When these words refer to LOCATION: "on" = "on top of", "on the front surface of" or "traveling

for" Ex. 1: "The cat is on the chair." Ex. 2: "I watched the movie on TV." Ex. 3: "He is on a business trip to Mexico." "in" = "inside of" or "attending" Ex. 1: "The dirty dishes are in the dishwasher." Ex. 2: "Mr. Jones is in a meeting right now." "at" = "near", "visiting", or it is used for events / entertainment (indoors or outdoors), or for locations where the purpose is more important than the building Ex. 1: "The horses were at the trough, eating." Ex. 2: "We had dinner at my friend's house." Ex. 3: "John is at the movies right now." Ex. 4: "I saw Mary at the post office." With locations that have a specific purpose, you use "at" when you are talking about the purpose and "inside" when you need to talk about the building itself: Ex. 1: "The children are at school right now." (purpose, i.e., education) Ex. 2: "There was a fire inside the school today." (the building structure) In English, there are always exceptions to the rule. But these are good, general guidelines that should help with many of your problems of usage.

By Erik 6 month(s) ago 0 comment(s) - Add a comment Flag

It is advisable to use IN when you are indicating a position for spaces with limitations. IN is used to convey that something is contained or inside. For example, - The bee is in the beehive. - The mail in the mailbox. - The file is in the disk. Alternatively, ON is used to denote a position for surfaces or a position just above or outside an area. Example,

- The book is placed on the table. - Charlie sat on the stool. - Jane had a tattoo on his arm. IN is used to denote a moment enclosed in time. It is therefore used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons. Some examples of these are, - I like to drink coffee in the morning. - Andreas wedding is on October. - A lot of terrorist activities happened in 2001. - The flowers will bloom in spring. ON is used with days and dates. Also, it may be used in special parts of the day and special holidays. Distinctively, ON is used when you do not enclose something time included it is with relative specificity. - Ill see you on Friday! - My retirement is effective on June 23. - The event happened on the morning of January 14. - We look for colourful eggs on Easter Sunday. ON is used with street names. Conversely, IN is used with names of cities, towns, provinces, states, and countries. - Im on Elm street, meet me here Freddie. - Jiu-jitsu is big in Brazil. - There are so many celebrities in California! There are some special considerations of using these two prepositions and it would be best to learn them from experience. Summary: 1. IN is used when you are referring something enclosed by limitations while using IN is relatively specific and does not denote anything enclosed.

2. IN is used to denote a location of something inside a space while on generally, denotes something above a surface or within proximity. 3. Whether it is used with place or time, normally, IN is general as compared to the specific implications of ON.

T h e

I n t r a n s i t i v e

V e r b

Recognize an intransitive verb when you see one. An intransitive verb has two characteristics. First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, die, etc. Second, unlike a transitive verb, it will not have adirect object receiving the action. Here are some examples of intransitive verbs: Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom door with only seven seconds to spare. Arrived = intransitive verb. James went to the campus cafe for a steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew. Went = intransitive verb. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars. Lie = intransitive verb. Around fresh ground pepper, Sheryl sneezes with violence. Sneezes = intransitive verb. In the evenings, Glenda sits on the front porch to admire her immaculate lawn. Sits = intransitive verb. Flipped on its back, the beetle that Clara soaked with insecticide dies under the refrigerator. Dies = intransitive verb.

Realize that many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive. An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is impossible for a direct object to follow. Other action verbs, however, can be transitive or intransitive, depending on what follows in the sentence. Compare these examples: Because of blood sugar problems, Rosa always eats before leaving for school. Eats = intransitive verb. If there is no leftover pizza, Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal. Eats = transitive verb; cereal = direct object. During cross-country practice, Damien runs over hills, through fields, across the river, and along the highway. Runs = intransitive verb. In the spring, Damien will run his first marathon. Will run = transitive verb; marathon = direct object.

Main verbs have meaning on their own (unlike helping verbs). There are thousands of main verbs, and ways: Transitive and intransitive verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object: Somebody killed the President. An intransitive verb does not hav verbs, like speak, can be transitive or intransitive. Look at these examples: transitive:

I saw an elephant. We are watching TV.

He speaks English.

intransitive:

He has arrived. John goes to school. She speaks fast.

