Schedule Nov 19-Dec 7

1. Nov. 19 Sonic logging Chapter 8, Rider + Powerpoint 2. Nov. 21 Sonic logging Chapter 8, Rider + Dipole/ full waveform sonics, Close et al. (2009) 3. Nov. 22 Lab on synthetic seismograms 4. Nov. 23 Guest lecture on dipole/full waveform sonic logs 5. Nov. 26 Synthetic seismograms and VSPs VSPs + Lines&Newrick chapter 6. Nov. 28 - VSPs Lines & Newrick chapter 23. 7. Nov. 29 Lab assignment on sonic, VSP and surface seismic correlation 8. Nov. 30 Synthetic sonic logs (Impedance inversion) Guest lecturer Naimeh Riazi 9. Dec. 3 - Interwell logging crosswell tomography, Lines&Newrick chapter 17. 10. Dec. 5 Logging and reservoir characterization 11. Dec 6 Lab with poster presentations 12. Dec. 7 Review of sonic and borehole seismic topics

Acoustic techniques: Sonic Logs

GLGY/GOPH 449 and 649 Larry Lines & Robert Stewart Oct. 8, 2008

Sonic Logs
Sonic logs are the most important log for correlating well information with seismic information (using synthetic seismograms and traveltime information). Sonic logs are one of the tools in estimating formation porosity. Sonic logs provide some degree of lithology discrimination. Sonic logs are sensitive to presence of gas, overpressure zones.

Elastic Properties

P-wave Velocity
2 Vp

= ( + 2)/ = (k+ 4/3)/,

where is the Lam parameter, k is the bulk modulus, is the rigidity, the
density

P waves sense rigidity and incompressiblility

S-wave Velocity Vs2 = /,

where is the rigidity, the density

S waves sense rigidity

Many uses of sonic logs

Synthetic Seismograms
Synthetic seismograms provide the key link between well log information and seismic data. 1. Convert sonic from depth to time. 2. Compute reflection coefficients 3. Convolve with appropriate seismic wavelet. Lab on Nov. 22

Typical response of a sonic log

Figure 8.1 (from Rider, 1996)

Full Waveform Sonic Log

Full waveform recording includes P-wave, S-wave and Stoneley wave (Figure 8.2 from Rider (1996)

Sonic Tools
Borehole compensated sonic tool and long spacing sonic.

Well Logging Tools

Thanks to the Schlumberger crew for their help with well logging tools in Lab #4.

Sonic Tools
Borehole compensated (BHC) sonic tool. Note the two sources at each end of the sonde, with two pairs of receivers. The BHC sonic tools uses the same principles as reversed seismic refraction profiling to reduce borehole effects. Notice that the slots on the sonde for attenuating direct waves traveling through the steel sonde.

Unwanted environmental effects on logs (from Rider, 1996)

Wyllies Model for Acoustic Wave Travel Through Rocks

From Rider (1996)

Wyllies Time Average Equation

Relates Porosity to Measured Sonic Log Traveltimes to sonic Velocities of Rock Matrix and Fluid:

t sonic t fluid (1 )tmatrix

t sonic tmatrix t fluid t matrix

Applicability of Wyllies Equation

Varies with type of rock

Porosity Predictions of Wyllies Equation

Effect of Gas on the Sonic Log

This example from Rider (1996) verifies the quote: A little gas goes a long way.

Velocity Ranges of Common Lithologies

P-wave velocities are helpful but often not enough to discriminate between lithologies. Solution: Use S-wave velocities as well. (Rider, 1996)

Lithology discrimination using VP/VS ratios (Watson, 2004)

We can often Depth M-KB discriminate 440 sandstones and shales 450 using VP/VS 460 ratios
470 TVD GAMMA RAY
0 API UNITS 150

Top MANNVILLE

3.00

Top McLAREN
VP/VS Ratio

2.75

R2 = 0.80
2.50

Top WASECA (Shale) Interbedded

2.25

480 Top Sand 57% (18 m) clean sand in the Waseca

2.00 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Percent Sand (GR < 45 API)

490

500

Base Sand Top SPARKY

Lab for November 29

This lab is in two parts Part 1 will involve taking the slope of the depth-time curve to find the interval velocity profile Part 2 will involve correlating events from the blocked sonic log to the VSP-reflection section to the surface seismic section

Sonic Log Data and Seismic Data

Sonic logs and seismic data provide information on different wavelength scales. Sonic data are at much higher frequency range than seismic data

Types of VSP survey

Zero-offset VSP survey Check-shot survey Near-Offset

Far-offset survey

Sonic Logs
Sonic logs have played a very important role in the interpretation of well logs and seismic data. Synthetic seismograms, derived from sonics, are used to tie seismic reflectors. Lab on Nov. 22. We need to extend their use by by using shear wave velocity as well as P-wave velocity (using dipole sources, full waveform). When coupled with vertical seismic profiles, sonic logs provide the best means of initiating depth to time conversion in seismic interpretation, as we will show in Lab on Nov. 29.