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LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T.

Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 32: FARADAYS LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
= V
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Fundamental Laws of Electrostatics
Integral form Differential form
) )
)
=
=
V S
C
dv s d D
l d E

0
= V
= V
D
E 0
E D c =
= V
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Fundamental Laws of Magnetostatics
Integral form Differential form
0 =
=
)
) )
S
S C
s d B
s d J l d H
0 = V
= V
B
J H
H B =
= V
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electrostatic, Magnetostatic, and
Electromagnetostatic Fields
In the static case (no time variation), the electric
field (specified by E and D) and the magnetic field
(specified by B and H) are described by separate
and independent sets of equations.
In a conducting medium, both electrostatic and
magnetostatic fields can exist, and are coupled
through the Ohms law (J = oE). Such a situation
is called electromagnetostatic.
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electromagnetostatic Fields
In an electromagnetostatic field, the electric field
is completely determined by the stationary charges
present in the system, and the magnetic field is
completely determined by the current.
The magnetic field does not enter into the
calculation of the electric field, nor does the
electric field enter into the calculation of the
magnetic field.
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
The Three Experimental Pillars of
Electromagnetics
Electric charges attract/repel each other as
described by Coulombs law.
Current-carrying wires attract/repel each other as
described by Amperes law of force.
Magnetic fields that change with time induce
electromotive force as described by Faradays
law.
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Experiment
battery
switch
toroidal iron
core
compass
primary
coil
secondary
coil
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Experiment (Contd)
Upon closing the switch, current begins to flow in
the primary coil.
A momentary deflection of the compass needle
indicates a brief surge of current flowing in the
secondary coil.
The compass needle quickly settles back to zero.
Upon opening the switch, another brief deflection
of the compass needle is observed.
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
The electromotive force induced around a closed
loop C is equal to the time rate of decrease of the
magnetic flux linking the loop.
C
S
dt
d
V
ind
u
=
t
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
(Contd)
)
= u
S
s d B
S is any surface
bounded by C
)
=
C
ind
l d E V
) )
=
S C
s d B
dt
d
l d E
integral form
of Faradays
law
c
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law (Contd)
) )
) )

c
c
=
V =
S S
S C
s d
t
B
s d B
dt
d
s d E l d E
Stokess theorem
assuming a stationary surface S
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law (Contd)
Since the above must hold for any S, we have
t
B
E
c
c
= V
differential form
of Faradays law
(assuming a
stationary frame
of reference)
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law (Contd)
Faradays law states that a changing
magnetic field induces an electric field.
The induced electric field is non-
conservative.
LECTURE 32 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lenzs Law
The sense of the emf induced by the time-varying
magnetic flux is such that any current it produces
tends to set up a magnetic field that opposes the
change in the original magnetic field.
Lenzs law is a consequence of conservation of
energy.
Lenzs law explains the minus sign in Faradays
law.
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 33: INDUCTION DUE TO MOTION
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law
The electromotive force induced around a closed
loop C is equal to the time rate of decrease of the
magnetic flux linking the loop.
For a coil of N tightly wound turns
dt
d
V
ind
u
=
dt
d
N V
ind
u
=
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
)
= u
S
s d B
S is any surface
bounded by C
)
=
C
ind
l d E V
Faradays Law (Contd)
C
S
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law (Contd)
Faradays law applies to situations where
(1) the B-field is a function of time
(2) ds is a function of time
(3) B and ds are functions of time
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law (Contd)
The induced emf around a circuit can be
separated into two terms:
(1) due to the time-rate of change of the B-field
(transformer emf)
(2) due to the motion of the circuit (motional
emf)
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Faradays Law (Contd)
( )
) )
)
+
c
c
=
=
C S
S
ind
l d B v s d
t
B
s d B
dt
d
V
transformer emf
motional emf
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field
Consider a conducting bar moving with velocity v
in a magnetostatic field:
B
v
2
1
+
-
The magnetic force on an
electron in the conducting
bar is given by
B v q
B v q F
e
m
=
=
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field
(Contd)
Electrons are pulled
toward end 2. End 2
becomes negatively
charged and end 1
becomes + charged.
An electrostatic force
of attraction is
established between
the two ends of the
bar.
B
v
2
1
+
-
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field
(Contd)
The electrostatic force on an electron due to
the induced electrostatic field is given by
The migration of electrons stops
(equilibrium is established) when
E q F
e
e =
B v E F F m e = =
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Moving Conductor in a Static Magnetic Field
(Contd)
A motional (or flux cutting) emf is
produced given by
( ) l d B v V
ind
=
)
1
2
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electric Field in Terms of Potential Functions
Electrostatics:
u V = = V E E 0
scalar electric potential
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electric Field in Terms of Potential Functions
(Contd)
Electrodynamics:
( )
u V =
c
c
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ V
V
c
c
=
c
c
= V
t
A
E
t
A
E
A
t t
B
E
0
A B V =
LECTURE 33 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electric Field in Terms of Potential Functions
(Contd)
Electrodynamics:
t
A
E
c
c
u V =
scalar
electric
potential
vector
magnetic
potential
both of these
potentials are now
functions of time.
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 34: DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
AND THE GENERAL FORM OF AMPERES
LAW, AND MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
( )
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
The differential form of Amperes law in
the static case is
The continuity equation is
J H = V
0 =
c
c
+ V
t
J

Amperes Law and the Continuity Equation


( )
t
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Amperes Law and the Continuity Equation
(Contd)
In the time-varying case, Amperes law in
the above form is inconsistent with the
continuity equation
( ) 0 = V V = V H J
( )
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Amperes Law and the Continuity Equation
(Contd)
To resolve this inconsistency, Maxwell
modified Amperes law to read
t
D
J H c
c
c
+ = V
conduction
current density
displacement
current density
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Amperes Law and the Continuity Equation
(Contd)
The new form of Amperes law is consistent
with the continuity equation as well as with
the differential form of Gausss law
( ) ( ) 0 = V V = V
c
c
+ V H D
t
J c

(
t
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Displacement Current
Amperes law can be written as
d c J J H + = V
where
) (A/m density current nt displaceme
2
=
c
c
=
t
D
J d
e =
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Displacement Current (Contd)
Displacement current is the type of current
that flows between the plates of a capacitor.
Displacement current is the mechanism
which allows electromagnetic waves to
propagate in a non-conducting medium.
Displacement current is a consequence of
the three experimental pillars of
electromagnetics.
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Displacement Current in a Capacitor
Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with plates of
area A separated by a dielectric of permittivity c
and thickness d and connected to an ac generator:
t V t v e cos ) (
0
=
+
-
z = 0
z = d
c
i
c
A
i
d
z
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Displacement Current in a Capacitor (Contd)
The electric field and displacement flux density in
the capacitor is given by
The displacement current density is given by
t
d
V
a E D
t
d
V
a
d
t v
a E
z
z z
e
c
c
e
cos
cos
) (

0
0
= =
= = assume
fringing is
negligible
t
d
V
a
t
D
J
z
d e
ec
sin
0
=
c
c
=
t
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
c
d
S
d
d
i
dt
dv
C t CV
t V
d
A
A J s d J i
= = =
= = =
)
e e
e
ec
sin
sin
0
0
Displacement Current in a Capacitor (Contd)
The displacement current is given by
conduction
current in
wire
e =
e o =
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Conduction to Displacement Current Ratio
Consider a conducting medium characterized by
conductivity o and permittivity c.
The conduction current density is given by
The displacement current density is given by
E J c o =
t
E
J d
c
c
= c
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Conduction to Displacement Current Ratio
(Contd)
Assume that the electric field is a sinusoidal
function of time:
Then,
t E E e cos
0
=
t E J
t E J
d
c
e ec
e o
sin
cos
0
0
=
=
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Conduction to Displacement Current Ratio
(Contd)
We have
Therefore
0
max
0
max
E J
E J
d
c
ec
o
=
=
ec
o
=
max
max
d
c
J
J
o
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Conduction to Displacement Current Ratio
(Contd)
The value of the quantity o/ec at a specified
frequency determines the properties of the
medium at that given frequency.
In a metallic conductor, the displacement current
is negligible below optical frequencies.
In free space (or other perfect dielectric), the
conduction current is zero and only displacement
current can exist.
o
ct
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
10
8
10
10
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
Fre quency (Hz)
Humid S oil (c
r
= 30, o = 10
-2
S /m)
ec
o
good
conductor
good insulator
Conduction to Displacement Current Ratio
(Contd)
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 35: TIME-HARMONIC MAXWELLS
EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
t
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential
Form
0 = V
c
c
+ = V
= V
c
c
= V
B
t
D
J H
D
t
B
E
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Integral
Form
0 = + =
= =
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
S S S C
V S S C
s d B s d D
dt
d
s d J l d H
dv s d D s d B
dt
d
l d E
t
c
c
c
LECTURE 34 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Maxwells Equations (Contd)
Maxwells equations in integral form are the
fundamental postulates of classical
electromagnetics - all classical electromagnetic
phenomena are explained by these equations.
Electromagnetic phenomena include electrostatics,
magnetostatics, electromagnetostatics and
electromagnetic wave propagation.
t
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Continuity Equation
Integral form:
Differential form:
) )
c
c
=
V S
dv
t
s d J
t
J
c
c
= V

The continuity
equation is
implicit in
Maxwells
equations.
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Constitutive Relationships
E J
H B
E D
o

c
=
=
=
c, and o are
macroscopic parameters
that describe
relationships among
macroscopic field
quantities. However,
they are based on the
microscopic behavior of
materials.

LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Simple Media
A simple medium is
linear (independent of field strength)
homogeneous (independent of position within
the medium)
isotropic (independent of direction)
time-invariant (independent of time)
c, and o are constants.
( ) ( ) { }

LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations
If the sources are time-harmonic (sinusoidal), and
all media are linear, then the electromagnetic
fields are sinusoids of the same frequency as the
sources.
In this case, we can simplify matters by using
Maxwells equations in the frequency-domain.
Maxwells equations in the frequency-domain are
relationships between the phasor representations
of the fields.

LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations (Contd)
Relationship between time-domain and
frequency-domain quantities (phasors):
( ) ( ) { }
t j
e R E t R E
e
Re , =
Phasor: a complex-
valued function of
position
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form
0 = V + = V
= V = V
B D j J H
D B j E
e
e
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in Integral
Form
0 = + =
= =
) ) ) )
) ) ) )
S S S C
V S S C
s d B s d D j s d J l d H
dv s d D s d B j l d E
e
e
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Continuity Equation
Integral form:
Differential form:
) )
=
V S
dv j s d J e
e j J = V
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permittivity
In a good insulator, the conduction current (due to
non-zero o) is usually negligible.
However, at high frequencies, the rapidly varying
electric field has to do work against molecular
forces in alternately polarizing the bound
electrons.
The result is that P is not necessarily in phase with
E, and the electric susceptibility, and hence the
dielectric constant, are complex.
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permittivity (Contd)
The complex dielectric constant can be written as
Substituting the complex dielectric constant into
the differential frequency-domain form of
Amperes law, we have
c c c ' ' ' = j
c
E E j E H c e c e o ' ' + ' + = V
o c e
c c c
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permittivity (Contd)
Thus, the imaginary part of the complex
permittivity leads to a volume current density term
that is in phase with the electric field, as if the
material had an effective conductivity given by
The power dissipated per unit volume in the
medium is given by
c e o o ' ' + =
eff
2 2 2
E E E
eff
c e o o ' ' + =
o c e
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permittivity (Contd)
The term ec''E
2
is the basis for microwave heating
of dielectric materials.
Often in dielectric materials, we do not distinguish
between o and ec'', and lump them together in
ec'' as
eff
o c e = ' '
The value of o
eff
is
often determined by
measurements.
o c e
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permittivity (Contd)
In general, both c' and c'' depend on frequency,
exhibiting resonance characteristics at several
frequencies.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Normalized Frequency
R
e
a
l
P
a
r
t

o
f

D
ie
le
c
t
r
ic

C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Normalized Frequency
I
m
a
g

P
a
r
t

o
f

D
i
e
le
c
t
r
ic

C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permittivity (Contd)
In tabulating the dielectric properties of materials,
it is customary to specify the real part of the
dielectric constant (c' / c
0
) and the loss tangent
(tano) defined as
c
c
o
'
' '
= tan
c
c
c
' '
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Permeability
Like the electric field, the magnetic field
encounters molecular forces which require work to
overcome in magnetizing the material.
In analogy with permittivity, the permeability can
also be complex
' ' ' = j
c
c
c
( )
( )
= =
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions
The electromagnetic boundary conditions can be
derived from Maxwells equations in integral
form.
1 1
, c
2 2
, c
n
a
c
c
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Boundary condition of tangential component of electric
field:
Boundary condition on the normal component of electric
flux density:
Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions (Contd)
( ) t t
n
E E E E a 2 1 2 1 0 = =
( )
s n n s n
D D D D a = =
2 1
2 1

n n s
D D
2 1
0 = =
LECTURE 35 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Boundary condition of tangential component of magnetic
field:
Boundary condition on the normal component of magnetic
flux density:
Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions (Contd)
( ) s t t s
n
J H H J H H a = = 2 1 2 1

( )
n n n
B B B B a
2 1
2 1 0 = =
t t s H H J 2 1 0 = =
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 36: PLANE WAVES IN A SIMPLE,
SOURCE-FREE, AND LOSSLESS MEDIUM
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Overview of Waves
A wave is a pattern of values in space that
appear to move in time.
A wave is a solution to a wave equation.
Examples of waves include water waves,
sound waves, seismic waves, and voltage
and current waves on a transmission lines.
t
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Overview of Waves (Contd)
Wave phenomena result from an exchange
between two different forms of energy such that
the time rate of change in one form leads to a
change in the other.
Waves possess
no mass
energy
momentum
velocity
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential
Form
0 =

+ =
=

=
B
t
D
J H
D
t
B
E
source c J J +
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential
Form for a Simple Medium
0 =

+ + =
=

=
H
t
E
J E H
E
t
H
E
source

E J H B E D c = = =
t
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential
Form for a Simple, Source-Free, and Lossless
Medium
0 =

=
=

=
H
t
E
H
E
t
H
E

0 0 = = source J
( )
t t
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Domain Maxwells Equations in Differential
Form for a Simple, Source-Free, and Lossless
Medium
Obviously, there must be a source for the
field somewhere.
However, we are looking at the properties
of waves in a region far from the source.
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Wave Equations for Electromagnetic
Waves in a Simple, Source-Free, Lossless Medium
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
H
t
E
H H H
t
E
t
H
E E E


=
=


=
=


0
0
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Equations for Electromagnetic Waves in a
Simple, Source-Free, Lossless Medium
0
2
2
2
=


t
H
H
0
2
2
2
=


t
E
E
The wave equations are
not independent.
Usually we solve the
electric field wave
equation and determine
H from E using
Faradays law.
t z
( ) ( )
t
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions
A uniform plane wave is an electromagnetic wave
in which the electric and magnetic fields and the
direction of propagation are mutually orthogonal,
and their amplitudes and phases are constant over
planes perpendicular to the direction of
propagation.
Let us examine a possible plane wave solution
given by
( ) t z E a E
x x
, =
t z
( ) ( )
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
The wave equation for this field simplifies to
The general solution to this wave equation is
0
2
2
2
2
=

t
E
z
E
x x

( ) ( ) ( ) t v z p t v z p t z E
p p x
+ + =
2 1
,
t z
( ) ( )
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
The functions p
1
(z-v
p
t) and p
2
(z+v
p
t)
represent uniform waves propagating in the
+z and -z directions respectively.
Once the electric field has been determined
from the wave equation, the magnetic field
must follow from Maxwells equations.
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
The velocity of propagation is determined solely
by the medium:
The functions p
1
and p
2
are determined by the
source and the other boundary conditions.

1
=
p
v
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Here we must have
( ) t z H a H
y y
, =
where
( ) ( ) ( ) { } t v z p t v z p t z H
p p y
+ =
2 1
1
,

LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
is the intrinsic impedance of the medium given
by
Like the velocity of propagation, the intrinsic
impedance is independent of the source and is
determined only by the properties of the medium.

=
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
In free space (vacuum):
=

377 120
m/s 10 3
8

p
v
LECTURE 36 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Strictly speaking, uniform plane waves can be
produced only by sources of infinite extent.
However, point sources create spherical waves.
Locally, a spherical wave looks like a plane wave.
Thus, an understanding of plane waves is very
important in the study of electromagnetics.
( ) ( )
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Equations and Uniform Plane Wave
Solutions in the Time-Domain (Contd)
Assuming that the source is sinusoidal. We have
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
v
z t C t v z
v
C t v z p
z t C t v z
v
C t v z p

=
+ =

= +
=

=
cos cos
cos cos
2 2 2
1 1 1
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { } z t C z t C t z H
z t C z t C t z E
y
x


+ =
+ + =
cos cos
1
,
cos cos ,
2 1
2 1
Wave Equations and Uniform Plane Wave
Solutions in the Time-Domain (Contd)
The electric and magnetic fields are given
by
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 37: TIME-HARMONIC UNIFORM
PLANE WAVES IN A LOSSLESS MEDIUM
( ) ( )

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Analysis
Sinusoidal steady-state (or time-harmonic)
analysis is very useful in electrical engineering
because an arbitrary waveform can be represented
by a superposition of sinusoids of different
frequencies using Fourier analysis.
If the waveform is periodic, it can be represented
using a Fourier series.
If the waveform is not periodic, it can be
represented using a Fourier transform.

