ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

VI SEMESTER

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MVJCE

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

06EC-61 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

SYLLABUS Sub Code : 06EC61 Hours / Week: 4 Total Hours: 52 I A Marks: 25 Exam Marks: 100 Exam Hours: 03

PART A UNIT1 Introduction: Review of basics of probability, spectrum of elementary signals convolution, Signals and their sources, basic signal processing operations in digitalcommunication. Sampling Principles: Sampling Theorem, quadrature sampling of Band pass signal, reconstruction of a messagefrom its samples, signal distortion in sampling. ` 07 Hrs UNIT2 Practical aspects of sampling and signal recovery . PAM, TDM, Waveform Coding Techniques, PCM, Channel noise and error probability. Quantization noise and SNR, robust quantization. 07 Hrs UNIT3 DPCM, DM, coding speech at low bit rates, applications. Base-Band Shaping for Data Transmission, Discrete PAM signals, power spectra of discrete PAM signals. 06 Hrs UNIT4 ISI, Nyquists criterion for distortion less base-band binary transmission, correlative coding , eye pattern, base-band M-ary PAM systems, adaptivc equalization for data transmission. 06 Hrs PART B UNIT 5 Digital Modulation Techniques: Digital Modulation formats, Coherent binary modulation techniques, Coherent quadrature modulation techniques. Non-coherent binary modulation techniques, Comparison of Binary and Quarternary Modulation techniques. Mary Modulation Techniques. 07 Hrs UNIT 6 Effect of ISI, Bit versus Symbol error probability, detection and estimation, Gram- Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure, geometric interpretation of signals, response of bank of correlators to noisy input. 06Hrs UNIT 7 Detection of known signals in noise, probability of error, correlation receiver, matched filter receiver, detection of signals with unknown phase in noise, estimation: concept and criteria, maximum likelihood estimation. 06 Hrs UNIT 8 Spread Spectrum Modulation: Pseudo noisesequences, notion of spread spectrum, direct sequence spread coherent binary PSK, signalspace dimensionality and processing gain, frequency hop spread spectrum, applications 07 Hrs Text Book: 1. Simon Haykin, Digital communications, JohnWiley,2003. ReferenceBooks: 1.K.Sam Shanmugam, Digital and analog communication systems, John Wiley, 1996. 2.Simon Haykin, An introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, John Wiley, 2003

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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LESSON PLAN
Class: VI semester

Subject code: 06EC61

Subject: Digital Communication Hour No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

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Topic to be covered
PART A: Unit 1

Introduction Basic signal processing operations Sampling Principles Sampling Theorem Quadrature sampling of Band pass signal Practical aspects of sampling Signal recovery
Unit 2

PAM TDM Waveform Coding Techniques PCM Quantization noise SNR ,robust quantization Problems, Revision
Unit 3

Introduction DPCM DM& applications Base-Band Shaping for Data Transmission Discrete PAM signals Power spectra of discrete PAM signals Problems
Unit 4

ISI, Nyquists criterion Nyquists criterion for distortion less base-band binary transmission Correlative coding Eye pattern Base-band M-array PAM systems Adaptive equalization for data transmission Problems Revision of Part A
PART A: Unit 5 DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Digital Modulation formats Coherent binary modulation techniques: ASK, Coherent binary PSK Coherent quadrature modulation techniques: Generation& demodulation of FSK
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34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 1.

Coherent quadrature modulation techniques Quadrature QPSK Non-coherent binary modulation techniques: ASK,FSK DPSK Problems

Unit 6
Detection and estimation of signals Model of DCS Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure Geometric interpretation of signals Response of bank of correlators to noisy input Problems Problems

Unit 7
Detection of known signals in noise Correlation receiver Matched filter receiver: o/p signal to noise ratio of matched filter Properties of matched filters Detection of signals with unknown phase in noise Problems Revision& problems Unit 8 :Spread Spectrum Modulation Spread Spectrum Modulation Properties of ML Sequence Pseudo noise sequences Notion of spread spectrum Direct sequence spread spectrum Coherent binary PSK Frequency hop spread spectrum, Applications : CDMA, Multipath suppression Range detection using DSSP Problems, Revision

TEXT BOOK: Digital communications, Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2003. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Digital and analog communication systems & An introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, K. Sam Shanmugam, John Wiley, 1996. 2.Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2003 Digital communications - Bernard Sklar: Pearson education 2007

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

QUESTION BANK 01 a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. Explain the essential and non-essential features of a digital communication system State and prove Sampling theorem for low pass signals Explain TDM system with neat block diagram. Derive an expression for signal to quantization noise power ratio in a PCM system With neat block diagram explain Differential pulse code modulation. Prove that each bit in the code word of a PCM system contributes 6 dB to the signal to noise ratio What is Inter symbol Interference and Explain the ideal solution for ISI? Explain with neat Block diagram Delta Modulation systems A Delta modulation system is designed to operate at 5 times the Nyquist rate for a signal with a 3-Khz Bandwidth. The Quantizing step size is 250 m i. Determine the maximum amplitude of a 1-KHZ input sinusoid for which the delta modulator does not show slope overload. ii. Determine the post-filtered output SNR for the signal of Part (i) Explain the desirable propertied of line code What is an Equalizer? Explain an adaptive equalizer? Design a binary base band PAM system to transmit data at a rate of 3600 bits/sec with a bit error probability less than 10 4. The channel response is given by Hc(f) = 10 2 for |f| < 2400 0 else where The noise power spectral density is Gn (f) = 10 4 Watt/HZ The data stream 001101001 is applied to the input of a duo binary system. Construct the duo binary encoder output and corresponding receiver output, without a precoder Briefly explain the application of Digital modulation techniques Explain coherent binary PSK with block diagrams of transmitter and receiver Explain QPSK transmitter and receiver with neat block diagrams Briefly explain the properties of matched filter A bipolar signal S(t) is a +1 V or 1 V pulse during the interval (0,T). Additive white Guassian noise of n/2 = 10 5 W/HZ is added to the signal. Determine the maximum bit rate that can a be sent with Pe <=10 4. Take Q [3.71] = 10 4 Prove the Gram-Schmidt orthogonal procedure to find an orthogonal basis for the set of signals State the properties of the matched filter Write short notes on the following i. Eye pattern ii. Maximum likelihood estimator iii. Direct sequence spread spectrum system

02

03

04

a. b. c.

05

a. b. c. a. b. c.

06

07 08

a. b.

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

06EC-62: MICROPROCESSOR

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

SYLLABUS Sub Code: 06EC62 Hours / Week: 05 Total Hours: 52 I A Marks: 25 Exam Hours: 03 Exam Marks: 100

