CHAPTER 2

THE LOGIC AND METHOD OF SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY AND RESEARCH What is Sociological Inquiry? Sociological Inquiry is primarily intended to find answer to questions on the observable social word and social action. Social actions are the ways in which humans interact with each other in social units such as the family, the school, the church, and other social institution or association. It is also the systematic analysis of the motivation and behavior of individuals within groups, the study of social groups as a whole, and of institutions such as government, the church, professional groups, trade unions, or recreational units. Like any scientific activity, is like playing a game. It involves participants: the players-the scientist, their assistants, and other workers - work as a team to achieve a result. The spectators-interested or disinterested, appreciative or inappreciative, benefited or not ---- are the recipient of the result. It has goals to achieve, roles to follow, and strategies to use in order to obtain a high probability of success. The Goals of Sociological Research The basic goal of sociological research is to understand the observable social world. Its main function is to test or verify a hypothesis. This involves having a scientific and theoretical perspective about the aspect of the social world the sociologist is studying. Sociologists follow certain steps as they go along; in the process, they acquire a set of generalizations on the nature of human behavior and society, the patterns of social life, and the forces that lead to social change. The ultimate result is the accumulation of scientific knowledge that describe the realities that surround people. Science is based on conclusion which are approximate, provisional, or tentative, and agreed upon by trained and qualified scientists at a given time. This body of knowledge stands for scientific truth. Sociological inquiry is concerned with the repetitive patterns in human behavior, presented according to logically related hypothesis and supported by empirical evidence. CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY 1. Define the research problem and review related literature. Select a problem that can be investigated. It is necessary for the researcher to limit the scope and breadth of the problem. The topic may also be selected in order to fill a gap or correct a misconception in an existing research. Researchers have to locate and evaluate what is already known about his prospective area of inquiry. Scour the literature and see what has been written about the subject; look also for unpublished materials.

2. Formulate the hypothesis Talk to sociologists or other social scientists to find leads that one can explore and to avoid duplication. In a social research, one begins with a hunch or hypothesis. Hypothesis is a preposition or assumption stating what is to be resolved. Facts can proved to be true or false. Among the sources of hypothesis are common sense, ideas, folk knowledge, personal and social experiences, values, and even theory. Hypothesis refers to specific statements of relationship of two or more observable social phenomena. 3. Plan the research design Research design includes the subject of the study, the method of conducting the research, and the specific techniques for collecting data. The research design is a kind of strategy or blueprint for an efficient and effective way of carrying out of research. Methods of social research may be classified as qualitative and quantitative. The quantitative method makes use of statistics and mathematics in studying social life. The qualitative method refers to research techniques that are descriptive and enables one to secure a subjective understanding, interpretation and meaning of social behavior. 4. Gather the data In order to meet the fundamental aim of sociological inquiry, a more immediate goal is to simulate a model that can be shown to correspond to certain principles. The researcher also chooses the techniques to identify and record the data to be studied. Data gathering is an important part in the research process, it is time consuming but essential to gather information which forms the basis for the conclusion. 5. Analyze the data This involves testing the hypothesis or answering questions or assumptions using the data gathered. Reliability and validity are major issues. Sociologists have to ascertain that what is being measured is actually the phenomenon in which they are interested. Test of validity refers to the accuracy by which the research measures what is intended to measure. Reliability is the consistency in results yielding by a study or research instrument. 6. Formulate the conclusion After analyzing the data, the researcher formulates the conclusion. The hypothesis is either to accept, reject, or modified. The researcher may link their work to other bodies of knowledge and theories. A theory is formulated. A theory is a statement of the logical relationships between facts; it is a set of interconnected concepts and propositions presenting a systematic view of phenomena, and provides direction for research. The theory helps to explain and predict the social world in which we live in.

7. Check or verify the result Further verification of findings is necessary. Assess the result and make adjustments or correction, as needed. 8. Communicate the result to others The researcher results should not stay only with the researcher; they must be communicated to each other. The most common way to do this is to be published. The summarized results may also be published in the newspapers and magazines, or it may be published in book form. It may also be presented in sociology or social science conference or in school fora. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN IN SOCIOLOGY 1. Experimental Method It is a method for studying the relation between two or more variables under highly controlled conditions. An experiment best meets the requirement for scientific research to accept or reject a hypothesis. The experimental subjects are expose to the experimental conditions (variables), while the control subject are not. One experimental condition is varied at a time, while the others are kept constant so that the cause and effect and the other types of relationship can be determined. The result is observed to check if there is any difference between the two groups. 2. Survey Research It involves a systematic and large-scale collection of information from people and about people through the use of questionnaire. The questionnaire is intended to determined peoples characteristics, values, beliefs, perceptions, motivation, and feelings. 3. Field research Field research is the study of the way of life of a group or people in its natural setting. The researcher interviews and observes people at work and play, and acquires information and an understanding of the various aspect of their life-economic, political, religious, and cultural. 4. Participatory research Participatory research is an attempt to develop a peoples science so that research becomes relevant not only as a way of achieving socioeconomic development but also as a learning process for the group being studied. This is the essence of people-centered development.