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form
0 = + =
= =
B D j J H
D B j E


source c J J +
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
0 = + + =
= =
H E j J E H
E H j E
source

Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in


Differential Form for a Simple Medium
E J H B E D c = = =
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form for a Simple, Source-Free, and
Lossless Medium
0
0
= =
= =
H E j H
E H j E

0 0 0 = = = source J

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Derivation of Helmholtz Equations for
Electromagnetic Waves in a Simple, Source-Free,
Lossless Medium
( )
( )
H E j
H H H
E H j
E E E


2
2
2
2
= =
=
= =
=
0
0
2

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Phase Constant
is the phase constant and is given by
p
v

= =
rad/m

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Helmholtz Equations for Electromagnetic Waves in
a Simple, Source-Free, Lossless Medium
0
2 2
= + E E
The Helmholtz
equations are not
independent.
Usually we solve the
electric field equation
and determine H from E
using Faradays law.
0
2 2
= + H H
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions
Assuming a plane wave solution of the form
The Helmholtz equation simplifies to
( ) z E a E
x x
=
0
2
2
2
= +
x
x
E
dz
E d

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
The general solution to the Helmholtz
equation is
( )
z j z j
x
e C e C z E

2 1
+ =

Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
( ) z E
x
+
( ) z E
x

wave traveling in
the +z-direction
wave traveling in
the -z-direction
{ }
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) z E z E
e C e C z H
x x
z j z j
y
+

=
=


1
1
2 1
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
From Faradays law the corresponding
magnetic field is
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Converting the phasor representations back into
the time domain, we have
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) [ ] z t C z t C
e z H t z H
z t C z t C
e z E t z E
t j
y y
t j
x x

+ =
=
+ + =
=
cos cos
1
Re ,
cos cos
Re ,
2 1
2 1
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Assuming that only the + wave exists, we have
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) z t C t z H
z t C t z E
y
x


=
=
cos
1
,
cos ,
1
1

LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Note that we have
These form a right-
handed coordinate
system
z
a H E
E
a
H
a
z
a
Uniform plane waves
are a type of
transverse
electromagnetic
(TEM) wave.
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Relationships between the phasor representations
of electric and magnetic fields in uniform plane
waves:
H a E
E a H
p
p
=
=

1
q
q
unit vector in
direction of
propagation
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Properties of the wave determined by the
source:
amplitude
phase
frequency
LECTURE 37 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Properties of the wave determined by the
medium are:
velocity of propagation (v
p
)
intrinsic impedance ()
phase constant ()
wavelength ()

2
= =
f
v
p
also depend on
frequency
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 38: PLANE WAVES IN LOSSY
MEDIA

LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form
0 = V + = V
= V = V
B D j J H
D B j E
e
e
source c J J +

LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
0 = V + + = V
= V = V
H E j J E H
E H j E
source ec o
c

e
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form for a Simple Medium

LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Time-Harmonic Maxwells Equations in
Differential Form for a Simple, Source-Free, Lossy
Medium
( ) 0
0
= V + = V
= V = V
H E j H
E H j E
ec o
e
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Helmholtz Equations for
Electromagnetic Waves in a Simple, Source-Free,
Lossy Medium
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )H j j E j
H H H
E j j H j
E E E
ec o e ec o
ec o e e
+ = V + =
V V V = V V
+ = V =
V V V = V V
2
2
0
0
(
( )
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Propagation Constant
Define the complex propagation constant
as
( )
{ }
{ } |
o
| o ec o e
Im
Re
=
=
+ = + = j j j
(
(
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Complex Propagation Constant (Contd)
o is the attenuation constant and has units
of nepers per meter (Np/m).
| is the phase constant and has units of
radians per meter (rad/m).
Note that in general for a lossy medium
c e | =
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Helmholtz Equations for Electromagnetic Waves in
a Simple, Source-Free, Lossy Medium
0
2 2
= V E E
The Helmholtz
equations are not
independent.
Usually we solve the
electric field equation
and determine H from E
using Faradays law.
0
2 2
= V H H
(
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions
Assuming a plane wave solution of the form
The Helmholtz equation simplifies to
( ) z E a E
x x
=
0
2
2
2
=
x
x
E
dz
E d

(
( { }
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
The general solution to this wave equation is
( )
z j z z j z
z z
x
e e C e e C
e C e C z E
| o | o

2 1
2 1
+ =
+ =

+
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
( ) z E
x
+
( ) z E
x

wave traveling in
the +z-direction
wave traveling in
the -z-direction
(
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) z t e C z t e C
e z E t z E
z z
t j
x x
| e | e
o o
e
+ + =
=

cos cos
Re ,
2 1
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Converting the phasor representation of E
back into the time domain, we have
We have assumed that C
1
and C
2
are real.
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Example:
Consider
rad/m 33.16
Np/m 191 1
S/m 01 . 0
5 . 2
m 300 . 0 Hz 10 1
0
0
0
9
=
=

=
=
=
= =
|
o

c c

.
f
( ) ( ) z t e C t z E
z
x
| e
o
=
+
cos ,
1
o
(
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
z/

0
E
x +

(
z
,
t
)
z
e
o
Snapshot of E
x
+
(z,t) at et = 0
o
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
The corresponding magnetic field for the uniform
plane wave is obtained using Faradays law.
To simplify this process, we let
Maxwells curl equations can be written as
e
o
c c ec ec o j j j
eff eff
= = +
H j E
E j H
eff
e
ec
= V
= V
o
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
The propagation constant can be written as
The intrinsic impedance can be written as
eff eff
j c e c e = =
2
( ) ec o
e
c

q
j
j
eff
c
+
= =
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
We note that the intrinsic impedance q is a
complex number for lossy media.
q
|
q q
j
c c
e =
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
{ }
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) z E z E
e C e C z H
x x
c
z z
c
y
+

=
=
q
q

1
1
2 1
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Evaluating H H we have
{ }
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( )
q
o
q
o
e
| | e
q
| | e
q
+ +
=
=

z t e
C
z t e
C
e z H t z H
z
c
z
c
t j
y y
cos
cos
Re ,
2
1
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Converting the phasor representation of H back
into the time domain, we have
{ }
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
We note that in a lossy medium, the electric
field and the magnetic field are no longer in
phase.
The magnetic field lags the electric field by
an angle of |
q
.
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions (Contd)
Relationships between the phasor representations
of electric and magnetic fields in uniform plane
waves:
H a E
E a H
p c
p
c
=
=

1
q
q
unit vector in
direction of
propagation
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Explicit Expressions for o and |
1 1
2
1 1
2
2
2
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
ec
o c
e |
ec
o c
e o
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
The phase velocity in a lossy medium is given by
The phase velocity in a lossy medium is a function
of frequency.
2 / 1
2
1 1
2

(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
ec
o
c |
e
p
v
Phase Velocity in a Lossy Medium
LECTURE 38 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Dispersion
For a signal (such as a pulse) comprising a band of
frequencies, different frequency components
propagate with different velocities causing
distortion of the signal. This phenomenon is
called dispersion.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
input signal
output signal
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 39: PLANE WAVES IN A LOSSY
DIELECTRIC, AND PLANE WAVES IN A GOOD
CONDUCTOR

LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions in Lossy Media
(Contd)
If the propagation constant and intrinsic
impedance are known, then the material
parameters can be determined using
ec o
q

e q j j
c
c
+ = =

LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions in Lossy Media
(Contd)
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c
c
c
j
q

o
e
q

c
e
q

Re
Im
c e c e c e o c ' + ' '
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Lossy Dielectric (Contd)
Assume that the material is a low-loss
dielectric, i.e, the loss tangent of the
material is small:
1 tan <<
'
' '
=
'
=
c
c
c e
o
o
eff
c
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Lossy Dielectric (Contd)
Assuming that the loss tangent is small,
approximate expressions for o and | can be
developed.
2 2
2
1
1 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
+
c e
o
c e
o
eff eff
1 <<
|
|
.
|

\
|
' c e
o
eff
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Lossy Dielectric (Contd)
c

o
c e
o
c
e
c e
o
c
e o
'
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
'
~

|
|
.
|

\
|
'
+
'
=
2 2
1
2
1 1
2
2
2
eff eff
eff
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Lossy Dielectric (Contd)
c e
c e
o
c e
c e
o
c e
c e
o
c
e |
' ~
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ ' ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
+ ' ~
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
'
+
'
=
2
2
2
8
1
1
4
1
1
1 1
2
eff
eff
eff
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( )
(

'
+
'
~
(

'

'
=
' +
=

c e
o
c

c e
o
c

c e o
e
q
2
1
1
2 / 1
eff
eff
eff
c
j
j
j
j
Plane Waves in a Lossy Dielectric (Contd)
( )
2
1 1
2 / 1 x
x + ~

LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor
For a good conductor,
Hence,
1 >>
ec
o
ec
o
ec
o
~
|
.
|

\
|
+ 1 1
2
#
o
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor (Contd)
2 2
1 1
2
2
eo
ec
o c
e
ec
o c
e o
= ~

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor (Contd)
2 2
1 1
2
2
eo
ec
o c
e
ec
o c
e |
= ~
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
c v
p
<< ~ =
o
e
|
e 2
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor (Contd)
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( )

=
+
= = ~
(

=
+
=
45
2 / 1
2
1
1
j
c
e
j j j
j
j
j
o
e
o
e
o
e
o
ec
c

ec
o
c

ec o
e
q
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor (Contd)
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Skin Depth
The skin depth of material is the depth to
which a uniform plane wave can penetrate
before it is attenuated by a factor of 1/e.
We have
o
o
oo
1
1 = =

e
LECTURE 39 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Skin Depth (Contd)
For a good conductor, we have
eo o
o
2 1
~ =
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 40: ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
FLOW AND THE POYNTING VECTOR
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Flow of Electromagnetic Energy
Electromagnetic waves transport throughout space
energy and momentum arising from a set of
charges and currents (the sources).
If the electromagnetic waves interact with another
set of charges and currents in a receiver,
information (energy) can be delivered from the
sources to another location in space.
The energy and momentum exchange between
waves and charges and currents is described by the
Lorentz force equation.
t
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem
Poyntings theorem concerns the
conservation of energy for a given volume
in space.
Poyntings theorem is a consequence of
Maxwells equations.
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
Time-Domain Maxwells equations in
differential form
0 =

+ + =
=

=
B
t
D
J J H
D
t
B
E
c source

LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
Manipulating Amperes law, we have
Taking the dot product of both sides with E, we
obtain
c source J
t
D
H J

=
c source J E
t
D
E H E J E

=
t
t
t
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
Recall a vector identity
Thus
( )
( ) H E E H H E
H E E H H E
=
=
or
( ) H E J E
t
D
E E H J E
c
source

=
t
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
Now using Faradays law, we have
Thus
t
B
H E H

=
( ) H E J E
t
D
E
t
B
H J E
c
source

=
t
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
Integrating over a volume V bounded by a closed surface
S, we have
Using the divergence theorem, we obtain the general form
of Poyntings theorem
( )


=
V V
c
V V
source
dv H E dv J E
dv
t
D
E
t
B
H dv J E


=
S V
c
V V
source
s d H E dv J E
dv
t
D
E
t
B
H dv J E
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
If the medium under consideration is simple, then
we have
Note that
( )


=
S V
V V
source
s d H E dv E
dv
t
E
E
t
H
H dv J E
2


( )
2
2
1
A
t t
A
A
t
A
A

t t t
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Derivation of Poyntings Theorem (Contd)
Hence, we have the form of Poyntings theorem
valid in a simple medium:
( )


=
S V
V V
source
s d H E dv E
dv E H
t
dv J E
2
2 2
2
1
2
1


LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem
The term
represents the instantaneouspower
dissipated in the volume V.

