Section 22 The heads of departments may, upon their own initiative, with the consent of the President, or upon

the request of either House, as the rules of each House shall provide, appear before and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to their departments. Written questions shall be submitted to the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three days before their scheduled appearance. Interpellations shall not be limited to written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. When the security of the State or the public interest so requires and the President so states in writing, the appearance shall be conducted in executive session. Appearance of Department Heads Oversight functions of congress. Intended to enable congress to determine how laws it has passed are being implemented. Enable the department heads to be heard by the legislature and thereby achieve cooperation between the executive and legislative departments Appearance of Department Heads Appearance of department heads is not mandatory but directory. Own initiative or upon the request of the house. It will be done as the rules of each house prescribe. President may or may not consent the appearance of the department head. He may require the appearance be in executive session. Congress may refuse the initiative taken by the department secretary. Section 23. (1) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, shall have

the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war. (2) In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof. Power of Congress (State of War) Congress has the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war renouncing aggressive war Section 2, Article 2. By a vote of 2/3 of both houses in joint session assembled, voting separately. Does not prohibit the waging of defensive war even in the absence of a declaration of war or a declaration of the existence of a state of war Actual power to make war is an executive power-sword of war Congress may authorize the President to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Limits of the emergency powers For a limited period Withdrawn by a resolution does not need approval of the president

 Or, next adjournment of congress Subject to restrictions as congress may provide Section 24. All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments. Bills that originates from the HOR: An appropriation bill or running bill is a legislative motion (bill) which authorizes the government to spend money. It is a bill that sets money aside for specific spending. Appropriation-an authorization made by law or other legislative enactment, directing payment out of government funds under specific conditions and/or for specified purposes. Appropriation Bill to set aside a sum of money public use Revenue or Tariff Bills for raising revenues Bills of local application reach is limited to specific localities, Private bill 1. Revenue bill A revenue bill focuses on methods for raising money, e.g. taxes, user fees, customs duties, and tariffs. 2. Tariff bill- it has reference to one imposing customs duties for revenue purposes

3. Bill authorizing increase of the public debt- creates public indebtedness e.g. bill providing for the issuance of bonds and other forms of obligations 4. Bill of local application one affecting purely local or municipal concerns, such as creation of a town 5. Private bill one affecting purely private interest, such as one granting a franchise to a person or corporation. affect a private person, such as granting citizenship to a foreigner The House of Representatives has the exclusive authority to take the initiative in the presentation of the bills mentioned. These measures may not originate in the Senate, but the senate may propose or concur with amendments

 Tolentino vs. Secretary of Finance -involves RA 7716 or the Value Added Tax Law -After the House version was sent to the Senate, the Senate introduced a substitute bill which apparently it had prepared in anticipation of the House bill. Later the President certified to the urgency of passing the Senate version of the bill. After the 2 versions had gone to the Conference Committee, the House approved the Conference Committee report which for all practical purposes was the senate bill. ISSUE: was there a violation of the rule on origination? HELD: No. RATIO: Bill must originate from the House; but the law itself which is the product of the total bicameral legislative process originates not just from the House but from both Senate and House.