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A Roman URAroK

FIRST

YEAR LATIN
BY

WILLI AxM

C.

COLLAR,

A.M.

Head-Master Roxblry Latin School

M.

GRANT DANIELL,

A.M.
Bostoi.

Formerly Princu'al Chauncy-Hall School,

BOSTON,

U.S.A.

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS

Cbc
3[tbcn.Tnm prcfifi

1902

C7/"?
/

Copyright,

1901,

by

William

C.

Collar and M. Grant Daniell

all rights reserved

PREFACE
What
grasp of the Latin language
recitations

may be
for

reasonably

expected of an intelligent and industrious pupil of fourteen

who has had

thirty-eight
1.

five

week

a school year of

weeks?

He

should

should have had sufficient practice

his teacher to

and and imitating read Latin that he knows the meaning of withthe
principles of pronunciation
in following

know

out gross errors in accent or in the quantity of final syllables,

and with some idea

indicate the sense.
2.

of grouping

words and phrases so as to

He

should have acquired such familiarity with inflected

forms as to recognize unerringly the place of a form.

Half a

hundred fundamental principles of syntax should have become a permanent part of his mental furnishing, chiefly through manifold illustrations in the exercises and reading lessons,
subordinately through practical application in turning English
into Latin.
3.

Ten

of his thirty-eight

weeks may well have been devoted

to practice in

metaphrasing and translating selections of easy

Latin into idiomatic English, and to acquiring as large and

varied a working vocabulary as the reading and re-reading of
twenty-five or thirty pages could be expected to give.

moderate appreciation of Latin order and of words in Latin and in English, and a very moderate degree of facility in applying the principles of syntax in the translation of
4.

Einally, a

the difference in the arrangement of corresponding

English into Latin

may

fairly
iii

be demanded.

iv

PRE FA CE
So much may be
set

down

as a reasonable achievement for

an intelligent pupil

in a year's

time under good teaching.

in detail, to the best

This book has been written to exhibit

of the authors' ability, the

work roughly sketched The first few lessons have purposely been made someabove. what easier than is usual, and the progression in difficulty
of

scheme

gradual for the benefit of pupils unfamiliar with English

grammar.

Some

classes

may be

able

to

compass two
of time

of

these easier lessons at a time.

To

insure approximate evenness in the

amount

work demanded

of learners for the several lessons,

and no lesson
system

has been permitted to exceed two pages in length.

The importance

of the verb in the Latin inflectional

and the great amount of practice required to master its forms thoroughly have seemed a good reason for introducing it at the outset. The development of- the tenses of the indicative has been continuous with only such interruptions as seemed necessary to enable the learner to digest and assimilate what he has acquired. It will be seen that the method of comparison
side
is

freely used in the treatment of the verb, as, for example,

tenses similarly formed in different conjugations are placed

of which would sufficiently justify it: to ease the dead pull upon the memory, and to foster the habit of observation and comparison. It is often easier to learn two things or several that have some

by side to be learned together. This plan has been adopted for two reasons, either

relation of likeness or contrast, than to learn either

by itself, and the discerning of likenesses and differences is itself largely Only when the learner has the process and sum of education. studied and practised the verb in parts is he required, through review lessons, to survey and master it as a whole. Several features that need only be mentioned will, it is
hoped,

commend

themselves to teachers:

PRE FA CE
(i)

The compression

that will certainly

make

it

possible

for high school classes to go through the seventy-five lessons

twice in from twenty-five to twenty-eight weeks.

(2)

The

relative shortening of the exercises for translation

If

into Latin.
tice
it

any class seems to need more of such praca translation of the interval retranslittle

may be supplemented by having

Latin exercises written out and after a

lated into Latin during the recitation.
(3)

The

frequent interspersion of reviews and of reading

reference and

lessons that anticipate no following principle of syntax.

(4)

The summary

of rules

for

the

index.

The
but

latter is strangely
is

omitted from most books of this kind,

certainly convenient

and

useful.
" prefixed to the lessons,

(5)

The "Essentials

of

Grammar

which should help to adapt the book to learners who come to the study of Latin with little or no knowledge of English grammar.
(6)

The copious
in

selections for reading at the

end of the

book, which will be found upon examination to be carefully

graded

point of difficulty and altogether interesting in

character.

As an

aid to teachers

have prepared a

2'caclier''s

who may use this book, the authors Manual containing eight pages of
express
their grateful
111.,

general suggestions followed by notes on each lesson.

The authors wish

ments
to

to

acknowledgfor several

Miss

Ada Townsend

of Evanston,

valuable suggestions, and particularly to Mr. George F. Fiske,

Principal of the Wadleigh School, Winchester, Mass.,

who has

read

all

the proof sheets with a scholar's conscientious care

in perfecting the

and aided materially

work.

William C. Collar M. Grant Daniell

Boston, May
6,

1901

NOTE TO TEACHERS
It
is

recommended

that

of

the

Selections

for Reading

(pp. 171-202) the Anecdotes, the Stories of Herctdes^

Stories of Ulysses

and the

be read from time to time, as pupils advance

through the Lessons.

little

These selections are easy and with a

till

preliminary help from the teacher can be read by pupils

the Lessons are

with interest and profit, without waiting

finished.

Pupils are early referred

to

the general

Vocabulary

for

new words
done
in

that occur in the reading lessons.

This has been

order that

they

may become

familiar by degrees

with the use of a general vocabulary, before the continuous

reading of the selections at the end of the book

upon.

is

entered

They should read

it

the explanatory notes that precede

the Latin-English Vocabulary,

and from the beginning

of their

use of

become accustomed

to observe the formation

and

derivation of words, the synonyms, and the English derivatives

and cognates As many pupils

that are given.

will

pass from this book to the Gate

it

to

Caesar or to Caesar's Gallic War,

is

recommended

that in

conjunction with the selections from Caesar the Stories of Ulysses be reviewed, since in these the vocabulary and construction of Caesar are

somewhat

closely imitated.

CONTENTS
Lbsson

.Essentials of

Grammar
Alphabet,
Pronunciation,
Syllables,

Page 1-13
15-19

Introductory:

Quantity, Accent, Cases, Gender

Nominative Case. Dfxlension. Subject, Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs Accusative Case Direct Object II. First Declension. Active Indicative Present. AgreeIII. First Conjugation Conversation ment of Vei-bs. Limiting Genitive. Genitive Case IV. First Declension.
I.

First

20, 21

22,23

V.
VI.
VII.

Conversation Active Second Conjugation Conversatk)n Review.

:

24,25
26, 27

Indicative

Present.

First Declension.
Ablative -with in.

indirect Object Dative Conversation

:

28,29
30> 3^

Case.

Second

Declension Words Conversation Review.

in

-us

and

-um.

VIII.

First and Second Declensions.

tives

Agreement of Adjec Predicate

Noun

32. 33

34, 35

IX.

The Verh sum:

and
Adjective.

Indicative

Present.

Review
Words
in -er, -eri.

X. Second Declension:
XI.
XII.

Review.
.

36, 37

XIII.

XIV.

XV.
XVI.

Conversation 38. 39 Apposition Second Declension: Words in -er, -ri. 40,41 Uses of the Dative: Z>a//z'^ of Possessor, Dative with Adjectives. Review 42.43 First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Imperfect. Ablative of Means 44, 45 First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Ablative of Manner Future. 46,47 ReadFirst Conjugation Active Indicative Perfect. ... 48, 49 ing Lesson: The Romans and the Sabines Second Conjugation Active Indicative Perfect ... 50, 51


X
Lesson

CONTENTS
Page

XVII. The Demonstrative is Review XVIII. The Interrogative quis. Active Indicative Present, XIX. Third Conjugation Imperfect, Future, and Perfect Reading Lesson: Icarus XX. Review. XXI. Third Declension: Mute Stems XXII. Third Conjugation Verbs in -io; Active Indicative

5-. 53

54-55
56, 57 5S,

59

60,61

Place Future, and Perfect. Whence and Whither Ablative of XXIII. Third Declension: Liquid Stems.
Present,

Imperfect,

62,

63

Review Cause. 64, 65 XXIV. Third Declension Stems in -i 66, 67 XXV. Third Declension: Gender 68,69 XXVI. Review. Reading Lesson: Horatius at the
:

Bridge. Conversation

XXVII. Adjectives of the Third Declension.

ing Lesson: Caesar in Gaul XXVIII. Fourth Conjugation: Active
Imperfect, Future, and Perfect.

ReadTime

70,71

72,73
Indicative Present,

Ablative of

74, 75

XXIX. All Conjugations:

and Future
rus

Perfect. Review

Active

Indicative

Pluperfect

76,77

XXX. Syntax of Names of Towns, and

:

of domus and
ille.

Locative Case
hie

XXXI. The Demonstratives

Lesson
:

and

Reading
Indicative

78.79
80, 81

Britain Invaded
Active

XXXII. Passive
Present.

Voice:

and

Passive

XXXIII.

'Y-AY.

V.Y.\.K1\VY.

Ablative of Agent c^. Agreemetit of Relative

Indicative
Present,

82,83
.
.

84,85
86, 87

XXXIV. Active and

fect,

Passive: and Future of rego and capio

Passive:
Indicative

Imper-

XXXV. Personal and Reflexive PRONoqNS

XXXVI. Active and
fect,

88,89
Imper-

and Future of Coriolanus and his Mother

audio. Reading

Present,

Lesson:
90, 91
.
.

Ablative of Separation XXXVII. 92,93 XXXVIII. Passive Voice All Conjugations: Indicative

Possessive Adjectives.
Perfect, Pluperfect,

and Future Perfect

XXXIX. Review. Reading

bal

94. 95

Lesson:

Scipio

and Hanni96, 97 98.

XL. Fourth Declension

99


CONTENTS
Lesson

XI

Page

XLI. Comparison
parison

of

Adjectives.

Ablative

of

ComlOO, lOI

Partitive Genitive XLII. Comparison of Adjectives. Ablative of Degree of XLIII. Comparison of Adjectives.

102,103
104, 105

Difference
XI.I\'.

Conversation Comparison of Adverbs. XLV. Reading Lesson: A Letter from Pompeii. Review Conversation. Accusative of Extent XLVI. Fifth Declension. XLVIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses with ut and ne XLVIIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses. Result Clauses with xA and VLt non XLLX. Indirect Question. Sequence of Tenses Review L. Reading Lesson Caesar WINS A Victory. LL Numerals. Descriptive Ablative and Genitive LIL Numerals Reading Lesson: Lin. Ten Irregular Adjectives. Caesar and Vergil LIV. The Infinitive used as in English LV. Accusative and Infinitive Indirect Statement.
.
. .

106, 107

108, 109

110,111

12,

113

114,115
116,117

118,119 120,121
122, 123

124, 125 126, 127

Tenses of the Infinitive

128, 129
130, 131

LVI. The Demonstratives idem, ipse, iste Reading Lesson: Africa. LVII. Indefinite Pronouns.

Review

132. i33

LVIII. Imperative Appeals

ship

and

Subjunctive:

Conunands and
134, 135

LIX. Compounds of sum.

LX. Participles.

Dative with Compounds Dative of Service Reading Lesson: Fabricius andthe

;
.

Reading

Lesson: Friend136, 137

Physician Ablative Absolute LXI. Participles. LXII. Participles: The Gerundive LXIII. The Gerund LXIV. The Supine. Reading Ablative of Specif cation. Review Lesson: Roman Consuls. LXV. Review of Verb-Forms: First and Second Conju-

138, 139 140,141

142,143
144, 145

146, 147

gations. Reading Lesson Romulus and Remus LXVI. Review of Verb-Forms: Third and Fourth Conjugations. Reading Lesson Romulus and Remus
:

14S, 149

150,151

'

XU
Lbsson

CONTENTS
Page

LXVII. Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Certain Deponents LXVIII. The Irregular Verbs volo, nolo, mal5. Dative

152,153
154, 155

with Intransitive Verbs

LXIX. Cum Temporal, Causal, and Concessive.

ing Lesson: Quintus Fabius Maximus

Read. . .

156, 157

LXX. Conditional Sentences LXXI. Review. Reading Lesson

158, 159
:

Rivalry of two Cen160, 161

fio.

turions

LXXIL The Irregular Verbs

after Verbs of Fearing.

Reading Lesson

eo, fero,

Subjunctive
:

Rivalry

OF

Two Centurions
:

LXXIII. Impersonal Use of Verbs. Relative of Purpose. Reading Lesson Rivalry of Two Centurions

162, 163

LXXIV. Periphrastic Conjugations. Dative of Agent LXXV. Expressions of Purpose. Review. Reading
Lesson Victory
:

164, 165

166,167

The Romans win their First Naval

168, 169

Selections for Reading:

Anecdotes
Stories of Hercules Stories of Ulysses

71-173

173-180 180-186 186-190

190-198
199-202
.

Fables
Stories from

Roman History
.

Caesar: Gallic War Appendix. Tables of Inflection, Conjugation, etc. Rules of Syntax

203-239 241-244
245-290
291-301
303-31

Latin-English Vocabulary English-Latin Vocabulary Index

ILLUSTRATIONS
A Roman
Orator (Statue of Cato)
Frontispiece

Page

A Roman Lady
Priest, Altar (ara),

'4

and Suppliant (supplex)

(gladius)

21

Javelin (pilum)

and Sword

27

Trumpet

(tuba)

35

Spear (hasta)

43
5'

Roman
Writing

IIe;iddresses

Materials,

representing
ink);

an inkstand
letter

(atramentarium,

for

black

and red

papyrus

sealed

and addressed
to 57

(M LvcREiio Flam[ini] Martis Decvrioni Pompei[s])

Marcus Lucretius,
priest of Mars, decurion,

Pompeii

....

The

Fall of Icarus.

Icarus, following his father, in flight has fallen

unseen and been washed ashore.

lifeless

body.

A nymph
Obverse Obverse
:

sits

near Icarus.

Daedalus now discovers his On the left is a Greek

59

temple

A Roman A Roman A Roman

Coin.

head of Venus.
head of Venus.

Reverse

Aeneas

carry-

ing Anchises and the Palladium.

Caesar
Reverse
:

61

Coin.

trophy and

captives.

Caesar
Horatius Codes
(galeae)
at the Bridge

69
71

Coin.