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY 1. Observation Observation is the foundation of social research. One makes use of the various senses in studying a social phenomenon or social behavior. Observation can be open (overt) and secret (covert). If done overtly, the respondents are informed about it; if covertly, people are observed without their knowledge. Observation may be non-participatory or participatory. In nonparticipant observation, the researcher enters the situation as a third party and simply observes and records what the subject do or say. 2. Interviews The researcher also obtain data by interviewing people. If the interview is nonstructured, the researcher leaves it to the interviewee to guide the conversation. In structured or directed interviews, the researchers follows a more definite order of questions. The interview may be guided by a set of written question, and the interviewer records the answer as these are given. A questionnaire is another tool for securing answer to written question. 3. Historical research This involves a continuous and systematic search for information and knowledge about past events related to the life of the person, a group, society, or the world. The researcher studies records like official chronicles, letters, diaries, baptismal certificates, publication, or information from sources who have witnessed a certain event. 4. Life history This is the study of the personal life of a person. Through a series of interviews, the researchers can probe into the decisive moments in their life or the various influences in their life. Life history can provide a vivid picture of the culture to which the respondents belongs and shed light on the norms, values, concern, and problems of their culture. 5. Case study Extensive examination of a specific group over a long period of time is carried out in the case study method. It is necessary to carefully record the significant events and evaluate these against the original set of hypothesis. Case studies aim to acquire in-depth information about an individual, a group, or population at one point in time.

6. Content analysis This involves the analysis of how people communicate and the messages people talk and write about. This usually used to study the content of books and mass media and how they transmit messages. 7. Use of Films and tape recorder One can make use of photograph and films/video record interesting events or record visual information about events, rituals, and ceremonies. The use of the tape recorder enables the researcher to preserve information more accurately. 8. Feminist research The focus of feminist research is on womens experience and womens oppression. Its objectives are to understand, advocate for, transform, and empower women. It aims to help not only women but also men to improve their situation and the quality of their lives. 9. Ethical concerns in Sociological Research. There are certain considerations in researching on human beings. The people or groups studied are entitled to their privacy, confidentiality, and full anonymity throughout the whole process and when the results are reported. Care must also be taken to ensure that the subjects of the research are not exposed to any physical or mental danger or subjected to violation of human rights. PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR REQUIRED FOR SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY To be performed well, sociological inquiry demands and consequently enhances certain types of behavior. Sociologist should be aware of two predominant traditional thoughts regarding the treatment of their data. The positivist scientist also try to observe objectivity being unbiased and free of personal opinions or prejudice. Whether the sociologist should take a partisan outlook or a neutral stance on social issues has also been a controversy. Some groups emphatically believed that sociologists should be deeply involved in and committed to the resolution of social problems. Reflective skepticism is also necessary for sociological inquiry. Researcher must develop critical thinking. Scientific behavior requires cooperation, honesty, and liberalism. Social researcher must be sensitive to how people in the community where they work feel about scientist and their work.

CHAPTER 3
CULTURE Its Unity and Diversity Culture As we go from place to place, we note differences in peoples beliefs with regard to dressing, food and cooking, love and courtship, marriage practices, ways of worshipping God, earning a living, leisure time activities, etc. The Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Arabs, Americans, Russians people in general are brought up differently; thus, they acquire different ways of behaving. The behavior patterns peculiar to a group of people comprise what sociologists and other social scientists call culture.. Popular Culture - It includes activities, products and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes. This includes rock music, spectator sports, movies and TV soap operas. The sum total of human creations - Culture is the sum total of human creationsintellectual, technical, artistic, physical and moral. Culture interprets our surroundings, gives them meaning and allows us to express ourselves. Language, religion, science, art, notions of right and wrong, and explanations of the meaning of life are all parts of culture. It is also includes the various materials and objects that people learn to use. Total distinctive way of life - Culture refers to the total and distinctive way of life or designs for living of any society. It encompasses learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and ideals characteristic of certain societies. Peoples social heritage - It refers to the customary ways in which groups organize their ways of behaving, thinking and feeling. It is transmitted from one generation to another through language and the arts. Aspect of our existence - Culture is the aspect of our existence which is familiar to some people but different to others. It is the way of life common to a group of people which enables them to share ideas and patterns of behavior that distinguishes them from others. Culture varies from one society to another. Society and Culture Society is a group of people occupying a geographical territory, with a common culture, and interacting with each other. The members are united by social relationships, share a common language and beliefs and consume similar goods. People may share a common culture even if they are geographically dispersed.