PART A UNIT 1 The 8086/8088 Processors: A historical background, The microprocessor-based personal computer system. Register organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Description of 8086, Physical memory organization, General Bus operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Special Processor Activities. 06 Hrs UNIT 2 Minimum Mode 8086 System and Timing, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timing, The 8088 processor. 8086/8088 Instruction Set And Assembler Directives, Machine Language Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes of 8086. 06Hrs UNIT 3 Instruction set of 8086, Assembler Directives and Operators. The Art of Assembly Language Programming With 8086/8088: Few Machine Level Programs, Machine Coding the Programs. 07 Hrs UNIT 4 Programming With an Assembler, Assembly Language Example Programs. 07 Hrs PART B UNIT 5 Modular Programming, Data Conversion and Interrupts: Modular programming, Using the keyboard and video display, data conversions. Basic interrupts processing, Hardware Interrupts 06 Hrs UNIT 6 Expanding the interrupt structure, Interrupt examples, Arithmetic Coprocessor (8087), Data formats for the arithmetic coprocessor, The 80X87 architecture. 06 Hrs UNIT 7 Instruction set, Programming with the arithmetic coprocessor. Bus Interface, The 80386, 80486 And Pentium Processors, The peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus, the parallel printer interface (LTP), The universal serial bus (USB). 06 Hrs UNIT 8 Introduction to the 80386 microprocessor, Special 80386 registers, Introduction to the 80486 microprocessor, Introduction to the Pentium microprocessor. 08 Hrs Textbooks: 1. The intel microprocessor, architecture, programming and interfacing-Barry B. Brey, 6e, Pearson education / PHI, 2003 Reference books: 1.Microprocessor and interfacingprogramming & hardware, Douglas Hall, 2e TMH, 1991 2.Microcomputer systems-The 8086 / 8088 family Y.C. Liu and G. A. Gibson, 2E PH 2003
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LESSON PLAN Class: VI semester Subject: MICROPROCESSOR Hours Subject code: 06EC62

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

32
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Topics to be covered Part A UNIT 1: 8086 PROCESSORS Introduction, Historical background, The microprocessor based personal computer system, 8086 CPU Architecture, 8086 CPU Architecture, Machine language instructions, Machine language instructions, Instruction execution timing, Instruction execution timing, The 8086. UNIT 2:INSTRUCTION SET OF 8086 Instruction set of 8086: Assembler instruction format, Data transfer, Arithmetic, Branch type Data transfer, Arithmetic, Branch type Loop, NOP & HALT, Flag manipulation, logical and shift and rotate instructions Illustration of these instructions with example programs, Illustration of these instructions with example programs Directives and operators UNIT 3:BYTE AND STRING MANIPULATION: Byte and String Manipulation: String instructions, String instructions, REP Prefix, Table translation Number format conversions Procedures Macros Programming using keyboard and video display UNIT 4:8086 INTERRUPTS: 8086 Interrupts: 8086 Interrupt responses 8086 Interrupt responses Hardware interrupt Applications, Software interrupts Applications. Interrupt examples PART - B UNIT 5: 8086 INTERFACING: 8086 Interfacing: Interfacing microprocessor to keyboard
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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

Topics to be covered Interfacing microprocessor to keyboard Keyboard types, keyboard circuit connections and interfacing, Software keyboard interfacing, Keyboard interfacing with hardware Interfacing to alphanumeric displays (interfacing LED displays to 37 microcomputer 38 Interfacing a microcomputer to a stepper motor UNIT 6: 8086 BASED MULTIPROCESSING SYSTEMS: 8086-based Multiprocessing Systems: Coprocessor configurations 39 40 Coprocessor configurations 41 The 8087 numeric data processor: data types 42 data types 43 Processor architecture, 44 Instruction set 45 Examples. UNIT 7: SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE: System Bus Structure: Basic 8086 configurations: 46 47 Minimum mode, 48 Maximum mode 49 Bus Interface 50 Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus 51 Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) bus 52 The parallel printer interface (LTP), 53 The universal serial bus (USB). UNIT 8: 80386, 80486 AND PENTIUM PROCESSORS 80386, 80486 And Pentium Processors: 54 55 Introduction to the 80386 microprocessor, 56 Special 80386 registers, 57 Introduction to the 80486 microprocessor 58 Introduction to the 80486 microprocessor 59 Registers, 60 Introduction to the Pentium microprocessor 61 Introduction to the Pentium microprocessor 62 Registers, TEXT BOOKS: 1. Microcomputer systems-The 8086 / 8088 Family Y.C. Liu and G. A. Gibson, 2E PHI -2003 2. The Intel Microprocessor, Architecture, Programming and Interfacing- Barry B. Brey, 6e, Pearson Education / PHI, 2003 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Microprocessor and Interfacing- Programming & Hardware, Douglas hall, 2e TMH, 1991 2. Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals - A.K. Ray and K.M. Bhurchandi, TMH, 2001 3. 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors - Programming, Interfacing, Software, Hardware & Applications - Triebel and Avtar Singh, 4e, Pearson Education, 2003

Hours 33 34 35 36

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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QUESTION BANK 01 a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. 05 d. a. b. 06 c. a. b. c. 07 a. b. c. 08 Explain the internal architecture of 8086 Microprocessor Explain the flag register format in detail What are the advantages of memory segmentation? Explain how the physical address is generated Explain primitive string instructions available in 8086 Explain the following instructions (i) LEA (ii) PUSH (iii) NEG Write an assembly language program to reverse a given string stored in memory Write short notes on intrasegment and intersegment addressing Explain with examples the near and far call and return instructions Write an ALP to merge two arrays having ten elements each. Assume arrays are in ascending order How printer and processor communicate using INTR interrupt Determine from which memory address Interrupt Service Subroutine address, when INT21H is executed How does main processor knows Co- processor is busy. Which processor fetches the instruction from memory What are macros? How it differs from a subroutine explain with an example Write an 8086 ALP using assembler directives for BCD to Binary Conversion. Input BCD number from key board and display the Binary Number on VDU/CRT With a block diagram explain how odd and even memory banks are connected to the Microprocessor Give the formats of status and control registers in the configuration memory Give the control pins that are used when 8086 operates in maximum mode and its functions Sketch the block diagram showing basic 8086 minimum mode systems. Explain function of 8282 latches and 8286 transceiver Explain the functions of following pins in 8086 i) NMI ii) TEST iii) BHE iv) DT/R v) DEN vi) QSo QS1 Describe 80386 flag register with significance of each and every bit in detail. How does it differs from 8086 Explain the addressing modes with supported by 80386 Draw and explain the architecture of 80486 Write a short notes on any four: Micro processor based personal computer system The universal serial bus (USB) Clock Generator (8284A) Pentium Microprocessor Arithmetic Co processor How memory is organized. How a word can be accessed if it is stored in: Even address Boundary, Odd address Boundary Explain Intra and Inter segment addressing Specify the different instruction format with examples

02 03

04

09

a. b. c.

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10

a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. c. d. a. b.

11

12

13

14

c. a. b. c. a. b. c.

15 16

Explain the following instructions: XCHG, TEST, LOOPZ, SAR Write an ALP to find a square of a given no: using look up table What are assembler directives? Explain the following directives: DW, EQU, MacroENDM How instructions are classified? Explain in detail selective based index addressing Write an assembly language program to find the average of 10 data words stored in the memory Explain with an example the multiply and divide instructions What is interrupt vector table? What are the physical address and the length of interrupt byte? What are dedicated and resourced interrupts What is priority? Explain which interrupt has highest priority in 8086 Explain the internal architecture of 8087 Explain the HOLD response sequence in the minimum mode of 8086 with the help of timing diagram Explain how 8086 and 8087 co-operatre in executing an instruction. Show how they are connected Explain 8087 data types Explain the features of PCI Bus. Describe PCI Bus Structure Give the details of the USB connector with the help of diagram What is dynamic bus sizing in 80386?. What is the hardware support required? Show the scheme to implement it Draw and explain the block diagram of Pentium Processor Explain the nonburst read cycle on 80486with the help of timing Diagram List and explain different registers in 80386 Write short notes on any four: Data types supported by 80386 Memory system of 80486 Pentium I/O system Assembler directives Instruction format

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

06EC-63: ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

SYLLABUS Sub Code: 06EC63 Hours / Week: 05 Total Hours: 52 I A Marks: 25 Exam Hours: 03 Exam Marks: 100