Ancient Plough (aratrum)

87

Roman Helmets
Coriolanus

89
91

Temple (templum).
Scipio.

Restoration of the Temple of Vesta at

Rome

95
97

Ancient Statue

Hannibal.

Ancient bust

in

Naples

Museum
Reverse
:

View

of

A Roman Coin.
arms.

Naples and Vesuvius Obverse head of Venus.

:

97 108

trophy of Gallic 119

Caesar
Showing
shields, helmets, swords, javelins, sandals,

Roman
Caesar.

Soldiers.

breast armor, sling,

pack carried on a pole

xiii

123 125

Bust

in the

Louvre, Paris

xi\^

ILL US TRA TIONS

Page
Bust at Caproni's, Boston
125
[43

Vergil.

Roman Sandals A Roman Coin.

s[vl]ter.
used

Obverse: veiled head of Pietas.

Caesar Co[n].

Reverse: lituus (augur's crooV), praefericulum (dish

in sacrifices),

and

axe.

A[vLVs] Hirtivs Pr[aefectvs]

145

The Twins

discovered by Faustulus

149
151

Roman
Vinea

Coins, representing militarj- s'.andards

155

Shields (scuta)

163
(aries)

Battering

Ram

202

FIRST YEAR LATIN

ESSENTIALS OF GRAMMAR
Note.

These

essentials apply in the

main

to

both English and

Latin grammar.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS
1.

A Noun
:

is

word used
is

as the

name
of

of a person, place,

or thing
a.

boy,

London,

ship, book, star.

Proper Noun
:

the

name name
:

a particular person,

place, or thing
b.

George, Boston, September,

is

Monday.
applied to

A
A

Common Noun
Collective

that

may be

any one of a class of objects

c.

boy, city, 7nonth, day.

Noun

is

name

that in the singular form

:

may be
d.

applied to a group of objects

croivd, family, herd,

committee.

Verbal

Noun

is

the

name

of an action

seeing, read-

ing, writing, to see, to read, to write.

e.

An Abstract

Noun

is

the

name

of a quality or condition

goodness, truth, weakness, poverty.

PRONOUNS
2. /,

A Pronoun

is

word used

to take the place of a

noun

yon, liim,

this,

who.

2
I^pvz. --

J^'.-l'iST

YEAR LATIN

antecedent.

Xhe ncun for, which a pronoun stands is called its Thus, in John goes to sc/iool, but he does not study,
:

the

noun John

is

the antecedent of the

is

pronoun

he.

a.

Personal Pronoun
it

a pronoun that shows

/,

by

its

form whether
is,

stands for the speaker,

;

we,
to,

etc.,

that

the First Person

is,

for the person

;

spoken

thou, yon,

etc., tliat

the Second Person

it,

or for the person or thing

is,

spoken

of, he, she,

they, etc., that

the Third Person.

Note.
b.

Nouns

are almost always in the third person.

is

Relative (or Conjunctive) Pronoun

a pronoun that
it

connects a subordinate clause (20), in which

the antecedent
:

stands, with

**

The

evil that
zvho,
is

men do
ivJiicJi,

lives after theviy

The
c.

relative

pronouns are

ivJiat,

and

that.

An

Interrogative Pronoun
:

pronoun that

is

used to

ask a question

Who

is

there ?

What

shall zve do ?

The

interrogative pronouns are 7uho, zvhich,

d.

and

wJiat.

Demonstrative Pronoun
:

is

a pronoun that points out

an object definitely
e.

this, that, these, those.

is

An

Indefinite

Pronoun
:

a pronoun that points out an

all, etc.

object indefinitely

some, one, any, othci,

is

/ A

Reflexive Pronoun
:

pronoun that refers back to

the subject

He

hurt himself.

ADJECTIVES
3.

An

Adjective

meaning
a.

of a

word used to qualify or limit the noun or pronoun good lesson, beautiful moon,
is

the boy, five girls.

A, an, and

the,

really limiting adjectives, are

some-

times called

Articles.

The

is

the

Definite Article,

a or an the

Indefinite Article.

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

/;.

Numeral Adjectives are adjectives of number.

They

arc cither Cardinal, denoting

or Ordinal, denoting which

how many:
in

one, two, three, four

first,

order

second, third,

fourth.
c.

The demonstrative pronouns,

the
interrogative

the indefinite pronouns,

zvJiich

and

pronouns
book,

and zvhat may

respectively
;

be used as adjectives, and are then

Demonstrative
Adjectives
:

called

Adjectives

this

that

house

Indefinite
:

some

boys,

any pencil ; and

Interrogative Adjectives
is

Uliich
d.

way

shall zue

go

What man
the brave."

that /
:

Adjectives are often used as nouns

"

The land of

the free a>id the

home of

VERBS
4.

A
A

Verb

is

a word used to declare or assert something

the leaf

about a person or thing: / ride; you laugh;

falls.
a.

Transitive Verb is a

verb that

in

the active voice

to

(28)

commonly
:

requires an
strikes

object (14)
the

complete
cat
catche'?

its

meaning
mouse.
b.

The boy

ball

the

An

Intransitive Verb is a \-erb that

:

does not commonly

admit an object
Note.

Birds
verbs
:

fly

I walk.
at

Certain

may

one time be transitive and

at

another intransitive

The wind

bk-iu the

snow

into ok r faces ; the

wind blew
c.

furiously.
is

A
t,

Regular Verb

a verb

that

forms

its

imperfect

(past) tense (33)

and past

participle (34, a)
:

by the addition
past loved,

of d,

or ed to the present

present

loz'e,

past participle loved.

;:

4
d.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

An
:

Irregular Verb

is

a verb that does not form

t,

its

imperfect (past) tense by the addition of d,

present
e.

or ed to the

present give, past gave, past participle given.

Auxiliary Verb
is
:

An

a verb that

is

used

in

the con-

jugation of other verbs

/ am loved ; do yon
is

love ? he has

given.
f.

An

-Impersonal Verb

one that

is

used only

in

the

third person singular, having no personal subject: // rains

it snozvs.

Note.

In

Latin there are

many more impersonal

verbs and

impersonal uses of other verbs than in English.

ADVERBS
5.

An

Adverb

is

word used

to modify the

meaning

of a

verb, an adjective, or another adverb:

the orange is very large
a.
;

He walks

swiftly;

he talks too fast.

An
An

Adverb

of Place

answers the question where

he7'e, belozv, there, Jiejice.

b.

Adverb

of

Time answers the question when ?

so,

theti,
c.

now,

often, seldom.
of

An
An

Adverb
ill.

Manner answers the question

Jiozv ?

thus, well,

d.

Adverb

of

Degree answers the question hozu viuch ?

little,
e.

almost, much, very, enough.

Modal Adverb expresses affirmation or negation, or

is

the degree of confidence with which a statement

yes, no, certainly, perhaps.
f.

made

A Relative (or Conjunctive)

the

Adverb connects a subordinate

:

clause (20)

with that on which

advanced when
thee!'

The army it depends day daivned ; " Go where glory waits

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

PREPOSITIONS
6.

A Preposition
its

is

to

show

relation to another

word used before a noun or pronoun word in the sentence: "/

stood on the bridge at midnight.''

CONJUNCTIONS
7.

A Conjunction

is

word used

to connect words, phrases

(9)
:

(i6), clauses (20),

and sentences

black

was a man of you may stay.

a.

Jionor, but

of a bad temper ; you

and white ; he may go or

Coordinate Conjunction

is

a conjunction that connects

words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of equal order or

rank (20,

c).

The

conjunctions

in

the examples above are

Coordinate.
/;.

Subordinate Conjunction

is

one that connects a subb)

:

ordinate clause (20) with a principal clause (20,

I shall

go

to toivn if it is

pleasant

he failed because he zuas not

industrious.

INTERJECTIONS
8.

An
is

Interjection is

a word used to express strong feeling,

and

not grammatically related to any other word in the

sentence: oh! ah! alas! hurrah!

Note.

The following couplets have often proved useful

:

to

younj

persons in identifying the parts of speech

Three
little

words we often see

Are

Articles, a, an,
's

and

the.

A Noun
As

the

name

of anything

school or garden, hoop or swing.

tell

Adjectives

the kind of noun

As great,

small, pretty, white, or brown.

!;

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Instead of nouns the Pronouns stand
;

His head, her

Verbs
tell of

hat,

your arm, my hand.

;

something being done

As

read, write, spell, sing, jump, or run.

are done the Adverbs
ill,

How things
As

tell

slowly, quickly,

or well.

They also tell us where and when As here and there a.nd?iow and ihen.

A A

Preposition stands before

noun

as in or through a door.
joi
i

Conjunctions

the words together

As

rain

and

sunshine, wind or weather.

;

Conjunctions sentences unite

As

kittens scratch a7td puppies bite.

Interjection

An

shows surprise
!

As Oh ! how

pretty

Ah

.'

how

wise

THE SENTENCE
9.

A
:

Sentence

is

group
;

of

words expressing a complete

a sentence that declares or Watei' runs

thought
10.

Sta7-s sJiine Declarative

he zvalks.
is
:

sentence

asserts something as a fact

Interrogative

down

hill.

An
:

sentence

is

a sentence that asks a question

Who was

the second president of the United States ?

is

An

Imperative sentence

a sentence that expresses a request, a

command, or an entreaty: " Drink, pretty creature, drink'' " Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once."

An

Exclamatory sentence

is

a sentence, whether declarative,

interrogative, or imperative, that expresses strong feeling

or emotion

"

How
is

siveet the

moonlight sleeps upon this

bank
11.

"
!

Sentence

made up

of

two

parts,

one called the

Subject,

and the other the

Predicate.

THE SENTENCE
a.
is

Tlie Subject

represents that about which something

:

said or asserted
b.

Birds si)ig ; you read.

The

Predicate

says or asserts something about that

:

which the subject represents

Note.

Birds sing ; you

read.

Either

the

subject or the

predicate or both

may be
and

enlarged to any extent by the

expressions called modifiers
in
tlie
:

addition of qualifying words

sister's

My
is

small birds

sing sweetly

morning.

12.

The

Simple Subject

the noun or pronoun which

is

signifies

that

about which the assertion

is

made.

The
Birds

Simple Predicate
is

the verb that makes the assertion.

the simple subject, and sing the simple predicate in the

preceding note.
13.
its

The
all its

Complete Subject

is

the simple subject with

is

all

modifiers.

The

Complete Predicate

the simple predicate

with

modifiers.

Thus

in

the example of the note

that precedes the verall

under

1 1

the complete subject

is all

tical line,
14.

and the complete predicate

Object of a

that follows

it.

The

verb

completes the meaning of

receives the action
:

word or expression that the verb, and signifies that which

is

I fold

tJic

paper.

Note. The Direct Object represents that which is immediately affected by the action of the verb the Indirect Object that to or for which the action is performed. Thus in he gave nte the hook, book
;

is

the direct object, and tne the indirect.

15.

Predicate

Noun or a

Predicate Adjective is a

noun or

an adjective used after certain intransitive or passive verbs

to complete their

meaning, and to describe or define the

a farmer; Lincoln

subject
the

George

is

was

elected president

workmen

are busy; those nioi are reputed wise.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

a.

The

predicate noun or adjective

is

called the Complement

of the verb.

Intransitive verbs that require a

complement

are called Copulative Verbs.

The verb
is

be in

its

various forms

{am, tvas, lias been, etc.)

b.

often called the Copula.

The

predicate noun has the

same case

as the subject;

hence the term

16.

Predicate Nominative.
is

Phrase

a combination of words

(not
:

subject

and predicate) used as a single part of speech

of honor, of honor
the noun
is

in

man
is

an Adjective Phrase because

tJie
it

it

modifies

man ;

in

sun shines by day, by day

limits the
is

an

Adverbial Phrase
17.

because

verb

sJiines.

Simple Sentence
is,

a sentence containing but

:

one

statement, that
bats the ball.
18.

one subject and one predicate

The boy

Compound Sentence

is

a sentence containing two or

:

more independent statements

never weary."

'*

It

rains a?id the

wind

is

Note.
it

An

independent statement

is

one that can stand alone

does not depend upon (qualify or limit) another statement.

19.

Complex

Sentence

is

sentence

containing

one

independent (principal) and one or more dependent (subordinate) statements

:

IVe hastened

home

when

the elonds

began

to gatJier.

Note.
fies

A dependent
to

or subordinate statement

is

one that quali-

or limits another in

some way

thus the dependent statement

telling

when the clouds began we hastened.

20.

gather limits the verb hastened,

when

The

separate statements in a
clauses,

compound

or complex

sentence are called

and as has already been seen,

they

may be

either independent (principal) or dependent (sub-

ordinate).

INFLECTION
a.

Dependent or subordinate clauses are named from

use
Adjective

their

Clauses

7nan
in

ivho

is

honorable

is

respected; Adverbial Clauses:

stantive Clauses
true.
b.
:

We go
has

when H

rains ; or Subis

That

my friend

lost his

watch

certainly

The independent
it

clause of a complex

sentence

is

called the Principal Clause.

Any

clause that

has another

dependent upon
c.

may be

called a principal clause.

of the

Connected clauses that are

same rank, both

independent, or both dependent, are said to be Coordinate.

INFLECTION
21.

Inflection is

a change in the form of a

:

change

in its

meaning or use

dog, dogs

word man,

to indicate
nieti ; love,

loves, loved.

DECLENSION
Declension.

of a noun or pronoun is called its Nouns and pronouns are declined to show number and case, and a few nouns to show gender.
22.

The

inflection

Note.
and case,

In Latin, adjectives
to agree with the

also are declined in gender,

number,

nouns which they modify.

Number
is in the Singular Number when it means one Jiat, ox, I ; in the Plural Number when it means more than one Jiats, oxen, we.

23.

noun or pronoun
:

Case
24.
I.

There are three cases

in

English

The
:

Nominative, primarily used as the subject of a

sentence

He throws

the ball.

; :

lO
2.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

The
Possessive (Genitive),

used to denote possession

his

or ownership:

John throws

ball;

see the queen's

crown.
3.

The

Objective,

used as the object of a transitive verb

:

or of a preposition
a.

JoJui throws the ball to him.

