1

Problem Set 4-Solutions

1. Hot exhaust gases used in a finned-tube cross-flow heat exchanger heat 2.5kg/s of
water from 35 to 85
o
C. The gases [c
p
= 1.09 kJ/kg.K] enter at 200
o
C and leave at
93
o
C. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 180W/m
2
K. Calculate the area of the
heat exchanger using (a) the LMTD approach and (b) the effectiveness NTU
method. (c) If the water flow rate is reduced by half, while the gas flow rate is
maintained constant along with the fluid inlet temperatures. Calculate the percentage
reduction in heat transfer as a result of this reduced flow rate. Assume that the overall
heat transfer coefficient remains the same. [Ans: (a) 37.8 m
2
(b) 37.8 m
2
(c) 15%.]


Solution:


a)
1 2
1 2
2 1
1 1
1 2
2 1
ln( )
(200 85) (93 35)
ln(115/ 58)
83.3
85 35
0.303
(200 35)
200 93
2.14
(85 35)
From crossflow hx chart : 0.92
. .
2.5 4180 50 0.92 180 83.3
LMTD
LMTD
T T
T
T T
C
t t
P
T t
T T
R
t t
F
Q mC t UA F T
A
A
A A
A =
A A

=
=

= = =


= = =

=
= A = A
=
=

2
37.8m









U=180W/m
2
K
Water
t
1
=35
0
C
m =2.5
Hot gases
T
1
=200
0
C

t
2
=85
0
C

T
2
=93
0
C
A
T
T
h1

200
T
h2

93
T
c1

85
T
c2

35
1 2


2
b)
min
max
min
max
min
2
:
(200 93) 2.5 4180 (85 35)
4883 ( )
2.5 4180 10450 ( )
4883
0.467
2.5 4180
200 93
0.648
200 35
using chart 1.4,
1.4 4883
37.98
180
g g
g g
w w
g
Energy balance
m c
m c C gas
m c C water
C
C
UA
NTU NTU
C
A m
c
c
=
= =
= = =
= =

= =

= =

= =

c)
min
max
min
min
max
2
2
4883
2.5 4180/ 2 5225
1.4 (no change)
4883/ 5225 0.935
0.55
200 35
90.75 200
109.25
4883 90.75
( ) ( ) 4.18 2.5 50 488
( )
g g
w w
g
g g
g
g g
m c C
m c C
UA
NTU
C
C
C
Cross flow hx chart
T
T T
T C
Q C T
Q a Q c
Q a
c
c
= =
= = =
= =
= =
=
A
=

A = =
=
= A =

=

3 90.75
15%
4.18 2.5 50

=







3
2. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger operates with two shell passes and four tube
passes. The shell fluid is ethylene glycol, which enters at 140
o
C and leaves at
80
o
C with a flow rate of 4500 kg/h. Water flows in the tubes, entering at 35
o
C
and leaving at 85
0
C. The overall heat-transfer coefficient for this arrangement
is 850 W/m
2
K. Calculate the flow rate of water required and the area of the
heat exchanger. [Ans: 0.984 kg/s, 5.24 m
2
].

The flow rate of glycol to the exchanger is reduced in half with the entrance
temperatures of both fluids remaining the same. What is the water exit
temperature under these new conditions, and by how much is the heat-transfer
rate reduced? [Ans: 70.9
o
C, 28.2%]



Solution:


3
max
min
min
max
) 4500/ 3600 / , 2.742 /
4500
2.742 (140 80) 205.7
3600
4.180 (85 35)
0.984 /
0.984 4.180 10 4113
4500
2742 3428
3600
3428
0.833
4113
140 80
0.
140 35
g g
w
w
w
g
g
i m kg s c kJ kgK
Q kW
m
m kg s
C C
C C
C
C
c
= =
= =
=
=
= = =
= = =
= =

= =

min
2o
2
571
/ 1.3
850W/m C.
1.30 3428/ 850 5.24
Hence NTU chart gives
NTU UA C
given U
A m
c
= =
=
= =








A
T

140
80


85

35
1 2
Ethylene
glycol
water


4
min
min
min
max
1 2
2
2
) 4500/(2) 3600
3428/ 2
1.30
2.6
0.5
0.833/ 2 0.417
0.82
0.82;
140 35
140 86.1
53.9
(3428/ 2) 86.1 147.6
( ) ( ) 205.7 147.
( )
g
g
g g
g
g
o
g
g g
ii m
C C
UA
NTU
C
C
C
chart
T T
T
T C
Q C T kW
Q i Q ii
Q i
c
c
=
= =
= = =
= =
=

= =

=
=
= A = =

=

1
1
6
28.2%
205.7
147.6
35.9 35
0.984 4.18
35 35.9 70.9
water w
w
T T
T C
=
A = = =

= + =
















5
3. A small steam condenser is designed to condense 0.76 kg/min of steam at 85
kN/m
2
with cooling water at 10
o
C. The exit water temperature is not to exceed
57
o
C. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 3400 W/m
2
K. Calculate the area
required for a double-pipe heat exchanger. Use both LMTD and effectiveness-NTU
methods.
[Ans: 0.145m
2
].