Transitive Verbs My sister broke the window. In the first sentence, the word that comes after the verb, window, is the object of the verb. We say that it receives the action of the verb. All objects of verbs receive the action of the verb. Here are some more examples of transitive verbs with their objects:
o o o o o

I sold some books. I took the bus. I bought a radio. I understood her question. I wrote a letter.

When a verb has an object that receives the action of the verb, we say that the verb is transitive. Tran the TOEFL than intransitive verbs, but many students get confused about intransitive verbs.

I baked some cookies. I rode the bicycle. I moved the chair. I stitched a quilt.

Let's look at the other kind of verb now. Intransitive Verbs My father cried. We can see in this sentence that there is no word after cried. In other words, there is no object for the the action of the word. Think about it--what could we say? My father cried something. Is there a noun

could probably think of one or two nouns, like tears, or even, good-bye, but normally, we do not use the In this case we say that this verb is intransitive because it does not have an object after it. Here are some more examples of intransitive verbs:
o o o o o

I slept. I coughed. The glass fell. My cat ran. The sun rose.

We should notice that in each case, the subject is doing the action of the verb and nothing receives th

The batter hit the ball. The bird sang. I walked to the park today. Is walked transitive or intransitive? Think about the rules. Since walked has words coming after it, the v WRONG! The phrase to the park is a prepositional phrase and today is an adverb. There is no object re verb walked so the verb is intransitive.

I laughed. I cried. The book fell. The horse galloped. The sun set.

Linking verbs

A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said about the subje equality (=) or a change to a different state or place (>). Linking verbs are always intransitive (but not a verbs).

Mary is a teacher. (mary = teacher) Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful) That sounds interesting. (that = interesting) The sky became dark. (the sky > dark) The bread has gone bad. (bread > bad)

Dynamic and stative verbs

Some verbs describe action. They are called "dynamic", and can be used with continuous tenses. Othe situation). They are called "stative", and cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some continuous tenses with a change in meaning). dynamic verbs (examples):

hit, explode, fight, run, go

stative verbs (examples):

be like, love, prefer, wish impress, please, surprise hear, see, sound belong to, consist of, contain, include, need appear, resemble, seem

Regular and irregular verbs

This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between regular and ir different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it heart. regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle

look, looked, looked work, worked, worked

irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle

buy, bought, bought cut, cut, cut do, did, done

Here are lists of regular verbs and irregular verbs.

One way to think of regular and irregular verbs is like this: all verbs are irregular and the so-called regu group of irregular verbs.

Often the above divisions can be mixed. For example, one verb could be irregular, transitive and dynam transitive and stative. Now check your understanding

Regular Verbs

English regular verbs change their form very little (unlike irregular verbs). The past tense and past parti example: work, worked, worked But you should note the following points: 1. Some verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example: learn, learned, learned learn, learnt, learnt

2. Some verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular, for example " Regular Irregular hang, hanged, hanged hang, hung, hung to kill or die, by dropping with a rope around the neck

to fix something (for example, a picture) at the top so that the lowe

3. The present tense of some regular verbs is the same as the past tense of some irregular verbs: Regular Irregular found, founded, founded find, found, found

Regular Verbs List Irregular verbs list Regular Verbs List There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common regular verbs. Note that there are some spelling variations in American English (for example, "practise" becomes "practice" in American English).

Accept add

allow amuse

applaud appreciate

attach attack

admire admit advise afford agree alert back bake balance ban bang bare bat bathe battle beam calculate call camp care carry carve cause challenge change charge chase cheat check cheer chew dam damage dance dare decay deceive

analyse announce annoy answer apologise appear beg behave belong bleach bless blind blink blot blush boast choke chop claim clap clean clear clip close coach coil collect colour comb command communicate

approve argue arrange arrest arrive ask boil bolt bomb book bore borrow bounce bow box brake compare compete complain complete concentrate concern confess confuse connect consider consist contain continue copy correct disapprove disarm discover dislike divide double

attempt attend attract avoid

branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz

cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle

deliver depend describe desert deserve destroy

dress drip drop drown drum

decide decorate delay delight earn educate embarrass employ empty encourage face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence gather gaze glow glue hammer hand handle hang happen harass identify ignore imagine

detect develop disagree disappear end enjoy enter entertain escape examine fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap grab grate grease greet harm hate haunt head heal heap increase influence inform