Only personal pronouns and the relative pronoun tvho Nouns have the nominative and objective alike, with a separate form for the poshave, in English, three case-forms.
sessive (genitive).
b.

\n Latin there are seven cases

different.

bui':

the forms of the cases are

not

all

Gender
25.

The gender

of English

nouns
little
is

is

what

is

called Natural

Gender,

and hence has very

boy,

to
in

do with grammar.

Thus, a noun denoting a male

the Masculine Gender

noun denoting a female is in the Feminine Gender ivoman, girl, moiJicr ; one denoting either male or female is in the Common Gender cat, dog, parent
man,
father ;
:

one denoting a sexless object

river,

is

in

the

Neuter Gender

wind, mountain.

a. In Latin only nouns that denote persons and some animals have natural gender: nauta, sailor (masc), mater, mother (fem.). All others have an arbitrary gender, called Grammatical Gender, deter-

mined

chiefly

by the

endint^.

COMPARISON
26.

The

inflection of

adjectives
is

and adverbs

degree (higher or lower)

called Comparison.

to show There are

three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative,

and

the

Superlative

positive

wise,

comparative

wiser,

INFLECTION
superlative wisest
lali\e best
oftenest.
a.
; ;

positive ^^^^/, comparative better, super-

i^ositive often,

comparative oftener, superlative

Adjectives and adverbs are also compared in English

by prefixing the adverbs more and 7nost, less and least: beaut ifnl, more beaittiftil, most beautiful ; wisely, less
ivisely, least wisely.

Note.

Comparison

in Latin is indicated

by change of form, and

sometimes by the use of adverbs.

CONJUGATION
27.

The

inflection of a verb

is

called Conjugation.

Verbs

are conjugated to

show

voice,

mood, and tense, and the

number and person of the subject. a. The English ^erb has but few changes of form. Thus the verb love has in common use only the forms
love, loves, loving,

and loved ; the verb

risen.

rise

has

rise, rises,

rising,

rose,

and

Most

of the conjugation of the

verb

is

auxiliaries

made up / tun
:

of

verb phrases formed by the use of

loved,

I shall

love,

I shall have been

loved, etc.

Note.

The statement

in

27, however,
will

is

true of the Latin verb,

which has many changes of form, as

be seen.

Voice
28.

verb

is

in

the Active Voice

:

subject as acting (or being)

Passive Voice

when it represents the James struck John ; in the

:

when

it

represents the subject as acted upon

John was
a.

struck by

James.

Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice.

12

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Mood
29.

A
is

verb

is

in

the Indicative Mood

:

when

it

states

fact or

used
verb

in

a question

Roses bloom ; why do yotc

smile ?
30.

is

in

the Subjunctive Mood

It

when
is

it

asserts
in sub-

something doubtfully or conditionally.

ordinate clauses, and
is

used
if,

usually introduced by

though,

and the
he slay

like

If he
ivill

-were here,

I should

be

glad ; " Though

vie,

yet

trust in him.''

Note. The subjunctive mood as a separate form is very little used in modern English, its place being taken by the indicative. In
Latin,

on the other hand, the subjunctive has a great variety of

uses.

31.

A
The

verb

is

in

the Imperative Mood

when

it

expresses a

command
a.

or an entreaty:

Draw your swords ; "Give me

is

of tJiy bark,
expressed.

birch

tree.''

subject of the imperative {thou or you)

seldom

The
32.

Infinitive

The
It

Infinitive {to love, to

have loved,

etc.) is
is

a verbal

noun.
in

has neither person nor number, and

not used

or the

making assertions. Like a noun it may be the subject complement of a verb To see is to believe. Like a
:

verb

it

may have an
our work
infinitive

object and adverbial modifiers

early.

We

like to begin
a.

The

may

also be used in other

noun

relations,

and sometimes as an adjective or adverb.

b.

The

verbal

gerund,
believing

is

noun in -ing, corresponding to the Latin by some regarded as an infinitive Seeing is

:

to see is to believe.

INFLECTION
Tense
33.

verb

is

in
it

the Present, Imperfect

(Past),

or Future

Tense according as
in

represents an action as taking place

:

present, past, or future time

love,

I loved, I shall
an action

love.
a.

The

Perfect (Present Perfect) Tense represents

:

as completed in the present

(Past Perfect), as

Jiave loved ; the Pluperfect

:

completed

in

the past
in

the Future
loved.

Perfect, as

completed

the future

/ had loved ; and I shall have

:

The Participle
34.
it

A
it

Participle is a

verbal adjective.

Like an adjective

may

qualify a

noun

a living death, a driven well.

object

Like
:

a verb

may have an

and adverbial modifiers

Knoiving
vote
a.

the candidate intimately,

we

shall

7iot

hesitate to

for Jiivi. There are

:

in

English three participles

in

the active

voice

present loving, past loved, perfect having loved

in

and three

the passive voice

present {being) loved, past

loved, perfect
b.

having been

loved.
is

to

he

The participle in -ing make the Progressive Form was loving.

used with the

:

au.xiliary be

of the verb

Yott are loving,

Note.
35.

The Latin has no special tenses

Finite Verb is a

for the progressive form.

verb

in

the indicative, subjunctive,

or imperative

mood.

A Roman Lady

P RON UNCIA riON

INTRODUCTORY
The
sections on pronunciation

may

be most profitably used for

reference.

Pupils catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of the

if

teacher, and,
to rules.
It

they

make

mistakes, are interested in being referred

is

therefore advised that the teacher begin with the

i8,

poem on page
successively,

pronouncing slowly each

line,

the pupils following

and then together.

ALPHABET
36.

The Latin

alphabet has

noy

or

zv.

Otherwise

it

is

the

same as the Enghsh. 37. /does service both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in the same syllable it has the force of a
is

consonant, and
38.

called i-consonant

Of the consonants
The mutes are The liquids are The sibilant is The double consonants
p, b,
1,

t,

d, c, k, g, q.

ni, n, r.

s.

are

s.

cs ox gs^ z

ds.

SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, ROMAN METHOD

39.

Vowels
like the last
in they.

a
i

a in aha'.

like the first

a in

aJia'.

e as

6 as in met.
i

as in machine.
in note.

as in pin.
in obey.

6 as

6 as
fl
^

u
^

like oo in boot.
gji,
is

like oo \r\foot.

In qu,

and sometimes

in sn, before a vowel,

is

a semivowel or

consonant,
letter
;

pronounced

like w,

and joined
:

in

utterance with the preceding

so likewise in cui

and huic

quis, qui,

who, an'-guis, snake, con-

8ue'-tus, accustomed.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

40.

Diphthongs
like

ae

ai in aisle.

au
oe

like oti in our.

like 0/ in boil.

ei (rare) like ei in eight.

eu
41.

(rare) like

eti

xnfeicd.

Consonants
in

Consonants generally have the same sounds as

observe the following
c as
in
:

English.

But

come.
like

g as

in get.
sicii.

i-consonant
t as in ii/ne.

\nyet.

s as in

ch

like

in kite.

v like w in wine. ph like /"in /";-.

SYLLABLES
42.
I
.

syllable consists of a vowel or

diphthong with
as

or without one or

more consonants.
it

Hence a word has

:

many
2.

syllables as

has vowels and diphthongs

ae-gri-tu'-do,

sickness.

When
is

a word

is

divided into syllables, a single con-

sonant
amiable.
3.

joined

with

the

vowel

following

a-ma'-bi-lis,

If

there are two or

more consonants between two

vowels, as

many
bad ;
in

are joined with the second vowel as can

at

be pronounced
im'-pro-bus,
4.

the beginning of a word or syllable

guest.

ho'-spes,

compound words the division must show the component parts: ab'-est (ab, away; est, /le is), lie is
But

away.
5

The

last syllable of
last,

a word

is

called the ultima

the

one next to the

the antepenult.

iht pejiult ; the one before the penult,

7 ;
:

PRONUNCIATION
QUANTITY
Vowels are long (-) o\ short ("). long vowels are marked, except in some vowels must be regarded as short.
43.
I.

In this
titles
;

book the

unmarked

2.

A vowel

is
;

short before a vowel or

ni'-hil,

//

pb-e'-ma,

poem

gra'-ti-ae,
3.

tJianks

nothing.
;//, 7is,

Vowels are long before

Diphthongs,
resulting

and gn

in-fans,

infant

i-gnis, fire.

4.

vowels

representing
are

diphthongs,

and

vowels

from
long

contraction

long

in-cau'-tus,

heedless; in-i'-quus (inaequus),

5:

?/;/r^//rt/,it

co'-go {(M%q), collect.

syllable

is

when
if it

contains a long vow^el or a

temple.
b)-

diphthong:
6.

vo'-ces,
is

voices;

ae'-des,

syllable

long

has a short vowel followed

two or more consonants (except a mute followed by / or r), or by ^ or c' but the short vowel is still pronounced short
;

sunt, they

are

tem'-plam, temple; dux, leader.

ACCENT
44.
first
:

I.

Words

of

two

syllables

have the accent on the

tu'-ba,

trumpet.

2.

the penult
prae-di'-co,

Words of more than two syllables have the accent on when it is long, otherwise on the antepenult
foretell;
prae'-di-c6,

declare;

il-le'-ce-brae,

snares

pa-ter'-nus,
3.

paternal.
called
enclitics,

Several words,
-ne,

of

which the com-que,

monest are

the sign of a question, and

and, are

appended

to other words,

and such words are then accented

:

on the syllable preceding the enclitic

love? dona'-que,

amat'-ne,

does he

and gifts.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

45.

The

following Latin version of " Twinkle, twinkle, Little Star,"

in pronunciation,

from Arundines Cami, may be used for practice and for illustration of the preceding statements.
note, p. 15.

See introductory

MICA, MICA

Mica/ mica, parva Miror quaenam sis,

Splendens eminus

stella

tarn bella

in illo.

Alba velut gemma,

caelo.

Quando fervens S5l discessit. Nee calore prata pascit,

Mox

ostendis lumen purum,

Micans, micans per obscurum.

Tibi, noctu qui vagatur,

Ob

scintillulam gratatur
tij,

Ni micares

non

sciret
iret.

Quas per

vias errans

Meum
Neque Donee

saepe thalamum
;

liace

Specularis curiosa

carpseris soporem

venit Sol per auram.

CASES
46.

The names
dative,

of the cases in Latin are

nominative,
locative.
illus-

genitive,

accusative,

ablative,

vocative,

Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use are

trated in the paradigms and exercises which follow.
1

The rhythm

of these lines

depends on accent, as

in

English poetry,

not on quantity, as in classic Latin poetry.

CASES AND GENDER

a.

19

The Vocative
in

is

always the same as the Nominative,

except

the singular of nouns and adjectives in -us of the

second declension.
'

b.

In neuters the Nominative and Accusative are always

alike,
c.

and
in

in the plural

end

in

a.

The Accusative

singular of

all

masculines and feminines

in
s.

ends
d.

the Accusative plural

The Dative and Ablative

jjlural

are always alike.

(LENDER
47.

The gender

of

Latin nouns

is

determined partly,
oftener by the

as in

English, by the meaning, but

much

termination.

General Rules of Gender

and months are masculine

Nouns -denoting males and names of rivers, winds, Cicero, Cicero : : aghcolsi, /un/nr ; Padus, Po ; aquilo, nortJi xvind ; l&xvixlxiViS, January denoting females and names of countries, 2. Nouns
1.

towns,
Tullia,
pirns,

islands,

and trees are feminine

Africa,

regina,
Sicilia,

queen

Tullia

Africa; Roma,

Rome ;

Sicily;

pear

tree.

20

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

FIRST DECLENSION

The Subject

Nominative
Models

Case

Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs

48.

Noun
Sing,
hasta, speai'.

Verb
Sing,
volat, Jlies.^

Plur.
a.

hastae, spears.

Plur.

volant, fly.

Form

the plural of the nouns in the vocabulary, then the plural

of the verbs, according to the models.

49.

VOCABULARY
Nouns
Verbs
ambulat, walks.
cantat, sings.

columba,
hasta,
f.

f.

dove.
(p. 43).

spear

nauta, m. sailor.
puella, f girl.
.

natat,

swims.

saltat, dances.

sagitta,

f.

arrow.

sonat, soitnds, resounds.

volat, ^/Vj, speeds on.

tuba,

f.

trtimpet (p. 35).

Conjunction
et,

Interrogative Pronoun
quis,

and.

who ?

quid,

what ?

50.
1

Model

Sentences

Puella cantat, the girl sings.

2.

Puellae cantant, the girls sing.

3.

Cantatne puella, does the girl sing f

4.

Cantantne puellae, do the girls sing?

is

Also

flying, does fly.

So of other

verbs.

F/RSr DECLENSION
a.

21
translated
^^'/r/,

In Latin there or the girl ;

is

is

no

article:

puella

may be

^i^irl,

and

puellae, girls or the girls.

b. is

What

the subject in each of the

?

model sentences, and what

number.

the predicate
c.

Observe that the verbs agree with Observe that -ne

is

their subjects in
is

d.

the sign of a question, but

not separately

translated (44, 3).

51.

Rule.

Tlic subject of a verb is in the nominative.

EXERCISES

52.
I.

2. Hastae volant. I. Hasta volat. 3. Nauta natat. Nautae natant. 5. Ambulatne puella ? 6. Puellae ambu8. Sagitta volat. lant. 9. Sonatne 7. Columbaene volant } Puella natat. 12. Quis ambulat ? tuba? 10. Quis natat 14. Nautae cantant et saltant. 13. Nauta ambulat. 2. Do the sailors dance ? II. I. The sailor dances. 3. Who

4.

is

singing
is

4.

Girls are singing.

7.

5.

What
flies.

is
?

flying
8.

6.

The

spear

flying.
9.

Are trumpets resounding

Spears and

arrows

fly.

The dove walks and

Priest, Altar, .\nd Suppliant

22

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

II
Continued

FIRST D-ECLENSl^m
The Stem^ ends

in

The Direct Object

53.

Accusative

Case

Paradigm
Singular
Terminations
-a
,

Nom.
Gen.

hasta, a spear (as subject).

\\?i's,\.a.e,

Dai.
Ace.
Abl.

of a spear, -or spear's. hastae, to or for a spear. hastam, a spear (as object).
hasta, with,

-ae
-ae

-am
-a

from, by a spear.

