NAME: SYEYA E.

OMELIG COURSE CODE: PHED102b

PROGRAM CODE: BIT12 DATE: NOVEMBER 21, 2012

Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of spin to the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage. Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an Olympic sport, with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since 2008 a team event has been played instead of the doubles. In 2007, the governance fortable tennis for persons with a disability was transferred from the International Paralympic Committee to the ITTF. HISTORY The game originated as a sport in England during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game. It has been suggested that the game was first developed by British military officers in India or South Africa who brought it back with them. A row of books were stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Alternatively table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of "wiff-waff" and "ping-pong". A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of Regent Streetunder the name "Gossima". The name "ping-pong" was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name "ping-pong" then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers. The next major innovation was by James W Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that table tennis tournaments were being organized, books on table tennis were being written, and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902. During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because the rulers at the time believed that playing the game had an adverse effect on players' eyesight. In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926. London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed. In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S.W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down". Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988. After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the International Table Tennis Federation instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm balls were

officially replaced by 40 mm balls in 2000. This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. Second, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system in 2001. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage. Variants of the sport have recently emerged. "Large-ball" table tennis uses a 44 mm ball, which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game. There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to the introduction of sponge rubber. "Hardbat" table tennis players reject the speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 194060s play style with no sponge and short-pimpled rubber. Defense is less difficult by decreasing the speed and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin. Because hardbat killer shots are almost impossible to hit against a skilled player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic side of table tennis, requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can become successful. (SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis) TABLE TENNIS TERMINOLOGIES: A Anti or Anti-loop or Anti-spin - A smooth rubber with very low surface friction, used to defend against excessive spin or to confuse the opponent. This type of rubber deactivates spin and speed, returning a "dead" ball. Assistant Umpire - The person appointed to assist the umpire with certain decisions. B Backhand - A shot executed where the back of your hand is pointing towards the opponent, to the left of the elbow for a right handed player and vice versa for a left - handed player. Backspin - A type of spin used mostly on defensive shots. When you chop down on the ball, you produce backspin. The bottom of the ball will move away from you. Bat - An alternative name for the racket. Blade - The wooden part of the racket. Counter-smash - A smash stroke played in response to a smash stroke from your opponent. Block - A topspin shot played close to the table with the racket making contact with the ball just after it bounces. Blocker - A style of play where use of the block is the primary stroke. C Chop - A defensive return of a topspin stroke played with backspin, usually well away from the table. Chopper - A style of play where use of the chop is the primary stroke. Chop Block - A stroke played close to the table where the racket makes contact with the ball (just after it bounces) with a fast downward vertical motion to create backspin. Made popular by Jan-Ove Waldner. Closed Racket - A stroke played with the striking surface of the racket angled downwards, eg. a topspin stroke or block. Counter-loop - A loop stroke played in response to a loop stroke from your opponent.

Cross-court - A stroke that's hit diagonally from corner to corner. Crossover Point - The area in which the player has no obvious choice of forehand or backhand. For a right handed player, the crossover point is roughly in line with the right hip. D Dead ball - A stroke played which returns the ball with very little, or no spin. Deep - Playing any shot which causes the ball to bounce very near to your opponents end of the table. Double Bounce - When the ball bounces twice on one side of the table before a return is made, causing that player to lose the point. Doubles - A game of table tennis where two people play on each side and alternate turns at striking the ball. Down the line - A stroke that's played where the ball travels parallel to the sidelines of the table. Drive - A stroke played close to the table with your racket arm moving forward and slightly upwards in the direction that the ball is going to travel. Drop shot - A shot which drops very short over the net on your opponents side of the table. Usually played when your opponent is positioned away from the table. E Early- Playing a stroke (during a rally) that makes contact with the ball just after it bounces. Expedite - A rule which comes into operation if a game is unfinished after 10 minutes play (or at any earlier time at the request of both players or pairs). Thereafter, each player shall serve for 1 point in turn and if the receiving player or pair makes 13 returns, the receiver shall score a point. F