V
dv E
2

LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
Recall that the electric energy density is given by
Recall that the magnetic energy density is given
by
2
2
1
E w
e
=
2
2
1
H w
m
=
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
Hence, the term
represents the totalelectromagneticenergy
stored in the volume V.

+
V
dv E H
2 2
2
1
2
1

LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
The term
represents theflowofinstantaneouspower
out of the volume V through the surface S.
( )


S
s d H E
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
The term
represents the totalelectromagneticenergy
generatedbythesources in the volume V.


V
source dv J E
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Physical Interpretation of the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
In words the Poynting vector can be stated as
Electromagnetic power into a closed surface at any
given instant equals the sum of the time rates of increase
of the stored electric and magnetic energies plus the
ohmic power dissipated plus the electric power generated
by the sources within the enclosed volume.
( )


+ +

=
V
source
V
V S
dv J E dv E
dv E H
t
s d H E
2
2 2
2
1
2
1


LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Poynting Vector
We define a new vector called the (instantaneous)
Poynting vector as
The Poynting vector has the same direction as the
direction of propagation.
The Poynting vector at a point is equivalent to the
power density of the wave at that point.
H E S =
The Poynting
vector has units of
W/m
2
.
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vector
The time-average Poynting vector can be
computed from the instantaneous Poynting
vector as
( ) ( )dt t R S
T
R S
p
T
p
av

=
0
,
1
period of the wave
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vector (Contd)
The time-average Poynting vector can also
be computed as
( ) [ ]
*
Re
2
1
H E R Sav =
phasors
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vector for a Uniform
Plane Wave
Consider a uniform plane wave traveling in
the +z-direction in a lossy medium:
( )
( )
z j z
c
y
z j z
x
e e
E
z H
e e E z E



=
=
0
0
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vector for a Uniform
Plane Wave (Contd)
The time-average Poynting vector is
[ ]
[ ]

cos
2

Re
2

1
Re
2
Re
2
1
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
*
2
2
0
*
z
c
z
c
c z
z
c
z
z
av
e
E
a e
E
a
e
E
a H E S

= =

= =
LECTURE 40 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vector for a Uniform
Plane Wave (Contd)
For a lossless medium, we have

0
0
2
0
E
a S
z
av
c
=
= =
=
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 41: NORMAL INCIDENCE ON A
PLANE CONDUCTOR
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Planar
Interfaces
When a uniform plane wave encounters the
boundary between two different homogeneous
media, it splits into a reflected wave which
propagates back toward the source and a
transmitted wave which proceeds into the second
medium.
The reflected and transmitted waves are also
uniform plane waves.
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Planar
Interfaces (Contd)
medium 2 medium 1
incident wave
reflected wave
transmitted wave
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Planar
Interfaces (Contd)
The reflection and transmission of uniform plane waves is
governed by Maxwells equations, in particular the
boundaryconditions at a material interface.
( ) t t
n
t t
H H a
E E
2 1
2 1

=
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor
Consider medium 1 to be a lossless dielectric and
medium 2 to be a perfect conductor.
Let us place the boundary between the two media
in the z = 0 plane, and consider an incident plane
wave which is traveling in the +z-direction.
No loss of generality is suffered if we assume that
the electric field of the incident wave is in the x-
direction.
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
medium 2 medium 1
z
x
1 1, H E 0 2 2 = = H E
z= 0
0 , ,
1 1 1
=
2

LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
In the absence of the interface, only the incident
wave would exist.
Lets assume
The corresponding magnetic field is given by
z j
i x
i e E a E
1
0


=
z j i
y
i
z
i e
E
a E a H
1
1
0
1

1

= =
known
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
The phase constant and intrinsic impedance are
determined by the properties of medium 1:
1
1
1
1 1 1


=
=
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
Because of the interface, there is a reflected wave.
We postulate that the reflected wave is traveling in
the +z-direction and that its electric field is x-
directed:
The corresponding magnetic field is given by
z j
r x
r e E a E
1
0

+
=
( )
z j r
y
r
z
r e
E
a E a H
1
1
0
1

1


+
= =
unknown
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
We note that the reflected field is a uniform
plane wave and hence a solution to
Maxwells equations.
If the total field in medium 1 satisfies the
BCs on the interface with the perfect
conductor, then our assumed form for the
reflected field will have been verified.
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
The total electric and magnetic fields in
medium 1 are
[ ]

= + =
+ = + =
+
+
z j r z j i
y
r i
z j
r
z j
i x
r i
e
E
e
E
a H H H
e E e E a E E E
1 1
1 1
1
0
1
0
1
0 0
1




LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
The BC to be satisfied is that the total
tangential electric field in medium 1 must
vanish at the interface (z = 0):
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
( ) [ ]
0 0
0 0
1 0 0
i r
r i x
E E
E E a z E
=
= + = =
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
Thus, the total fields are given by
[ ] ( )
[ ] ( ) z
E
a e e
E
a H
z E j a e e E a E
i
y
z j z j i
y
i x
z j z j
i x
1
1
0
1
0
1
1 0 0
1
cos
2

sin 2
1 1
1 1



= + =
= =
+
+
[ ]
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor (Contd)
In the time-domain, we have
These fields compromise a purestanding
waves.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) t z
E
a t z H
t z E a t z E
i
y
i x


cos cos
2
,
sin sin 2 ,
1
1
0
1
1 0
1
=
=
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves
The incident field (by itself) is an example of a
travelingwave.
As a phasor, the incident electric field is given by
Notice that its magnitude is constant in z.
In the time-domain, the incident electric field is
given by
z j
i x
i e E a E
1
0


=
0 i
i E E =
( ) z t E a E
i x
i
1 0
cos =
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
z/
N
o
r
m
a
liz
e
d

E

F
ie
l
d
Pure Traveling Wave
t = 0
t = /2
t =
t = 3 /2
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
Notice that the magnitude of the phasor
representation of the total electric field is a
sinusoidal function of z:
In the time-domain, the total electric field is given
by
( ) z E E
i 1 0
1 sin 2 =
( ) ( ) ( ) t z E a t z E
i x
sin sin 2 ,
1 0
1 =
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
z/
N
o
r
m
a
liz
e
d

E

F
ie
ld
Pure Standing Wave
t = 0
t = /4
t = /2
t = 3 /4
t =
t = 5 /4
t = 3 /2
t = 7 /4
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
The magnitude of the phasor representation of the
total magnetic is a sinusoidal function of z:
In the time-domain, it the total electric field is
given by
( ) z
E
H
i
1
1
0
1 cos
2

=
( ) ( ) ( ) t z
E
a t z H
i
x

cos cos
2
,
1
1
0
1 =
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
z/
N
o
r
m
a
liz
e
d

H

F
ie
ld
Pure Standing Wave
t = 0
t = /4
t = /2
t = 3 /4
t =
t = 5 /4
t = 3 /2
t = 7 /4
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
-0.5 -0.45 -0.4 -0.35 -0.3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
z/
N
o
r
m
a
liz
e
d

F
ie
ld
Pure Standing Wave
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
( )
0
1
i
E
z E
( )
0
1
1
i
E
z H

LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vector
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) 0 Re
2
1
2
Re
2
1
2
Re
2
1
*
1 1
1
1
2
0 *
1
2
0 *
= = =
= =
= =
r
av
i
av av
i
z
r r
r
av
i
z
i i
i
av
S S H E S
E
a H E S
E
a H E S

LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Stored Electric and Magnetic Energy Densities
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t z E
t z
E
t z H t z w
t z E
t z E t z w
i
i
m
i
e

2
1
2
2
0 1
2
1
2
2
1
2
0
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
2
0 1
2
1 1
cos cos 2
cos cos 2
,
2
1
,
sin sin 2
,
2
1
,
=
=
=
=
=
LECTURE 41 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Surface Current on Conductor
( )
1
0
1
0
1
2

2
0

i
x
i
y z n
s
E
a
E
a a z H a J
=
= = =
There is a discontinuity in the tangential magnetic
field at the boundary resulting in a surface current:
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 42: NORMAL INCIDENCE ON A
LOSSLESS DIELECTRIC
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Planar
Interfaces
medium 2 medium 1
incident wave
reflected wave
transmitted wave

LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric
Consider both medium 1 and medium 2 to be
lossless dielectrics.
Let us place the boundary between the two media
in the z = 0 plane, and consider an incident plane
wave which is traveling in the +z-direction.
No loss of generality is suffered if we assume that
the electric field of the incident wave is in the x-
direction.
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
medium 2 medium 1
z
x
1 1, H E 2 2 , H E
z=0
0 , ,
1 1 1
= 0 , ,
2 2 2
=
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
Incident wave
z j i
y
i
z
i
z j
i x
i
e
E
a E a H
e E a E
1
1
1
0
1
0

1

= =
=
known
1
1
1 1 1 1

= =
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
Reflected wave
( )
z j r
y
r
z
r
z j
r x
r
e
E
a E a H
e E a E
1
1
1
0
1
0

1


+
+
= =
=
unknown
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
Transmitted wave
z j t
y
t
z
t
z j
t x
t
e
E
a E a H
e E a E
2
2
2
0
2
0

1

= =
=
unknown
2
2
2 2 2 2

= =
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
The total electric and magnetic fields in medium 1
are
[ ]

= + =
+ = + =
+
+
z j r z j i
y
r i
z j
r
z j
i x
r i
e
E
e
E
a H H H
e E e E a E E E
1 1
1 1
1
0
1
0
1
0 0
1




LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
The total electric and magnetic fields in medium 2
are
z j t
y
t
z j
t x
t
e
E
a H H
e E a E E
2
2
2
0
2
0
2

= =
= =

LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
To determine the unknowns E
r0
and E
t0
, we must
enforce the BCs at z = 0:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 0
0 0
2 1
2 1
= = =
= = =
z H z H
z E z E

LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Normal Incidence on a Lossless Dielectric (Contd)
From the BCs we have
2
0
1
0
1
0
0 0 0

t r i
t r i
E E E
E E E
=
= +
or
0
1 2
2
0 0
1 2
1 2
0
2
,
i t i r
E E E E



+
=
+

=

LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Define the reflectioncoefficient as
Define the transmissioncoefficient as
1 2
1 2
0
0


+

= =
i
r
E
E
1 2
2
0
0
2

+
= =
i
t
E
E
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients (Contd)
Note also that
The definitions of the reflection and transmission
coefficients do generalize to the case of lossy
media.
For lossless media, and are real.
For lossy media, and are complex.
= + 1
2 0 , 1 1
2 , 1


LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves
The total field in medium 1 is partially a
travelingwave and partially a standing
wave.
The total field in medium 2 is a pure
travelingwave.

LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves (Contd)
The total electric field in medium 1 is given by
[ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] z j e E a
e e e E a
e e E a E E E
z j
i x
z j z j z j
i x
z j z j
i x
r i
1 0
0
0
1
sin 2 1
1

1
1 1 1
1 1



+ + =
+ + =
+ = + =

+
+
traveling
wave
standing
wave
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves: Example
medium 2 medium 1
z
x
z = 0
0 , ,
1 0 1 0 1
= = = 0 , , 4
2 0 2 0 2
= = =
0 1
=
2
0
2

=
3
1
=
3
2
=
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Traveling Waves and Standing Waves: Example
(Contd)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
z/
0
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

E

f
i
e
l
d
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Standing Wave Ratio
The standingwaveratio is defined as
In this example, we have
( )
( )

+
= =
1
1
min
1
max
1
z E
z E
S
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
=

+
= S
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vectors
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
0
2
1
1
2
0
2 *
1
2
0 *
2
1
2
Re
2
1
2
Re
2
1

i
z r
av
i
av av
i
z
r r
r
av
i
z
i i
i
av
E
a S S S
E
a H E S
E
a H E S
= =
= =
= =
LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vectors (Contd)
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2
0
2
*
2
2
Re
2
1

i
z
t t
t
av av
E
a H E S S = = =
We note that
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2
2
2
2
1 2
2 1
1
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1
2
1 2
1 2
1 1
2
2 1 4 1
1
1
1 1

\
|
+
=

+
=

+
+ +
=

\
|
+

=

LECTURE 42 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Poynting Vectors (Contd)
Hence,
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
t
av
r
av
i
av
av av
S S S
S S
+ =
=
or
2 1
Power is conserved at the interface.
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 43: INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSMISSION LINES
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Lumped Circuits
Lumped circuit elements:
resistor
capacitor
inductor
independent sources
dependent sources
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Lumped Circuits
Lumped circuit elements are defined by
ordinary, linear, constant-coefficient
differential equations, e.g.,
dt
t di
L t v
) (
) ( =
L
+
-
v(t)
i(t)
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Lumped Circuits
R0
1
VIx
+2.67
vAm
+4.00
R
3
2
R
2
H
1
I 8
Where are the circuit elements relative
to each other?
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Lumped Circuits
The differential equations obtained for the
circuit using KVL and/or KCL (i.e., loop or
nodal analysis) involve only one variable:
time.
We are really assuming that the entire
circuit is at a single point in space, or
equivalently, that the travel time of the
electric signal is negligible.
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Distributed Circuits
A distributedcircuit is one for which the
travel time of the electric signal between the
components cannot be neglected.
The voltages and currents in such a circuit
are functions of position as well as time.
Lumped circuit analysis is substantially
simpler than distributed circuit analysis.
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Criteria
Rise time versus travel time
Period versus travel time
Component size versus wavelength
Points of view for determining whether a circuit
should be considered lumped or distributed
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Risetime (t
r
) is the time required for the
signal to change from 10% to 90% of its
final value.
Traveltime or delaytime (t
d
) is the one-way
propagation delay through the signal path.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits: Rise
Time Versus Travel Time
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits: Rise
Time Versus Travel Time (Contd)
t
d
=l/v
p
where l is the length of the signal
path and v
p
is the velocity of propagation.
Rule of thumb:
t
r
/t
d
>6 definitely lumped
t
r
/t
d
<2.5 definitely distributed

LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits: Period
Versus Travel Time
The period (T) of a sinusoidal signal is
given by T=1/f where f is its frequency.
Rule of thumb:
t
d
/T<0.01 definitely lumped
t
d
/T>0.1 definitely distributed

LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Lumped Versus Distributed Circuits:
Component Size Versus Wavelength
Rule of thumb:
d/ <0.01 definitely lumped
d/ >0.1 definitely distributed
where d is the largest dimension of the
component and =c/f is the wavelength

LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electromagnetic Components
Lumped components with all dimensions much smaller
than .
resistors, capacitors, inductors
Distributed components with one dimension either
comparable to or greater than , and other dimensions
much smaller than .
coaxial cables, hollow waveguides, handset antennas
for wireless communications
Distributed components with all dimensions much greater
than
graded index optical fibers, reflector antennas
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Electromagnetic Components (Contd)
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Transmission Lines
A uniformtransmissionline consists of two
(or more) parallel conductors separated by a
vacuum or other insulating material.
The cross-section of a uniform transmission
line is small compared to and does not
change over the length of the transmission
line which is (usually much) greater than
0.1.
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Transmission Lines (Contd)
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Transmission Lines (Contd)
The voltage and current on the transmission
line are functions of time and position along
the transmission line, i.e.,
) , (
) , (
t z i i
t z v v
=
=
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Transmission Lines (Contd)
A uniform transmission line may be modeled as a
4 terminal (2-port) device that can be connected to
other lumped and distributed circuit elements.
Well represent a uniform transmission line using
the following symbol:
LECTURE 43 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Uniform Transmission Lines (Contd)
A lossless transmission line is completely
characterized by two parameters:
L = (series) inductance per unit length (H/m)
C = (shunt) capacitance per unit length (F/m)
These parameters can be evaluated for a
particular geometry using an
electromagnetic field analysis.
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 44: WAVES ON LOSSLESS
TRANSMISSION LINES
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Equivalent Lumped Circuit for Infinitesimal Piece
of a Uniform Transmission Line
Az
CAz
LAz
z z+Az
+
-
+
-
v(z,t) v(z+Az,t)
i(z,t)
i(z +Az,t)
c
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Equivalent Lumped Circuit for Infinitesimal Piece
of a Uniform Transmission Line
KVL:
t
t z i
L
z
t z v t z z v
t z z v
t
t z i
z L t z v
c
c
=
A
A +
A + +
c
c
A =
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
or
) , (
) , (
) , (
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Equivalent Lumped Circuit for Infinitesimal Piece
of a Uniform Transmission Line
KCL:
t
t z z v
C
z
t z i t z z i
t z z i
t
t z z v
z C t z i
c
A + c
=
A
A +
A + +
c
A + c
A =
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
or
) , (
) , (
) , (
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Transmission Line Equations for Lossless Line
Letting Az 0, we obtain
t
t z v
C
z
t z i
t
t z i
L
z
t z v
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Wave Equations
Decoupling the first order PDEs, we obtain second
order PDEs:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
i
LC
z
i
t
v
LC
z
v
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Wave Equations (Contd)
These are wave equations of the form:
Solutions are waves:
2
2
2 2
2
1
t
u
v z
u
p
c
c
=
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
p p
v
z
t f
v
z
t f t z u ) , (
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Waves
f
+
(t-z/v
p
) represents a wave traveling in the
+z-direction with velocity v
p
.
f
-
(t+z/v
p
) represents a wave traveling in the
-z-direction with velocity v
p
.
The velocity of propagation v
p
is given by
LC
v
p
1
=
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Waves (Contd)
Lets assume
i(z,t) is not independent, but must be related to
v(z,t) through the transmission line equations
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
p p
v
z
t f
v
z
t f t z v ) , (
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Waves (Contd)
We must have
The characteristic impedance of the transmission
line Z
0
is given by
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
p p
v
z
t f
v
z
t f
Z
t z i
0
1
) , (
C
L
Z =
0

LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Equations and Wave Solutions:
Waves (Contd)
The transmission line parameters (L and C)
determine v
p
and Z
0
.
The sources (and discontinuities if any)
determine the functions f
+
and f
-
.
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Semi-Infinite Transmission Line

+
-
v
0
(t)
R
s
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Semi-Infinite Transmission Line (Contd)
No discontinuities only + wave on the
line:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
+
p
p
v
z
t f
Z
t z i
v
z
t f t z v
0
1
) , (
) , (
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Semi-Infinite Transmission Line (Contd)
Given v
0
(t), R
s
, Z
0
and v
p
, we only need to
determine f
+
(t) to completely specify the
voltages and currents everywhere on the
line.
Applying KVL, we have
) ( ) ( ) , 0 ( ) , 0 ( ) (
0
0
t f t f
Z
R
t v t i R t v
s
s
+ +
+ = + =
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Semi-Infinite Transmission Line (Contd)
Thus, we have
) ( ) (
0
0
0
t v
R Z
Z
t f
s
+
=
+
LECTURE 44 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Semi-Infinite Transmission Line (Contd)
The voltage and current anywhere on the line are
given by
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
p s
p s
v
z
t v
R Z
t z i
v
z
t v
R Z
Z
t z v
0
0
0
0
0
1
) , (
) , (
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 45: REFLECTION OF WAVES ON
TRANSMISSION LINES
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line
Matched termination:
line is terminated in its own characteristic impedance
no reflection at termination
+
-
v
0
(t)
R
s
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
Z
0
z=l
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities : Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
General termination:
reflection at termination
+
-
v
0
(t)
R
s
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
R
L
z=l
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
Voltage and current on the line comprises both
+ and - waves:
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+
+
p p
p p
v
z
t f
v
z
t f
Z
t z i
v
z
t f
v
z
t f t z v
0
1
) , (
) , (
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities : Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
To gain physical insight into the behavior of the terminated
transmission line, lets consider its response to the unit step
function voltage source.
t
v
0
(t) = U(t)
1
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities : Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
At t=0 a + wave, v
1
+
(z,t), is launched.
Before the leading edge of this wave reaches the
termination at t=t
d
=l/v
p
the wave behaves as if the line
were semi-infinite.
s
d
p
d
p
R Z
Z
V
t t
v
z
t U
Z
V
t z i
t t
v
z
t U V t z v t z v
+
=
< s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
< s
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
+
+
+ +
0
0
1
0
1
1 1
0 , ) , (
0 , ) , ( ) , (
=
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities : Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
At t=t
d
the leading edge of the wave reaches the load and
is partially reflected.
A - wave, v
1
-
(z,t), now appears on the line in addition to
the + wave, v
1
+
(z,t).
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
< < =
< < + =

+
+
p
d
d d
d d
v
z
t t U V t z v
t t t t z v t z v
Z
t z i
t t t t z v t z v t z v
2 ) , (
2 , ) , ( ) , (
1
) , (
2 ), , ( ) , ( ) , (
1 1
1 1
0
1 1
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities : Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
We have
where I
L
is the load voltage reflection coefficient
To evaluate I
L
we use the boundary condition
imposed by the termination at z = l
+
I =
1 1
V V
L
) ( ) ( t i R t v
L L L
=
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
0
0
Z R
Z R
L
L
L
+

= I
( )
( )
0
0
1
1
1
1
1 ) , ( ) (
1 ) , ( ) (
Z
R
Z
V
R t l i R t i R
V t l v t v
L
L
L
L L L L L
L L
=
I
I +
I = = =
I + = =
+
+
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
At t=2t
d
the leading edge of the wave reaches the generator
and is again partially reflected.
Another + wave, v
2
+
(z,t), now appears on the line in
addition to v
1
+
(z,t) and v
1
-
(z,t) .
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
< < + =
< < + + =
+ +
+ +
+ +
p
d
d d
d d
v
z
t t U V t z v
t t t t z v t z v t z v
Z
t z i
t t t t z v t z v t z v t z v
2 ) , (
3 2 , ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1
) , (
3 2 ), , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 2
2 1 1
0
2 1 1
(
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
We have
where I
s
is the source voltage reflection
coefficient
To evaluate I
s
we use the boundary condition
imposed by the source at z = 0
+
I =
1 2
V V
s
0
0
Z R
Z R
s
s
s
+

= I
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
At t=3t
d
the leading edge of the wave again
reaches the load and is again partially reflected.
This process continues indefinitely.
At t (steady state) we have
( )
( ) ... 1
1
) , (
... 1 ) , (
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
0
I I + I I I I + I
+
=
+ I I + I I + I I + I +
+
=
S L S L S L L
s
S L S L S L L
s
R Z
t z i
R Z
Z
t z v
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
s
ss
s L
ss
s L
L
R
V
R R
t z i
V
R R
R
t z v
=
+
=
=
+
=
1
) , (
) , (
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
We can show that at steady state
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Voltages and
Currents on Terminated Line (Contd)
In steady state it appears as if the transmission line
were not there.
However, the transmission line is fully charged
with its distributed capacitors charged to V
ss
and
its distributed inductors carrying a current V
ss
/R
s
.
If the source were disconnected, a sequence of
propagating/reflecting waves would be excited on
the line until the energy was completely
discharged through the load resistance.
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Bounce Diagram
To illustrate successive reflections along a
transmission line we can use a graphical tool
called the bounce diagram.
The distance along the line is shown on the
horizontal axis and time is shown on the vertical
axis.
The diagram can be used to determine the voltage
(or current) along the line at a given point as a
function of time, or at a particular instant in time
as a function of position.
LECTURE 45 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflections at Discontinuities: Bounce Diagram
(Contd)
z
t
l
t
d
2t
d
3t
d
4t
d
5t
d
0
V
1
+
(z,t)
V
1
-
(z,t)
V
2
+
(z,t)
V
2
-
(z,t)
V
3
+
(z,t)
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 46: TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF
TRANSMISSION LINES AND TRANSMISSION
LINE PARAMETERS
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transient Response of Lines with Resistive
Terminations: Linear Time-Invariant System
The transmission line is a linear time-invariant system: the
principal of superposition applies.
Transmission
Line
Transmission
Line
) (
1
t v
in
) (
1
t v
out
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
W
W

t Bv
t Av
in
in
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
W
W

t Bv
t Av
out
out
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Junctions Between Transmission Lines
+
-
v
0
(t)
R
s
Z
0A
, v
pA
z=0
z
R
L
z=l
j
z=l
Z
0B
, v
pB
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Junctions Between Transmission Lines (Contd)
Reflections occur at the junction between
two different transmission lines.
Part of the incident power is reflected and
part of it is transmitted into the second line.
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Junctions Between Transmission Lines (Contd)
Reflection coefficient at the junction (looking
from line 1 into line 2):
Transmission coefficent at the junction (looking
from line 1 into line 2):
A B
A B
AB
Z Z
Z Z
0 0
0 0

*
AB
B A
B
AB
Z Z
Z
*

1
2
0 0
0
W
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Junctions Between Transmission Lines (Contd)
Reflection coefficient at the junction (looking
from line 2 into line 1):
Transmission coefficent at the junction (looking
from line 2 into line 1):
B A
B A
BA
Z Z
Z Z
0 0
0 0

*
BA
B A
A
BA
Z Z
Z
*

1
2
0 0
0
W
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Junctions Between Transmission Lines: Bounce
Diagram
z
t
l
j
t
d1
2t
d1
3t
d1
4t
d1
5t
d1
0
l
t
d1
+t
d2
t
d1
+3t
d2
2t
d1
+2t
d2
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transient Response of Lines with Reactive
Terminations
+
-
v
0
(t)
R
s
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
R
L
z=l
C
L
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transient Response of Lines with Reactive
Terminations (Contd)
For transmission lines with resistive loads, the temporal
shape of the voltage and current waves are the same as that
of the generator.
Reactive (capacitive and or inductive) loads cause the
reflected and/or transmitted waveforms to have a different
temporal shape than that of the generator.
The terminal BC is expressed as a differential equation.
The solution can be carried out using Laplace transforms
or numerical methods.
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transient Response of Lines with Nonlinear
Terminations (Contd)
TTL and CMOS logic gates are examples of
non-linear terminations.
Solution requires accurate knowledge of the
v-i characteristic of the nonlinear device.
Solution of the problem can be facilitated
using a graphical technique referred to as
the Bergeron method.
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Parameters: Lossless Line
A lossless transmission line is completely
characterized by two parameters:
L = (series) inductance per unit length (H/m)
C = (shunt) capacitance per unit length (F/m)
C'z
L'z
z z+'z
+
-
+
-
v(z,t) v(z+'z,t)
i(z,t)
i(z +'z,t)
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Parameters: Lossy Line
A lossy transmission line is completely
characterized by four parameters:
L = (series) inductance per unit length (H/m)
C = (shunt) capacitance per unit length (F/m)
R = (series) resistance per unit length (:/m)
G = (shunt) conductance per unit length (S/m)
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Parameters: Lossy Line
(Contd)
C'z
L'z
z z+'z
+
-
+
-
v(z,t) v(z+'z,t)
i(z,t)
i(z +'z,t)
R'z
G'z
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Parameters: Lossy Line
(Contd)
R (series resistance per unit length) results
from conductor loss.
G (shunt conductance per unit length)
results from dielectric loss.
LECTURE 46 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Parameters: Evaluation
For certain simple geometries (such as coaxial,
two-wire, and parallel plate), exact closed form
expressions are available.
For certain more complex geometries (such as
microstrip and stripline), approximate closed form
expressions have been obtained by curve fitting to
data generated using numerical techniques.
For custom transmission lines, these parameters
can be evaluated directly using numerical
techniques.
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 47: WAVE SOLUTIONS USING
PHASORS
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Phasor Form of
Transmission Line Equations for Lossless Line
) (
) ( ) , ( ) , (
) (
) ( ) , ( ) , (
z CV j
dz
z dI
t
t z v
C
z
t z i
z LI j
dz
z dV
t
t z i
L
z
t z v
e
e
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
PDEs in z and t become ODEs in z
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Phasor Form of
Wave Equations for Lossless Line
LC
z I
dz
z I d
t
i
LC
z
i
z V
dz
z V d
t
v
LC
z
v
e |
|
|
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
) (
) (
) (
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
:Phase Constant (rad/m)
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Solution to Phasor
Wave Equation for Lossless Line
z j z j
e V e V z V
| | + +
+ = ) (
+ wave - wave
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Solution to Phasor
Wave Equation for Lossless Line (Contd)
| |
z j z j
e V e V
Z
z I
| | + +
=
0
1
) (
The current on the line must be given by
(
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line