Plural
No7n.
Gen.
hastae, spears (as subject).

-ae

hastarum, of spears, or spears\

ha.stis, to

-arum
-is^

Dat.
Ace.
Ad/.
a.

or for spears.

liastas,

spears (as object).

-as
-is

hastis, with,

from, by spears.

The

vocative, the case of address, has the

same form

as the

nominative.
b.

For the locative

case, see 195-197.

final letter

Terminations consist of case-endings joined with the

;

of the stem

but sometimes the

final letter of the

stem disappears,

and sometimes the case-ending.

That part of the word which remains

which the terminations are added
is

unchanged
c.

in inflection,
:

and

to

called the base

hast-.

Form

the nominative plural and the accusative singular and

plural of each
1

oun
is

in 55.

Form

the plural of the verbs.

body of the word to which endings are added to express the relation of the word to other words. 2 Filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, have the termination -abus in the dative and ablative plural.
the

The stem

FIRST DECLENSION

2$

54. Rule of Gender. .Youns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males.

55.

VOCABULARY
Nouns
agricola,

Verbs
amat, loves, likes.
arat,

m. farmer.
water.

aqua,

ploughs.

Galba, m. Galba.
Stella,
f. f.

habet, has.
laudat, praises.
videt, sees.

star.

terra,

land, country.

Interrogative Pronoun

Nom.
Ace.

quis,

who ?

quid,

what ?

quern,

whom ?
Model
Sentences

quii,wAaif

56.
1.

Agricola terram arat, the farmer ploughs the land.

2.

Nautae agricolas laudant, the sailors praise the farmers.

a.

Observe that terram

is

the object of arat,

and agricolas of

laudant.
/;.

Point out the objects in the sentences of 58. Imitate the order of the Latin in writing Latin sentences.

57.

Rule.

The

direct object of

a transitive verb

is

in the accusative.
58.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

2. Tubasne laudat Galba? Nauta stellam videt. 5. Nautae Stellas vident. 6. Quis Galbam videt ? 7. Quern videt Galba ? 8. Galba, quis terram arat ? Agricola terram arat. 9. Arantne agricolae terram ? 10. Quid volat ? Sagitta volat.

Galba tubam laudat.

4.

3.

Puellae tubas laudant.

II.

I.

Who
4.

sailors are walking.

has land.

The sailor is walking. 2. The What has the farmer ? The farmer Does Galba praise the farmers ? 5. The girl
is

walking?
3.

sees the water

and the

land.

6.

Do

the girls love the doves

24

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

III

FIRST CONJUGATION A-VERBS

Am5, amare (stem ama-), love
59.

Latin verbs are divided into four classes or conjuga-

tions, distinguished

from one another by the stem vowel

of the active infinitive present.
distinguishing vowel a. " " e.
" " "
e.
i.

before the ending

I.

-re

amare,

io love,

II.

vaonexe, io advise,
xe^^xe, to rule,

III.

IV.

audire, to hear,

"

60.

Paradigm
Active Indicative Present

Singular
1st Person,

Personal Endings
-5 (or -m),
-s,
-t,

amo, /

love,

am

loving, do love.

/.

2d Person,

amas, yoti love, are loving, do love.

amat, he loves,
is loving,

thou or you.
he, she,
it.

jd

Person,

does love.

Plural
1st Person,

2d

Person,

amatis,

amamus, we love, are loving, do love yon love, are loving, do love.
they love, are loving, do love.

-mus, we.
-tis,

you.

jd

Person,
a.

am ant,

-nt, they.

Observe that

in

am5

the final a of the stem disappears, giving

is

amo
b.

instead of amao.

In what forms

the a not

marked long?
ending in
-nt.

In the preceding lessons verbs have been used only in the third
-t,

person, in the singular ending in

and

in the plural

The above paradigm shows

person as well as number.
61.

that verbs

change

their

ending to denote

Rule.

A verb agrees with its subject hi

number

and

person.

FIRST CONJUGATION
a.

2$
it is

When

the subject

is

in the first or the

is it

second person,

not

commonly
d.

expressed.

Why
is
/le,

not necessary to express

it ?

When

no subject

expressed with the third person of the

she, it in the singular,

Latin verb, translate with

plural.
c.

and they

in

the

Like

amo

inflect

the following verbs in the active indicative

present.

62.

Indic.vtive Present

Infinitive Present
ambulare, to walk.
arare, to

3mbul5, / walk.
aro,

I plough. canto, / sing. \a.u^o, I praise. nato, / swim. salto, / dance. sono, / sound.
void,

plough.

cantare, to sing.

lauAare, to praise.
natare, to

swim.

saltare, to dance.

sonare, to sound.
volare, to fly.

I fly.

63.

EXERCISES
I.

Ambulat,
?

arat,

cantat.

2.

Arantne?
4. 6.

cantantne

laudantne

3.
5.

Natas, saltas, sonas.

Aratis, cantatis, amatis.

Amamus, volamus,
Ambulare, amant,
8.

ambulamus.
natat.
7.

Cantare, ambulatis, laudamus.

Amat,

volare,

sonant.
2. Do we n. I. I do swim, he swims, I am swimming. They are flying, he dance? we sing, does he praise? 3. loves, you walk. 4. You are praising, they swim, he does dance. 5. He ploughs, to swim, do they love ?

64.
1.

CONVERSATION
Quis columbam amat
?

Puella

columbam amat,

2.

Quem

laudas

3.

4.
5.

Quid volat ? Arantne agricolae terram

Nautae, quem laudatis
?

Galbam laud3. Columba volat.

?

Terram

arant.

Agricolas laudamus.

26

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON
FIRST DECLENSION

IV

Continued

The Genitive Case

65. a. Observe in the paradigm (53) that the genitive singular has the same form as the dative singular and the nominative plural.
b.

Observe carefully

in the

paradigm the English equivalents of

'

the genitive.
c.

Form
Like

the genitive singular and plural of the nouns in the follow-

ing vocabulary.
d.

amo

inflect the

verbs

in the

vocabulary.

66.

VOCABULARY
Nouns
Verbs ^
f.

femina, -ae,i
filia,- -ae, f.

woman.
fortune.

delecto, delectare, delight.

dajighter.
.

fugo, fugare, ptit to flight, rout.

libero, liberare, set free, free.

fortiina, -ae, f

poeta, -ae,
regina, -ae,

m. poet.
f.

orno. ornare, adorn, deck.

queen.

portp, portare, carry, bring.

Interrogative Pronoun
Gen.
cuius,

of whom

whose ? of what ?

67.

Model
Filiae nautae cantant,

Sentences
the daug J '^'' daughters of the sailor { or,
I
i^^e
i
.

sing,

the sailor'' s daughters sing.

2.

Columbaepuellarum volant,

or,

doves of the girls are flying, ^ the girls' doves are flying.
is

'

In the vocabularies the genitive ending

added

to

show
2.

the declen-

sion.
2

For peculiarity

in declension of

filia,

see p. 22, foot-note

will

Hereafter the general meaning of the verb

be given, not the mean-

ing of any particular form.


FIRST DECLENSION
a.

2/
dau^^hters, but only
limits

Observe that nautae

limits flliae

not

all

those of the sailor are meant.

In the

same way puellarum

columbae.
68.

Rule.

(/rnotiui> the

A noun uned to limit another, and not same pcrsoii or filing, is in the genitive.
EXERCISES
Ornamus, portant,
4.

69.
I.

I.

Delectat,
3.

fugamus,

liberas.

2.

delectas.
libero,
6.

Delectamus, fugatis, liberant.

5.

Liberatne

portamus.

Delectare, ornare, portare.

Columbas agricolarum liberant. 7. Fortima poetae regi8. Laudamus filias feminae. 9. Filiane Galbae 10. Stellae filias nautarum delectant. reginam ornat

nam

delectat.

II.

I.

plough the farmer's land.

2.

plough the farmers'

4.

land.

3.

The

poets' daughters love the land.

5.

They put
?

to flight the girl's dove.

6.

Do

they bring Galba's spears

They adorn
70.
1.

the queens' daughters.

CONVERSATION
Filia reginae poetam laudat. ? Amatisne Galbam ? Galbam amamus. Galbae hastam porto. Puella, cuius hastam portas ? Feminae rosae Cuius rosae (roses) puellam ornant ?

Quis poetam laudat

2.

3.

4.

puellam ornant,
5.

Quid

portatis

Sagittas et

tubam portamus.

'Thine,

Roman, is the pilum, Roman, the sword is thine."

28

F/RS7^

YEAR LATIN

LESSON V
SECOND CONJUGATION E- VERBS
moneo, monere (stem mone-), advise

71.

Paradigm
Active Indicative Present

Singular
1st Person,

2d Person,

moneo, / advise, a/n advising, do advise. mones, _y<? advise, are advising, do advise.
monet, he advises,
is

3d

Person,

advising, does advise.

Plural
1st Person,

monemus, we

advise, are advising, do advise.

2d Person,

monetis, yoii advise, are advising, do advise,

jd
.

Person,

monent, they advise, are advising, do advise.

table of personal endings (60).

a.
b.

Review the

to the stem mone- the same endings are added to moneo that were added to the stem ama- to inflect amo. c. Observe the three forms where moneo has not the e of the stem marked long. Compare forms of amo (60).

Observe that

inflect

d.

To

the stems doce-, habe-,

terre-, vide-

add the personal endings

(60) omitting the long mark in the proper places.

72.

VOCABULARY
-ae,

advena,

m. and
f.

f.

stranger.

doce5, docere, teach.

Cornelia, -ae,
incola, -ae,

Cornelia.
f.

habe5, habere, have.

m. and
f.

inhabitant.

moneo, monere, advise, warn.

terreo, terrere, scare,

pecunia, -ae,

money.

frighten.

pirata, -ae, m. pirate.

ciir,

vide5, videre, see.

adv.

why ?

quia, conj. because.

SECOND CONJUGATION
73.
I.
I.

29

EXERCISES
Habes,
?

doces,

mones.

2.

Terrentne

videntne
4.

inonentne
habetis,

3.

Monemus, docemus, habemus.

5. 7.

Moneo,

terret.

Videtis,

videmus, habet.
8.

6.

Terremus,

video, terretis.

Habere,

terrere, videre.

Monetis, terreo,

decent.
9.

Advena
monet
I.

filias

poetae docet.

10.

Piratae pecuniam inco12.

larum habent.
incolas
II.
2.

11.
?

Fortuna filiarum feminam delectat.

Quis

Galba incolas monet.

are
advising,
see,

They

they

have,
t

am

warning.

You
3.

frighten,

we

does he teach
?

Do

they teach the girls

5.

4.

The

pirates frighten the

inhabitants.

They have

the

queen's

money.

6.

The

trumpets sound, and scare the doves.

74.
I.

REVIEW
What
first
?

is

the gender of stella, terra, tuba

3.

2.

What

is

the gender

of agricola, poeta, Galba?

Give the rule for the gender of nouns

is

of the

declension.
5.

4.
is

In the sentence puella ambulat, what

the

the
?

predicate
6.
7.

What

predicate

in

agricola

terrain

arat

Point out the subject, the predicates, and the object in 73,

II. 6.
8.

What

English case corresponds to the Latin* accusative

?

Is

salto a

sentence

9.

Is

dances a sentence

75.
1.
.'

CONVERSATION
Quid videtis Piratas videmus. Quern doces et mones ? Advenam doceo et moneo. Cur Stellas amatis et laudatis ? Quia micant {twitikle). Cuius pecuniam habet Cornelia ? Poetae pecuniam

2.

3.
4.

habet Cornelia.

30

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON
The Indirect Object
76.
b.

VI
Continued

FIRST DECLENSION

Dative

Case.

Ablative with
liina.

in

a.

Like hasta decline fabula, domina,

tl'.e

Form
in

dative and the ablative singular

and plural of the

nouns
77.

the following vocabulary.

VOCABULARY
-ae,
f.

domina,

7nistrcss, lady.

d6n5, donare, give.

habito, habitare, dwell, live.
Iuce5, lucere, shine.

fabula, -ae,
insula, -ae,
liina, -ae,
f. f.

f.

story., tale.

f.

island.

moon.
rose.
street.

maneo, manere, remain.

mdnstro, monstrare, show, point out.
narro, narrate, tell, relate.

rosa, -ae, via, -ae, f

way, road,

Preposition
in, W\i]\3.h\., in, on.

Interrogative Pronoun

Dat. zm,

to ox for

whom?

to ox for

what? Which
Inflect

a.

Which

of the above are a-verbs and inflected like amo.''

are e-verbs and inflected like

all in

moneo

How

do you know

the active indicative present.

78.

Model Sentence
.

f (the poet to the queen a rose gives^^ Poeta reginae rosam donat, -{^ ^, ^ , , Eng., the poet gives the queen a rose.
[^

a.

Observe that what the poet gives

is

a rose (rosam), the direct

the qtieen (reginae), the

object; the persoti to

whom

he gives

it

is

indirect object.
79.
1

Rule.

The indirect object is

first
is,

in the dative.

Note.
is is

The

rendering of the Latin sentence in 78 into English

a word by word, or
literal,

words
second

a metaphrase, that

rendering

the

a translation.
first

metaphrase of every Latin sentence

in the

exercises should

be given, and then be followed by a translation.

FIRST DECLENSION
80.

Model
Columbas video
in via,

Sentence

( (doves 1 ., .
L

see

i)i
,

the road)
, ,

JLng., / see

doves in the road.

a.

Observe
Rule.
is

tliat in

with the ablative answers the question

where?

81.

towns,

Place where, not including names of expressed by the ablative with a preposition,
and

usiiaUy
a.

in.
I.

Point out the direct and the indirect objects in 82,

II.

82.
I.

EXERCISES

Luna dominae viam monstrat. 2. Cornelia puellis fabulam narrat. 3. Luna et stellae lucentne ? 4. Agricola poetis insulam monstrat. 6. Et 5. Insula poetam delectat.
I.

in

insula habitat.

7.

Piratae in aqua manent.

9.

8.

Nautae

feminae insulas monstrartt.

10.

Incolae

in
11.

terra

habitant.

Piratae feminas terrent et fugant.