Functionalists view: Functionalists consider society a social system which has a set of components related to one another in a more or less stable fashion through a period of time. Functionalists view the family, religion, economy, education, and the state as the major social institutions. Conflict Theorists view: Conflict theorists analyze society based on conflict and power. While they also pay attention to social institutions and their structural relations, they focus on conflict and power within society and the process of change which disorganizes and brings instability. According to conflict theorists, wealth, power and prestige are scanty and dominated by the elite and the rich. The lower class are exploited by the dominant elite, resulting in conflict for scarce resources. Language and Culture Language refers to the systematized usage of speech and hearing to convey, communicate or express feeling and ideas. It is made up of a set of verbal and written symbols used within a certain culture. A symbol is anything that stands or represents something else and is not immediately present to our senses. The existence of culture is made possible by the use of symbols as these enable people to share ideas. Symbols may be colors, emblems, gestures, designs, marks or words. Language helps determine our cultural practices and how we organize our perception of the world. It is an integral part of culture and human culture cannot exists without it. All societies have languages even in simple societies where people cannot read or write, they have spoken language.

static. Cultures are in constant flux, but change at different rates. Change occurs as a result of discoveries, inventions and cultural borrowing. 5. Culture is gratifying - Culture has provisions to satisfy the biological and sociocultural needs of people. It allows for the reasonably efficient and spontaneous interaction in the group for the satisfaction of these needs. 6. Culture is an integrated whole - The various parts of the culture are closely interrelated and integrated into a whole. Culture is the product not of a single individual but of a collective. A collective consciousness exists beyond the individual. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Culture is made up of many elements which are interrelated and unified in order for all its aspects to function effectively. Our cultural box has two major aspects: the material and nonmaterial culture. Material culture - Refers to the concrete and tangible objects that humans create, use, share, serving as buffers against the various elements in the environment. Nonmaterial culture - Consists of knowledge, social norms, beliefs and sanctions which are abstract and intangible creations that influence human behavior. Knowledge - The total range of what has been learned or perceived as true. This body of information is accumulated through experience, study or investigation. Culture includes natural, supernatural, technical (technological) and magical knowledge.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1. Culture is transmitted - Only humans can transmit their acquired habits and knowledge to their offspring. Humans are able to convey their ideas to the next generation, which may add to the accumulated behavior patterns and knowledge. 2. Culture is social, collective and learned - It is developed through group interaction and results from the accumulation of knowledge and group expectation. Belief or value to be considered part of culture, must be shared by groups of individuals. 3. Culture is ideational - Within the culture are group habits considered as ideal patterns of behavior which the members are expected to follow. Humans assign meanings to their environment and experiences by symbolizing them. 4. Culture is adaptive - All cultures are always changing and these changes represent adjustments to the environment. Culture adapts to meet specific sets of circumstances such as climate, level of technology, population and geography. No culture is

Natural knowledge - Refers to the accumulated facts about the natural world, including both the biological and physical aspects. Technological knowledge - Pertains to the knowledge of nature which are useful in dealing with practical problems like methods of acquiring food, dealing with diseases, means of transportation, tools and implements, and weapons of war. Supernatural Knowledge - Refers to the perceptions about the action of gods, demons, angels or spirits, and natural beings like shamans, witches or prophets who are held to possess supernatural powers. Magical knowledge - Refers to perceptions about the methods of influencing supernatural events by manipulating certain laws of nature. Social Norms - Norms are rules or group expectations of how one should behave or act in certain situations. They define what behavior is required, acceptable, or appropriate in particular situations. Any departure from the norm is followed by some kinds of punishment or sanction. A norm is an idea in the minds of members of a group put into a statement specifying what the members should do under certain circumstances. Norms are usually in the form of rules, standards, prescriptions, and socially shared expectations. There are specific

norms for lawmakers, doctors, teachers, law enforcers, parents and children. Norms pertain to societys standards of propriety, morality, ethics and legality. Folkways - Folkways are commonly known as the customs, traditions and conventions of society. They are the general rules, customary and habitual ways, and patterns of expected behavior within the society where they are followed, without much thought given to the matter. Folkways include innumerable group expectations like rules of eating, drinking, dressing, sleeping, dancing, and working, forms of greetings, rituals, and polite behavior in institutional settings. Mores - Mores are special folkways which are important to the welfare of the people and their values. They are social norms associated with strong moral sanctions, they are the must and should of a society. Observance of mores is compulsory. They embody the codes of ethics and standards of morality in a society. Most of the mores have been enacted into laws. Laws - Laws are formalized norms, enacted by people who are vested with government power and enforced by political and legal authorities designated by the government. Laws are enforced by formal sanctions like fines, imprisonment or death. COLLECTIVE FORMS OF BEHAVIOR Sanctions Sanctions are a system of reward and punishment. Rewards are positive sanctions for those who behave properly, while punishments are negative sanctions for those who behave improperly. Sanctions may be formal or informal. Informal sanctions are gossip unfavorable public opinion, and giving or withdrawing love or friendship. Formal sanctions are used for violations of norms in organization or associations. Values - Values are abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile. These values are the basis of our judgment, of what we consider good, desirable, and correct, as well as what is considered bad, undesirable and wrong. Values are broad principles which hold to be good and true. They color our perceptions of our surroundings which form the core of our personalities. Beliefs - Beliefs embody peoples perception of reality and may include the primitive ideas of the universe as well as the scientists empirical view of the world. They result from ones experiences about the physical, biological and social world in which the individual lives. Beliefs, such as superstitions and those that relate to philosophy, technology, art and science are usually incorporated into the whole vast body of knowledge which has been accumulated through time. Some of these ideas havent been scientifically proven but are considered by those who hold them.

