Energy Engineering

Prepared By:Yasir Ilyas Roll # 08-CH-06

Aniline point
The minimum temperature for a complete mixing of equal volume of aniline and materials such as diesel or any other fuel; used in some specifications to indicate the aromatic content of oils and to calculate approximate heat of combustion.

Diesel index
(chemical engineering) An empirical expression for the correlation between the aniline number of a diesel fuel and its ignitability. (mechanical engineering) Diesel fuel rating based on ignition qualities; highquality fuel has a high index number. The cetane number provides a measure of the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines. Diesel Index API gravity = = aniline po int

( F ) x Degrees
o

API gravity 60 o F

100 131.5

60 o F Aniline point is used to measure the aromatic content of the diesel fuel.Aniline point is mostly for diesel fuel.It is measure in F. Aniline point 1/Cetane number Aniline point 1/Aromatic Content Aniline point Somke point Somke point 1/Aromatic Content Cetane number 1/Quality of Diesel fuel Cetane number is only for diesel Octane number is only for Petrol(Gasoline) [Octane number Quality of Petrol]

141.5 specific gravity at 60o F

Smoke point
(engineering) The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosine will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosine.

The smoke point generally refers to the temperature at which a cooking fat or oil begins to break down to glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol is then further broken

NFC IE&FR Faisalabad

Energy Engineering

Prepared By:Yasir Ilyas Roll # 08-CH-06

down to acrolein which is a component of the bluish smoke. It is the presence of the acrolein that causes the smoke to be extremely irritating to the eyes and throat. Somke point 1/Aromatic Content Somke point 1/Cetane number Cetane number 1/Quality of Diesel fuel Hydrotreating of the fuel reduces the smoke or gives it a higher smoke point. Hydrotreating technology is one of the most commonly used refinery processes, designed to remove contaminants such as sulfur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals. The products in most applications are used as environmentally acceptable clean fuels.

Softening point
(physics) For a substance which does not have a definite melting point, the temperature at which viscous flow changes to plastic flow. An index of a bitumens fluidity; the temperature at which a bitumen (used in roofing or road construction) softens or melts. Two methods for the determination of softening point Ring & ball method Vicot method

Flash Point
The flash point of a fuel is the temperature at which vapour given off will ignite when an external flame is applied under standardised conditions. Flash point depends upon the following factors Viscosity Atmospheric pressure Temperature etc;

Cloud Point
Point at which a definite lack of clarity, cloudiness, appears when a liquid is subject to adulteration or when it is mixed with another substance. The temperature at which a liquid becomes cloudy when it is cooled. In a condensation polymerization it is the temperature at which the first turbidity appears, caused by water separation when a reaction mixture is cooled.

NFC IE&FR Faisalabad

Energy Engineering

Prepared By:Yasir Ilyas Roll # 08-CH-06

In crude or heavy oils, cloud point is synonymous with wax appearance temperature (WAT) and wax precipitation temperature (WPT). Why to find Cloud point? The measurement of cloud point is of significant importance to industry, particularly in climates with low ambient temperatures. If the temperature drops below the cloud point, wax crystals forming in the fuel may block filters and cause fuel delivery problems. Cloud point is measure at the bottom of the test tube because When we decrease the temperature of the fuel the precipitates of unsaturated fatty acids becomes dense and settle down.

Pour point
The pour point is the minimum temperature of a liquid particularly a lubricant, after which, on decreasing the temperature, the liquid cease to flow. Pour point is measure at the center of the test tube because fuel pour first at the center of the test tube

Penetration Power
The Vertical distance covered by needle of penetrometer in the semi-solid material under the force of gravity. The most important feature of grease is its rigidity or consistency. Grease that is too stiff may not feed into areas requiring lubrication, while grease that is too fluid may leak out. Grease consistency depends on the type and amount of thickener used and the viscosity of its base oil. Greases consistency is its resistance to deformation by an applied force. The measure of consistency is called penetration. Penetration depends on whether the consistency has been altered by handling or working. Penetration Power 1/Viscosity of material

Viscosity
We have two main types of viscosity Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity

Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity

NFC IE&FR Faisalabad

Energy Engineering

Prepared By:Yasir Ilyas Roll # 08-CH-06

The internal frictional force between the adjacent layers of the fluid.Its unit is Poise(kgm1 sec-1) or CentiPoise(gm-1sec-1)

Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity is the measure of the resistive flow of fluid under gravity with the pressure head being proportional to the hydrostatic head. The pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its density. Actually kinematics viscosity is the product of the measured flow time and the calibrated constant of the viscometer. The time was in minutes for a fixed volume of a sample flow through the capillary of a calibrated viscometer. Kinematic Viscosity Absolute Viscosity/Density Kinematic Viscosity has unit of Stoke(m2sec-1) or CentiStoke(cm2sec-1) Engler Viscometer for highly Viscous fuels.It measures Kinematic viscosity in Degree Engler(E) Redwood Viscometer for intermediate Viscous fuels.It measures Kinematic viscosity in Redwood second. Saybolt Viscometer for very low viscous Viscous fuels.It measures Kinematic viscosity in Saybolt second. For Liquids & Solids Viscosity 1/Temperature For Gases Viscosity Temperature

http://www.kittiwake.com/2_3_viscosity.htm

NFC IE&FR Faisalabad

Energy Engineering

Prepared By:Yasir Ilyas Roll # 08-CH-06

NFC IE&FR Faisalabad