breath that causes compensation that results to hyperventilation or increased RR. Air pollution it can be a predisposing factor because pollution in the air may lead to irritation of the airway. 24. Clinical Manifestations shortness of breath (dyspnea) Wheezing cough rapid breathing (tachypnea) prolonged expiration a rapid heart rate (tachycardia) rhonchous lung sounds (audible through a stethoscope) over-inflation of the chest. in-drawing of tissues between the ribs and above the sternum and clavicles Presence of paradoxical pulse 25. Nursing Interventions Put patient in a comfortable position (semi-fowlers to promote lung expansion) Encourage