Material Culture and Technology Through the use of technology, raw materials are converted into objects that can be utilized by society. Aside from nonmaterial aspects of culture there are certain material techniques and products used by societies. Technology - Refers to techniques and know-how in processing raw materials to produce foods, tools, shelter, clothing, means of transportation and weapons. It applies the principles of science and mechanics to the solution of problems or to accomplish a specific task. Artifacts - Are the material objects that are produced by technology. The extent of the use of artifacts depends on societys level of technological development. Information Technology - Refers to any technology that conveys the information like photography, telegraphy, rotary power printing, telephone, wireless telegraph, motion pictures, magnetic tape recording, radio, television and the internet. The Organization of Culture The elements of culture such as symbols, knowledge, norms, values and beliefs are organized and patterned so that they fit each other and integrate to compose a unifying theme for social behavior. Nonmaterial traits are abstract and include folkways, beliefs or values. Material traits are concrete or tangible objects associated with an idea, a social norm, or a technique. Not all members of a culture participate in all activities. Their degree of participation varies according to age, sex, occupation, or the demands of the culture. THREE LEVELS OF CULTURAL PARTICIPATION

Cultural universals - Are the norms, values, beliefs, and conditioned emotional responses common to members of the society. Among these are language, norms and laws that define family relationships, government, economic and educational activities. Specialties - Are the behavior expectations confined to certain groups. These often require unusual skill or training and reflect the division of labor and hierarchy of statuses in a culture. These are not shared by the total population. Alternatives - These are behavior expectations which permit a certain range of choice in human behavior and specify the tolerable variations in behavior. These are shared by some individuals but are not common to all members of any one group. Sub-Culture As a society becomes more complex and industrialized, there inevitably arise smaller groups which develop distinct norms, values, beliefs, special languages and life-styles. These subgroups may be based on age, social class, occupational, political, educational or

religious interests. In our country, these subgroups which reflect regional or ethnic differences, such as Negritos, the Cordillera group, the Muslim, Tagalogs, Visayans, Pampangos and others. Some subculture may find themselves physically distinct from others, as in the case of slum dwellers in Metro Manila vis--vis the residents of exclusive villages like Forbes Park, Dasmarias, and Ayala Alabang. There is also youth subculture. Youths develop their own patterns of behavior as in eating, conversing, styles of dressing, sports and recreation. They evolve a specialized language which distinguishes them from the wider society, so that outsiders like the elders cannot understand what they are talking about. While these subcultures have distinct cultural specialties unique to them, they still contain the dominant values and norms of the broader society. This is what has been called a culture within the culture. Although society may be pulled apart by such culture differences, there are also unifying factors like the presence of the government, a common language and the mass media. Ethnocentrism The tendency to regard ones culture as the best and better than those of the others is called ethnocentrism. Literally, ethnocentrism means a belief that ones group is at the center of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. This attitude is my culture is right and yours is wrong. Ethnocentrism serves a society by developing greater feelings of group unity and affirmation of loyalty to the ideals of the society. A shared sense of oneness especially during times of unrest can help the group to overlook internal differences and conflicts and instead encourage ones appreciation and commitment to ones cultural group. On the other hand, extreme ethnocentrism blocks ones understanding of other cultures and leads to intolerance and prejudice. This can cause intergroup conflicts and problems; a group that doesnt like to socialize with other people may become isolated and eventually stagnate. Xenocentrism When people reject their own group or some parts of their culture, we call this reverse ethnocentrism or xenocentrism. This is the idea that what is foreign is best and that ones life-style, products, or ideas are inferior to that of others. Those coming from foreign lands and the exotic are particularly favored. Xenocentrism is centered on a product, idea or a lifestyle. In our country, some people manifest a mania for imported goods and western lifestyles. Some even prefer to live abroad and enjoy the climate and lifestyle of the society there. A reason for this phenomenon is our colonial past and the sociocultural imposition of the colonizers. We call this attitude colonial mentality.