Solution:

g
2
fg
f
1 2
LMTD
1 2
2
i) Steam is condensed at 85KN/m
h =2.27 MJ/kg
0.76
Q = m h 2270 = 28.75kW
60
T
ln( / )
(95-10)-(85-57)
= 58.3
ln(85/ 38)
Q=UA LMTD
28.75
A= 0.145
3.4 58.3
T T
T T
C
m
=
A A
A =
A A
=
=

2 1
1 1
max min
c c
c
min
min
min
ii) C ,
T T
57 10
= 0.553
T T 95 10
For heat exchanger with steam condensing, 1
=0.553=1 , giving NTU =0.805
UA
NTU= 0.805,
Q= (57 10) 28753
611.77
Su
h
NTU
NTU
steam C water
e
e
C
C
C
c
c
c

= =

= =

=

=
=
=
2
bstituting qives A=0.145m





10
57
Steam
T
sat
=95
0
C
A
1 2
water
AA
T


6

4. A shell-and-tube heat exchanger consists of 135 thin-walled tubes in a double-
pass arrangement, each of 12.5 mm diameter with a total surface area 47.5 m
2
.
Water (the tube-side fluid) enters the heat exchanger at 15
o
C and 6.5 kg/s and
is heated by exhaust gas entering at 200
o
C and 5 kg/s. The gas may be
assumed to have the properties of atmospheric air, and the overall heat transfer
coefficient is approximately 200 W/m
2
. What are the gas and water outlet
temperatures? Assuming fully developed flow, what is the tube-side
convection coefficient? [Ans: T
o
(water) = 41.6
o
C, h = 2320 W/m
2
K.]

Solution:

i)

2 2
min
max
min
max
5 / ; 1005 /
6.5 / ; 4200 /
200 / ; 47.5
5 1005
6.5 4200
5 1005
0.184
6.5 4200
200 47.5
1.89
5 1005
Shell and tube Heat Exchanger
-NTU chart
g pg
w pw
g
w
m kg s c J kgK
m kg s c J kgK
U W m K A m
C C
C C
C
C
NTU
c c
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =

= =

= =

2 2
2
1
1
g
min
0.78
C (200 ) 200
0.78
(200 15) 200 15
55.7
5 1005 (200 55.7) 6.5 4200 ( 15)
41.6
g g
g
w
w
T T
C
T C
Q T
T C
c

= = =

=
= =
=

A
T

200
0
C
T
g2

T
w1

15
1 2
Gas
water


7

ii)
bw
2
3 6
0.8 0
w
Water in tube: properties are evaluated at
15 41.6
T 28.3
2
u
Re ;
4
4 4 (6.5/135)
Re
(12.5 10 ) 855 10
=5736>2000 turbulent tube flow
hd
Nu= 0.023Re Pr
k
d
d
C
d d
m u
m
d
t

t t

+
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .

= =

.4
w
2
Substituting for Pr=5.83, k 0.613 / , 0.0125
gives h=2320W/m
W mK d m
K
= =























8
5. A single-pass cross-flow heat exchanger uses hot exhaust gases (mixed) to heat
water (unmixed) from 30
o
C to 80
o
C at a rate of 3 kg/s. The exhaust gases, having
thermophysical properties similar to air, enter and exit the exchanger at 225
o
C and
100
o
C, respectively. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 200W/m
2
K, estimate the
required surface area. [Ans: 35.2m
2
].

Solution:

2 1
LMTD
3 / ; 4.2 / ,
1.005 /
Use LMTD Method, counter flow equivalent
all the temperatures are known
q=m ( ) 3 4.20 (80 30) 630kJ/s
(225-80)-(100-30)
T = 103
ln(145/70)
R(or Z)=
w w
g
w w w w
m kg s c KJ kgK
c KJ kgK
c T T
C
= =
=
= =
A =

LMTD
2
min
225-100
2.5
80-30
80 30
0.26
225 30
for single pass, crossflow hx, 1mix, 1unmixed,
correction factor F=0.92
Hence
q=630=UAF T =0.200 A 0.92 103
giving A=33.2m
method just as straight forward,
C
P
NTU c
=

= =

1 2
1 2
max
min
max
,
C
C
Calculate
C
225 110
0.64
225 30
, ,
gas g g
water w w
g g
g w
C m c
C m c
T T
T T
from chart get NTU hence A
c
= =
= =