UNIT 1 Data converter fundamentals: Analog versus Digital Discrete Time Signals, Converting Analog Signals to Data Signals, Sample and Hold Characteristics, DAC Specifications, ADC Specifications, Mixed-Signal Layout Issues. 06Hours UNIT 2 Data Converters Architectures: DAC Architectures, Digital Input Code, Resistors String, R-2R Ladder Networks, Current Steering, Charge Scaling DACs, Cyclic DAC, Pipeline DAC, ADC Architectures, Flash, 2-Step Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC, Integrating ADC, Successive Approximation ADC. 14Hours UNIT 3 Non-Linear Analog Circuits: Basic CMOS Comparator Design (Excluding Characterization), Analog Multipliers, Multiplying Quad (Excluding Stimulation), Level Shifting (Excluding Input Level Shifting For Multiplier). 06Hours PART B UNIT 4: Data Converter SNR: Improving SNR Using Averaging (Excluding Jitter & Averaging onwards), Decimating Filters for ADCs (Excluding Decimating without Averaging onwards), Interpolating Filters for DAC, B and pass and High pass Sync filters. 06Hours UNIT 5 Su-Microns CMOS circuit design: Process Flow, Capacitors and Resistors, MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches), Delay and adder Elements, Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency). 14Hours UNIT 6 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards

06Hours

TEXT BOOK: 1. Design, Layout, Stimulation ,R. Jacaob Baker, Harry W Li, David E Boyce, CMOS Circuit, PHI Edn, 2005 2. CMOS- Mixed Signal Circuit Design ,R. Jacaob Baker, (Vol ll of CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout and Stimulation), IEEE Press and Wiley Interscience, 2002. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, B Razavi, First Edition, McGraw Hill,2001. 2. CMOS Analog Circuit Design, P e Allen and D R Holberg, Second Edition, Oxford University Press,2002.
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LESSON PLAN Class: VI semester Subject code: 06EC63 Subject: ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI DESIGN Hours Topics to be covered Part A Unit 1- Data converter fundamentals 1 Analog versus Digital Discrete Time Signals 2 Analog versus Digital Discrete Time Signals 3 Converting Analog Signals to Data Signals 4 Sample and Hold Characteristics 5 Sample and Hold Characteristics 6 DAC Specifications 7 ADC Specifications 8 ADC Specifications 9 Mixed-Signal Layout Issues UNIT 2 - Data Converters Architectures 10 DAC Architectures 11 Digital Input Code 12 Resistors String 13 R-2R Ladder Networks 14 Current Steering 15 Charge Scaling DACs 16 Cyclic DAC 17 Pipeline DAC 18 ADC Architectures 19 ADC Architectures 20 Flash 21 2-Step Flash ADC 22 Pipeline ADC 23 Integrating ADC 24 Successive Approximation ADC 25 Successive Approximation ADC UNIT 3 - Non-Linear Analog Circuits 26 Basic CMOS Comparator Design (Excluding Characterization) 27 Analog Multipliers 28 Analog Multipliers 29 Multiplying Quad (Excluding Stimulation) 30 Multiplying Quad (Excluding Stimulation) 31 Level Shifting (Excluding Input Level Shifting For Multiplier). 32 Level Shifting (Excluding Input Level Shifting For Multiplier). PART B UNIT4 - Data Converter SNR 33 Improving SNR Using Averaging (Excluding Jitter & Averaging onwards)
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Topics to be covered Improving SNR Using Averaging (Excluding Jitter & Averaging onwards) Decimating Filters for ADCs (Excluding Decimating without Averaging 35 onwards) Decimating Filters for ADCs (Excluding Decimating without Averaging 36 onwards) 37 Interpolating Filters for DAC 38 Interpolating Filters for DAC 39 Band pass and High pass Sync filter 40 Band pass and High pass Sync filters UNIT 5-Su-Microns CMOS circuit design 41 Process Flow 42 Process Flow 43 Capacitors and Resistors 44 Capacitors and Resistors 45 MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches) 46 MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches) 47 MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches) 48 MOSFET Switch (upto Bidirectional Switches) 49 Delay and adder Elements 50 Delay and adder Elements 51 Delay and adder Elements 52 Delay and adder Elements 53 Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency) 54 Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency) 55 Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency) 56 Analog Circuits MOSFET Biasing (upto MOSFET Transition Frequency) UNIT 6-OP Amp Design 57 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards) 58 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards) 59 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards) 60 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards) 61 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards) 62 OPAmp Design (Excluding Circuits Noise onwards) TEXT BOOKS: 1. Design, Layout, Stimulation ,R. Jacaob Baker, Harry W Li, David E Boyce, CMOS Circuit, PHI Edn, 2005 2. CMOS- Mixed Signal Circuit Design ,R. Jacaob Baker, (Vol ll of CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout and Stimulation), IEEE Press and Wiley Interscience, 2002 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, B Razavi, First Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001. 2. CMOS Analog Circuit Design, P e Allen and D R Holberg, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2002.
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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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MODEL QUESTION PAPER

1 Draw the schematic of a 3 bit ADC based on pipeline algorithmic architecture. Assume that VREF = 8V and the input sampled voltage is 5V. Write the equivalent digital word for the sampled voltage at the above mentioned 3-bit ADC output and explain its operation. Also verify the result. 2. Explain the operation of a 3-bit successive approximation ADC assuming reference voltage of 5V and input sampled voltage of 3V 3. Draw the schematic diagram for a 2-bit voltage scaling DAC and explain its operation assuming VREF = 5V and the digital input code of 01. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such DACs ? 4. Explain the following parameters for a DAC i) Full Scale 5. ii) Dynamic range iii) rms quantization noise iv) Signal-to-noise ratio 6. Derive the expression for SNR in dB for a DAC 7. Explain why an anti-aliasing filter is used in an ADC. What is the constraint on the bandwidth of the same filter? What is meant by Bennets criteria for characterizing quantization noise in an ADC? 8. If the input signal of ADC is a sine wave, with peak-to-peak value equal to the reference (Vref) value of the converter, compute the SNR value of the ADC. 9. The measured SNR of a 16-bits ADC is 88 dB. What is the effective number of bits (ENOB) of this ADC? 10. Draw the transfer curve of a 3-bits ADC (showVref also) and its quantization error curve. 11. Write the number of input combinations, values for 1 LSB, the percentage accuracy, and the full-scale voltage generated for 3-bit and 8-bit DAC. Assume Vref = 8 Volts

12. 13. Compute the Differential-Non-Linearly (DNL) of a 3-bits non-ideal DAC whose transfer curve is given here. (Figure marked as 28.21)
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14. Find the resolution of a DAC if the output voltage is desired to change in 1 mV increments while using a reference voltage of 5 Volts 15. Write thermometer codes for decimal numbers 0 to 7. Which DAC architecture uses thermometer code? 16. If Vref = 10 Volts, what will be the resistor vale, if the maximum power dissipation of a resistor string DAC is restricted to 10 mW. 17. When input decimal value is 5 10, show which switches will be closed in the alternative resistor string DAC, and accordingly, what will be the output analog voltage? 18. Write down all the components necessary for 3-bit R-2R ladder DAC? 19. Show which switches will be closed for a pipeline DAC if the input is 1100 20. What is the equation of a pipeline DAC? Draw a Cyclic DAC structure. 21. Write binary and gray codes for decimal numbers from 0 to 7 22. Draw both resistor string DAC diagrams (assume there are 8 resistors). What are the advantages of alternative resistor string structure? 23. Draw 3-bit R-2R DAC. Node voltages are to be shown. Order of bits (MSB to LSB) must be correct. Take Vref = 10Volts, input bits = 001, Rf = 2 K and R = 1K . 24. Draw a 3-bits pipeline DAC. 25. Draw a cyclic DAC. What are advantages and disadvantages of cyclic and pipeline 26. DAC architectures?

