Polar Coordinates

Section 9.
3 Polar Coordinates
2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Polar Coordinates
DEFINITION: The polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each
point P on a plane is determined by a distance r from a fixed point O that is called the pole (or origin)
and an angle from a fixed direction. The point P is represented by the ordered pair (r, ) and r, are
called polar coordinates.
REMARK: We extend the meaning of polar coordinates (r, ) to the case in which r is negative by agreeing
that the points (r, ) and (r, ) lie in the same line through O and at the same distance |r| from O, but
on opposite sides of O. If r > 0, the point (r, ) lies in the same quadrant as ; if r < 0, it lies in the
quadrant on the opposite side of the pole.
EXAMPLE: Plot the points whose polar coordinates are given:

(a) (1, 5/4)
(b) (2, 3)
(c) (2, 2/3)
(d) (3, 3/4)
Solution:
REMARK: In the Cartesian coordinate system every point has only one representation, but in the polar
coordinate system each point has many representations. For instance, the point (1, 5/4) in the Example
above could be written as (1, 3/4) or (1, 13/4) or (1, /4):
EXAMPLE: Find all the polar coordinates of the point P (2, /6).
Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates
EXAMPLE: Find all the polar coordinates of the point P (2, /6).
Solution: We sketch the initial ray of the coordinate system, draw the ray from the origin that makes an
angle of /6 radians with the initial ray, and mark the point (2, /6). We then find the angles for the other
coordinate pairs of P in which r = 2 and r = 2.
For r = 2, the complete list of angles is
,
6
2,
6
4,
6
6,
6
...
For r = 2, the angles are
5
,
6
5
2,
6
The corresponding coordinate pairs of P are

(
)
2,
+ 2n ,
6
and
5
4,
6
5
6,
6
...
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
)
5
2,
+ 2n ,
6
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
When n = 0, the formulas give (2, /6) and (2, 5/6). When n = 1, they give (2, 13/6) and (2, 7/6),
and so on.
The connection between polar and Cartesian coordinates can be seen from the figure below and described
by the following formulas:
x = r cos
r 2 = x2 + y 2
y = r sin
tan =
y
x
EXAMPLE:
(a) Convert the point (2, /3) from polar to Cartesian coordinates.
(b) Represent the point with Cartesian coordinates (1, 1) in terms of polar coordinates.
EXAMPLE:
(a) Convert the point (2, /3) from polar to Cartesian coordinates.
(b) Represent the point with Cartesian coordinates (1, 1) in terms of polar coordinates.
Solution:
(a) We have:
3
y = r sin = 2 sin = 2
= 3
x = r cos = 2 cos = 2 = 1
3
2
3
2
Therefore, the point is (1, 3) in Cartesian coordinates.

(b) If we choose r to be positive, then
r=
x2 + y 2 = 12 + (1)2 = 2
tan =
y
= 1
x
Since the point

quadrant, we can choose = /4 or = 7/4. Thus one possible
(1, 1) lies in the fourth
answer is ( 2, /4); another is ( 2, 7/4).

EXAMPLE: Express the equation x = 1 in polar coordinates.
Solution: We use the formula x = r cos .
x=1
r cos = 1
r = sec
EXAMPLE: Express the equation x2 = 4y in polar coordinates.
Solution: We use the formulas x = r cos and y = r sin .
x2 = 4y
(r cos )2 = 4r sin
r2 cos2 = 4r sin
r=4
sin
= 4 sec tan
cos2
Polar Curves
The graph of a polar equation r = f (), or more generally F (r, ) = 0, consists of all points P that
have at least one polar representation (r, ) whose coordinates satisfy the equation.
EXAMPLE: Sketch the polar curve = 1.
Solution: This curve consists of all points (r, ) such that the polar angle is 1 radian. It is the straight
line that passes through O and makes an angle of 1 radian with the polar axis. Notice that the points
(r, 1) on the line with r > 0 are in the first quadrant, whereas those with r < 0 are in the third quadrant.
EXAMPLE: Sketch the following curves:

(a) r = 2, 0 2.
(b) r = 2 cos , 0 .
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 2, 0 2.