Poetae filiabus

fabulas narrant.
II.
I.

Fox the farmer.

4.

2.

On
5.

the islands.

3.

habitants.

In the road.
8.

For the doves.

10.

6.

To the inOn the

ways.
9.

7.

In the moon.
the

For the daughters.

He shows
II.

woman
?

a rose.

They

give the daughters

12.

roses.

They bring
on an island

roses for the strangers.

Do

the

pirates live

83.
1.

CONVERSATION
Cui viam monstrat Galba
?

Ad venae viam

monstrat

Galba.
2.

Cur

in insulis habitatis
?

3. 4.
5.

Cui pecuniam donas

Quia insulas amamus. Nautae pecuniam dono.

Cuius columbas liberas

Quid poetam ornat

? Puellae columbas libero. Rosae poetam ornant.

32

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

VII

SECOND DECLENSION
The Stem ends
84.
hortus,
in

Paradigms

gardett.

donum, n .gift.

Singular
Terminations Terminations

Nom.
Gen. Dai.
Ace.
Abl.

hortus
horti

-us
-i

donum
do 111

-um
-i

hort5

-6

dono

-6

hortum
horto

-um
-6

donum
dono
Plural

-um
-6

Nom.
Gen.

horti

-I

dona

-a

hortorum
hortis

-orum
-is

ddnorum
donis

-orum
-is

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

hortos
hortis

-OS
-is

dona
donis

-a
-is

a.

The

vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second declen:

sion has a special form in e

case, see 195-197.
b.
c.
-ii

horte,

(O) garden.
b, e, d.

For the locative

For
-i

rules for case-endings, see 46, a,

in -ius

Nouns
:

and -ium generally contract the genitive ending

to

consilium, gen. consil'i, advice., plan.

in the

The accent remains

on the same syllable as

d.

nominative.
also contract ie in the
Mercu'ri, (6>)

Filius, son,
i:

vocative to

fill,

and proper names in -ius {O) son; Mercurius, voc.

is

Mercury.

The

rule for the accent

the s'ame as in

e.

85.

Rule of Gender.

Xomis of the second declension

;

ending in -tun are

nciitcj^

niost others are masculine.

SECOND DECLENSION
86.

33

VOCABULARY
-i,

amicus,

m. friend. m. master, owner.

aurum,

-i, x\. -i,

gold.
gift, present.
-i,

dominus,
equus,
hortus,
-i, -i,

-i,

donum,

n.

m. horse. m. garden.
m. Marcus.

frumentum,
oppidum,
poculum,
-i, -I,

n.

grain.

n.
n.

town.
cup.

Marcus,
servus,

-i, -i,

m. servant, slave.

vinum,

-i,

n. xuine.

87.
I.

REVIEW
What
is

the case of the subject?

Give the
rule.
4.
3.

rule.

2. is

What

is

the case of the direct object.''

of the indirect object?

Give the
rule.

What

the case

Give the

What

case answers to our

possessive

5.

Give the rule for the genitive.

88.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Poculum
liicet
; ;

oppida videmus.

pjcula lucent. 2. Oppidum video Uominusne servum monet ? Domine, servos moncs. 4. Equus donum frumenti amat. 5. Equi dominorum servos delectant. 6. Marcus amico fabulam narrat. 8. In oppidis amicos 7. Domini amicis dona auri donant. habemus. 9. Servi equis frumentum et aquam portant. 2. The gifts of gold II. I. The grain delights the horse.
3. 3.

delight the masters.

Marcus, have you friends

in

the

garden

The servant brings wine in cups for the friends. 6. We see the town 5. Do (his) friends show Marcus a gift? and the gardens of the town. 7. The lady teaches.
?

4.

89.
1.

CONVERSATION
Quid habes, serve, Cui vinum portas ?
in

2.

poculo ? Vinum in poculo habeo. Amico vinum in poculo porto.

3. 4.

Quem
?

equus terret

Corneliam equus
?

terret.

Cuius equus Corneliam terret

Marcine equus Corne-

liam terret

34

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

VIII

FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

Agreement of Adjectives
90.

Adjectives of the

first

and second declensions are

declined like nouns of those declensions, according as they

modify masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns.

91.

Paradigm
Masculine
Femi.nine

Neuter
donuni
doni

A^om.
Gen.

hortus
horti

bonus
boni

Dat.

horto
etc.

bono

bona hastae bonae hastae bonae

hasta
etc.

bonuni
boni

dono
etc.

bono

a.
b.

Complete the declension of the above paradigm. For the

full

See 84,

a.

declension of bonus, see 483.

92. Rule. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, niunher, and case.

Note.

The

rule does not

If,

endings as their nouns.

for example,

masculine noun of the

first

must have the same an adjective is joined with a declension, the endings of the noun and
that adjectives
is

mean

adjective are not the same, as

shown

in the following

93.

Paradigm
Singular

Plural
nautae
nautis
etc.

Nom.
Gen.

nauta

bonus
boni

boni
bonis

nautae
nautae
etc.

nautarum bonorum

Dat.

bon5

FIRST
a.

AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

declension of nauta bonus.
iJccline

35
together,

Complete

tlie

adding the vocative case, amicus cams, dear friend; columba alba,

farmer J
94.

white dove ; poculum magnum, large cup; agricola validus, strong poeta gratus, pleasing poet.

VOCABULARY
Nouns
Adjectives
bonus, bona, bonum, good, kind.
carus, cara, carum, dear.
clarus, clara, clarum, clear,
-i,

carrus,
cibus,

m. wagon, cart.

-i,

m.food.
-i,

oppidanus,
pilum,

m. townsman,
(p. 27).

famous.

-i, xi. -i, -I,

javelin

gratus, grata, gxdX\xm., pleasing, welcome.

remus,
ventus,

m. oar.

magnus, magna, magnum, great, large.

validus, valida, validum, strong, robust.

m. wind.
tiot.

n5n, adv.

ubi, adv.

where,

est, Jie, she, it is:

sunt, they are.

95.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Equ5s magnos laudamus. 2. Poetae clari cantant. 4. Donum Galbae boni 3. Galba amico caro aurum donat. amicum delectat. 5. Nauta validus remos validos habet. 6. Claros poetas videt puella. 7. VentI magni nautas non S. Care Marce, ubi est frumentum agricolarum ? terrent.
Estne
ir.

in
I.

magno

carro

9.

OppidanI

plla piratarum vident.

wagon; strong oars; the robust pirates. 2. Good inhabitants; of good water; strong townsmen. 4. He gives the 3. The good master has a good slave. good slave a welcome gift. Is the slave's food in the 5. garden? 6. Dear Cornelia, where do (your) daughters live? They live in the great town. 7. They love the town and the
great

kind townsmen.

8.

To

the famous poet they give white roses.

Trumpet

36

FIRST YEAR LATIN'

LESSON IX
The Verb Sum
Predicate

Indicative

Present

Noun and Predicate Adjective

96.

Paradigm
Singular

Plural
sumus, we
es\As,

1st Pe?'son.

sum, / am.
ts,

are.

2d Person.

you

are.

you

are.

3d
97.
bellum,

Person.

est, he, she, or // is.

sunt, they are.

VOCABULARY
-i,

n.

war.
f.

latus, lata, latum, wide, broad.

Britannia, -ae,

Britain.

longus, longa, longum, long.

caelum,
dea, -ae,

-i,
f.

n.

sky,

heavens

meus, mea, meum, my, mine (229).

novus, nova, novum, new.
parvus, parva, parvum, small,
tuus, tua, tuum,
little.

goddess.
f.
f.

Eur5pa,

-ae,

Europe.
Greece.

Graecia, -ae,

your, yours.

inimicus,

-i,
f.

m. enemy.

Roma,

-ae,

Rome.
Vesta.

erat, he, she, or //

was.

Vesta, -ae,

f.

erant, they were.

98.
1

Model

Sentences

Victoria est regina, Victoria is a qiieen.

2.

Incolae sunt agricolae, the inhabitants are farmers.

3.

Estis oppidani, jti;^ are

townsmen.
Victoria, agricolae

a.

Observe that regina denotes the same person as

as incolae,
estis.

the

same persons

and oppidan! the same as the unexwith forms of

pressed subject of
Cd.\\td

Nouns thus used

sum

are

predicate nouns (15).

99. Rule. A predicate the subject of the verb.

noun agrees in

case with

PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

100.
1.

37

Model

Sentences
is large.

Hortus est magnus, the garden

Horti sunt magni, the

2.

gardens are
is

large.

3.

Poeta est gratus, the poet

welcome.

a.

Adjectives used as magnus, magni, and gratus are above, with

forms of sum, are called predicate adjectives (15). They must of course agree with their nouns, like adjectives otherwise used, in
gender, number, and case.
b.

Point out
I.

tlie

predicate nouns and the predicate adjectives in

102,

and

II.

101.
!.

REVIEW
rule of

Give the

gender of nouns of the

first

declension
first

of the

second declension.

2.

What

masculine nouns of the

declension

have occurred?
as that of the

3.

Is the

ending of the adjective always the same

it

noun with which

agrees?

4.

Why

is

nauta bona not

correct

102.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Galba
4.

est validus.

2.

Galba
estne

est agricola.
?

3.

Mea

filia

est parva.

Tuum poculum
6.

magnum
est

5.
7.

Britannia est
Carri Galbae
9.

insula Europae.

Vesta erat dea Romae.

8.

sunt boni et validi.

Non gratum

bellum.

Bella

11. Graecia non sunt grata. 10. In caelj erant stellae. 12, Stellas parvas in caelo video. est Europae terra parva. 14. Oppidani 13. Claro^ in caelo Stellas parvas videmus.

Galbam
II.

et
I.

equos validos vident.

streets of the
3.

The
4.

town are

long.

2.

The

streets of

Rome were
and long.

not broad.

The roads

of Britain are broad

5.

The new

gifts are pleasing.

6.

bringing long javelins.

You

are

my
a

dear friend.

The enemies are 7. The

order.

cup was yours.

1

Adjective, preposition,

noun

is

common

38

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON X
SECOND DECLENSION
103.
puer, m. boy.

Continued

Paradi^tns
liber, libera,

liberum free.

Singular
Masc.

Singular
Fem.
libera
liberae

Neut.

Norn.
Gen.

puer
pueri

iTber
llberl

liberum
liberi

Dai.
Ace.

puero

iTbero

liberae

libero

puerum
puero

liberum
libero

iTberam
libera

liberum
libero

AM.

Plural
Norn.
pueri
iTberi

Plural
liberae
libera

Gen.

puerorum
pueris

liberorum
liberls

llberarum
llberis

liberorum
llberis

Dat.
Ace.

pueros
pueris

Ilberos
liberis

llberas
llberis

libera
llberis

AM.
a.

Observe that puer and

;

liber

have no termination -us

in the

nomi-

native singular
(84).

elsewhere they have the same terminations as hortus

Observe that the terminations of

Decline together vir

of hasta (53),
b.

libera are the same as those and of liberum the same as those of donum (84).
liber,

free

man;

femina tenera, tender

woman;
104.
I.

bellum asperum, yf^^rt'

war;

poeta miser, wretched poet.

REVIEW
is

What

the ending of the vocative .singular of nouns in -us of

?

the second declension

in

2.

0?

What

cases in is?
4.

What cases of the second 3. What is the ending

6.

declension end
of the accusa-

tive singular?
5.

What two
;d:j/^r.

cases in the neuter plural end in a?

Decline dominus,

Decline bellum,

7r'r.

7.

Read again

84, c

and

d,

and write out the declension of nuntius, messenger.

SECOND DECLENSION
105.
Duilius, Duili, m.
filius, fill,
liberi,

39

VOCABULARY

11

Hi its.

asper, aspera, asperum, 7-ough, fierce.

liber, libera,

m. son (47S).

liberum,

y>w.

-orum, m. plur. children,

miser, misera. miserum, wretched, poor.

nQntius. nunti, m. messenger,

puer. pueri,
vir, viri,

supero. superare, surpass, o7'erconie.

tener, tenera, tenerum, tender.

m.

boy.

m. vian (478).

voc5, vocare, call.

106.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Filii

virorum liberorum.
4.

2.

Remus nautae
5.
?

asperi.

3.

Ventis asperis.
6.

Misero in carro.
fili
!

Cibus puerorum
?

miserorum.
8.

care

7.

Vocatne
9.

superantne

Pueros bonos vocamus.

10.

Liberi multi sunt latis in

viis.

NCintius miser fabulam

12.

viri

multi in oppido libero.

I.

II.

wars.
5.

The owners of For your small sons. (my) poor friend!

3.

miseram narrat. 11. Sunt Quid habent puellae tenerae ? poor slaves. 2. For the wretched
4.

In the messengers' gardens.

8.

6. The son of Duilius is free. 7. We see They frighten small boys and tender women.

fierce
9,

pirates.

The

inhabit11,

ants overcome the enemies.

live in the

10.
12.

land of the

free.^

We We

are free men.

We

are sons of free men.

107.
1.

CONVERSATION
?

Quis viro viam monstrat

2.

Quid
Viri

clard in caelo lucet

validi,

Dea bona viam monstrat. Luna nova lucet.

?

3.

quern

superatis

Inimicds asperos

supe-

ramus.
4.
5.

Habentne

pueri pila

Duili pila longa habent.

"i

Cui nuntius fabulam narrat

Viris liberis fabulam narrat.

Adjectives are frequently used in the plural in Latin, as in English,

without a noun, both in the masculine and neuter.

See

3, d.

40

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XI
SECOND DECLENSION
Apposition
LOS.
ager,

Continued

Paradigjns m. field.
piger, pigra, pigrum, sloiv, lazy.

Singular
Masc.

S INGULAR

Fem.
pigra

Neut.

Nom.
Gen.

ager
agri

piger
pigri

pigrum
pigri

pigrae

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

agrS

pigro

pigrae

pigro

agrum
agro

pigrum
pigro

pigram
pigra

pigrum
pigro

Plural

Plural
pigri

Nom
Gen.

agri

pigrae

pigra

agrorum
agrls

pigrorum
pigris

pigrarum
pigris

pigrorum
pigris

Dai.
Ace. Abl.
a.

agros
agris

pigros
pigris

pigras
pigris

pigra
pigris

Observe that ager and piger are declined

r

lilce

puer and

liber,

except that e before

occurs only in

tlie

nominative.