Flat - Playing a stroke with minimum topspin so that the ball travels very low over the net. Flick or Flip - A stroke played close to the table where you hit over the back or top of ball, using a loose wrist action to impart topspin. Float - A stroke played which returns the ball with very little, or no spin. Particularly used by players who use a defensive style of play in order to deceive their opponent. Forehand - A shot executed where the palm of your hand is facing your opponent, to the right side of the elbow for a right handed player and vice versa for a left handed player. Free Hand - The hand not holding the racket. Funny Rubbers or Funny Bat / Racket - See Long Pimples G Game - A game is won by the player or pair first scoring 11 points unless either players or pairs score 10 points, when a game shall be won by the first player or pair subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. Gluing-up - The act of affixing table tennis rubbers to the blade with table tennis glue (particularly with "speed" glue which was repeated at regular intervals in order to increase the playing speed of the rubber, but this is no longer permitted). H Handicap Event - An event in a tournament where players are graded or ranked according to ability so that they can compete equally. The weaker player will not have to score as many points as the stronger player to win a game. Heavy - Used to describe excessive spin. High Toss Serve - A serve where the ball is thrown high into the air. This helps the server to increase

the amount of spin and speed imparted onto the ball. I ITTF -- International Table Tennis Federation - the international governing body for the sport of table tennis. Inverted rubber - The most common racket covering. It consists of a sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips) point inward, so the playing surface is smooth. J Junk Rubbers or Junk Bat / Racket - See Long Pimples K Kill - An aggressive shot hit with too much speed for the opponent to return it. L Late Playing - a stroke (during a rally) that makes contact with the ball when the ball is descending rather than rising. Let - If play is interrupted for any reason during a rally, a let is called and the point does not count. Let Serve - If the ball, in passing over or around the net, touches it, provided the service is otherwise good, the serve is replayed - or - if your opponent is not ready, the serve is replayed. Loaded - Used to describe excessive spin. Lob - A defensive shot used against high-speed shots, where the ball is returned very high in the air. Long - Playing any shot which causes the ball to bounce very near to your opponent's end of the table. Long Pimples (Pips) - A type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips) point outwards, so the playing surface

is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of the pimples, unusual types of spin can be imparted. Loop - An attacking stroke where excessive topspin is imparted onto the ball. This enables you to hit the ball harder as the topspin will help you keep the ball in play. Looper - A style of play where use of the loop is the primary stroke. Loose return - A return shot that is either too high, too long, has insufficient spin or a combination of these and therefore makes it easy for your opponent to attack or kill. M Match - A match consists of the best of any odd number of games (usually 3, 5 or 7). Multi-ball - A training method that minimizes wasted time by using a continuous supply of table tennis balls instead of just one ball. O Open Racket - A stroke played with the striking surface of the racket angled upwards, eg. a push or backspin shot. P Paddle - An alternative name for the racket. Penhold - A style of grip in which the racket handle is held between the thumb and forefinger. Used mainly by Asian players. Pimples - A type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips) point outwards, so the playing surface is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of the pimples, unusual types of spin can be imparted. Ping Pong - A trademarked name. Used predominantly in USA. Often used interchangeably with table tennis by the general public.

Playing Surface - The upper surface of a table tennis table which lies in a horizontal plane 76cm (2ft 6in) above the floor. Point - A unit of scoring in table tennis. Push - A backspin shot usually executed over the playing surface. R Racket - The equipment used to hit the ball. Comprises of a wooden blade with rubbers affixed to it. Racket hand - The hand that is holding the racket. Rally - The period during which the ball is in play. Ranking / Rating - A method of evaluating the playing abilities of different players in relation to each other. Ranking Event - An event in which the results will be used to calculate a player's ranking. Receiver - The player due to strike the ball second in a rally. Referee - The person appointed to control a tournament. Re-glue - The act of affixing table tennis rubbers to the blade with table tennis glue (particularly with "speed" glue which was repeated at regular intervals in order to increase the playing speed of the rubber, but this is no longer permitted). Reverse rubber - The most common racket covering. It consists of a sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips) point inward, so the playing surface is smooth. Rubber - The racket covering. Sometimes refers only to the rubber on top of a sponge base. S

Sandwich Rubber - A racket covering with pimples inwards or outwards, having a total thickness including adhesive of not more than 4mm. Server - The player due to strike the ball first in a rally. Service - The start of a point where one player strikes the ball. Shakehand - A style of grip in which the racket handle is held in the palm of your hand so that the start of the racket head fits snugly into the "V" shape formed by your thumb and first finger - similar to shaking hands with another person. Short - Playing any shot which causes the ball to bounce very near to the net and, if not hit by your opponent, would bounce at least twice on the table. Short pimples - A type of racket covering. A sheet of rubber on top of a layer of sponge. The pimples (pips) point outwards, so the playing surface is pimpled. Depending on the length and hardness of the pimples, unusual types of spin can be imparted. Sidespin - A type of spin imparted onto the ball causing it to move left or right before and after it strikes the playing surface. Smash - An aggressive shot hit with speed, often in response to a high bouncing return. Speed Glue - A type of glue used to affix table tennis rubbers to the blade. Previously used at regular intervals in order to increase the playing speed of the rubber, but this is no longer permitted. Spin - The rotation of the ball. A player can impart spin onto the ball by using a brushing action with the racket surface. Sponge - A type of racket covering used in sandwich rubbers. It is used under a sheet of rubber with pimples. First seen in 1952 when Japan's Hiroji Satoh astonished the world with his unexpected victory in the men's singles of the World Championship that year.