doubt drag drain dream excite excuse exercise exist expand expect flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool grin grip groan guarantee heat help hook hop hope hover intend interest interfere

dry dust

explain explode extend

force form found frame frighten fry

guard guess guide

hug hum hunt hurry

invite irritate

impress improve include jail jam kick kill label land last laugh launch man manage march mark marry match mate nail name obey object observe pack

inject injure instruct jog join kiss kneel learn level license lick lie matter measure meddle melt memorise mend mess up need nest obtain occur offend permit

interrupt introduce invent joke judge knit knock lighten like list listen live milk mine miss mix moan moor mourn nod note offer open order pop

itch

juggle jump knot

load lock long look love move muddle mug multiply murder

notice number overflow owe own prevent

paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform question

phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish queue

possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press pretend

prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push

race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw

refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin sip ski skip slap slip

remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce request rescue retire return soothe sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil spot spray sprout squash squeak

rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule rush stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest

scribble scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave shelter talk tame tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank undress unfasten vanish

slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak thaw tick tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow unite unlock visit

squeal squeeze stain stamp stare start stay steer step stir stitch trace trade train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip unpack untidy

suit supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch

trot trouble trust try tug tumble turn twist type

use

wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash

waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip

whirl whisper whistle wink wipe wish wobble wonder

work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle

x-ray

yawn

yell

zip

zoom

Irregular ve

Irregular Verbs List

This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but these are the mo V1 Base Form Awake Be Beat Become Begin Bend Bet Bid Bite Blow Break Bring broadcast Build V2 Past Simple Awoke was, were Beat Became Began Bent Bet Bid Bit Blew Broke Brought Broadcast Built V3 Past Participle Awoken Been Beaten Become Begun Bent Bet bid bitten blown broken brought broadcast built

Transitive and intransitive verbs worksheet Verbs that are followed by objects are called transitive verbs. Verbs that are not normally followed by objects are called intransitive verbs. Name the verbs in the following sentences and state whether they are used transitively or intransitively. 1. Some ants fight fiercely. 2. The explosion sank the ship. 3. He spoke the truth. 4. He spoke loudly. 5. Boil the water. 6. The motorman stopped the train. 7. The horse kicked the boy. 8. The sun rises in the morning. 9. The watchman blew his whistle. 10. The poor widow killed herself.

11. He took shelter under a tree. 12. The birds sang sweetly. 13. The fire burns brightly. 14. Birds fly in the sky. 15. Time heals all wounds. Answers 1. Intransitive verb fight; no object 2. Transitive verb sank; object the ship 3. Transitive verb spoke; object the truth 4. Intransitive verb spoke; no object 5. Transitive verb boil; object the water 6. Transitive verb stopped; object the train 7. Transitive verb kicked; object the boy 8. Intransitive verb rises; no object 9. Transitive verb blew; object his whistle 10. Transitive verb killed; object herself 11. Transitive verb took; object shelter 12. Intransitive verb sang; no object 13. Intransitive verb burns; no object 14. Intransitive verb fly; no object 15. Transitive verb heals; object all wounds Teachers and parents may print these worksheets for their students. Click here for a printer-friendly version of this

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Preposition Exercises 1 Test your knowledge of the prepositions in / at / to / nothing - showing place and movement. Choose either in, at, to, or nothing and click on the arrow to see you have answered correctly.
1. He lives Zielona Gora. 2. She went home. 3. Piotrek works Gorzw Wlkp. 4. He went his friend's house. 5. She arrived Manchester for the celebrations. 6. I'm going to stay home this weekend. 7. Joanna works the hospital. 8. Why don't we go the movies tonight? 9. I'm going to see Hania France this summer. 10. I arrived work early this morning. 11. She came home early. 12. We stayed the Mieszko Hotel. 13. They visited England last summer. 14. She's going to travel Finland this summer. 15. I'll be school later today.

Preposition Exercises 2 Test you knowledge of the prepositions for / while / during. Choose either for, while or during and click on the arrow to see you have answered correctly.
1. He's been working 2. I fell asleep 3. Did you see Donata

three weeks. the film. your holiday?

4. We talked 5. He watched TV

an hour. I cooked.