109.
agar, agri, m.. field.
liber, libri,

VOCABULARY
multus, multa, multum, jnuch.
multi (plur.). multae, multa, >nany.
niger, nigra, nigrum, black.

m. book.

magister, magistri, m.
jnaster, teacher.

piger, pigra, pigrum, slow, lazy.

Sextus,

-i,

m. Sextus.

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,(^d'rt///'//>^/,/;-^//>'.

dominus, tnas/er of a household or of slaves.

magister, master of a school.

/
If
110.
1.

SECOND DECLENSION
[ liber, librl,

book.

liber, libera, liber

liliberi,
Model

libeidrum, children.

SenteJices
flie

Galba agricola agrum habet, Galba,

farmer,

lias afield.

2.

Marcum amicum amo, /

loi'e

Marcus,

(^uiy)

friend.
is

a.

Observe that agricola denotes the same person as Galba and

;

joined to Galba as a descriptive or explanatory noun

in the

amicum

is

related

same way
Rule.

to

Marcum.

Such nouns are called appositives.

HI.

An
it
98.

ajypositive agrees in case

with the

noun, ivJiich
a.

limits.

Read again

You

will

see

that the

appositive closely

resembles the predicate noun.

Wiiereia do they differ?

112.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Viri, oppidi incolae.
2.

In agris pulchris agricolae.

4.

3.
5.

Libri

pulchri

magistrorum.
6.

Ventorum

asperorum.
7.

Pigrorum servorum.
8.

Nautae, amico meo.

Equi albi

et nigri.
g.

Pueris miseris Duili.

10.

In agro Marci amici equ5s vide5.

11.

Servus Sextum

amicum amat.
strum delectat.

Liber,

d5num pulchrum
est

Corneliae, magi13.

12.
est.

Pulchrumne
14.

caelum?
16.

Servus
sunt

bonus non piger

15.

Agricolae multl equ5s nigros habent.

filiae.

Puellae pulchrae sunt dominae

Tui

libri

donum gratum. II. I. To Galba, my friend, I give a book. children of Sextus we give many gifts. 3. To sons they give pretty books. 4. The men dwell town. 5. They dwell in Greece, a rough country
6.

2.

To

the

the men's
in

a poor

of Europe.

Many

are the inhabitants in the towns of Britain.

42

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

XII

Additional Uses of the Dative

113. Review the present of sum (96) and learn the indicati\ imperfect and future, and the infinitive present (502).

114.

Model
r

Sejitence

Puero est sagitta,

{ I

{to the boy is ^"

En;g., the boy has

is

an arrow') an arrow.

a.

Observe that the above sentence

equivalent in meaning to
is

puer sagittam habet.

The

dative thus used

called the dative

of

the possessor, or the possessive dative.

sagitta, is the subject.

The

thing possessed, here

115. Rule. The dative is used with est, sunt, etc., to denote the possessor, the thing possessed being the

subject.
116.
.^.
_

Model Sentence
puero est carum,
^ _

Donum
a.

(the p-ift j^^-^ to

r
I

the boy is dear) -^ ^

Eng., the gift is dear to the boy.

Observe that puero

verb donat

limits

carum

just as the indirect object reginae

limits the

in 78.

117.

Rule.

Adjectives

friendly, pleasing, like,

dative.
118.
I.
I.

meaning near, also and their opposites, take

fit,

the

EXERCISES
Est, erat, erit.
4.
2.

Suntne
Esse.

erant, erunt.
5.

3.
?

Sumus,

eramus, erimus.
6.

Sum, eram,
7.

ero.

Esne

eras, eris.

Estis, eratis, eritis.

OSES OF THE DATIVE

8.

43
10. I)uili(j
12. 14.

Magistro

est liber.
1 1.

9.

Magister libruin

liabet.

sunt pueri multi.

Duilius pueros multOs habet.

?

Erantne

viae longae at asperae

13. Niintii

erunt miseri.

Caelum

nigrum nautis non I. II. I am, we

shall be.
4.

est
are.

gratum.
2.

Were we?
5.

was.

3.

shall be,
6.

we

Is

he? they

are.

He

was, they were.

He will

8. You will be, to be. 7. Vou are, you were. You will be a free man. 10. Galba has a black horse. 12. The gifts will II. A man had lazy and wretched sons. be welcome to Marcus, my friend. 13. The good children sur-

be, tliey will be.

9.

pass the lazy (children).

119.
I
.

REVIEW
vir.

Decline servus.

magister.

2.

Decline the adjectives carus, Decline oppidanus

liber,

niger, tener in the three genders.

3.

nauta

asper.

donum pulchrum, poeta

clarus.
?

4.

What
5.

adjectives in -er have

occurred that keep the e in declension

After reading the following

Conversation point out a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate

adjective, an appositive, a dative of the possessor, a genitive,

and a

dative with an adjective, and give the rule for each.

120.
1.

CONVERSATION
docet Sextus, amicus tuus
?
?

Quem

Filium Duili docet.

et grata.

2.

3. 4.

Puerone erat tuba grata Cui sunt rosae tenerae ?

Puero tuba erat cara

libros pulchros

Puellis sunt rosae tenerae.

?

Cur magistro monstratis

Videsne,

Quia
nigro
in

libros

amat.
5.

nuntie.

lunam novam

Lunam

caelo

video.

44

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

XIII

FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS

Ablative of Means
121.

Ct^w/w/^-r^/

Paradigtns

Active Indicative Imperfect

Singular
1.

Plural

2.

3.

amabam, I was loving.'^ amahas, you were loving. amabat, /le was loving.
Singular

amabamus, we were loving. amabatis, you were loving. aniabant, they were loinng.
Plural

1.

monebam, I was advising.

monebas, j'^;/ were advising.
monebat,
a.
lie

2. 3.

monebamus, we were advising. monebatis, you were advising.

monebant, they were advising.
is

was

advising.

Observe that the imperfect of amo

-ba-,
is

formed by adding

to the
:

stem ama- the tense-sign

and

to that the personal endings (60)

ama + ba + m,
b.

moneo formed ? Review the verbs of 66 and 72 and form the imperfect
etc.

How

the imperfect of

first

person singular of each.

Write out the imperfect of the verbs below.

122.

VOCABULARY

Note.
aratrum,

Words are sometimes purposely repeated

-1,

in the vocabularies.

n.

plough

(p. ^y).

noster, nostra, nostrum,

ottr.,

ours.

aureus, aurea, aureum, golden.

defessus, defessa, defessum,
deus, del, m. a
gladius, gladi,
ti?-ed.

5rno, ornare,

adorn, deck.

piigno, pugvikrQ,Jfghl.

god (482). m. sword (p.

scutum,
27).

-i, -i,

n. shield.

somnus,

m.

sleep, droiusiness.

impleo, implere.yf//.

terreo, terrere, scare,

frighten.

Mercurius, Mercuri, m. Mercury.

1

voc5, vocare, call,

summon.

Also did

loz'c,

loved.

FIRST
123.
1.

AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS

McyJcI Sentences

45

Viri inimlcos hastis et sagittis fugabant,

men routed

the enemies

with s/>ears
2. 3.

and arrows.

Servi pocula aqua implebant, servants wercji/lina^atfis with water. Equis frumentum portant, they bring grain by means 0/ horses.
a.

the questions

Observe that the ablatives hastis, sagittis, aqua, and equis answer by what? with what? by means of what? The
is

ablative thus used

called the ablative

of means or instrianent.
to

124.

Rule.

The ablative
an

is

used

denote the

means

or instrianent of

action.

125.
I. I.

EXERCISES

Amabantne
?

amabat,
3.

monebant, docebam.
4.

Monebat, 2. delectabam. Fugabamus, fugabant, liberabamus.

5.

Terrebasne
6.

habebat, habebant.

Videbatis, terrebatis,

ornabatis.
7.

Pilgnabamus, vocabamus, implebant.

8.

Vir agrum nostrum aratro arabat.

g.

Liberi columbas
10.

tubis terrebant.

Deus somno puerum superabat.

rosis
12.

Puellae
fru-

pulchrae pocula

nostra

ornabant.

11.

Agricolae

mento carros implebant.

rum.
II.
3.

Mercurius nuntius erat deo-

13.
I.

Viris sunt sagittae et hastae.

By means

of shields.
4.

With our swords.

6.

2. With horses and ploughs. With golden trumpets. 5. They

?

were seeing, w^as he dancing

were teaching by means of books. 7. With your sword you were liberating friends. 8. I ploughed the field
with a new plough.
9.

We

Sleep was welcome to the tired god,

soears and long javelins.

Mercurv.

10.

The men fought with

46

FIRST i'EAR LATIN

LESSON XIV
FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
Ablative of
126.

Co//^^

Manner

Paradigms
Active Indicative Future

Singular
I
.

Plural
amabimus, we shall
amabitis,
love.

amabo, /
VLvaahis,

sJiall love.
iL'!!/

2.

yon

love.

you will

love.
love.

3.

amabit, he will love.

amabunt, they will

Singular
1

Plural
monebimus, we shall advise.
monebitis, j^; will advise.

monebo, / shall advise.

monebi?,, yoii will advise.

2. 3.

monebit, he will advise.

monebunt, thev will advise.

a.

Observe that the future of amo

tense-sign
-bi-,

is

formed by adding

to the

stem
but

ama- the
the
i

and

to that the personal endings (60);

is

dropped

in the first
is

person and changed to u

in the third

person plural.
b.

How

the future of
66, 72,

Review the verbs of

moneo formed? and 77, and form the future

first

person singular of each.

Write out the future of the verbs below.

127.
aedifico, aedificare, build.

VOCABULARY
in,

prep, with ace. into, upon.

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick.

agito, agitare, drive,

laboro, lab5rare,

work,

suffer.

chase away.

proper5, properare, hasten.

quo, adv.

ara, -ae,

f.

altar (p. 21).

abl. with.

whither?
n.

cum, prep, with

cura, -ae,
f.

studium, studi, zeal, eagerness.

care.
n.

templum,
Joy, gladness.

-I,

temple

(p. 95).

gaudium, gaudi,

teneo, tenere, hold, keep.

FIRST A.YD SECOND CONJUGATIONS

128.
1

47

Model

Sentences

Vir

2.

Vir
Vir

3.

cum studio laborat, /he man works 'with zeal {zealously^. magno cum studio laborat, the man works with great zeal. magno studio laborat, the man works with great zeal.
is

a.

Observe how manner

studio
;

expressed
studi5
;

in the

above Latin sentences:

magnS studio. Observe The ablative thus that (2) and (3) are translated in the same way. used answers the question how ? in what way ?
(I)

cum

(2)

magno cum

(3)

the

is used to denote of an action ; hut cum may he omitted if an adjective is used with the ahlative.
129.

Rule.

The ablative with cum

manner

a.

Observe that cum and. the ablative may often be translated by

^-^-a/t^^i/)'/

an adverb: cum studio,

joyfully, gladly.

cum

cura.,

care/ul/yy

cum

gaudio,

130.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

2. Amabitne ? Amabunt, monebunt, properabunt. monebit, tenebimus. 3. Manebuntnej? monstrabimus, terrebo.

4.

Laborabisne
5.

docebitis, properabo.
validi.
6.

Agricolae sunt equi

?

Quo

properabit agricola
8.

validus
agris

7.

In^ agros properabunt agricola et pueri.

In

magno cum studio. 9. Cum gaudio frumentum in oppidum portabunt. 10. Magna ciira equos agitabunt. II. Non in oppido manebunt. 2. He will hasten. II. I. You will build. 3. Who will drive 6. For sick children. 4. We shall drive. 5. You will hold. 8. You will 7. You will build a temple with great care.
laborabunt
?

adorn the temple with an

altar.

9.

We
10.

shall carry the sick

children carefully into the temple.

the altar

Tliey will joyfully see

altar will

and the goddess.

11.

Whose

they see?

They

will
1

see the altar of Vesta, the kind goddess.

tlie

Observe

use and meaning of in here and in S and

1.

48

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XV
FIRST CONJUGATION
Continued

Reading Lesson
131.

Principal Paris of Verbs

Pres. Inf.

Pres. Ind.

Perf. Ind.

Perf. Part.

amo
a.

amare

amavi

TY^^ principal parts of a verb, illustrated by the model, are so

all

calLd because
b.

forms of the verb can be made from them.

all

The
is

principal parts .of almost

verbs of the

first

conjugation

are formed after the model of amo.

Observe that the perfect stem

:

amav-

formed by adding v

to the verb-stem
first

ama-, amav-.

Give

the principal parts of the verbs of the

122, 127.

conjugation in 77, 105,

132.

Paradigm
Active Indicative Perfect Singular
Personal Endings^

1.

2ima.\\,

I /lave
/<??/
lie

loved,

loved,

I did

love,

-i

2.

amavisti,

have

loved, etc.
etc.

-isti
-it

3.

amavit,

has loved,

Plural
1

amavimus,
amaverunt,

ive

have

loved, etc.
etc.

-imus
-istis

2.

amavistis, yoji have loved,

-ere, they

3.

have

loved, etc.

-erunt, -ere
all

a.

The

personal endings of the perfect tense are the same in

the conjugations, as
b.

we

shall see.

Observe that the second translation of the perfect is the same as i But there is this difference in the use of the two tenses the perfect denotes a completed
the last of the imperfect, p. 44, foot-note
:

With connecting vowel.

FIRST CO.XJUGATION
act,
tlie

49
See

imperfect an act going on, continued, or repeated.

illustrations in the
c.

Reading Lesson

(134).

Inflect in the perfect the verbs of

Vocabularies 66, 105.

133.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Vocavitne
?

amavit, superavit.
3.

2.

Pugnaverunt,

agi-

taverunt, laboraverunt.

Properavimus, aedificavimus, amaproperavistis.

5.

vimus.

4.

Amavine

vocavisti,

Portavit,

delectavit, fugavit.
II.
2. I I.

You have
I

praised,

you
gave,

ploughed,
3.

you

related.

have adorned,

brought,
4.

set free.

have sung, they swam.

134.

We

They danced, they we dwelt, we showed.