Solution: We have
r=2, theta=Pi6
-2
r=2, theta=2 Pi6

2
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
r=2, theta=5 Pi6

2
-1
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
r=2, theta=8 Pi6

2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
r=2, theta=11 Pi6

2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
r=2, theta=12 Pi6
-1
r=2, theta=9 Pi6
-1
r=2, theta=6 Pi6
r=2, theta=10 Pi6
-2
-1
r=2, theta=7 Pi6
-2
-1
-1
r=2, theta=4 Pi6
-2
r=2, theta=3 Pi6
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 2 cos , 0 .

Solution: We have
r=2cosHthetaL, theta=Pi12
r=2cosHthetaL, theta=2 Pi12
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
-0.5
1.5
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
EXAMPLE: Express the polar equation r = 2 cos in rectangular coordinates.

Solution: We use the formulas r2 = x2 + y 2 and x = r cos . We have
r = 2 cos
r2 = 2r cos
x2 + y 2 = 2x
x2 2x + y 2 = 0
x2 2x + 1 + y 2 = 1
(x 1)2 + y 2 = 1
EXAMPLE: Express the polar equation in rectangular coordinates. If possible, determine the graph of
the equation from its rectangular form.
(a) r = 5 sec
(b) r = 2 sin
(c) r = 2 + 2 cos
EXAMPLE: Express the polar equation in rectangular coordinates. If possible, determine the graph of
the equation from its rectangular form.
(a) r = 5 sec
(b) r = 2 sin
(c) r = 2 + 2 cos
Solution: We use the formulas r2 = x2 + y 2 , x = r cos and y = r sin .
(a) We have
r = 5 sec
r cos = 5
x=5
(b) We have
r = 2 sin
r2 = 2r sin
x2 + y 2 = 2y
x2 + y 2 2y = 0
x2 + y 2 2y + 1 = 1
x2 + (y 1)2 = 1
(c) We have
r = 2 + 2 cos
r2 = 2r + 2r cos
x2 + y 2 = 2r + 2x
x2 + y 2 2x = 2r
(x2 + y 2 2x)2 = 4r2
(x2 + y 2 2x)2 = 4(x2 + y 2 )
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 1 + sin , 0 2 (cardioid).

Solution: We have
r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=Pi6
-1.5
-1.0
r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=2 Pi6
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
-0.5
2.0
-0.5
1.5
2.0
0.5
1.0
-0.5
2.0
-0.5
1.5
1.5
-0.5
1.0
-0.5
2.0
-1.0
-1.0
2.0
-0.5
-1.5
-1.5
2.0
-1.0
1.5
-0.5
-1.5
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.5
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 1 cos , 0 2 (cardioid).

Solution: We have
r=1-cosHthetaL, theta=Pi6
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
r=1-cosHthetaL, theta=2 Pi6

1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-1.0
-1.5
-1.0
-1.5
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.5
-2.0
-1.5
-0.5
-2.0
-2.0
-0.5
-2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.5
-1.5
-1.5
10
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 2 + 4 cos , 0 2.

Solution: We have
r=2+4cosHthetaL, theta=Pi6
r=2+4cosHthetaL, theta=2 Pi6
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3

3
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3

3
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3

3
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
11
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = cos(2), 0 2 (four-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
r=cosH2thetaL, theta=Pi6
-1.0
r=cosH2thetaL, theta=2 Pi6
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
12
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = sin(2), 0 2 (four-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
r=sinH2thetaL, theta=Pi6
-1.0
r=sinH2thetaL, theta=2 Pi6
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
13
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = sin(3), 0 (three-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
-1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
14
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = sin(4), 0 2 (eight-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
-1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
15
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = sin(5), 0 2 (five-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
-1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
16
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = sin(6), 0 2 (twelve-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
-1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
17
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = sin(7), 0 2 (seven-leaved rose).

Solution: We have
-1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
18
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
-0.5
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 1 +
1
sin(10), 0 2.
10
Solution: We have
r=1+sinH10thetaL10, theta=Pi6
-1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
r=1+sinH10thetaL10, theta=5 Pi6

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
19
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-0.5
1.0
1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-0.5
-1.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
EXAMPLE: Match the polar equations with the graphs labeled I-VI:
(a) r = sin(/2)
(b) r = sin(/4)
(c) r = sin + sin3 (5/2)
(d) r = sin
(e) r = 1 + 4 cos(5)
(f)
20
r = 1/
Tangents to Polar Curves

