Chapter 2: Literature Review

Home Security Systems

Home Security System is a complete system that secures a home from various threats including home intrusion. There is a lot of external threats that can endanger our home and family, ranging from break-ins and theft to fires and carbon monoxide poisoning. Keep our loved ones and assets safe from such dangers with a home surveillance system from a security company. These systems go far beyond traditional house alarms and are comprised of several different security devices to monitor all aspects of our home, such as smoke detectors, motion sensors and security cameras. When one of these devices is triggered, the security company is immediately notified and can dispatch emergency responders if we or our home is in danger. By understanding the purpose of each part of a home security system, consumers can be sure they are protecting what is danger to them without spending an excessive amount of money on items they do not need like spending on safeguard purpose and safety manpower. . By paying a small fee, a homeowner can be assured their home is constantly being monitored.

What is Necessary for a Home Security System? A Basic Home Security System in market consists Of :
Panel Door and Window Contacts Motion Detector Monitoring Alarm/Alarm system Battery Back-up Bells/Sirens Burglar Alarm Carbon Monoxide Detector or Monitor CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Central Monitoring Center Chime or Bell Mode

Carbon Monoxide Detector or Monitor CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Central Monitoring Center Chime or Bell Mode Digital Video Monitoring System Door and Window Contacts DVR/CCTV Recorder Electronic Surveillance System Emergency Phone Emergency Response Locator Fire Detector and Alarm Glass Break Detectors Handheld Remote Heat Detectors Interior Sounder/Bell Interior Sounder/Bell Keypad Panic Buttons Keypads Light Activation Low Temperature Sensors Paging Features Phone Activation Smoke Detectors Two-way Keypad

Panel
This is the "brains" of the home security system. This is absolutely necessary for your system to work. Every other part of a home security system is wired into the panel .The alarm company will typically install the control panel inside a closet or some other concealed area of our home.

Door and Window Contacts

Contacts are hidden devices that detect the opening of protected windows and doors. When a door or window is opened, a contact sensor is triggered, and a signal is sent to dispatch if the system is alarmed. When the system is not turned, broken or home security system is disarmed, a chime will sound. Then, a signal will also be sent to the central dispatch center.Our control panel can keep a log of when these contacts were broken so that, if we choose, we can keep track of when our kids leave or come home.

Motion Detector
A motion detector protects the entire room. This includes windows. It will also pick up the movement of someone getting up for a midnight snack, so they aren't effective in high traffic areas. However, they are a great addition to a home security system while everyone is out of the house. We no need to worry about our pets stopping us from installing a home security system. There are "smart" motion detectors that will recognize a human moving about, but will not go off if a dog or cat is moving in the room. Some motion detectors also have a glass break sensor. It is attuned to the sound of breaking glass. If a window were broken, the alarm would go off. A window contact will not cause the alarm to go off if the window were broken. When they are turned on, motion detectors can sense intruders within our home. If we have a monitored motion detector, authorities can be summoned when an intruder is detected. Motion detectors can usually be programmed so that they will only go off if a large animal or person sets them off. This helps to cut down on false alarms.

Monitoring
When a home security system is monitored, the security system is able to use the telephone line to call the authorities if a break-in occurs. If an alarm is tripped, the home security system usually calls a monitoring center. An employee of the monitoring center will telephone the authorities. A homeowner can also ask that

he or she be called first in case of an alarm. This is to ensure that the security system has not been accidentally set off. By paying a small fee, a homeowner can be assured their home is constantly being monitored.