THE ROMANS AND THE SABINES

Romulus Romam, pulchrum Italiae oppidum, aedificavit. Incolas oppidi vocavit Romanos. Valid! viri erant Roman! et maxime amabant patriam. Saepe cum Sabinis, vicinis, pro patria pugnabant et saepe armis in bello superabant. Olim erat victoria diu dubia. Nam Sabini arma habebant bona et pilis longis magna cum audacia pugnaverunt. Sed Roman! Sabinos fugaverunt et multos sagittis volneraverunt. Cara Romanis erat ilia {that) victoria.
135.

VOCABULARY
n. plur.
f.

arma, -orum,
audacia, -ae,
diu,

arms.

pro, prep,

with abl. before, for,

boldness, daring.

in defence of.

adv.ybr a long time, long.

-a,

R5inanus,

-i, -1,

m. a Roman.

dubius,

-um, doubtful.

Romulus,

m. Romulus.

incola, -ae,
Italia, -ae,

m. and
f.

f.

inhabitant.

Sabini. -orum, m. plur. Sabines.

saepe, adv. ofteti.
sed, conj. but.

Italy.

maxime, adv. very, greatly.

nam, conj./<?r.
olim, adv. once,
patria, -ae,
f.

vicinus,

-i,

m. neighbor.
f.

formerly.

victoria, -ae,

victory.

native country.

volnero, -are,

wound.

50

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XVI
SECOND CONJUGATION
Principal Parts
136.
:

Continued

mone5, monere, monui, monitus

Paradigm
Active Indicative Perfect

Singular
1.

monui, I have advised,

monuisti,

I advised, I did advise.

etc.
etc.

2.

you have advised,

3.

monuit, he has advised,

Plural
1

2.

3.

monuimus, we have advised, etc. monuistis, j^ have advised, etc. monuerunt, -ere, they have advised,

etc.

a.

ously

Verbs of the second conjugation form the perfect stem varimoneo forms it by dropping final e of the verb-stem {']i,b) and
;

adding u
hold,
-are

so do doceo, teach; habeo, liave ; terreo, frighten; teneo,

this conjugation.

and most others of

The

perfect participles
a.

very irregular.
b.

For personal endings, see 132 and

Learn the principal parts of the following verbs and

in the perfect tense
:

inflect

them

RES. IND.

Pres. Inf.

Perf. Ind.

Perf. Part.
doctus, teach.
habitus, have.
territus,
,

doceo

docere

docul

habeo
terreo

habere
terrere

habul
terrul

frighten

teneo
luceo

tenere lucere

tenul
luxl

hold

luctus, shitie.

maneo
impleo
video

manere
implere
videre

mansi
implevi
vidl

mansus, remain.
impletus,yf//.
visus, see.

SECOND CONJUGA TION.

137.
I.

51

EXERCISES.
I.

Monuit, monuerunt, docuit.

3.

2.

Docuerunt, habuit,
4.

habuerunt.

TerruistI, terruistis, tenuisti.

5.

Vidine

vide-

runtne
6.

mansimus.

Tenuit, tenuerunt, terruerunt.

7. 9.

Stellae

luxerunt.
implevit.

Puero

erat

poculum pulchrum.

8.

Aqua pOcula

Pueri pocula aqua impleverunt.

10.

Cum

cura puellam

gladios inimicorum vidi pro portis.

11. Scuta et aegram portaverunt. 12. Olim Romulus Sabinos

superavit et fugavit.
II.
I.

The moon shone

into a
3.

little

town.

2.

Often

it

shone upon the arms of men.

frightened the
fight w^ith the

remained.

6.

The swords and trumpets children. 4. But the townsmen hastened to enemies. 5. The women and children gladly The men fought boldly. 7. The women taught

the boys and girls carefully.

Roman Headdresses

52

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XVII
The Demonstrative
Is,
Is,

Is

adjective, this, thai; plur., these, those.

pronoun,

this, that, he, she, it ; plur., these, those, they.

138
Singular
Masc.

Paradigm
Plural
Neut.
id

Fem.

Masc.
ii,

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.
Gen.

is

ea
eius
el

ei

eae

ea

eius
ei

eius
ei

eorum
iis,

earum
iis,

eorum
iis,

Dat.
Ace.

eis

eis

eis

cum
eo

earn

id

eos
iis,

eas
eis
iis,

ea
eis
iis,

AM.
a.

ea
the

eo
declension of
is,

eis

Compare

column by column, with the

declension of bonus (483).

the

same as those
Note.

of bonus.

The endings (stem i or e) in the plural are Where are they different in the singular?
ei,

Be careful not to confound

Is

dative,

and

eo, ablative.

139.

Table of Meanings for Reference

AS A

Pronoun

Singular

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
-

this,

that j he, she,

it.

of this, of that ; of him, his; of her, hers ; of it, to or for this or that; to or for hitn, her or it.
tJiis,

its.

Ace.
Abl.

that; him, her,

etc.,

it. it.

by,

with,

this or that; by, with, etc., hitn, her or

Plural

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

tliese,

those ; they.

of these, of those; of them, their. to or for these or those; to or for them.

these, those ;

Ace.
Abl.

them. them.

by, with, etc., these or those; by, with, etc.,

THE DEMOXSTRATIVE
140.
1

IS

53

Modd
cum

Sentences

Is vir

patientia laborat, that

man works patiently.

that (man).
his {of him) patience.

2.

Eum

laudamus, tiv praise him,

i.e.

3.

Patientiam eius laudamus,

sentence
is

we praise
used
its

a. Is in tlie first

witli a

noun and

is

a demonstra-

tive adject i7'e.

It

designates

noun

in

connected speech unem:

phatically, as

previously mentioned or understood

c,

the aforesaid.

See also 201,

h.

and 212,
3
is

b. is

Is in

and

used witiiout a noun and

of
is

a demonstrative
in 139.

pronoun.
c.

The meanings

as a

pronoun are shown

d.

Learn the indicative perfect of sum (502). Decline together id donum, that i;ift ; is nuntius, that messenger

ea patria, this country.

141.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Id scutum,
3.
is

gladius, ea fabula.

2.

Eo

gladi5, ei
4.

gladio, eo bello.

.Eo

cibo, ea pecunia, in ea terra.

In

eo somno, eorum hortorum, eius auri.

5.

Ea arma fuerunt mea, sed ea pecunia

7.

fuit tua.
?

6.

li viri

asperi fuerunt vicini nostri.

Eosne

vidistis

Non

eos, sed

edrum filios vidimus. 8. Dominus eius equi fuit vir piger. 10. Sed puer parvus ei aquam 9. Equus eius fuit defessus. donavit et domino et dominae pocula vino implevit. 2. For these goddesses, I. For this goddess, Vesta. II,
by these arms. 3. On that black horse, for him, for them. 4. Of the aforesaid townsman, of their fortune, those men.^ 6. Their sons I have taught, 5. I have had kind friends. 7. You have seen and praised them. but not their daughters. 9. They have kept them 8. You gave them many presents.
carefully.
1

As

subject

and as

object.

54

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

XVIII
Quis

The Interrogative
142.

Paradigffi

Quis?

who ? which ? what ?

Plural
Neut.
quid (quod)
cuius
cui

Singular
Masc.
Fem.

Masc.
qui

Fem.

Neut.

Norn.
Gen.

quis (qui)

quae
ciiius

quae
quibus

quae

cuius
cui

quorum quarum
quibus

quorum
quibus

Dai.
Ace.

cui

quern

quam
qua

quid (quod)

quos
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

Abl.

quo

quo

143.

Table of Meanings for Reference

to gender.

Note. - The meanings are not tabulated with reference

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

who? which? what?

of whom
to or for

Ace.
Abl.

whom ?
by, etc.,

whose ? of which ? of what ? to or for which ? to or for what? which ? what ? whom? by, etc., which? by, etc., what?
?

whom ?

144.
1

Model Sentences
}

Quis (qui) vir patriam non amat

What man
ttot

does not love

his country ?
2.

Quis patriam non

amat
.?

.''

IVho does
.?

love his country ?

3.

Quod donum amat puella

Quid amat puella

What gift

does the girl like ?

4.

What

does the girl like?

:

a.

Observe that quis has two distinct uses

in

and

it

is

an

interrogative adjective; in 2

and 4
it it

it

is

an interrogative pronoun.
its

As an
ber,

interrogative adjective
case.

agrees with

noun

in gender,

num-

and

As

a pronoun

has no feminine.

THE INTERROGATIVE QUIS

b.

55

The form quod

is

always used
is

in

place of quid as an interroga-

tive adjective,

and often qui

so used in place of quis.

145.

EXERCISES

Note.

The learner should accustom himself,

in

making out the meanis

ing of the Latin, to pronounce any Latin word, the sense of which
evident, as a part of his English sentence.

not

For example, taking sentence 12 below, if the meaning of cuius is not clear, say: "Cuius arms has that " boy " Probably this would suggest " Whose arms has that boy
.'

.'

2. Qui viri id ternI. I. Qui id templum aedificaverunt ? plum aedificaverunt ? 3. Quid est in eo templo 4. Quae femina non amat liberos ? 5. Cuidonat Marcus id poculum ? 6. Quibus viris non est patria cara ? 7. Quos agros arat is agricola ? 8. Quern laudatis ? 9. Quid in poculo habet servus ?
.''

10.

Quam
I.

puellam laudat magister

?

11.

Quo
is

aratro eos agros

?

aravit agricola
II.

12.

Ciiius

arma habet

puer

was a messenger of the gods ? 2. Whose messenger was Mercury ? 3. Whose shield did that boy have ? 5. Whom have you 4. To whom did he give the shield ? overcome ? 6. With what arms have you overcome those

Who

men

.'

146.
I.

REVIEW
are the two personal endings of the third person plural of
2. 2,

What

.the

perfect?

In 134 explain the difference in the use of the tenses

of vocavit, line

and amabant,
1

line 3.
4.

3.
is

What forms
is

of the verb

make up 5. From

the principal parts

141,
\.

What
6.

the perfect stem of

sum 1

5-10, select five examples of

used as a pronoun

and four of
masculine
.''

is

used as an adjective.

interrogatively in the neuter as an adjective

What form of quis is used What forms in the

.''

56

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XIX
THIRD CONJUGATION E-VERBS
Note.
in

Observe
e,

that verbs of this

conjugation have stems ending

e.

short

those of the second conjugation in long

See

59.

rego (stem

rege-),

rule

Principal Parts
147.

reg5, regere, rexi, rectus

Learn the active indicative present, imperfect,

future,

and

perfect of rego (499).

a.

Observe that the personal endings are the same as those already
first

learned, one set (60) applying to the

to the perfect.
b.

three tenses, the other (132)

Compare
Compare
Like rego

the present of rego with the present of

moneo

in respect

to the
c.

vowel that precedes the personal ending.

the future of rego with the present of moneo.

Com-

pare the two imperfects.

d.

inflect in the

same tenses

duco, lead; emo,

buy ; mitto,

send.

For the principal

can be given.

parts, see

Vocabulary.

The

perfect and per-

fect participles of verbs of the third conjugation are very irregular.

No

rule

148.

VOCABULARY
-i,

aurum,

n. gold.

olim, adv. once, fortnerly.

plenus, plena, plenum,
/"//.

bene, adv. well.

hodie, adv. to-day,
incola, -ae,

now.
f.

terra, -ae,

f.

land, country.

m. and

inhabitant.

turn, adv. then,

at that time.

duco, ducere, diixi, ductus, lead.

emo, emere, emi, emptus,

biiy.

mitt5, mittere, misi, missus, send, throw, hurl.

rego, regere, rexl, rectus, rule, mafiage.
reporto, reportare, reportavl, reportatus, brifig back, gain.

THIRD COXJUGA TION

149.
I.
I.

S7

EXERCISES
Regit,

regcbat,

rcget.
4.

2.

Emo, emebam, emam,

5.

3.

Uucunt, ducent, ducebat.

6.

Rexit, rexerunt, duxit.

7.

Duxe-

runt, emisti, emistis.

Misi, misimus, misit.

Mittimus,

mittunt, mittent.
8.

Agricolae

sunt agri pleni frumenti.

9.

Id frumentum

oppidum magnum mittet. 10. Id in carris plenis equis 11. Qui eos equ5s longa in via agitabunt ? validis mittit. 2. Filii eius, Marcus et Brutus, eos duxerunt et hodie ducent. 13. Incolae eius oppidi frumentum agricolae, non carros, emerunt. 14. Pueri aurum et dona amicis reportaverunt.
in
1

15.

II.

Cara erant* amicis ea pulchra dona. I. They rule, they were ruling, they
he was leading, he
will

will rule.

2.

Pie

leads,

lead.

3.

bought, they bought.

sent.
5.

4. I am sending, I You (sing.) send, you will send, you (plur.) have 6. To send, to buy, to lead. sent. 8. Often 7.^ The Romans once had (perf.) many lands. they did not rule (impf.) them well. 9. Then the inhabitants 10.'- What arms had they? of those lands fought boldly.

have bought, we will send, I have

12. These they hurled; II. Their arms were long spears. with these they wounded the Romans.
1

Dative of possessor.

Translate in two ways.

Writing

M.a.terials

58

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XX
150.
I
.

REVIEW: READING LESSON

infinitives of

Give the

am5, moneo, and

rego.

the infinitive needs to be especially noticed?

Why?
4.

the perfect stems of amo, moneS, emo, mitto

What letter of 3. What are What are the per2.

sonal endings of the perfect

5.

To
6.

the perfect stem of

amo add

the

personal endings of the perfect.

gular in three ways.
present, imperfect,
7.

Translate the third person sin-

Give the table of personal endings of the

future.
8.

and
is

What

is

the tense-sign of the

first

imperfect?

9.

What

the tense-sign of the future in the

10.

second conjugations?

Write the future of emo.

11.

and Review

Vocabularies 72, yj, 122, 127, 135.

151.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Ad vena

defessus.

2.

Plena, in iQna.
5.

3.

Cum

studio.
?

4.
6.

Cum
Ea
9.

gaudio eius pueri

?

aegri.
7.

Cuius aureus gladius

Quod deorum templum

Earum fabularum gratarum.

8.

victoria nostra (of ours).

Quis agrum aratro diu aravit

II.

bone?
erunt.
II.