= = =

A
T

225
0
C
100


80

30
1 2
Gas
water


9
6. The oil in an engine is cooled by air in a cross-flow heat exchanger where both
fluids are unmixed. Atmospheric air enters at 30
o
C and 0.53 kg/s. Oil at 0.026
kg/s enters at 75
o
C and flows through a tube of 10 mm diameter. Assuming
fully developed flow and constant wall heat flux, estimate the oil-side heat
transfer coefficient. If the overall convection coefficient is 53 W/m
2
K and the
total heat transfer area is 1 m
2
, determine the effectiveness. What is the exit
temperature of the oil? [Ans: 46.2
o
C]


Solution:













2 2
o2
cross-flow hx, fluids unmixed
oil inside tube, 75 ( ), 0.026kg/s
air, 30 (inlet), 0.53kg/s
U=53W/m , 1
Constant heat flux for tube,
find h(oil side)

Another case of T (outlet) unknown
assume
C inlet
C
K A m =

o
oil
o2
b
b
3
4 2
T 45
T (75 45) / 2 60
(Other procedure may lead to non-integer value of T )
Tables: engine oil @ 60 :
864 / , 2.047 / ,
0.839 10 / , 0.14 /
Pr 1050
p
C
C
C
kg m C kJ kgK
m s k W mK

v

=
= + =
= =
= =
=

10
4
2
h h min
c c m
4
Re
4 0.026

0.01 864 (0.839 10 )
45.7 2000
flow inside tube is laminar, constant heat flux
hd 0.01
Nu= 4.36 = ;
k 0.14
61.04 /
oil: m = 0.0262047=53.2=C
air: m = 0.531005=533=C
oil
ud m
d
h
h W m K
c
c

t
t

= =

=

= <

=
=

1
1 1
ax
min
max
min
min
min
C
0.10 ;
C
53 1
1.0
C 53.2
From -NTU chart for cross flow hx,both fluid unmixed
=0.64
C ( ) 75
=0.64=
C ( ) 75 30
75 0.64 45 46.2
(not far from assumed value of 45)
o o
o
h h h
h c
h
UA
NTU
T T T
T T
T C
c
c
=

= = =

=

= =

















11
7. Water flows over a 3-mm-diameter sphere at 6 m/s. The free-stream temperature is
38
o
C, and the sphere is maintained at 93
o
C. Calculate the heat-transfer rate.
[Ans: 84.9W].

Solution:

o
3 3
at T =38 C, properties for water
=993kg/m , 0.682 10 /
0.63 / , Pr 4.55
kg ms
k W mK

=
= =

Should not be evaluated at T
f
=38+93/2=65.5
0
C
because Nu eqn is evaluated at free steam condition
for liquid (water)






















Water
u=6m/s
T

=38
0
C
d=3mm
T
s
=93
0
C
3
0.25
-0.3 0.54
4
w
2
2
993 0.003 6
Re 26, 210 2000
0.682 10
appropriate Nu expression is
NuPr 1.2 0.53Re 130.09
evaluated at 93 , 3.06 10 /
250.4
0.63
250.42 52589 /
0.003
(4 ) (93
w
w
C kg ms
hd
Nu
k
h W m K
Q r h

= = >

| |
= + =
|
\ .
=
= =
= =
=

38) 84.9W =


12

8. Air at 90
o
C and 1 atm flows past a heated 1/16-in-diameter wire at a velocity at 6
m/s. The wire is heated to a temperature of 150
o
C. Calculate the heat transfer per
unit length of wire. [Ans: 59.86 W/m].

Solution:

f
5
3
Air at 1 atm
T 90 , 6 /
First determine Re of the flow
Air properties are evaluated at the filmtemperature
90 150
T 120 393
2 2
1.01325 10
0.898 /
287 393
1.013 / ; 2.25
f
w
f
f
p f
C u m s
T T
C K
P
kg m
RT
c kJ kgK

= =
+ +
= = = =

= = =

= =

5
3
d 5
1/ 3 0.466 1/ 3
6 10 /
0.03314 / ; Pr 0.690
0.898 6 (1.5875 10 )
Re 379.1
2.256 10
: 0.683, 0.466
Pr 0.683(Re ) Pr
convection heat transfer coefficient
.0.
f
n
d d
kg ms
k W mK
u d
Fromtable C n
u d hd
Nu C
k
k
h
d

= =

= = =

= =
| |
= = =
|
\ .
=
0.466 1/ 3
0.466 0.33
3
2
"
w
3
683(Re ) Pr
0.03314
0.683 (379.1) 0.690
1.5875 10
200.5 /
Heat transfer from wire to air
( ) .( )( )
.( )(T )
200.5 (1.5875 10 )(150 90)
60.0 /
d
w w
W m K
q hA T T h dl T T
q
q h d T
l
W m
t
t
t

=
= =
= =
=
~