Alarm
An alarm system is essentially any mechanism or series of mechanisms that trigger an alert that there is a problem in the house. When an alarm is triggered by an intruder or fire, a signal is sent to a team of operators who will then get the proper authorities notified immediately. There are several different alarm system monitoring companies that you can choose from. Most of these home security companies have a national scope. A home security alarm can be one of the first lines of defense when it comes to invasions or the threat of fire. Battery Back-up A battery back-up is part of the control panel in most home security systems. The battery back-up keeps the home security system operational if there is an electrical failure. Otherwise, there wouldnt be any bells or whistles when something goes wrong. Bells/Sirens Visual and audible bells can alert your family and neighbors that there is a problem in your home. Another sound might be the chirp that is sounded when contacts have been broken. Burglar Alarm A burglar alarm is an electrical system that is primarily used to scare off burglars with a loud noise. If it is a monitored burglar alarm then the local authorities will be notified at the time of the incident. When installed, it might be a good idea to advertise the fact that there is a burglar alarm in the house. If a burglar sees that the home has a home security alarm system installed then they will be less likely to want to deal with that particular home. Carbon Monoxide Detector or Monitor Carbon Monoxide is odorless and colorless. This is why it is sometimes referred to as the silent killer. A monitored carbon monoxide detector can alert authorities when high levels of this deadly gas have been detected. The device monitors the presence and levels of carbon monoxide gas in a particular area. If carbon monoxide is detected then an alarm is sounded. If the Carbon Monoxide Monitor is tripped then a signal will be sent to dispatch and the proper authorities will be alerted so that EMS (Emergency Medical) can respond to your situation. If your carbon monoxide monitor goes off, dont wait for EMS to arrive. Get everyone out of the house as quickly and safely as possible. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) A video surveillance system that allows you to watch certain areas of your home. CCTV is mostly used for businesses but can also be employed as part of a home security system. Central Monitoring Center This is the dispatch center where distress signals are received. It is operational 24 hours a day. Once the central monitoring center receives a distress signal, they will immediately call the home in order to make sure that it was not a false alarm. Then, if there is an emergency, they will notify the proper authorities right away. Chime or Bell Mode A programmable internal system that lets you know if someone has entered a zone while the system is disarmed. These are used in the disarmed mode for a variety of reasons. One of the best uses for the chime or bell mode is to let you know that someone has opened a door. Its a good way to keep track of teens or to know if a toddler has entered a portion of the house that is not safe, such as a backyard with a swimming pool. However, you should never use your chime or bell mode as your only way to safeguard your children from dangers such as swimming pools. If you have small children and a swimming pool then there are many steps that you should take in order to try to keep them safe. Digital Video Monitoring System

These are video security systems that can be used with a VCR, DVR, or personal computer. You can use a wireless surveillance camera in order to tape actions that occur in a designated area and have those actions recorded and played back by using a VCR, DVR or PC. Some systems are motion sensitive so that they only start recording if there is something going on. This saves tape on a video cassette and space on a DVR or PC. Door and Window Contacts When a door or window is opened, a contact sensor is triggered, and a signal is sent to dispatch if the system is alarmed. When the system is not turned on, a chime will sound. Your control panel can keep a log of when these contacts were broken so that, if you choose, you can keep track of when your kids leave or come home. This can come in handy if you happen to have teens. Just keep in mind that teenagers can be fairly crafty and they are generally good with modern day electronics. They have been known to reprogram a home security system so that their comings and goings go unnoticed. You might want to take this into consideration when setting your password. DVR A Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is an electronic device that records video and saves it on a computer hard disk. You can use a DVR in conjunction with a video monitoring system so that sequences of time can be recorded and played back at your convenience. Make sure that your DVR hard disk has adequate storage capacity. DVR CCTV Recorder Records action on a surveillance camera on closed circuit television so that it can be seen later. This type of DVR is typically used in malls and other shopping places but can come in handy for home security systems as well. Electronic Surveillance System These systems can protect homes from break-ins, burglary, and assault. They are commonly referred to as home security systems and can include burglar alarms that notify the police, wireless security cameras or CCTV, and a variety of other devices. An electronic surveillance system usually includes wireless security cameras. Emergency Phone Some home security monitoring companies offer phones for emergency assistance and personal alarms. Other products may include the medical emergency pendant or the panic button. These emergency phone systems are meant to speed up the process of alerting the authorities that you are in need of help. For example, if you are in your garden and you start to feel faint and think that you may be having a medical emergency, you can use your mobile device in order to summon help right away. If you have a panic button, you might need to use it in a portion of your property that is not monitored by your home security system. For instance, if you are in the yard and a stranger hops over your fence. Emergency Response Locator This is a sign that you put in your yard in order to help deter burglars and also to help fire, police and medical personnel find your home quicker. These signs should be marked with reflective numbers and should be easy to spot whether it is day or night. It does no good to summon the police or fire departments if they cant find your home! Fire Detector and Alarm Fire alarms detect smoke and/or heat. If it is a monitored system then it can send a signal to a monitoring center. The persons responsible for monitoring the alarms can then notify the fire department or other emergency responder to come to your aid. Fire detectors should be thoroughly tested at least once per year. Glass Break Detectors These are devices that trigger an alarm when the sound or vibration of breaking glass is detected. When the sound is detected an alarm can be sent to a Local Monitoring Station if the sensor is part of a monitored home security system. This is an extra layer of defense that many homeowners choose to pass up. The door and window contacts can only go so far. If a burglar breaks a ground floor window, they can gain entrance without disrupting the contacts.