+
-
V
0
R
s
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
(
( | e | =
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line (Contd)
( )
( ) z t
Z
V
t z i e
Z
V
z I
z t V t z v e V z V
z j
z j
| e
| e
|
|
= =
= =
+

+
+ +
cos ) , ( ) (
cos ) , ( ) (
0 0
Assuming V
+
is real
(
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line (Contd)
The argument of the cosine function is the
called the instantaneous phase of the
voltage.
( ) z t t z | e | = ,
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line (Contd)
The speed with which a constant value of
instantaneous phase travels is called the phase
velocity. For a lossless transmission line, it is
equal to and denoted by the same symbol as the
velocity of propagation.
LC dt
dz
v
t
z z t
p
1
0
0
= = =

= =
|
e
|
| e
| | e
| e
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
|
t
t |
2
2 = =
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line (Contd)
The distance along the direction of
propagation over which the instantaneous
phase changes by 2t radians for a fixed
value of time is the wavelength.
LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line (Contd)
The wavelength
is also the
distance
between every
other zero
crossing of the
sinusoid.

LECTURE 47 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Wave Solutions Using Phasors: Voltages and
Currents on Semi-Infinite Line (Contd)
Relationship between wavelength and frequency
in free space:
Relationship between wavelength and frequency
on a transmission line:
f
c
=
f
v
p
=
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 48: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT ON
LINES WITH SHORT- OR OPEN-CIRCUIT
TERMINATIONS
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Terminated in an Arbitrary Load
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
Z
L
+
-
+
-
V
L
I
L
V(z)
I(z)

LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Line Impedance
z j z j
z j z j
e V e V
e V e V
Z
z I
z V
z Z
E E
E E

{
0
) (
) (
) (
Depends on Z
L
line impedance
jX R z Z ) (
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Terminated in Matched Load
0
) ( Z z Z
0
0 Z Z V
L

no reflected wave on the line


LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reactive Circuit Elements for High Frequency
Applications
At high frequencies, the realization of lumped
capacitors and (especially) inductors is difficult,
because
their dimensions become comparable to that of
the wavelength
their characteristics are not ideal due to
parasitics
Capacitive and inductive elements can be realized
at high frequencies using short- or open-circuited
transmission lines.
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
+
-
+
-
V
L
=0
I
L
V(z)
I(z)
( (
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
To evaluate V
-
we enforce the boundary
condition imposed by the short-circuit load
+
+
=
= = + = =
V V
V V V z V
L
0 ) 0 (
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) z
Z
V
e e
Z
V
z I
z V j e e V z V
z j z j
z j z j
|
|
| |
| |
cos
2
) (
sin 2 ) (
0 0
+
+
+
+ + +
= + =
= =
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
The voltage and current on the line are
given by
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
z/
+
V
z V ) (
+
V
z I Z ) (
0
t e
t e
t e
t e
t e
V
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
| | ( ) | |
( )
| | ( )
( ) ) cos( cos 2
cos
2
Re ) ( Re ) , (
) sin( sin 2
sin 2 Re ) ( Re ) , (
0
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ =
(

= =
+ =
= =
| e |
|
| e |
|
e e
e e
t z V
e z
Z
V
e z I t z i
t z V
e z V j e z V t z v
t j t j
t j t j
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
In the time domain we have
t e
t e
t e
t e
t e
V
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
z/
t e , 0 = t
6 / t e = t
2 / t e = t
2 / t e = t
6 / t e = t
+
V
z V ) (
t e
t e
t e
t e
t e
V
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
The voltage on the line is a pure standing wave.
So is the current.
The current and the voltage are in time quadrature
(i.e, they are 90 degrees out of phase).
Standing waves on the line represent reactive
power in a manner analogous to a capacitor or an
inductor.
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
Line impedance:
( )
( )
( ) z jZ
z V
z V j
Z z Z
sc
|
|
|
tan
cos 2
sin 2
) (
0
0
=

=
+
+
(
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
A piece of short-circuited transmission line may
be used as a circuit element
Z
0
, v
p
Z
sc
l
( )
sc sc
jX l jZ Z = = | tan
0
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Short-Circuited Line (Contd)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
l/
X
s
c
/
Z
0
Inductive
Capacitive
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Open-Circuited Line
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
+
-
+
-
V
L
I
L
=0
V(z)
I(z)
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Open-Circuited Line (Contd)
To evaluate V
-
we enforce the boundary
condition imposed by the open-circuit load
+
+
=
= =

= =
V V
I
Z
V V
z I
L
0 ) 0 (
0
V V
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Open-Circuited Line (Contd)
A piece of open-circuited transmission line may
be used as a circuit element
Z
0
, v
p
Z
oc
l
( )
oc oc
jX l jZ Z = = | cot
0
LECTURE 48 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Open-Circuited Line (Contd)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
l/
X
o
c
/
Z
0
Inductive
Capacitive
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 49: LINES TERMINATED IN AN
ARBITRARY IMPEDANCE
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Terminated in an Arbitrary Load
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
Z
L
+
-
+
-
V
L
I
L
V(z)
I(z)
+ =
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Loads
What kind of thing could Z
L
represent?
antenna
TV set
speaker
input to amplifier
logical device
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Impedance
z j z j
z j z j
e V e V
e V e V
Z
z I
z V
z Z
| |
| |
+ +
+ +

+
=
0
) (
) (
) (
Depends on Z
L
line impedance
jX R z Z + = ) (
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection Coefficient
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
L
L
L
+

= I
+
I = V V
L
load voltage reflection coefficient
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Reflection Coefficient (Contd)
In general, the load reflection coefficient is a
complex number
For passive loads (Re{Z
L
} > 0)
I
I = I
u j
L L
e
1 0 s I s
L
phase angle
t u 2 0 s s
I
magnitude
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( )
( )
z j
L
z j
z j
L
z j
e e
Z
V
z I
e e V z V
| |
| |
+
+
+ +
I =
I + =
0
) (
) (
Reflection Coefficient (Contd)
The voltage and current on the line are
given by
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
z j
L
z j
e V e V z V
| | + + +
I + = ) (
Reflection Coefficient (Contd)
The voltage on the line can be written as the
sum of a forward wave and a reflected wave
forward wave reflected wave
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
( ) z j
L
z j
L
z j
z j
L
e e
e V
e V
z
| u |
|
|
2 2
) (
+ +
+
+ +
I
I = I =
I
= I
Reflection Coefficient (Contd)
The voltage reflection coefficient anywhere
on the line is given by the ration of the
reflected wave to the forward wave
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
z z
z
L
| u 2 ) (
) (
+ = I Z
I = I
I
Reflection Coefficient (Contd)
Notice
:for lossless lines
L
I Z
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Voltage, Current, and Impedance in Terms of
Reflection Coefficient
| |
| |
) ( 1
) ( 1
) (
) (
) (
) ( 1 ) (
) ( 1 ) (
0
0
z
z
Z
z I
z V
z Z
z e
Z
V
z I
z e V z V
z j
z j
I
I +
= =
I =
I + =

+
+
|
|
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
z/
R
L
=2Z
0
Voltage and Current Standing Wave Patterns
(Z
L
= 2Z
0
)
+
V
z V ) (
+
V
z I Z ) (
0
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
z/
R
L
=Z
0
/2
Voltage and Current Standing Wave Patterns
(Z
L
= Z
0
/2)
+
V
z V ) (
+
V
z I Z ) (
0
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
z/
R
L
=jZ
0
Voltage and Current Standing Wave Patterns
(Z
L
= jZ
0
)
+
V
z V ) (
+
V
z I Z ) (
0
+

s s
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Voltage and Current Standing Wave Patterns
For Z
L
= Z
0
the voltage (current) on the line
is a pure traveling wave.
For Z
L
= 0 or Z
L
= or Z
L
= jX
L
the voltage
(current) on the line is a pure standing
wave.
In general, the voltage (current) on the line
consists of a combination of a standing
wave and a traveling wave.
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Standing Wave Ratio
The standing wave ratio (SWR) is defined as
This quantity is readily measurable and from it the
reflection coefficient magnitude can be evaluated
as
L
L
z I
z I
z V
z V
S
I
I +
= = =
1
1
) (
) (
) (
) (
min
max
min
max
1
1
+

