The general form of a quadratic functions is ax+bx+c, where a,b and c are constants. The highest power of variable x is 2.

MAXIMUM GRAPH

MINIMUM GRAPH

The position of the graph depends on the value of b-4ac. It will determine the types of the roots.
When a>0, it is positive.

b-4ac>0 Two real and distinct roots

b-4ac=0 Two real and equal roots

b-4ac<0 No real roots

When a<0, it is negative.

b-4ac>0 Two real and distinct roots

b-4ac=0 Two real and equal roots

b-4ac<0 No real roots

EXAMPLE: Find the values of p if the graph of quadratic function f(x)= (2-3p)x + (4-p)x+2 touches the x axis at only one point.

First you should divide the values of a, b and c from this equation

So, a=2-3p b= 4-p c=2

Since it touches at only one point, so b-4ac=0 will be applied. (4-p)-4(2-3p)(2)=0 p-8p+16-16+24p=0 p+16p=0 p(p+16)=0 p=0 or p= -16

Example: Find the range of values of m if the graph of quadratic functions h(x)= x 2(4m+1)x + 16m-3 cuts the x axis at two distinct points.
First you should divide the values of a, b and c from this equation So, a= 1 b= -2(4m+1) c= 16m-3

Since, it cuts the x axis at two distinct points, so b-4ac >0 will be applied. [-2(4m+1)]-4(1)(16m-3) > 0 4(16m+8m+1) 64m+12 > 0 64m + 32m + 4- 64m+12 > 0 32m + 16 > 0 32m > -16 m > -16 32 m > -1 2

1. The quadratic function f(x) = ax + bx + c has a maximum value if the coefficient of x is negative ( a<0) and a minimum value if the coefficient of x is positive ( a>0) 2. The maximum and minimum value of a quadratic function f(x) = ax + bx + c can be determined by completing the square by expressing ax + bx + c in the form of a(x+p)+q.

Example:

Express the following quadratic equation in the form of a(x+p) + q. State the maximum / minimum value of the the function and corresponding value of x. f(x)= 2x + 7x + 10
2x + 7x + 10 2(x + 7x + 10) 2( x + 7 x + 5) 2 2[x + 7/2 x + (7/4)- (7/4) + 5] 2(x + 7/4) + 31/16 2(x+7/4) + 31/8

Normal completing square method

EXAMPLE OF EASIER METHOD OF COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Given a quadratic equation f(x)= 1-8x+2x. Use the completing the square method for this equation.
2x-8x+1 2(x-4x+1) 2 2(x-4x+(-2)-(-2)+ 1) 2 2((x-2)- 7) 2 2(x-2)-7 Make sure the equation begin with x only

-(-2)+1 2 and that is how u get 7 2

Always complete the square with this: x+bx+(b/2)-(b/2)+c

7 2 is multiplied by 2

Form the equation by ignoring -4x.

Quadratic inequalities can be solved by graph sketching method. Example: x 11x + 24 < 0
Since the x is in positive, it will be minimum graph Positive

Since <0 it is negative Factorisation method should be used. It can be used using calculator. Press MODE (3 times), Press 1 for EQN, Press the arrow button for right (degree) and press 2 So, a= 1 b= -11 c= 24 Negative You will get values of x as 8 and 3.

Negative should be shaded