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VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

06EC-64: Antennas and Propagation

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SYLLABUS Sub Code: 06EC64 Hours / Week: 04 Total Hours: 52 I A Marks: 25 Exam Hours: 03 Exam Marks: 100

PART A Unit 1 Antenna Basics: Introduction, basic Antennaparameters, patterns, beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, diversityand gain, antenna apertures, effective height, bandwidth, radiation, efficiency, antenna temperature and antenna filed zones. Text 1: Articles -2.1 to 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 2.12, 2.13. 08 Hrs Reference book: Articles 2.11, 2.14, 2.18. Unit 2 Point Sources and Arrays: Introduction, point sources, power patterns, power theorem, radiation intensity, filed patterns, phase patterns. Array of two isotropic point sources, non isotropic but similar point sources, principlesof pattern multiplication, examples of pattern synthesis by pattern multiplication, nonisotropic point sources, broad side array with non unipolar amplitude distribution, broad side vs end fire array, direction of maxima fire arrays of n isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing. Text 1: Articles 4.1 to 4.15, 4.24, 4.25 10 Hrs Unit 3 Electric dipoles and thin linear antennas: Introduction, short electric dipole, fields of a short dipole, radiation resistance of shortdipole, radiation resistances of lambda/2 Antenna, thin linear antenna, micro strip arrays, low side lobe arrays, long wire antenna, folded dipole antennas. Text 1: Articles 5.1 to 5.6, 5.22 to 5.24, 5.27 and 11.3 06 Hrs PART B Unit 4 Loop, solt, patch and horn antenna: Introduction, small loop, comparision of far fields of small loop and short dipole, loop antenna general case, far field patterns of circular loop, radiation resistance, directivity, slot antenna, Balinets principle and complementary antennas, impedence of complementary and slot antennas, patch antennas, horn antennas, rectangular horn antennas. Text 1: Articles 6.1 to 6.8, 6.12, 6.14 to 6.16, 6.18 to 6.20. 08 Hrs Unit 5 Antenna Types: Helical Antenna, Yagi-Uda array, corner reflectors, parabolic reflectors, log periodic antenna, lens antenna, antenna for special applications sleeve antenna, turnstile antenna, omni directional antennas, antennas for satellite antennas for ground penetrating radars, embedded antennas, ultra wide band antennas, plasma antenna. Text 1: Selected Articles from chapters 7,8,9, 14, and 17(Note: no derivations for the these topics in this section) 08 Hrs Unit 6 Radio Wave Propagation: Introduction, Ground wave propagation, free space propagation, ground reflection, surface wave, diffraction. Troposphere Wave Propagation: troposcophic scatter, Ionosphere propagation, electrical properties of the ionosphere, effects of earths magnetic field. Text 2: Articles 8.1, 8.2 12 Hrs Text book: 1. John D.Krauss, Antennas, II edition, McGraw-Hill International edition, 1988. 2. Harish and Sachidananda: Antennas and Wave Propagation Oxford Press 2007 1. C A Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design 2nd ED, John Wiely, 1997
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LESSON PLAN Class: VI semester Subject: ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Hours 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Subject code: 06EC64

Topics to be covered UNIT- I Antenna Basics: Introduction Basic Antenna parameters patterns beam area Radiation intensity beam efficiency Diversity and gain, antenna apertures,. Effective height, bandwidth, Radiation , efficiency, Antenna temperature and antenna filed zones Revision of problems related to antenna UNIT- II Point Sources and Arrays: Introduction Point sources, power patterns Power theorem, , radiation intensity Filed patterns phase patterns Array of two isotropic point sources Nonisotropic but similar point sources Principles of pattern multiplication examples of pattern synthesis by pattern multiplication Nonisotropic point sources Broad side vs end fire array Direction of maxima fire arrays of n isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing UNIT- III Electric dipoles and thin linear antennas: Introduction Short electric dipole, fields of a short dipole Radiation resistance of short dipole Radiation resistances of lambda/2 Antenna Thin linear antenna, micro strip arrays Low side lobe arrays, long wire antenna, folded dipole antennas

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31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
Text book:

UNIT- IV & V Loop, solt, patch and horn antenna: Introduction Small loop, comparision of far fields of small loop and short dipole Loop antenna general case Far field patterns of circular loop Radiation resistance, directivity Slot antenna Balinets principle and complementary antennas Impedance of complementary and slot antennas patch or microstrip antennas Horn antennas , rectangular horn Antennas UNIT- VI Antenna Types: Helical Antenna Practical design considerations for the monofilar axial mode helical antenna Yagi-Uda array , corner reflectors parabolic reflectors Log periodic antenna, lens antenna, Antenna for special applications sleeve antenna, Turnstile antenna Omni directional antennas, antennas for satellite Antennas for ground penetrating radars, embedded antennas, Ultra wide band antennas, plasma antenna. UNIT- VII & VIII Radio Wave Propagation: Introduction Ground wave propagation Ground wave propagation Free space propagation Ground reflection, Surface wave, diffraction Diffraction Troposphere Wave Propagation Troposcophicscatter Ionosphere propagation, Electrical properties of the ionosphere Effects of earths Magnetic field Effects of earths Magnetic field

1. John D.Krauss, Antennas, II edition, McGraw-Hill International edition, 1988. 2. Harish and Sachidananda: Antennas and Wave Propagation Oxford Press 2007
Reference Books:

1. C A Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design 2nd ED, John Wiely, 1997 2. Sineon R Saunders, Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems, John Wiley, 3. G SN Raju: Antennas and wave propagation , Pearson Education 2005
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QUESTION BANK 01 a. Define the following quantities as referred to an antenna. i. Radiation pattern. ii. Directivity iii. Radiation resistance iv. Effective aperture Explain antenna field zones Explain shape impedance considerations in antennas Derive the expressions for the far field components of a /2 dipole , starting with the expressions for the short dipole Show that the radiation resistance of a /2 dipole is 73 ohms State power theorem and mention its applications with respect to antennas Give the description of loop antennas With an example explain the principle of pattern multiplication Give a brief description of antennas for ground penetrating Radar Explain the working principle of Yagi-Uda antenna Explain the working principle of log periodic antennas Explain the working principle of slot antennas Give a brief account of antennas used for special applications Derive the expression for field strength due to space wave, in terms of the heights of transmitting and receiving antennae and field strength at unit distance. Plot the variation of field strength as a function of distance Calculate the radio horizon for 100 meters transmitting antenna and a receiver antenna of 25 meters. Derive the formula you would use Find MUF for a layer with Nmax = m1012/m3, h = 450 km and D = 1500. Derive the formula used Explain the regular and irregular variations on ionosphere in detail Explain the following Tropospheric scattering Duct propagation Slot antennas Embedded antennas

02

b. c. a. b. a. b. c. a. b. c. a. b. a. b.

03 04 05 06

07 08

a. b.