= I
S
S
L
s s S 1
LECTURE 49 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Standing Wave Ratio (Contd)
The angle of the reflection coefficient can be
determined by locating the distance from the load
to the first minimum of the voltage.
The first minimum of the voltage occurs for
Consecutive minima (maxima) on the line are
separated by /2.
t | u = +
I min
2 z
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 50: TRANSMISSION LINE
IMPEDANCE
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Terminated in an Arbitrary Load
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
Z
L
+
-
+
-
V
L
I
L
V(z)
I(z)
(|
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Impedance
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) z jZ z Z
z jZ z Z
Z
e e
e e
Z
e V e V
e V e V
Z
z I
z V
z Z
L
L
z j
L
z j
z j
L
z j
z j z j
z j z j
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
sin cos
sin cos
) (
) (
) (
0
0
0
0
0

=
I
I +
=

+
=
+
+
+ +
+ +
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Impedance (Contd)
( )
( ) z jZ Z
z jZ Z
Z z Z
L
L
|
|
tan
tan
) (
0
0
0

=
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Impedance (Contd)
Z
0
, v
p
Z
in
l
Z
L
( )
( ) l jZ Z
l jZ Z
Z Z
L
L
in
|
|
tan
tan
0
0
0
+
+
=
(|
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normalized Line Impedance
( )
( )
0
0
tan 1
tan ) (
) (
Z
Z
Z
z Z j
z j Z
Z
z Z
z Z
L
L
L
L
=

=
|
|
:normalized load impedance
(
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Transmission Line Admittance
( )
( ) z jY Y
z jY Y
Y
z Z z V
z I
z Y
L
L
|
|
tan
tan
) (
1
) (
) (
) (
0
0
0

=
=
0
0
1
Z
Y =
characteristic admittance
L
L
Z
Y
1
=
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Normalized Line Admittance
( )
( )
0
0
tan 1
tan ) (
) (
Y
Y
Y
z Y j
z j Y
Y
z Y
z Y
L
L
L
L
=

=
|
|
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Load Reflection Coefficient in Terms of
Normalized Load Impedance and Normalized Load
Admittance
L
L
L
L
L
Y
Y
Z
Z
+

=
+

= I
1
1
1
1
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
z/
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
Z
L
=2Z
0
Line Impedance Along a Terminated Line
(Z
L
= 2Z
0
)
real
imag
|
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Impedance Along a Terminated Line
(Z
L
= (1+j)Z
0
)
-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
z/
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
Z
L
=(1+j1)Z
0
real
imag
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Impedance Along a Terminated Line
We note that
The imaginary part of Z(z) alternates sign
every /4.
| | S z Z
S
s s ) ( Re
1
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Calculation of V
+
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
Z
L
+
-
V
L
I
L
z=-l
+
-
V
s
I
s
+
-
V
0
Z
s
Transmission Line Circuit:
LECTURE 50 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Calculation of V
+
(Contd)
( )
0
2
1 ) (
V
Z Z
Z
e e V l z V V
s in
in
l j
L
l j
s
+
=
I + = = =
+ | |
( ) ( )
l j
L
l j
s in
in
e e Z Z
V Z
V
| | 2
0
1

+
I + +
=
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 51: POWER FLOW ON A
TRANSMISSION LINE
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Line Terminated in an Arbitrary Load
Z
0
, v
p
z=0
z
Z
L
+
-
+
-
V
L
I
L
V(z)
I(z)
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Power Absorbed
The time-average power absorbed by the
part of the circuit to the right of the
terminals is given in terms of the phasor
voltage and current by
| | { }
*
) ( ) ( Re
2
1
) ( z I z V z P
av
=
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Power Absorbed (Contd)
The time-average power absorbed by the
part of the circuit to the right of the
terminals is given in terms of the time-
domain voltage and current by
( ) ( )dt t z i t z v
T
z P
p
T
p
av
, ,
1
) (
0
)
=
period
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Power Absorbed (Contd)
z j
L
z j
z j
L
z j
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
z I
e V e V z V
| |
| |
+
+

+
+ + +
I =
I + =
0 0
) (
) (
recall phasor voltage and current on the line:
+ wave
- wave
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Power Absorbed (Contd)
| | { }
+
+ +
+ =
I =
=
P P
Z
V
Z
V
z I z V z P
L
av
0
2
2
0
2
*
2 2
) ( ) ( Re
2
1
) (
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Power Absorbed (Contd)
Time-average power carried by the forward
traveling wave:
Time-average power carried by the backward
traveling wave:
0
2
2Z
V
P
+
+
=
+
+

I = I = P
Z
V
P
L L
2
0
2
2
2
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Time-Average Power Absorbed (Contd)
In summary, the net power propagating in
the +z-direction is given by
( )
L L av
P
Z
V
z P = I =
+
2
0
2
1
2
) (
+
P
power delivered
to the load
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Power Efficiency
Power efficiency is the ratio of the power
delivered to the load to the forward wave
power:
( )
2
2
1
4
1
S
S
P
P
L
L
+
= I =
+
1
1
+

= I
S
S
L
+

S
LECTURE 51 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Return Loss
Return loss is the ratio of the power carried
by the reverse wave to the power carried by
the forward wave expressed in dB
1
1
log 20
log 20 log 10
10
10
2
10

+
=
I = I =
S
S
RL
L L
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
LECTURE 52: IMPEDANCE MATCHING
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Impedance Matching
Reduce mismatch to increase power
efficiency.
Reduce mismatch to avoid distortion of
information by multiple reflections.
= + =
=
( =

LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Matching Using Lumped Reactive Elements
Connect a lumped reactive element in parallel (series)
across the line at a point where the real part of the line
admittance (impedance) is equal to its characteristic
admittance (impedance).
Y
0
z = 0
z
Y
L Y
0
z = -l
Y
s
Y
1
Y
2
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Lumped Reactive Elements
(Contd)
0 1 2
Y Y Y Y
s
= + =
jB Y
s
=
( )
1
Im Y B =
jB Y Y =
0 1
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Lumped Reactive Elements
(Contd)
The distances l from the load at which
are given by
( ) B j l z Y = = 1
( ) | |
L
l I =

I
1
cos
4
u
t

LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle


All rights reserved.
Matching Using Lumped Reactive Elements
(Contd)
( ) | |
L
l I =

I
1
cos
4
u
t

phase of I
L
solutions in second
and third quadrants
2

+ l
are also solutions

Y
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Lumped Reactive Elements
(Contd)
-2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
z/
N
o
r
m
a
li
z
e
d

L
i
n
e

A
d
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
Y
L
= 0.5*Y
0
real
imag
2nd
quadrant
3rd
quadrant
Y
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Lumped Reactive Elements
(Contd)

I
I
I
I
=
2
2
1
2
1
2
L
L
L
L
B
2nd quadrant
solutions
3rd quadrant
solutions
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Series or Shunt Stubs
At microwave frequencies, lumped elements may
be impractical or inconvenient to use for
impedance matching.
Instead, open- or short-circuited stubs are used as
reactive elements.
Otherwise, the principal of matching with stubs is
identical to that of matching with lumped reactive
elements.
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Series or Shunt Stubs (Contd)
For coaxial and waveguide transmission
lines, short-circuited stubs are usually used.
For microstrip and stripline transmission
lines, open-circuited stubs are usually used
to avoid the need for a pin connection to the
ground plane.
(
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Matching Using Series or Shunt Stubs (Contd)
Y
0
Y
L Y
0
Y
s
Y
1
Y
2
l
l
s
using a shunt short-circuited stub
Y
0
need to pick l
s
to get
the right value of B
can be another
characteristic
admittance
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Quarter-Wave Transformer Matching
Impedance
inverting
property of a
quarter-wave
length of
transmission
line:
Z
0
, v
p Z
in
/4
Z
L
( )
( )
L
l
L
L
l
in
Z
Z
l jZ Z
l jZ Z
Z Z
2
0
2
0
0
0
4 /
tan
tan
=
+
+
=
=
=
t
|

|
|
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Quarter-Wave Transformer Matching (Contd)
In terms of normalized impedance:
L
l
in
Z
Z
1
4 /
=
=
impedance inverter
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Quarter-Wave Transformer Matching (Contd)
The practical utility of the impedance-inverting
property of the quarter-wavelength transmission
line become apparent when we consider a purely
resistive load.
L
Q
l
in
R
Z
Z
2
4 /
=
=
characteristic
impedance of
quarter-wave
section of line
=
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Quarter-Wave Transformer Matching (Contd)
choose Z
Q
as
0 2
Z Z = to achieve
/4
Z
0
Z
2
Z
Q R
L
0
Z R Z
L Q
=
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Quarter-Wave Transformer Matching (Contd)
Z
0
Z
L
Z
1
/4
Z
0
l
Z
2
Z
Q
choose l such that Z
1
is real
choose Z
Q
as
0 2
Z Z = to achieve
0 1
Z Z Z
Q
=
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Frequency Variations
Theoretically any impedance matching
technique can produce a perfect match at
one frequency.
As the frequency varies from the design
frequency, the match degrades - SWR
increases, RL increases, etc.
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Frequency Variations (Contd)
Z
L
=25O
/4
Z
0
=100O
Z
2
Z
Q
=50O
Example:
LECTURE 52 Copyright 2002 by James T. Aberle
All rights reserved.
Frequency Variations (Contd)
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Normalized Frequency
R
e
t
u
r
n

L
o
s
s

(
d
B
)

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