Culture Shock What happens when an individual goes to a different society? He loses the familiar signs and symbols to social intercourse and experiences unpleasant sensations or frustrations. What the individual undergoes is called culture shock. When people encounter another culture whose patterns of behavior are different from their own, they may get disoriented or disorganized. When people go to societies which are regarded as primitive, they may be shocked by the state of sanitation, the raw food being eaten, the lack of such comforts as electricity or a soft bed, the premarital relations between sexes or the practice of polygamy. Culture Relativism Culture is relative and no cultural practice is good or bad itself. It is good if it integrates smoothly with the rest of the culture. Culture relativism states that cultures differ, so that a cultural trait, act, or idea has no meaning or function by itself but has meaning only within its cultural setting. A trait is good or bad only within reference to the culture in which it functions. Culture Universals Are similarities in the general features of society, rather than the particular or specific cultural traits. Some of these are age-grading, sports, calendar, cleanliness, cooking, courtship, division of labor, education, table etiquette, marriage, superstitions, music, numerals, language, law, hospitality, wearing, joking, games, gestures etc. Cultural Diversity Refers to the wide range of differences in cultural patterns, ideas, beliefs, knowledge, forms of social organization and practical responses to the environment. There is an enormous range of cultural differences between societies and within society. FACTORS THAT PROMOTE CULTURAL DIVERSITY 1. Presence of social categories. This refers to a collective of persons who share common social characteristics like age, sex and religion. They share patterns of behavior which are different from the others. For example, the behavior patterns of children differ from that of the adolescents, adults and the elderly. There are also differences in behavior expectations of males and females. 2. Existing groups that somewhat separate from the mainstream society. These subgroups are called subcultures. 3. Culture differ in ideas and practical responses to the environment.

Cultural Variability Culture differs because of the great variety of solutions evolved by people from different societies. Factors which give rise to the cultural differences are the kind of environment within which society lives, the human and natural resources available within this environment, the extent and intensity of exposure the society has to other people from which they can borrow ideas and their cultural heritage. Sex differences are based on biological differences. However, the way a man or woman is expected to act is prescribed by society. Sex roles differ in different society. The division of labor by sexes is universal, but task assignment according to the sexes is a matter of cultural definition. Masculine and feminine characteristics reflect cultural conditioning by these societies. Cultural Integration Cultures vary significantly in the consistency of their patterns of values, belief and behavior. If the ideals to which people commit themselves are consistent with what they believe in and do as family members, teachers or professionals or when students are consistent with what they believe in and do while engaging in economic or political. Cultural Variability Differences in culture also arise from the relativity of the standards that societies uphold and use for evaluating truth, right, propriety, virtue, morality, legality, justice and beauty and the means of adhering these. Standards of propriety, morality, legality, aesthetics, rationality and religious truth have been as varied and changeable as fashion, hairstyles and body ornaments.

CHAPTER 4

PHILIPPINE VALUES WHAT ARE VALUES? Values are defined culturally as standards by which people assess desirability, goodness and beauty good guidelines for social living statements about what ought to be (Maciones), express the goals or purpose of social action (Inkeles). They are standards for determining whether something is good and desirable or not and serves as the criteria by which norms themselves are judged (Williams) are broad principles which hold to be good and true THE STUDY OF VALUES Sociologists are interested in examining values. However, these cannot be readily identified since they are abstractions from reality. One has to deduce these values from social action. Sociologists derive meaning from what people do, think or feel. They study what lies behind or motivates specific actions of people. Thus, they observe the way people behave, listen to what they say, and note the comments and insights made by others who observe these actions. FOURFOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS To identify the values operating in a given society one may apply the fourfold test of Robin Williams:

Extensiveness refers to the extent the value is recognized by a representative number of people within the society. Duration is when the value has been shared and practiced in common for some time. Intensity is if the value involves the emotions and is taken seriously and sought after by many. Prestige of its carrier refers to when the value provides ready-made means for judging the social worth of persons or groups who share or practice it. FORCES THAT SHAPE CONTEMPORARY VALUES Oriental Force and Occidental Forces The Filipinos of the last quarter of the twentieth century are the sum total of the social strains and cultural influences of the Aeta, Indonesian, Malaysian, Hindu, Arabian, Chinese, Spanish, and American people. The Aeta, Indonesian, Malaysian, Hindu, Arabian, and Chinese elements are the foundation of the Filipinos oriental culture. Spanish and American cultures compose the Filipinos occidental ways.


VALUES INCONSISTENCY AND CONFLICT Values are not called full, values unless they go through the cognitive, affective, and behavioral process.

Cognitive - Something that ones values should be chosen freely alternatives after careful thought. After considering all choices and carefully thinking about these choices a person makes a decision without any outside pressure. Affective - A persons choice is prized and cherished , and the person publicly affirms it. Behavioral - If one values something, he or she shows this in his or her actions, acts positively about it, and does it habitually. FOUR BASIC FILIPINO VALUES

Emotional closeness and security in a family It is in this value where the family, including the extended family like uncles, aunts, ninong, ninang, give support to members of the family. In return, Filipino children are loving to their parents.