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06EC-65 INFORMATION AND THEORY CODING

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SYLLABUS Sub Code: 06EC65 Hours / Week: 04 Total Hours: 52 I A Marks: 25 Exam Hours: 03 Exam Marks: 100

PART A Unit 1: Information Theory: Introduction, Measure of information, Average information content of symbols in long independent sequences, Average information content of symbols in long dependent sequences. Mark-off statisticalmodel for information source, Entropy and information rate of mark-off source. Text1: Chapter 4: 4.1 and 4.2. 06 Hrs Unit 2 : Source Coding: Encoding of the source output, Shannons encoding algorithm. Communication Channels, Discrete communication channels, Continuous channels. Text 1: Chapter 4: 4.3 to 4.6 06 Hrs Unit 3 : Fundamental Limits on Performance: Source coding theorem,, Huffman coding, Discrete memory less Channels, Mutual information, Channel Capacity. Text 2: Chapter 2: 2.3 to 2.6 06 Hrs Unit 4 : Channel coding theorem , Differential entropy and mutual information for continuous ensembles, Channel capacity Theorem . Text 2 : Chapter 2: 2.7 to 2.9 06 Hrs PART-B Unit 5 : Introduction to Error Control Coding , Introduction, Types of errors, examples, Types of codes Linear Block Codes: Matrix description, Error detection and correction, Standard arrays and table look up for decoding. Text 1: Chapter 9: 9.1 and 9.2 07 Hrs Unit 6 : Binary Cycle Codes, Algebraic structures of cyclic codes, Encoding using an (n-k) bit shift register, Syndrome calculation. BCH codes. Text 1: Chapter 9: 9.3 06 Hrs Unit 7 : RS codes, Golay codes, Shortened cycliccodes, Burst error correcting codes. Burst and Random Error correcting codes. ConvolutionCodes, Time domain approach.Transform domain approach. Text 2: Chapter 8: 8.4 , 8.5 and Text 1: Chapter 9. 9.4 and 9.5 07 Hrs Unit 8: Systematic Convolution codes, Maximum likelihood decoding of Convolution codes Vitrebi algorithm Distance properties of convolutional codes Sequential decoding.
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LESSON PLAN Class: VI Semester Subject code: 06EC65 Subject: INFORMATION AND THEORY CODING Hours Topics to be covered PART A UNIT-I Information Theory 1 Introduction 2 Measure of Information 3 Average information content of symbols in long independent sequences, 4 Average information content of symbols in long independent sequences, 5 Average information content of symbols in long dependent sequences. 6 Mark-off statistical model for information source, 7 Mark-off statistical model for information source, 8 Entropy and information rate of mark-off source UNIT- II Source Coding 9 Encoding of the source output, 10 Encoding of the source output, 11 Shannons encoding algorithm. 12 Communication Channels 13 Problems 14 Discrete communication channels. 15 Continuous channels UNIT- III Fundamental Limits on Performance 16 Source coding theorem 17 Huffman coding 18 Discrete memory less Channels 19 Problems 20 Mutual information, 21 Mutual information, 22 Problems 23 Channel Capacity UNIT- IV Channel coding 24 Channel coding theorem 25 Problems 26 Differential entropy 27 Problems 28 Mutual information for continuous ensembles 29 Mutual information for continuous ensembles 30 Problems 31 Channel capacity Theorem PART B UNIT V Introduction to Error Control Coding 32 Introduction, Types of errors
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Hours 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Topics to be covered examples Types of codes Linear Block Codes: Types of codes Linear Block Codes: Matrix description Error detection and correction, Standard arrays and table look up for decoding UNIT VI Binary Cycle Codes Binary Cycle Codes, Binary Cycle Codes, Algebraic structures of cyclic codes Problems Encoding using an (n-k) bit shift register Encoding using an (n-k) bit shift register Problems Syndrome calculation. BCH codes. UNIT-VII RS codes, Golay codes Shortened cyclic codes, Burst error correcting codes Burst and Random Error correcting codes Convolution Codes, Time domain approach Transform domain approach UNIT-VIII Systematic Convolution codes Problems Maximum likelihood decoding of Convolution codes Maximum likelihood decoding of Convolution codes Problems Vitrebi algorithm Distance properties of convolution codes Sequential decoding Problems

Text Books: 1. K. Sam Shanmugam, Digital and analog communication systems, John Wiley, 1996. 2. Simon Haykin, Digital communication, John Wiley, 2003. Reference Book: 1. Ranjan Bose, ITC and Cryptography, TMH, 2002 (reprint 2007) 2. Glover and Grant; Digital Communications Pearson Ed. 2nd Ed 2008

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QUESTION BANK 01 a. b. c. Define: Self Information, Average Information, Information rate Discuss the dependence of entropy on the probability of the message for a discrete memory less source A black and white TV picture consists of 525 lines of picture information each line consist of 525 lines of picture elements and each element can have 256 brightness levels. Pictures are repeated at the rate of 30/sec. Calculate average rate of information conveyed by a TV set to the viewer List the various property of entropy Show that an nth extension of a source, H(Sn) = nH(S) Find the channel capacity of a BEC channel List the important properties of mutual information A discrete memory less source produces two symbols A & B with probability P(A) = , P(B) = .Find the symbols of the third extension of the source and hence show H(S3) = 3H(S What are the important properties of codes? Illustrate with example For the source given below S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.0 P 0.2 0.1 0.05 2 2 1 1 5 Construct a suitable code using Shannons Algorithm. Also find efficiency of coding For a channel whose matrix is given below Y1 0. 8 0. 1 0 Y2 0. 2 0. 8 0. 2 Y3 0 0. 1 0. 8

02 03

d. a. b. c. a. b. c.

04

a.

X1 X2 X3

b.

05

c. a. b.

c.

Rs = 10,000/sec. Find H (x) , H (y), H(y/x), H (x/y), I (x, y) and capacity given the source probability are P(x1)=1/2, P(x2)=P(x3)=1/4 Determine the differential entropy H (x) of the uniformly distributed random variable X with pdf a-1, 0<= x<= a F(x) = 0 , otherwise i. For the following cases: a = 1, a = 4, a = Show that H (x, y) = H(x/y)+H(y) State and explain Shannons Hartley law. Derive the expression for the upper limit of the channel capacity. Discuss the tradeoff between S/N ratio and Bandwidth A voice grade channel of the telephone network has the bandwidth of 3.4khz Calculate the channel capacity for a S/N ratio of 30dbs Calculate the minimum S/N ratio required to support information transmission at the rate of 4800 bits /sec Write briefly about cascading of two binary symmetric channels

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06

a. b.

07

a.

b. 08

Why do we need error control coding? Explain with an example Consider the (7,4) linear block code whose generator matrix is 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 G= 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Find all the code vectors, Find the minimum weight of the code, Draw the encoder circuit, Find the parity check matrix A (15,5) linear cyclic code has a generator polynomial g(x) = 1+x+x2+x4+x5+x8+x10 Draw the block diagrams of an encoder and syndrome calculator for this code. Find the code polynomial for the message polynomial D(x)= 1+x2+x4 in the systematic form. Is V (x) = 1+x4+x6+x8+x14 a code polynomial? If not find the syndrome of V(x). Write a note an Golay codes Consider the convolution encoder given below

09

a. b.

c.

Construct the code tree for the same. Find the generator polynomial for the encoder and hence find the output sequence for (10110) Verify answer in ii. Using the code tree Define information for a message. Justify the use of logarithmic. Measure for information A card is drawn from a dele of playing cards. You are informed the card you draw is a spade. How much information did you receive? How much information do you receive if you are told that the card you drew is an ace? How much information do you receive if you are told that the card you drew is an ace of spades? Is the information content of the messages ace of spades, the sum of the information content of message spade and ace A source produces two symbols A and B with probability P and (1-P) respectively. Find the entropy of the source. Plot the variation of the entropy versus P. When the entropy will be maximum and what is its value?