Preposition Exercises 3 Test you knowledge of the prepositions in / at / on - showing time and date. Choose either in, at or on and click on the arrow to see you have answered correctly. 1. Let's meet seven o'clock. 2. He was born July. 3. I went there 1998. 4. She'll be at work Thursday. 5. We met Christmas day. 6. They drove to Barlinek September 15th. 7. We arrived in this country September. 8. I love to go shopping Christmas time. 9. We get up early the morning. 10. Do you dream night? 11. What do you like doing weekends? 12. He's working on his homework the moment. 13. I lived in Holland the 1990s. 14. I'll see you a few weeks. 15. We like going to the cinema Fridays.

Preposition Exercises 4 1 - She wasn't short, she wasn't tall; she was average height. 2 - What are you going to buy Hania her birthday? 3 - The police are looking a tall, black man who was seen standing outside the bank just before the robbery took place. 4 - The teacher asked the class to do the exercise the bottom of page 12. 5 - As a child I was always ashamed my parents because they were uneducated.

6 - I was always very good Geography when I was at school. 7 - My uncle specializes in . 8 - We arrived Gorzw at 3.30 in the morning. 9 - I didn't see you the party on Saturday. 10 - There was a lot of coughing the performance of Moniusko's 'Fairy Tale' symphony. 11 - He saw her as the most attractive womanthe world. 12 - Simon is completely useless sports.

our stay in London, we visited a lot of museums. you were in London? 8. I think I need to study Polish a few months before I go there. 9. I came up with a great idea I was thinking about my class. 10. They drove through the countryside they were staying in France. 11. He was out of work six months before he found a new job. 12. I broke my finger I was playing squash. 13. Please, don't interrupt the teacher he is speaking. 14. Magda broke into tears the film. 15. Could you hold on a few moments?
6. 7. What did you do

Prepositions: In, On, and At (with specific times and places)

The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the Preposition Time Place

In On At

Year, Month, In 1999, In December Day, Date On Saturday, On May 1 Time At 8:00, At 7:30

Country, State, City In Japan, In

Street On Main Street, On 1st A

Address At 815 East Main Stree

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Ju indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place. Examples: A: Where's your office? B: In Taipei, Taiwan. A: Really? What part of Taipei? B: It's on Chung Shan North Road. A: I know that area. Where exactly is it? B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore. C: When is the wedding? D: It's in June. C: What day? D: It's on Saturday, the 25th. C: What time? D: It starts at 6:00. Prepositions with articles and locations

When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to indicate inside the example: at the swimming pool (on site) at the post office/bank (general) at the zoo (visitors, general area) at school

in the swimming pool (in the pool itself i.e. in the w in the post office/bank (inside the building) in the zoo (animals in their cages) in the classroom

Sample sentences: I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie) I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building) She works at the library on Wednesdays. She found a rare coin in the library (building). Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day. John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.

For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates the general situ "practice"/situation in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.) in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal) in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.) Where's Dad? in church (attending services) at church in prison (He committed a crime.) For Practice: See in the church (fixing the windows) at the church at the prison (visiting his friend) building

in the school (buil

in the jail/prison (t

in the church (buil

At-On-In Used in Time and Dates (from The Internet TESL Journal) Prepositions: At, In and On (from T See also: Grammar: Prepositions and Time Words;Prepositions of Location

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Activities for ESL Students Crosswords- CrosswordsBilingual JavaScript E D a4esl.org In, At or On Click the answer button to see the answer. 1. It gets very cold ___ winter. 2. Betty doesn't have a job ___ the moment. 3. The telephone and the doorbell rang ___ the same time. 4. He flew from Japan. He's probably ___ Perth now. 5. Would you like to go out to dinner ___ Friday night? 6. She was tired. She's ___ bed now. 7. Goodbye! I'll see you ___ the morning. 8. Were you ___ Tom's party last night? 9. I'll see you ___ two weeks time. 10. She was born ___ 1961. 11. The doctor will see you ___ 10:00. 12. ___ the age of ten I wanted to be a firefighter. 13. My wife gave me a wonderful present ___ my birthday. 14. The coffee is ___ the shelf. 15. My pen is ___ my pencil case. 16. He's gone to work. He's probably ___ work now. 17. He lives ___ Australia. Flash HTML-Only For Teachers