Handheld Remote If you have a hand-help remote control then you can arm or disarm your home security system. Some remotes can also be used in order to open your garage door or turn on the lights in your home. The type of remote control that you choose is completely up to you. You can even choose to not have one at all. Heat Detectors Heat detectors can determine excessive heat in your house or building. This can be a stand alone fire detection system or can work in conjunction with other security systems. Excessive heat can be a precursor to combustion. Interior Sounder/Bell This is a siren or bell in your home that will notify your family that there is a fire or an intrusion. It can be setup so that there are different sounding signals for each type of event. For instance, a very loud bell might ring throughout the house when the home security system is armed. When the system is not armed, a fairly quiet chime may sound. Keypad Panic Buttons These are used in order to send out a silent alarm alerting the authorities that you are in need of assistance. These are typically used in convenience stores as the under the counter button but they can also be installed as part of a complete home security system. Keypads The keypad allows you to interact with your home security system. It can be placed in a hallway or somewhere in your home that is centrally located and convenient. The keypad is typically located close to the main entrance of your home so that you can turn off your alarm when you first come in the door. Light Activation Some home security systems can turn on lights when an intruder is detected. On some systems, lights can also be turned on with a remote control. If a burglar enters your home and all the lights immediately go on, nine times out of ten they will simply do an about face and march right back out the door. Low Temperature Sensors Alerts a monitoring center when the temperature inside your home drops below a specified level. This can come in handy if you live in an area where the outside temperature frequently dips down below freezing. Paging Features Some home security systems employee a paging feature that can alert you if there is an intrusion or fire. This can come in handy if you are at work or school. A large portion of burglaries and home invasions take place while the homeowner is at work during the day. You should use caution with these devices. If you receive a page that your alarm has gone off, you shouldnt just rush home and enter your house. There might be a burglar in there! Phone Activation Some security systems can be turned on and off over the phone. This could come in handy if you are away on vacation and you need to let the neighbor enter your home to take care of your animals. It can also come in handy if you arrive at work only to remember that you forgot to activate your home security system! Smoke Detectors Gives early detection of a fire by an audible warning. They typically will detect smoke, other products or combustion. When used in conjunction with a home security monitoring company, emergency services can automatically be alerted that you have a possible fire. If your smoke detector uses a battery, you should have a certain day of the year that you religiously use to change the batteries. Two-way Keypad This is a device that can check the status of your security system from outside your home.

MOTION SENSOR DETECTOR

A motion sensor is a device for motion detection. That is, it is a device that contains a physical mechanism or electronic sensor that quantifies motion that can be either integrated with or connected to other devices that alert the user of the presence of a moving object within the field of view. They form a vital component of comprehensive security systems, for both homes and businesses. An electronic motion detector contains a motion sensor that transforms the detection of motion into an electric signal. This can be achieved by measuring optical changes in the field of view. Most motion detectors can detect up to15 25 meters (5080ft). A motion detector attached to an outdoor, automatic

light.
A motion detector may be connected to a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service after it detects motion. Such a detector may also trigger a red light camera. Motion detectors have

found great application in domestic and commercial applications. Some of these applications include motion-activated outdoor lighting systems, motion sensor street lamps and motion sensor lanterns.