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09

d.

The probability of occurrence of various letters of the English alphabet is given below. J 0.01 S 0.066 K 0.005 T 0.096 L 0.040 U 0.031 M 0.022 V 0.009 N 0.072 W 0.020 O 0.079 X 0.002 P 0.023 Y 0.019 Q 0.002 Z 0.001 R 0.060 Which letter conveys maximum amount of information? Which letter conveys minimum amount of information? What are those values? Consider an information source modeled by a discrete ergodic. Markov random process whose graph is given in fig Below P(1)=P(2)=1/2 A 3/4 1 C=1/4 2 B A B C D E F G H I 0.081 0.016 0.032 0.037 0.124 0.023 0.016 0.051 0.072

10

a.

b. c.

C=1/4 Find the entropy of each state. Find the entropy of source H Find G1, G2 and G3. List the various important properties of codes Consider the four codes listed below Symbol S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 Code-I 0 10 110 1110 1111 Code-II 0 01 001 0010 0011 Code-III 0 01 001 110 111 Code-IV 00 01 10 110 111

Two of these codes are prefix codes. Identify them and construct the decision tree for one of them

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11

a. b.

A source produces two symbols A and B with probability of 1/16 and 15/16 respectively. Construct a suitable binary code such that the efficiency of coding is at least 70%. An information source produces sequences of independent symbols having the following probability. A 1/3 B 1/2 7 C 1/9 D 1/5 4 E 1/2 7 F 1/9 G 1/54 H 1/3

Construct the Huffman ternary code. Find the code efficiency and redundancy 12 c. a. Show that I (x, y)>=0 Determine H(x),H(y), H(x/y),H(y/x)and I(x,y) for the channel whose JPM is given below 0.2 0 0.2 0 0.0 0.1 0 0 3 0 0.03 0 0.2 P (X, Y) = 0.0 0.1 0 0 4 0.0 0.2 0 0 3 5 Derive the expression for the capacity of a binary symmetric channel Find the capacity of the channel whose matrix is (from the defining equation) 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.9 State and prove Shannons Hartley law An analog signal has a 4Khz bandwidth. The signal is sampled at twice the Nyquist rate and each sample is quantized into one of 256 equally probable levels. What is the information rate of this source? Can the output of this source be transmitted without errors over a Gaussian channel with a bandwidth of 50Khz and S/N ratio of 23db? What will be the bandwidth requirements of an analog channel for transmitting the output of the source without errors if S/N ratio is 10db? Two binary channels are cascaded as shown in the fig

b. c.

13

a. b.

c.

Find the overall channel matrix and joint probability matrix, if the i/p symbols are equiprobable. Also find H (z),H (z/x),H (x, z).

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14

a. b.

15

c. a.

b. c.

Prove GHT =0 where G and H are the generator and parity check matrices of linear block code The parity check bits of a (8,4) linear block code generated using the relations. C5 = d1+d2+d4 C6 = d1+d2+d3 C7 = d2+d3+d4 Where are d1, d2, d3, d4 are message bits. Find The minimum weight of this code. Error correcting capabilities of this code. The generator and parity check matrix. Show with an example that this code can detect three errors Write a brief note on Standard array Consider (7,4) Hamming code generated using g(x)=1+x2+x3. Determine G and H matrix of the expurgated Hamming code generated by g1(x)=(1+x)g(x).Derive the syndrome calculator for the same and hence determine the syndrome for the message sequence 0111110.Draw the encode diagram Write short notes on: i. BCH codes, ii. Reed Solomon codes Consider the (3,1,2) convolution code with impulse response g(1) = (110),g(2) = (101), and g(3) = (111), Draw the encode block diagram. Find the generator matrix. Find the code word corresponding to the information sequence (11101) Draw the code tree

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06EC661 PROGRAMMING IN C++

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PROGRAMMING IN C++ Sub Code : 06EC-661 Hours /Week :4 Total Hour : 52 IA Marks : 25 Exam Hours: 3 Exam Marks :100

PART - A UNIT 1: C++, AN OVERVIEW: Getting started, the C++ program, Preprocessor Directives, The Built-In Array Data Type, Dynamic Memory Allocation and Pointers, An Object based Design, An Object-Oriented Design, An Exception based Design, An array. 6 Hours UNIT 2: THE BASIC LANGUAGE: Literal Constant, Variables, Pointer Type, String Types, const Qualifier, Reference Types, the bool type, Enumeration types, Array types. The vector container type. 6 Hours UNIT 3: OPERATORS: Arithmetic Operators, Equality, Relational and Logical operators, Assignment operators, Increment and Decrement operator, The conditional Operator, Bitwise operator, bitset operations. Statements: if, switch, for Loop, while, break, goto, continue statements. 10 Hours UNIT 4: FUNCTIONS: Prototype, Argument passing, Recursion and linear function. 4 Hours PART - B UNIT 5: EXCEPTION HANDLING: Throwing an Exception, Catching an exception, Exception Specification and Exceptions and Design Issues. 6 Hours UNIT 6: CLASSES: Definition, Class Objects, Class Initailization, Class Constructior, The Class Destructor, Class Object Arrays And Vectors. 6 Hours UNIT - 7 Overload Operators, Operators ++ and --, Operators new and delete. 7 Hours UNIT - 8 Multiple Inheritances, public, private & protected inheritance, Class scope under Inheritance. 6 Hours TEXT BOOK: 1. C++ Primer, S. B. Lippman & J. Lajoie, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2000. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. C++ Program Design: An Introduction to Programming and Object- Oriented Design. Cohoon and Davidson, 3rd Edn. TMH publication. 2004. 2. Object Oriented Programming using C++, R. Lafore, Galgotia Publications, 2004.
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LESSON PLAN Semester: VI Subject: PROGRAMMING IN C++ Hours Subject code: 06EC661

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
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Topics to be covered Part A Unit 1- C++, AN OVERVIEW Introduction: Getting started, the C++ program Preprocessor Directives Preprocessor Directives The Built-In Array Data Type Dynamic Memory Allocation and Pointers An Object based Design An Object-Oriented Design An Exception based Design, An array UNIT 2 - THE BASIC LANGUAGE Literal Constant, Variables Pointer Type, String Types Const Qualifier Reference Types The bool type Enumeration types Array types The vector container type UNIT 3 - OPERATORS Arithmetic Operators, Equality Relational and Logical operators Assignment operators Increment and Decrement operator The conditional Operator The conditional Operator Bit wise operator Bit set operations Statements: if, switch For Loop, while Break, go to Continue statements UNIT4 - FUNCTIONS Function Prototype Function Prototype Argument passing Recursion function Recursion function Linear function
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Hours

Topics to be covered

PART B
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
TEXT BOOK: 1.

UNIT 5- EXCEPTION HANDLING Throwing an Exception Catching an exception Catching an exception Exception Specification Exceptions and Design Issues Exceptions and Design Issues UNIT 6- CLASSES Definition of a Class Class Objects Class Objects Class Initialization Class constructor The class destructor Class Object Arrays Class Object Arrays & Vectors UNIT 7 Overload Operators Overload Operators Operators ++ and -Operators ++ and -Operators new and delete Operators new and delete Programs Programs UNIT 8 Multiple Inheritances Public inheritance Private inheritance Protected inheritance Class scope under Inheritance Programs

C++ Primer, S. B. Lippman & J. Lajoie, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2000.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. C++ Program Design: An Introduction to Programming and Object- Oriented Design. Cohoon and Davidson, 3rd Edn. TMH publication. 2004. 2. Object Oriented Programming using C++, R. Lafore, Galgotia Publications, 2004.