18. ___ my opinion you should buy the blue shirt. 19. ___ second thought, the green shirt is nicer. 20. I'll see you ___ Monday. 21. I'll be taking my holiday ___ Christmas this year. 22. Buy some bread and milk ___ your way home. 23. What will you be doing ___ New Year's Eve? 24. ___ the end of a course, students usually have a party. 25. The flowers ___ your garden are very beautiful. 26. There were many cars ___ the road today. 27. Tom and Betty always go out to dinner ___ their wedding aniversary. 28. We got up ___ dawn today. 29. Are you doing anything ___ the weekend? 30. We live ___ this address. Copyright (C) 1997 Douglas Gilbert (dougal@ms15.hinet.net) This quiz is part of the HTML-Only Self-Study Quizzes which is part of Activities for ESL Students, a project by The Internet TESL Journal. aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh

H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

after although as as if as long as as much as as soon as as though because before even if even though

How If inasmuch in order that Lest now that

till ( or 'til) Unless Until When Whenever Where

provided (that) Wherever Since so that than that Though While

1. Music soothe me. 2. Billy bake brownies every Halloween. 3. Peggy and Grace is arguing again. 4. Elsie never takes the bus to work. 5. The people who own that house has no insurance. 6. One of these mechanics have a set of jumper cables. 7. Felix and his brother is mending the wings of butterflies. 8. Both of my essays is brilliant. 9. The pulses emitted by a neutron star recurs at precise intervals. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. One of my uncles dances at the Rainbow Cafe. Phil and Jeremy has gone to the concert. Both of my daughters are professional dancers. Every one of the workers receive the same benefits. There is two gerbils in my bathroom. This box of toys belong in the attic.

16. Music soothes me.

17. Billy bakes brownies every Halloween.

18. Peggy and Grace are arguing again.

19. Correct

20. The people who own that house have no insurance.

21. One of these mechanics has a set of jumper cables.

22. Felix and his brother are mending the wings of butterflies.

23. Both of my essays are brilliant.

24. The pulses emitted by a neutron star recur at precise intervals.

25. Correct

26. Phil and Jeremy have gone to the concert.

27. Correct

28. Every one of the workers receives the same benefits.

29. There are two gerbils in my bathroom.

30. This box of toys belongs in the attic.

By adding "ss" to the noun for a male (sometimes with other slight changes): MALE, FEMALE actor, actress Baron, Baroness Count, Countess Duke, Duchess Emperor, Empress giant, giantess heir, heiress host, hostess lion, lioness manager, manageress master, mistress murderer, murderess priest, priestess Prince, Princess poet, poetess shepherd, shepherdess steward, stewardess tiger, tigress waiter, waitress

2. By use of different words: MALE, FEMALE bachelor, spinster boy, girl brother, sister bull, cow cock, hen dog, bitch drake, hen (duck) father, mother dog, vixen (fox) friar, nun gander, goose gentleman, lady stallion, mare husband, wife King, Queen lad, lass lord, lady man, woman monk, nun nephew, niece sir, madam son, daughter uncle, aunt

3. By prefixing or suffixing a word:

MALE, FEMALE boy-friend, girl-friend grandfather, grandmother great grandfather, great grandmother grandson, granddaughter great grandson great granddaughter father-in-law, mother-in-law brother-in-law, sister-in-law son-in-law, daughter-in-law landlord, landlady manservant, maidservant step-father, step-mother step-son, step-daughter Godfather, Godmother Godson, Goddaughter

ANIMALS MALE, FEMALE he, she tom, tib (cat) tom, tib (elephant) bull, cow boar, sow buck, roe ram, ewe

BIRDS cock, hen

peacock, peahen

4. Foreign feminines: MALE, FEMALE fianc, fiance hero, heroine

5. The only cases in which the noun for a male is formed from the noun for a female are: MALE, FEMALE bridegroom, bride widower, widow

MASCULINE actor author bachelor boy Boy Scout brave bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor father father-in-law fiance gentleman giant god governor