To find a tangent line to a polar curve r = f () we regard as a parameter and write its parametric
equations as
x = r cos = f () cos
y = r sin = f () sin
Then, using the method for finding slopes of parametric curves and the Product Rule, we have
dy
dr
sin + r cos
dy
d
d
=
=
dx
dr
dx
cos r sin
d
d
EXAMPLE:
(a) For the cardioid r = 1 + sin , find the slope of the tangent line when = /3.
(b) Find the points on the cardioid where the tangent line is horizontal or vertical.
21
(1)
EXAMPLE:
(a) For the cardioid r = 1 + sin , find the slope of the tangent line when = /3.
(b) Find the points on the cardioid where the tangent line is horizontal or vertical.
Solution: Using Equation 1 with r = 1 + sin , we have
dy
=
dx
=
dr
d
dr
d
sin + r cos
cos sin + (1 + sin ) cos
=
cos cos (1 + sin ) sin
cos r sin
cos (1 + 2 sin )
cos (1 + 2 sin )
=
2
(1 + sin )(1 2 sin )
1 2 sin sin
(a) The slope of the tangent at the point where = /3 is

1
(1 + 3)
cos(/3)(1 + 2 sin(/3))
dy
2
=
=
dx =/3
(1 + sin(/3))(1 2 sin(/3))
(1 + 3/2)(1 3)
1+ 3
1+ 3
=
= 1
=
(2 + 3)(1 3)
1 3
(b) Observe that
dy
3 7 11
= cos (1 + 2 sin ) = 0 when = ,
,
,
d
2 2
6
6
dx
3 5
= (1 + sin )(1 2 sin ) = 0 when =
, ,
d
2 6 6
Therefore there are horizontal tangents at the points (2, /2), ( 12 , 7/6), ( 12 , 11/6) and vertical tangents
at ( 23 , /6) and ( 32 , 5/6). When = 3/2, both dy/d and dx/d are 0, so we must be careful. Using
lHospitals Rule, we
( have
)(
)
dy
1 + 2 sin
cos
lim
=
lim
lim
(3/2) dx
(3/2) 1 2 sin
(3/2) 1 + sin
=
cos
1
sin
1
lim
=
lim
=
3 (3/2) 1 + sin
3 (3/2) cos
By symmetry,
lim
(3/2)+
dy
=
dx
Thus there is a vertical tangent line at the pole.

REMARK: Instead of having to remember Equation 1, we could employ the method used to derive it. For
instance, in the above Example we could have written
1
x = r cos = (1 + sin ) cos = cos + sin 2
2
y = r sin = (1 + sin ) sin = sin + sin2
Then we would have
dy
dy/d
cos + 2 sin cos
cos + sin 2
=
=
=
dx
dx/d
sin + cos 2
sin + cos 2
which is equivalent to our previous expression.
22

Polar Coordinates

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Polar Coordinates

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Section 9.

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Plot the points whose polar coordinates are given:

(c) (2, 2/3)

(d) (3, 3/4)

Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

For r = 2, the complete list of angles is

For r = 2, the angles are

The corresponding coordinate pairs of P are

Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Therefore, the point is (1, 3) in Cartesian coordinates.

Since the point

answer is ( 2, /4); another is ( 2, 7/4).

EXAMPLE: Sketch the following curves:

Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 2, 0 2.

r=2, theta=2 Pi6

r=2, theta=5 Pi6

r=2, theta=8 Pi6

r=2, theta=11 Pi6

r=2, theta=12 Pi6

r=2, theta=9 Pi6

r=2, theta=6 Pi6

r=2, theta=10 Pi6

r=2, theta=7 Pi6

r=2, theta=4 Pi6

r=2, theta=3 Pi6

Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 2 cos , 0 .

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=2 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=3 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=4 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=5 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=7 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=8 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=10 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=11 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=12 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=9 Pi12

r=2cosHthetaL, theta=6 Pi12

EXAMPLE: Express the polar equation r = 2 cos in rectangular coordinates.

Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 1 + sin , 0 2 (cardioid).

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=2 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=8 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=11 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=12 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=9 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=6 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=10 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=7 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=5 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=4 Pi6

r=1+sinHthetaL, theta=3 Pi6

Section 9.3 Polar Coordinates

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Sketch the curve r = 1 cos , 0 2 (cardioid).

r=1-cosHthetaL, theta=2 Pi6