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Model Question Paper

1. With example, explain the data types & variables in C++ 2. With suitable example, explain the difference between const modifier & # define statement 3. State & explain the format for if-else & switch statement. 4. Write a C++ program using if-else if-else statement to check the given number is positive, negative or zero. 5. Explain the ternary operation used in C++. 6. Explain the function of pointers, address operator & indirection operator with suitable example. 7. What are the 3 required statements for every function in C++. 8. Write a C++ program to add the values from 1 to N using function statement. 9. Explain call by value; call by reference parameter passing method with an example to each. 10. Explain with example how one-dimensional array is passed to function. 11. Explain the structures declaration and accessing structure elements in C++. 12. What is meant by enumerated data types? Explain with example. 13. What are the principles required for object oriented language? Explain any four. 14. Explain the format for class constructor function & class destructors function. 15. Explain the terms private, public, and class member & access specifiers with reference to class declaration in C++. 16. Explain C++ string classes & C++ numeric classes 17. Write short notes on the following: Operators in C++ Local, Static & Global variable Structure within structure Base class & derived class. 18. What is an Exception handling? Explain the concept of throwing an exception & catching an exception.
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06EC-662: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

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Sub Code : 06EC-662 Hours /Week: 4 Total Hour: 52

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION IA Marks : 25 Exam Hours: 3 Exam Marks: 100

PART A
Unit 1 03 Hours Over view of Satellite Systems: Introduction, frequency allocation, INTEL Sat. Unit 2 10 Hours Orbits: Introduction, Kepler laws, definitions, orbital element, apogee and perigee heights, orbit perturbations, inclined orbits, calendars, universal time, sidereal time, orbital plane, local mean time and sun synchronous orbits, Geostationary orbit: Introduction, antenna, look angles, polar mix antenna, limits of visibility, earth eclipse of satellite, sun transit outage, leandiag orbits. Unit 3 08 Hours Propagation impairments and space link: Introduction, atmospheric loss, ionospheric effects, rain attenuation, other impairments. Space link: Introduction, EIRP, transmission losses, link power budget, system noise, CNR, uplink, down link, effects of rain, combined CNR. Unit 4 06 Hours Space Segment: Introduction, power supply units, altitude control, station keeping, thermal control, TT&C, transponders, antenna subsystem. Unit 5 and 6 03 Hours Earth Segemnt: Introduction, receive only home TV system, out door unit, indoor unit, MATV, CATV, Tx Rx earth station. Interference and Satellite access: Introduction, interference between satellite circuits, satellite access, single access, pre-assigned FDMA, SCPC (spade system), TDMA, pre-assigned TDMA, demand assigned TDMA, down link analysis, comparison of uplink power requirements for TDMA & FDMA, on board signal processing satellite switched TDMA. 08 Hours Unit 7 and 8 1 0 Hours DBS, Satellite mobile and specialized services: Introduction, orbital spacing, power ratio, frequency and polarization, transponder capacity, bit rates for digital TV, satellite mobile services, USAT, Radar Sat, GPS, orb communication and iridium. TEXT BOOK: 1. Dennis Roddy, Satellite Communications, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill International edition, 2006 REFERENCES: 1. Timothy Pratt, Charles Bostian and Jeremy Allnutt, SatelliteCommunications, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2003 2.W.L. Pitchand, H.L. Suyderhoud, R.A. Nelson, Satellite Communication Systems engineering, 2nd Ed., Pearson Education., 2007

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LESSON PLAN Class: VI semester Subject: SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Subject code: 06EC662

Hours
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Topics to be covered Unit I Over view of Satellite Systems: Introduction frequency allocation INTEL Sat. Unit II Orbits: Introduction, Kepler laws, definitions Orbital element, apogee and perigee heights Orbit perturbations, inclined orbits, calendars, Universal time, sidereal time Orbital plane, local mean time and sun synchronous orbits, Geostationary orbit: Introduction Antenna, look angles, , polar mix antenna Limits of visibility,. earth eclipse of satellite Sun transit outage, leandiag orbits Unit III Propagation impairments and space link: Introduction atmospheric loss, ionospheric effects rain attenuation, other impairments. Space link: Introduction,. EIRP, transmission losses link power budget link power budget system noise, CNR uplink, down link effects of rain, combined CNR Unit IV Space Segment: Introduction. power supply units altitude control, station keeping thermal control TT&C transponders, antenna subsystem

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32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

Unit V & VI Earth Segment: Introduction receive only home TV system, receive only home TV system out door unit, indoor unit, MATV CATV Tx Rx earth station Interference and Satellite access: Introduction interference between satellite circuits, satellite access, single access pre-assigned FDMA, SCPC (spade system), TDMA, pre-assigned TDMA pre-assigned TDMA demand assigned TDMA down link analysis, Comparison of uplink power requirements for TDMA & FDMA, on board signal processing satellite switched TDMA.

Unit VII & VIII

DBS Satellite mobile and specialized services: Introduction orbital spacing frequency and polarization frequency and polarization transponder capacity bit rates for digital TV satellite mobile services Radar Sat, GPS orb communication and iridium Revision Unit I Revision Unit II

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MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1. a. Explain the Keplers law of Planetary motion. How are they applicable to the geostationary satellite. b. Define the following terms (i) Eccentricity (ii) Time of Perigee (iii) Right ascension of ascending node (iv) Argument of perigee c. Calculate the radius of a circular orbit for which the period is 1 day. 2. a. What are orbital perturbations? Explain in brief. b. Explain the Importance of Satellite stabilization. Briefly describes the three axis method of satellite stabilization. c. Describe the tracking, telemetry, command and monitoring facilities of a satellite communication system. 3. a. Compare TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA. b. Explain DS- SS CDMA with the help of a neat block diagram and waveforms. 4. a. Briefly discuss the various types of orbits used in satellite communication b. Why is it optimum in terms of launch energy requirements to do the following (i) Launch a satellite towards the east. (ii) Launch a satellite from the equator. c. Describe the effect of radiation on satellite. 5. a. With the help of neat block diagram explain a DBS- TV receiver? b. Explain why a minimum of 4 satellite must be visible at an earth station utilizing the GPS system for position determination? c. Write an explanatory note on GPS receivers and codes. 6. Write short notes on a. Look angle determination. b. Transponders c. System noise temperature. d. LEOs 7. Write short notes on a. VSAT Earth Station b. FM TV networks using direct broad-cast from satellite. c. Error detection and control using ARQ schemes in satellite links. 8. a. Distinguish between geo-synchronous orbit and geo-stationary orbit. b. What is the cause of third order inter modulation products in FDM FM FDMA. c. what is the significance of G/T of a satellite link ? Discuss how it can be optimized. 9. a. For a satellite define the following (i) Apogee and Perigee points (ii) Mean and True anomaly. b. Explain about Bent - type transponders.
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c. A satellite is in a 322 km high circular orbit. Determine (i) Orbital angular velocity in radius per second. (ii) Orbital period in minutes, and (iii) Orbital velocity in meters per second [Note : Assume the average radius of the earth is 6378.137 km and Keplers constant has the value 3.986 x 105 km3/ s2] 10. a. Discuss signal generation in GPS satellite. b. Explain the following (i) Power Subsystem (ii) Demand Access and Fixed Access in FDMA with example.