Stroke - Any shot used by a player in a game. Sweet spot - The portion of the racket (usually near the centre) which produces the best response. T

Third ball or Third ball attack - The stroke played by the server after the opponent's return of the serve. Because the serve can be used to make attacking difficult for the

opponent, the third ball is frequently the first strong attacking stroke in any table tennis rally. Tight - Playing any shot which makes it difficult for your opponent to attack. Topspin - A type of spin imparted onto the ball causing it to arc over the net and down onto the table surface. Twiddle - The act of turning the racket in your hand in order to use different sides of the racket to strike the ball. Usually only used by players who have different rubbers on each side of their racket in order to deceive their opponent. U Umpire - The person appointed to control a match. Underspin - A type of spin used mostly on defensive shots. When you chop down on the ball, you produce underspin. The bottom of the ball will move away from you. V Volley - Hitting the ball before it bounces on your side of the table. A player who volleys the ball generally loses the point. (SOURCE: http://www.allabouttabletennis.com/table-tennis-terminology.html) EQUIPMENTS: Anti-spin A rubber racket-covering material having a low friction coefficient with the ball, intended to reduce the effect of spin. Ball Made of a plastic material, 40mm in diameter, with a weight of 2.7g. Court One half of the playing surface, separated from the other half by the net. Net Separates the two different playing zones. Pimpled rubber

A rubber surface consisting of an evenly distributed pattern of raised pips, or pimples, across the surface. Pips in Pimpled rubber on the surface of the racket blade with the pips inwards, giving a smooth outer surface. Pips out Pimpled rubber on the face of a racket blade, with the pips outwards. Racket May be of any size, shape or weight, but the blade must be at least 85% wood. Sandwich rubber A layer of cellular rubber covered with a layer of pimpled rubber, with pips inward or outward. Sponge Cellular rubber material used as the under-layer of sandwich rubber. (SOURCE: http://www.olympic.org/table-tennis-equipment-and-history?tab=equipment) SKILLS: FOREHAND DRIVE: Keep the upper arm close, but not flush, to the torso. The forearm(form a rough 90 degree bend with the upper arm) should be drawn back to the 3 o'clock position, and let the waist turn naturally along with the arm(this is where relaxing is important). Shift your weight toward the right foot at the same time. While shifting your weight back to your left foot, swing forward with a slight upward motion, with the waist providing additional force in the swing. Use the elbow as a pivot point; it should not move so much up and down, but also should be allowed to move slightly forward in the follow-through. Contact with the ball should be made slightly to the side of the body after the top of the bounce. Make sure the paddle is somewhat closed (or facing downwards at an angle), and remains that way throughout the stroke. Follow-through should finish when racket is parallel with the left shoulder. Immediately return to the ready position. The left foot should be slightly in front of the right for support. BACKHAND DRIVE: From the ready position, the waist turns left with the racket pointing towards the 9 o'clock position. When following through, contact with the ball is made in front of the body, slightly after the top of the bounce. Let the elbow again act as the pivot point, and snap the forearm forward in a slightly upward direction. Make sure the paddle is closed. Follow-through should finish naturally (about 12-1 o'clock) after contact with ball. The left foot should be slightly ahead of the right. FOREHAND PUSH: Bring the racket slightly up and back, while keeping the elbow at your waist. Bend the wrist back. Swing forward with a downward motion, and when the racket reaches the ball snap the wrist forward for extra racket speed. With an open racket, graze the bottom half of the ball. An ideal contact point is right after the ball bounces. Never push a ball at the top of the bounce, because the resulting return will pop the ball high enough for the opponent to execute a smash. Try to hit the ball in front and slightly to the right of your body. Follow through forward and slightly down, and return to the ready position.

BACKHAND PUSH: Bring the racket slightly up and back, close into your stomach while cocking the wrist back. This time try to contact the ball directly in front of your body, and remember to keep the elbow still while the forearm and wrist move forward and down. Graze the bottom of the ball and follow through. Backspin- just like pushing or chopping, a backspin serve is executed with an open racket slicing the bottom of the ball. Topspin- like driving, topspin serves can be done hitting with a flat racket, or like looping, where the player grazes the top of the ball with a closed racket for more spin. Sidespin- simply hit the back of the ball in a left-to-right or right-to-left motion, as desired. To make the stroke easier, try holding the racket in front of you and brushing the bottom of the ball in a pendulum motion. (SOURCE: http://library.thinkquest.org/20570/basitech.html)