Achievement and success --- are encouraged by competition so that a persons rewards reflect his or her personal trait. Material comfort --- refers to making money. Once we have this, our first impulse is to buy symbols of wealth, such as a house and lot, automobiles, jewelry, and others. Activity and work --- We tend to prefer action to reflection and try to accept hard work than accept or fate. Practicality and efficiency --- When what is preferred as practical and not theoretical. Today, our educational goals have tended to focus on the practical courses, which means those that bring in money, such as nursing, computer programming, etc., over that of medicine, engineering and law. Progress --- The preference for products which are identified as the latest therefore the best. This is emphasized in commercial ads. Science ---The recognition of the works of science experts as the source of knowledge; at the same time giving less attention to emotions and intuition. Democracy and free enterprise --- Reflected during elections, when we emphasize our needs and choices. Freedom --- The belief that individuals should be free to pursue ones personal goals with little or no interference from anyone else. Racism and group superiority --- Individuals rate others according to sex, race, ethnicity and social class. KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE Non-rationalism and Rationalism The philosophy implied in non-rationalism is the idea that people have to adapt themselves to nature and the forces outside themselves. Non-rationalism involves an uncritical acceptance, reverence, and protection of traditions and rituals. Rationalism is the belief that one can actively control and manipulate his or her destiny by systematic planning, studying and training. Examples: BAHALA NA this fatalism rests on the strong dependence on the spirits to take care of everything for everybody. Other Filipino expressions of this orientalism are in phrases such as, itinalaga ng Diyos, iginuhit ng tadhana, gulong ng palad, malas, napasubo. Amor propio is high self-esteem and is shown in the sensitivity of a person to hurt feelings and insults, real or imagined. This is manifested in hiya, utang na loob, and SIR. Forms of amor propio are behavior patterns, such as hele-hele bago quiere or pakipot and delicadesa. Personalism and Impersonalism Personalism attaches major importance to personal factors which guarantees intimacy, warmth and security of kinship, and friendship in getting things done. Impersonalism refers to the tendency to eliminate the influence of friendship or kinship in working situations.

Approval from authority and of society This value brings about the Filipino image as amiable, personable, and the like. Filipinos have the desire to please and be accepted by the authority.

Economic and social betterment This refers to the Filipino value of uplifting ones state in life. This can be considered a positive value, but negates itself if one goes to the extent of selling oneself and sacrificing other values.

Patience, endurance and suffering This value shows the matiisin attitude among the Filipinos. It enables us to bounce back easily when tragedy strikes. Basic values are universal. They have the strengths and weaknesses. Values could be influenced by others, but it should only be towards the good. VALUES ADAPTED IN PHILIPPINE CULTURE

Equal opportunity --- which means that society should provide everyone with the opportunity to be successful.

Paticularism and Universalism When a persons concern is centered on subgroups made up of relatives, friends colleagues, associates, religious affiliates or members of his or her ethnical group, that individual is called particularistic. When ones main concern is the advancement of the collective national group, he or she is said to be universalistic. Filipino Nationalism Nationalism is the advocacy of making ones own nation distinct and separate from others in the intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political, and moral matters. Filipino Values Leah de Roulet said, Science and technology are powerful tools but how do we use them? Shall we use them to destroy or to build? It depends on our values. All values are important. Everyone who has ever touched my life in some way is a mentor for good or bad. Meaning is not something you stumble across, like the answer to a riddle or the prize in a treasure hunt. Meaning is something you build into your life. You build it out of your own past, out of your affections and loyalties, out of the experience of humankind as it is passed on to you, our of your talent and understanding, out of the things you believe in, out of the things and people you love, out of the values for which you are willing to sacrifice something. The ingredients are there. You are the only one who can put them together into that unique pattern that will be your life. (John Gardner) When you talk to elderly people who are dying, they usually do not worry about material gain or about having too little success in life. They worry about what they should have done with the people they loved. Definitions of Values 1. 2. Etymologically, value comes from the Latin word valere, which means to be strong, to be worth. Values are those standards by which a society judges the desirability and importance of persons, ideas, actions or objects. Examples: honesty and integrity of a person, the nobility and applicability of an idea, the fruitfulness and productivity of an action or the intrinsic worth and usefulness of an object. Values are shared conceptions or beliefs in what are considered desirable or undesirable. Values are something deserving of ones best effort, something worth living for, and if need be, worth dying for. Values are principles or ideas which guide behavior. Examples are principles of equality, justice and fair play. A value is an enduring conception of the preferable which influences choice and action. For example, success is preferred over failure, honor over dishonor. Values are the ideals, customs, institutions of a society toward which a group has emotional regard. Examples are freedom, democracy, and solidarity of the family.