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06EC667: Digital Systems Design Using VHDL

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Sub Code : 06EC-667 Hours /Week :4 Total Hour : 52

Digital Systems Design Using VHDL IA Marks : 25 Exam Hours: 3 Exam Marks :100 PART-A

Unit 1
Introduction: VHDL description of combinational networks, Modeling flip-flops using VHDL, VHDL models for a multiplexer, Compilation and simulation of VHDL code, Modeling a sequential machine, Variables, Signals and constants, Arrays, VHDL operators, VHDL functions, VHDL procedures, Packages and libraries, VHDL model for a counter.

Unit 2
Designing With Programmable Logic Devices: Read-only memories, Programmable logic arrays (PLAs), Programmable array logic (PLAs), Other sequential programmable logic devices (PLDs), Design of a keypad scanner.

Unit 3
Design Of Networks For Arithmetic Operations: Design of a serial adder with accumulator, State graphs for control networks, Design of a binary multiplier, Multiplication of signed binary numbers, Design of a binary divider. Unit 4 Digital Design with Sm Charts: State machine charts, Derivation of SM charts, Realization of SM charts. Implementation of the dice game, Alternative realization for SM charts using microprogramming, Linked state machines. PART-B

Unit 5
Designing With Programmable Gate Arrays And Complex Programmable Logic Devices: Xlinx 3000 series FPGAs, Designing with FPGAs, Xlinx 4000 series FPGAs, using a one-hot state assignment, Altera complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), Altera FELX 10K series COLDs.

Unit 6
Floating-Point Arithmetic: Representation of multiplication, Other floating-point operations. floating-point numbers, Floating-point

Unit 7
Additional Topics In VHDL: Attributes, Transport and Inertial delays, Operator overloading, Multivalued logic and signal resolution, IEEE-1164 standard logic, Generics, Generate statements, Synthesis of VHDL code, Synthesis examples, Files and Text IO.

Unit 8
VHDL Models For Memories And Buses: Static RAM, A simplified 486 bus model, Interfacing memory to a microprocessor bus. Text Books: 1. Charles H. Roth. Jr:, Digital Systems Desgin using VHDL, Thomson Learning, Inc, 9th reprint, 2006. Reference Books: 1. Stephen Brwon & Zvonko Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic Design with VHDL, Tata McGrw-Hill, New Delhi, 2nd edn, 2007 2. Mark Zwolinski, Digital System Design with VHDL, 2 edn, Pearson Edn., 2004 3. Volnei A Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL. PHI, 2004

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LESSON PLAN
Class: VI semester Subject: Digital Systems Design Using VHDL Subject code: 06EC667

Hours

Topics to be covered Part A UNIT 1: Introduction

Introduction to VHDL VHDL description of combinational networks Modeling flip-flops using VHDL VHDL models for a multiplexer Compilation and simulation of VHDL code Modeling a sequential machine Variables, Signals and constants, Arrays, VHDL operators VHDL functions VHDL procedures Packages and libraries VHDL model for a counter UNIT 2: Designing With Programmable Logic Devices 12 Read-only memories 13 Programmable logic arrays (PLAs) 14 Programmable array logic (PLAs) 15 Other sequential programmable logic devices (PLDs) 16 Design of a keypad scanner 17 Design of a keypad scanner UNIT 3: Design Of Networks For Arithmetic Operations 18 Design of a serial adder with accumulator 19 State graphs for control networks 20 Design of a binary multiplier 21 Multiplication of signed binary numbers Design of a binary divider 22 Multiplication of signed binary numbers Design of a binary divider UNIT 4: Digital Design with Sm Charts 23 State machine charts 24 Derivation of SM charts 25 Realization of SM charts 26 Implementation of the dice game 27 Alternative realization for SM charts using microprogramming 28 Linked state machines 29 Linked state machines PART B UNIT 5: Designing With Programmable Gate Arrays And Complex Programmable Logic Devices (6 Hrs) 30 Xlinx 3000 series FPGAs 31 Designing with FPGAs 32 Xlinx 4000 series FPGAs 33 Using a one-hot state assignment 34 Altera complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs) 35 Altera FELX 10K series COLDs
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UNIT 6: Floating-Point Arithmetic Representation of floating-point numbers Floating-point multiplication Floating-point multiplication Other floating-point operations (addition) Other floating-point operations (subtraction) Other floating-point operations (division) UNIT 7: Additional Topics In VHDL Attributes, Transport and Inertial delays, Operator overloading Multivalued logic and signal resolution IEEE-1164 standard logic Generics Generate statements Synthesis of VHDL code, Synthesis examples Files and Text IO UNIT 8: VHDL Models For Memories And Buses Static RAM A simplified 486 bus model A simplified 486 bus model Interfacing memory to a microprocessor bus. Interfacing memory to a microprocessor bus. Interfacing memory to a microprocessor bus. Review of Chapter 1 Review of Chapter 2 Review of Chapter 3 Review of Chapter 4 Review of Chapter 5 Review of Chapter 6 Review of Chapter 7 & 8

Text Books: 1. Charles H. Roth. Jr:, Digital Systems Desgin using VHDL, Thomson Learning, Inc, 9th reprint, 2006. Reference Books: 1. Stephen Brwon & Zvonko Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic Design with VHDL, Tata McGrw-Hill, New Delhi, 2nd edn, 2007 2. Mark Zwolinski, Digital System Design with VHDL, 2 edn, Pearson Edn., 2004 3. Volnei A Pedroni, Circuit Design with VHDL. PHI, 2004

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06ECL-67: Advanced Communication Lab

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. TDM of two band limited signals. 2. ASK and FSK generation and detection 3. PSK generation and detection 4. DPSK generation and detection 5. QPSK generation and detection 6. PCM generation and detection using a CODEC Chip 7. Measurement of losses in a given optical fiber ( propagation loss, bending loss, coupling loss ) and numerical aperture 8. Analog and Digital (with TDM) communication link using optical fiber. 9. Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength , power, VSWR and attenuation in a microwave test bench 10. Measurement of directivity and gain of antennas: Standard dipole (or printed dipole), microstrip patch antenna and Yagi antenna(printed). 11. Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline (or microstrip) directional coupler 12. (a) Measurement of resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. (b) Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3 dB power divider.

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06ECL-68: Microprocessor Lab

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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Programs involving 1) Data transfer instructions like: i] Byte and word data transfer in different addressing modes. ii] Block move (with and without overlap) iii] Block interchange 2) Arithmetic & logical operations like: i] Addition and Subtraction of multi precision nos. ii] Multiplication and Division of signed and unsigned Hexadecimal nos. iii] ASCII adjustment instructions iv] Code conversions v] Arithmetic programs to find square cube, LCM, GCD, factorial 3) Bit manipulation instructions like checking: i] Whether given data is positive or negative ii] Whether given data is odd or even iii]Logical 1s and 0s in a given data iv] 2 out 5 code v] Bit wise and nibble wise palindrome 4) Branch/Loop instructions like: i] Arrays: addition/subtraction of N nos. Finding largest and smallest nos. Ascending and descending order ii] Near and Far Conditional and Unconditional jumps, Calls and Returns 5) Programs on String manipulation like string transfer, string reversing, searching for a string, etc. 6) Programs involving Software interrupts Programs to use DOS interrupt INT 21h Function calls for Reading a Character from keyboard, Buffered Keyboard input, Display of character/ String on console II) Experiments on interfacing 8086 with the following interfacing modules through DIO (Digital Input/Output-PCI bus compatible) card a) Matrix keyboard interfacing b) Seven segment display interface c) Logical controller interface d) Stepper motor interface III) Other Interfacing Programs a) Interfacing a printer to an X86 microcomputer b) PC to PC Communication.

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