FAMININE Actress authoress spinster girl Girl Guide Squaw bride sister comductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress mother mother-in-law fiancee lady giantess goddess matron

grandfather headmaster heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man manager manservant master mayor milkman millionaire monitor monk Mr. murderer Negro nephew papa poet postman postmaster priest prince prophet proprietor protector shepherd sir son son-in-law step-father step-son steward sultan tailor uncle waiter washerman widower

grandmother headmistress heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman manageress maidservant mistress mayoress milkmaid millionairess monitress nun Mrs. murderess Negress niece mama poetess postwoman postmistress prietess princess prophetess proprietress protectress shepherdess madam daughter daughter-in-law step-mother step-daughter stewardess sultana tailoress aunt waitress washerwoman widow

wizard

witch

CREATURES MASCULINE billy-goat boar buck (deer, hare) buck-rabbit bull bull-elephant bull-seal bullock bull-whale cob (swan) cock cockerel cock-pigeon colt (young horse) dog drake drone fox gander hawk he-bear he-goat he-wolf jack-ass leopard lion peacock ram (sheep) stag stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock FAMININE nanny-goat sow doe doe-rabbit cow cow-elephant cow-seal heifer cow-whale pen hen pullet hen-pigeon filly bitch duck bee vixen goose bowess she-bear she-goat she-wolf jenny-ass, she-ass leopardess lioness peahen ewe hind mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen

By adding s Singular ant bicycle cow daughter egg flower grape house jug king

Plural ants bicycles cows daughters eggs flowers grapes houses jugs kings

Singular lock magazine nose orange picture rose spoonful toy vase well

Plural locks magazines noses oranges pictures roses spoonfuls toys vases wells

By adding -es to nouns ending in ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and x Singular Plural Singular Plural beach beaches dish dishes inch inches thrush thrushes match matches boss bosses watch watches dress dresses bus buses glass glasses octopus octopuses kiss kisses syllabus syllabuses box boxes virus viruses fox foxes brush brushes six sixes bush bushes tax taxes

By adding s to nouns ending in o Singular Plural dynamo dynamos photo photos piano pianos radio radios solo solos

Singular studio tattoo torso trio zero

Plural studios tattoos torsos trios zeros

By adding -es to nouns ending in o Singular Plural Singular Buffalo buffaloes potato Echo echoes tomato Hero heroes tornado mosquito mosquitoes veto Negro negroes

Plural potatoes tomatoes tornadoes vetoes

By adding s or es to nouns ending in -o Singular Plural Singular Banjo banjos/banjoes memento Archipelago archipelagos/es peccadillo Cargo cargos/cargoes lasso Mango mango/mangoes indigo Motto mottos/mottoes volcano

Plural mementos/mementoes peccadillos/es lassos/lassoes Indigos/indigoes volcanos/volcanoes

By changing y into ies if a noun ends in a consonant before the -y Singular Plural Singular Plural Beauty beauties fairy fairies cherry cherries family families curry curries nappy nappies

diary duty

diaries duties

spy theory

spies theories

By adding s if there is a vowel before the -y Singular Plural Singular chimney chimneys kidney donkey donkeys monkey guy guys toy jersey jerseys trolley key keys valley

Plural kidneys monkeys toys trolleys valleys

By changing f or fe into ves Singular Plural calf calves elf elves half halves knife knives leaf leaves

Singular life loaf sheaf thief wife

Plural lives loaves sheaves thieves wives

By adding s to nouns ending in f or fe Singular Plural Singular chef chef handcuff chief chiefs reef cliff cliffs roof giraffe Giraffes safe gulf Gulfs sheriff

Plural handcuffs reefs roofs safes sheriffs

By adding s or changing f into ves Singular Plural dwarf dwarf/dwarves handkerchief Handkerchiefs/ves hoof hoof/hooves scarf scarfs/scarves turf turfs/turves wharf wharfs/wharves

By changing the vowels Singular Plural axis Axes cactus Cacti crisis Crises emporium emporia/emporiums fungus fungus/funguses

Singular goose louse mouse oasis tooth

Plural geese lice mice oases teeth

By adding en or ren Singular Plural ox Oxen

Singular child

Plural children

By changing the vowels Singular Plural Axis Axes Cactus Cacti

Singular goose louse

Plural geese lice

Crisis Emporium Fungus

Crises emporia/emporiums fungi/funguses

mouse oasis tooth

mice* oases teeth

* For computer mouse, the plural is mice or mouses.

The plural and singular forms of some nouns are the same Advice Advice knowledge knowledge Aircraft Aircraft music music Baggage Baggage news News Cattle Cattle offspring Offspring Cod Cod scenery Scenery Deer Deer series Series Fish fish** sheep Sheep Furniture Furniture species Species Information information ** More than one fish of the same species. Fishes are the plural of more than one species of fish.
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