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Value refers to the utility of the thing and the environmental conditions at the time of the evaluation. Value is that quality of anything which renders it desirable or useful. Worth implies intrinsic excellence or desirability. Food, water and air have intrinsic values. Value Clarification Processes There are seven aspects of values that have to be clearly defined and presented in order to say that what the person has chosen is a value. These aspects are within three valuing processes. Choosing 1. Value is chosen freely. 2. It is chosen among alternatives and with consideration of the consequences of choice Affirming (Prizing) 3. There is celebration; the person is happy for his choice. 4. There is public affirmation of the choice. Acting 5. The value must be acted upon; it must be evident in ones behavior. 6. Acting must be repeatedly done in some fashion in a variety of similar experiences. 7. Value should enhance and not impede the development of the emotional and spiritual well-being.

Importance and Functions of Values 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Values provide the framework within which judgments are made. They are guides for behavior. Values give purpose and direction to the lives of people. If values are clear, consistent and well-chosen, people tend to live in a meaningful and satisfying way. Values give meaning and significance to life and the totality of society. Values make things desirable, satisfying and worthy of approval. Values define what are important to people, what are worth living for or worth dying for. Life is meaningful when a man has found something capable of arousing his commitment to it. Values provide for the gap between knowledge and action. It is not the most knowledgeable person who puts into practice what he knowsWe do not do what we know; we do what we want. We have to care and love to be able to do. Values have a primordial place in education, in the total formation of the person.

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

7.

Theories on the Origin and Sources of Values 1. The Inner Man by William James All our obligations, all of what we call good and what we call bad, do not exist as good and bad per se. They are OUR constructions and are for each of us but a product of each

individuals wants, needs and desires. The goodness or badness of any given thing is purely the product of each heart and mind. 1. The Outer Man by B.F. Skinner Values come from your personal experience. You get rewarded or punished for things you did and that reinforcement is what determines what youll deem good or bad. Values are created by a never-ending series of a combination of behavioral reinforcements and extinctions. 1. The Id, Ego and Superego Theory of Values and Preferences by Sigmund Freud We have evolutionary-based instinctual drives the Id. We develop over time, a consciousness of ways to interact with our external environment to get what we want the Ego. We have a set of culturally and parentally induced should and should not drives the Superego. There is conflict and tension between the Id and the Superego. The Id pursues pleasure and tries to avoid displeasure. The superego will try to restrict the Id to those pleasure considered appropriate by the social environment. 1. The Labeling Theory (Cultural Relativism Theory)Things are neither good nor bad per se. It is society that labels them as good or bad. Values are relative from culture to culture and from one society to another.

5. Influence 6. Wealth 7. Well-being 8. Responsibility Benjamin Franklins Core Values 1. Temperance Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. 2. Silence Speak not but what may benefit others or you; avoid trifling conversation. 3. Order Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. 4. Resolution Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 5. Frugality Make no expense but to do well to others or yourself; that is, waste nothing. 6. Industry Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut-off all unnecessary action. 7. Sincerity Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly; speak accordingly. 8. Justice Wrong none by doing injuries; or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 9. Moderation Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. 10. Cleanliness Tolerate no uncleanliness in body clothes or habitation. 11. Tranquility Be not disturbed at trifles or at accidents common or unavoidable. 12. Chastity Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness or the injury of your own or anothers peace and reputation 13. Humility Imitate Jesus or Socrates Biological and Cultural Origin of the Filipino and His Opposing Value Orientations The Filipino is a mixture of different racial strains: A. B. C. The indigenous strains: Negrito, Aeta, Ati, Ita, Pygmy or Baluga Oriental (eastern) strains: Malay, Chinese, Japanese, Arabs and Thais Occidental (western) strains: Spanish, Americans, Portuguese, English

Classification of Values 1. Economic values objects with material value 2. Behavioral values internalized guides to behavior a) Instrumental values (means) Example: Studying hard b) Terminal values (outcomes) Example: Good grades 3. Social values values arising from interpersonal relations a) Prescriptive (Thou shall) b)Proscriptive (Thou shall not) 4. Self-concern values Examples: Bathing daily, amicable disposition 5. Moral and spiritual values Examples: ethics, godly virtues Eight Categories of Values 1. Affection 2. Respect 3. Skills 4. Enlightenment

The Malay strain is predominant. With regard to Filipino values, he is pulled in two opposing and conflicting value orientations the eastern and the western. This accounts for the Filipinos inconsistency in his patterns of behavior. He gravitates between non-rationalism and rationalism, personalism and impersonalism, particularism and unversalism and between nationalism and internationalism.