Types of Motion Detector System A number of houses nowadays already prefer a wireless motion detector because of the convenience of not seeing visible wires that make the place a little messy. The Motion Detector System A motion detection system is a type of security alarm which can quantify motion. This motion can then be connected to other gadgets or equipments that signals the user that there is motion occurring in a particular area. A motion detection system is considered vital in securing a home or a business. This type of detector system is effective in detecting movements at an average of 50 feet to 80 feet. This detector system can also be linked to an intruder alarm system that immediately alerts security about a possible burglary.

PIR Passive InfraRed A popular motion detector system is the PIR detector. Defined as a passive infrared (PIR) detector, this type looks for a source of body heat in order to detect movement. Aside from the PIR detector, there are also motion detector systems that use ultrasound (ultrasonic motion detector), microwave motion detectors and tomographic motion detectors. Microwave sensors Microwave sensors use microwave pulses to measure a moving objects reflection. An ultrasonic sensor sends out ultrasonic waves and then measures its reflection off an object that is moving. Tomographic sensor A tomographic sensor detects disturbances in radio waves if they travel via areas that have a lot of network nodes. These forms are all classified as a wireless motion detector. The newer systems already work on dual sensors in order to better improve the detectors ability to sense correctly and avoid false alarms. There is also a type for this detector that contains a timing device, which is the one most preferred by users to secure their homes or businesses. This is because the sensor with the timing device prevents unoccupied spaces (like public comfort rooms) from lighting up.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

PIR stands for Passive InfraRed. In simple terms, it is a motion detector. This sensors measure infrared radiation emanating from objects in the field of view. It only has one output pin and another two pins is connected to 5V and GND separately. Apparent motionis detected when an infrared emitting source with one

temperature, such as human body, passes in front of source with another temperature, such as wall. The unitoutput is high whenever there is motion detected. If the motion is continuous, the output remains high. Aftermotion stops, the output remains high for a few seconds (depend on the variable resistor adjusted). It will remain high for longer if H from the jumper is selected. For this project, the resistant of variable resistor is adjusted to as low as possible so that the output of the sensor would not remain high for long time after motion stops.

The Application of a Motion Detector System

It would not come as a surprise if homes nowadays have a motion detector systeminstalled in it. After all, personal safety, as well as your familys safety is always of utmost importance. Applications of this Alarm System Primarily, users by alarm systems for the protection of their properties (residences or business establishments, or both). However, with the fast pace that technology is improving, other uses have also been found for this alarm system. For instance, aside from detecting a possible burglar in the house or in the store, a motion detector system can also now be used to manipulate appliances and all other amenities in the house, such as indoor lighting

How do motion detectors work?

There are two types of motion detectors - Passive InfraRed (PIR) and microwave. PIR detectors monitor the infrared radiation emitted by all objects within their field of view. A PIR detector will alert your security system when it detects movement of a source of infrared radiation against background radiation levels. Microwave detectors transmit an electromagnetic signal and compare the reflected signal from all objects in their field of view. A moving object is identified using the Doppler effect comparing transmitted and reflected signals. If the signal matches preset detection criteria an alarm is triggered. Microwave detectors are much more sensitive to movement than PIR detectors, but can be prone to false alarms if not properly installed as their detection can pass through walls. In most applications, PIR detectors provide excellent protection. In some hostile environments PIR detection on its own may not be suitable as it can be sensitive to thermal radiation interference. Microwave detectors on the other hand can be sensitive to radio interference. Motion detectors which combine PIR and microwave detection are called 'dual-technology' (or 'dual-tech') and are relatively immune to interference. Consequently, they have a low false alarm rate as both technologies have to detect simultaneously in order for an alarm to be triggered. Dual-tech sensors also provide the additional benefit of anti-masking functionality.