The Filipino nationalism has been criticized as suffering from two social ills: colonial mentality and national amnesia leading to lack of national consciousness and lack of nationa identity. The Filipino Oriental and Occidental Value Orientations Dichotomy 1. Non-rationalism versus Rationalism Non-rationalism involves the belief in the supremacy of nature and forces outside of oneself like the belief in ghosts, spirits, gods or deities, and other supernatural beings. It involves an uncritical acceptance, reverence, and protection of traditions and rituals, unquestioning obedience to authority and loyalty to ones group. Ones successes or failures, victories or defeats, joys or sorrows, good or bad fortunes depend upon the will and power of some supernatural gods or spirits who will take care of everything and everybody. A non-rational person is traditional, fatalistic, dogmatic, superstitious, conformist and unscientific. 1. Examples: Bahala na (from Bathala na); dependence on espiritistas and mangkukulam; reliance on amulets, gayuma or anting-anting; use of phrases like itinalaga ng Diyos, Iginuhitng Tadhana, gulong ng palad, malas (bad luck) at suwerte (good luck), kagustuhan ng Maykapal, kapalaran (destiny), fatalism. Some non-rationalistic sayings: Ang kapalaran dudulog lalapit kung talagang akin Pag di ukol ay di bubukol Nasa Diyos ang awa nasa tao ang gawa Bawat nilalang na isinilang may nakatakdang kapalaran Ang buhay ay parang gulong ng kapalaran, minsan nasa ilalim, minsan nasa ibabaw Rationalism is a belief that by systematic planning, studying and training, one can actually control and manipulate his or her destiny, making one greatly responsible for his own success or failure. A rational person is scientific-oriented, liberal and skeptical. He or she attaches values upon individualism, self-expression, self-reliance, self-determination, critical , mindedness, open mindedness, productivity and creativity. All knowledge is found only in reason and ascertainable only by rational processes of thought and that there is no supernatural revelation. Some rationalistic sayings: Ang maniwala sa sabi-sabi walang bait sa sarili. Kung ano ang itinanim ay siya mong aanihin. Mas maganda ang kinabukasan kapag may pinag-aralan Walang kamalasan sa taong may kasipagan 1. Personalism versus Impersonalism 1. 2. 3. 4.

Personalism refers to the tendency to give due importance to intrapersonal and interpersonal relations in working arrangements. Kinship, friendship and intimacy are considered in getting things done. The Filipino way of doing things is centered too much on personalities. The Filipino is unable to dissociate personalities from functions and positions. This makes it extremely difficult for the Filipino to be really objective. Personalism is said to be behind nepotism, favoritism, graft and corruption. Some relations and practices: kaibigan, kamag-anak, kumare, kumpare, use of go-between, utang na loob, hiya, amor-propio, pakikisama, areglo, pakiusap, lakad at palakasan. Impersonalism refers to the tendency to eliminate the influence of friendship or kinship in working relations. Behavior is depersonalized, standardized or institutionalized. Working relationship is based on merit and qualifications.

Particularism versus Universalism Particularism refers to the tendency of a person to center his or her concern on his or her subgroups made up of relatives, friends, colleagues, associates, religious affiliates, or members of his or her ethnic or regional group. Examples: Tayo-tayo system; kamag-anak system; kumpare system; regionalism; fraternity and sorority ties; kapartido system; kapatid sa pananampalataya; kababayan; kapangkat; kapatiran. Universalism refers to the tendency to focus ones concern on the promotion of the national and common welfare. The emphasis is on the general welfare of society. Examples: Kagalingang pambansa (public welfare); katarungan panlipunan (social justice); pambansang kamalayan (national consciousness); pambansang pagkakakilanlan (national identity).

1.

Nationalism versus Internationalism Nationalism is the advocacy of making ones own nation distinct and separate from others in intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political and moral matters. It is the feeling of oneness among nationals who seek to establish the identity and the good of the nation in these matters. Examples: Taas noo, Pilipino; Bayan ko, mahal ko; Isang bansa, isang diwa, isang wika. Internationalism rests on the belief in having friendly relations between and among nations for their mutual and common benefit and creating a global community.

General Filipino Values Bahala na Utang na loob Amor propio Fatalism

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

SIR (smooth interpersonal relationships to avoid directness or frankness) Use of euphemisms (susubukan ko or pipilitin ko instead of hindi) Pakikisama Hiya (social approval is a major concern) Paggalang Pakikialam (to meddle in the pretext of guidance or wisdom) Tungkulin ng panganay sa pamilya Use of go-between Segurista attitude (Kasal muna bago siping) Gaya-gaya Pagmamay-ari (high regard for possession) Pagkatitulado (educational attainment) Lack of sportsmanship (Loss results in shame and sour-graping) Particularism (tayo-tayo) Filipino time Manana habit (saka na, mamaya na) Ningas cogon tendency (enthusiasm in work dies down) Hele-hele bago quiere (ayaw-ayaw pero gusto) Delicadeza (conformity to ethical practices or expectations) Palabra de honor (pagtupad sa pangako) Colonial mentality Compadre system (choosing well-known, powerful or affluent ninongs or ninangs) Lakad system Lagay system Querida system Kamag-anak system Walang bigayan, walang lamangan mentality Relax lang mentality Pagkamatiisin Crab mentality Baka-sakali attitude (reliance on suwerte) Status consciousness (karangalan is far more important than material wealth) High regard for women Authoritativeness (patriarchal nature of the family) Fiesta syndrome Awa mentality (pitying someone in the name of charity to hide incompetence or irrefularities) 41. Bata system (patronized individual)