Cur

in

insulis
13.

fuerunt equi nigri.

10. Cur es dubius, puer ? manebis ? 12. Marco et Bruto Marcus et Brutus equos nigros habu-

I.

You have managed

the strangers well.

?

2.

Who

are

sending sick men into the temples

friends into the towns.
5.

3.

We

shall lead our

care.

4. He will buy arms with great With whose gold does he buy arms ?

152.

ICARUS
See 179, note.
Frater et Sororcula {brother

and

little sister)

F.
S.

Fabulam bonam amicus hodie narravit. De quo tibi {to you) narravit amicus ?

F.

De

Icaro, Daedali

filio,

puero miserrimo

{tnost unlucky).

READING LESSON
S.

59

Ubi (rchere) habitabat Icarus ? In Britannia ? Minime; in Creta, insula magna et pulchra. Daedalus Tcaro alas finxit et ei cera aptavit. Alae Icaro erant maxime gratae. Turn Daedalus puerum volare docuit, sed altius {toohigli)
F.

volavit Icarus.
S.

Sol

{suti)
?

ceram

solvit et alae deciderunt.

Sed quid de Icaro

F.
S.

Icarus quoque decidit in mare

{sed).

Eheu, miserrimum Icarum

153.
ala, -ae, f
.

VOCABULARY
wing.
.

eheu, interj. alas !

cera, -ae, f
de, prep,

wax.
-s^A.

minime, adv.

7iot

at

all.

with

from,

aboift.

quoque, adv. also, too.

apt5. aptare, aptavl, aptatus,y?A

decido, decidere, decidi,
fingo, fingere. finxl, tlctus,
,

fall off ox: down.

fashion, devise.

solvo, solvere, solvi, solutus, melt.

The Fall of Icarus

6o

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXI
THIRD DECLENSION
The stem ends
in a consonant or in /

Consonant Stems: Mutes (38)

154
:.

Paradigms
m.
miles, m.
virtus,
f.

rex,

caput, n.

king

soldier
milit-

virtue
virtiit-

head
capit-

Terminations
M. &
F.

Stems :reg-

N.

SlNGULAR
A-07H.

rex
regis
regi

miles
militis
militi

virtus
virtutis

caput
capitis
capiti

-s
-is
-i

or-is
-i

Gen.

Dat.
Ace.

virtu ti

regem
rege

militem
milite

virtutem
virtute

caput
capita

-em
-e

-e

Abl.

Plural

Nom.
Gen.

reges

mllites

virtutes
virtu turn

capita

-es

-a

regum
regibus
reges

mllitum
mllitibus
mllites

capitum
capitibus
capita

-um
-ibus
-es

-um
-ibus
-a

Dat.
Ace. Abl.
a.
b.

virtutibus
virtutes

regibus

mllitibus
b, c,

virtQtibus

capitibus

-ibus

-ibus

Review

46, a,

d.

For the locative

case, see 195-197.

sary

To decline a noun with stem ending in to know the gender, the nominative, the
all

a consonant
genitive,

it is

neces-

and the stem.

Repeat the stem for

cases except the nominative, and in neuters

the accusative singular,

c.

and add the proper terminations.

-is

The stem can be found by dropping

is

of the genitive singular,

which
d.
e.

always given

in the vocabularies.

Observe that masculines and feminines are declined alike. Observe that the last vowel of the stem is sometimes changed

in

forming the nominative.

No

rule can

be given.

THIRD DECLENSION

6i

/
i,^

Following the directions of

head.

^,

decline eques, lapis, and pedes (155).

Decline together miles bonus, good soldier j

id caput, tliis

ea virtus,

that

virtue;
155.

VOCABULARY
lapis, lapidis,

caput, capitis, n. head.

m. stone.

dux. ducis, m. leader., general.

eques, equitis,
et
. . .

miles, militis,

m. soldier.
vi\.

m. horseman.
. .
.

pedes, peditis,
rex, regis,

foot-soldier.

et,

conj. both

and.

m. king.
f.

fortiter,

adv. bravely.

virtus, virtiitis,

courage, virtue.

156.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Et reges
vidi

et

duces milites duxerunt.

3.

2.

Regem

et

ducem
4.

hodie.

Capita multorum
5.

peditum vidimus.
Virtute et studio

Equites pro rege

et

duce pugnabant.
6.

reportaverunt victoriam.
neraverunt.
7.

Lapidibus
et

et sagittis

multos vol-

Virtiis
8.

equitum

studium peditum victoriam

reportabant.

militem lapide aspero volnerabam.

dibus volnerabunt.
II.
3.
I.

Quis scuta emet equitibus 10. Nostros milites

Eum
lapi-

On
5.

the head of a king.

of soldiers.
4.

By the courage
6.

2. On the heads of kings. To wound with stones and

spears.

For the general

I

of the foot-soldiers.
7.

In a town

saw

a king.

The king was

a good general

and ruled well. 8. He bought food for the inhabitants. 9. He 10. He led the soldiers bravely, and sent arms into the town.
they loved him.

A Roman Coin

62

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXII
THIRD CONJUGATION VERBS IN
Place Whence and Whither
capio (stem cape-(i-)), take
-10

Principal Parts
157.

capio, capere, cepi, captus

Learn the active indicative present,

future, imperfect,

and

perfect of capio (500).

a.

Wlierein does the inflection of capid differ from that of rego

In the imperfect?
In the future?

in

the present?

The

final

stem

vowel of capio varies between

b.

-e (capere)

and

-i

(capio).

All verbs in -io with the infinitive in -ere are conjugated like capio.
inflect in the

Like capio

same tenses

ivLgib,

Jlee ; iacio,

hnrl (161).

158.
1

Model

Sentefices

Magister liberos a schola dimisit, the teacher dismissed the children

from
2.

school.

Oppidani de muro lapides iaciunt, townsmen throw stones

down

from
3.

the wall.

Milites ex porta properaverunt, soldiers

hastenedforth fro7n the gate.

4.

Legates ad oppidum miserunt, they sent deputies to the town.

a.

Observe that a
is

schola, de muro, ex porta

denote place from which

up07i

motion
denotes

directed.

On

the other hand, ad oppidum (as also expresin terram,

sions like in insulam, into the island,

\.\\&

the

land)

place

to

which motion

is

directed.

Hence two

rules.

159.

Rule.

Place
e.

towns,
Note.

is eX'pressed

ivhence, not inchtding names of by the ablative with a {ah), de, e {ex).
h,

Before words beginning with a vowel or

ab and ex are used

instead of a and

THIRD COAJUGATION
160.

63

Rule.
is

towns,

Place jchithcr, not including names of expressed hy the accusative with ad or in.

161. a (ab), prep, with abl.

VOCABULARY
away from, froi/i,
by.

mums,

-1,

m. wall.
m.foot.

ad, prep, with ace. to, towards.

de, prep, e (ex),

pes, pedis,

with abl.

down from, froi.

of from.

quia, conj. because.

prep, with abl. out

-i,

quo, adv. whither.

schola, -ae,
f.

legatus,

m. deputy, lieutenant.
capio, capere, cepi, captus, take, receive.

school.

dimitto, dimittere, dimisi, dimissus, dismiss,

fugio, fugere, fugi,
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus,
,

send off.

flee,

run away.
cast.

throw, hurl,

162.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

De

capite ad pedem.
milites.
6.

2.

A schola

in

oppidum.
5.

3.

ducibus ad
iecimus.
9.

4.

Capiat, capit, capiunt.

7.

Fugiunt,
iecit,

fugient, fugit.
8.

Iacio, iaciam, iaciebam.

Ceperunt,

Fijgimus, fugimus, dimisimus.

oppidis

Qui legates ad regem miserunt ? Incolae eos de multis 10. CQr dimittent agricolae carros et miserunt.
?

equos

Quia
?
?

milites eos capient.

11. 12.

Quo

eos dimiserunt et
militibus

quo fugerunt
fuerunt (115)
II.
I.

In
13.

(ivithin)

muros.

Quae arma
2.

Eis militibus fuerunt scuta et gladii.

From
3.

the feet of the horsemen.

With stones
4.

from heaven.
will

Both

in

school and from school.

5.

He
will

hurl,

they will hurl, they hurl.

You

hurl,

you

hurl,
6.

you hurled.

children were fleeing from the fields. 8. They were Boys were throwing stones from the wall, hastening from school to the water. 9. The master will send 10. The lieutenant the children away from school to-day.
7.

Women and

led the soldiers within the walls.

64

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXIII
THIRD DECLENSION
Consonant Stems
:

Continued

Liquids (38)

Ablative of Cause
163.
pater,

Paradigms
m.

homo, m.

volnus, n.

corpus, n.

father

man
homin-

wound
volner-

body
corpor-

Stems

patr-

SlNGULAR

Nom.
Gen.

pater
patris
patrl

liomd

volnus
volneris

corpus
corporis corpori

hominis

Dat.
Ace.

homini

volneri

patrem
patre

hominem
homine

volnus
volnere

corpus
corpore

AM.
Ndfn.
Gen. Dat.
Ace. Abl.
a.
b.

Plural
patres

homines

volnera

corpora

patrum
patribus
patres

hominum
hominibus homines hominibus

volnerum
vohieribus
volnera

corporum
corporibus
corpora

patribus

volneribus
;

corporibus

Review the
Decline
is

table of terminations (154)

id corpus, pater

also 154, b

and

c.

homo,

cams.

164.
1
.

Model

Sentences

Homo puerum

virtiite laudat, the

man praises the boy for (on account

want of water.

of) his bravery.

2.
3. 4.

Equus aquae inopia

laborat, the horse suffers from

Tuo

volnere

sum
y.-.a

miser,

I am

ivj'etched because

Pedes longa

est defessus, the foot-soldier is

ofyour wound. tired with the long

march.

THIRD DECLENSION
a.

65
denote

Observe that the ablatives

virtute, inopia, volnere, via all

cause or reason.
these ablatives
165.
:

Notice the various prepositions used

in translating

for, on account of, from, because of with. is

Rule. The ablative

used

to

express cause.

166.

VOCABULARY
laus, laudis,
i.

corpus, corporis, n. bocfy.

praise, glory.

homo, hominis, m. tnan.

inopia, -ae,
f.

pater, patris,

m. father.

7i.'ant,

lack.

volnus, volneris, n.
,

wound.

doleo, dolere, dolui,

grieve.

167.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Homines eos
2.

milites

lapidibus

et

hastis
!

volnera-

verunt.

Milites miseri, multa volnera habetis

4.

3.

Volnera

sunt et in pedibus et in corporibus.

neribus

vestris

magnam
7.

a rege.

Hodie patres volSed laudem capietis {your) dolebunt. 5. 6. Nam turn non in muros oppidi fugiebatis.
et pedites et equites.
8.

Cum
a.

audacia pugnabatis

Victo-

riam

magnam

virtlate reportavistis.
tell

Point out five different uses of the ablative above, and

how

you can distinguish them.

II.
2.
I.

The

teachers

dismiss

the

children
3.

from school.
will flee

Children hurl stones from the walls.

What king

on account of wounds ? 4. We shall lead the deputies away from the town to the water. 5. The soldiers suffered from
lack of food and water.
168.
I.

REVIEW
2.

Give the rule for the place of an action.

3.

For the place

of place

whence.
5.

For the place whither.

6.

4.

For means or instrument.

the
8.

For manner.
7.

What

question

does

ablative

answer?
of

What

the ablative of

manner?

What

the ablative

means or instrument ? 9. What the ablative of cause ? 10. What two cases of a noun with consonant stem must be known to enable
to decline it?

you

What

else

must you know?

66

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXIV
THIRD DECLENSION
Stems
in i

Continued

169
hostis,

Paradigms
m.
nubes,
f.

urbs,
city

f.

animal,

n.

enemy
Stems
:

cloud
niibi-

animal
animali-

Terminations
M. & F.
N.

hosti-

urbi-

SlNGULAR

Nom.
Gen.

hostis

nubes
nubis

urbs
urbis urbi

animal
animalis

-s
-is
-i

-is
-i

hostis
host!

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

nubi

animal!

hostem
hoste

nubem
nube

urbem
urbe

animal
animali

-em
-e

-i

Plural

Nom.
Gen.

hostes

nubes

urbes

animalia

-es

-ia

hostium
hostibus
hostis, -es

nubium
nubibus
nobis, -es

urbium
urbibus
urbis, -es

animalium
animalibus
animalia

-ium
-ibus
-is,

-ium
-ibus

Dat.
Ace. Abl.
a.

-es -ia

hostibus

nubibus
first

urbibus

animalibus

-ibus
first

-ibus

Compare

the

table of endings above with the

under
54 and

154.
b.

What

differences do

you find?
1

Compare

the terminations of the neuter with those of

point out the differences.

e.

The

following sometimes have the ablative singular in

and

e: avis, civis, finis, ignis, navis (171).

few sometimes have the

will

accusative in -im
d.

turris, turrim,

tower.

As a guide

to the learner, all

nouns having i-stems

be

followed by the stem in the succeeding vocabularies.

e.

To

decline a

noun with stem ending

i

in

i,

add the proper

in

ter-

minations to the stem with

dropped, except

the nominative.

Decline avis pulchra, pretty bird, and mare magnum, great sea.

THIRD DECLENSION
170.
I.

67

Nouns with I-Stcms

in -is
3.

Nouns

and

-es not increasing

in the genitive.
4.

2.

Neuters

in -e, -al, -ar.

Nouns

in -ns

and

-rs.

Monosyllables

in -s or -x

following a consonant.

171.

VOCABULARY
n.

animal, animalis (animali-),

avis, -is (avi-),
civis, -is (civi-),
f.

animal.

ignis, -is (igni-),

m.

fire.

bird.
f.

mare,
citizen.

-is

(mari-), n. sea.
f. f.

m. and

navis, -is (navi-),

niibes, -is (niibi-),

ship. cloud,

ferrum,

-i,

n. iron, siuord.

finis, -is (fini-),

m. end, border,
m. enemy, foe.
;

flock.
-que, conj.

plur. boundaries, territory.

hostis, -is (hosti-),

and

(44, 3).
f.

urbs, urbis (urbi-),

city.

hostis,

general word for enemy

a public enemy.

inimicus, a private or

personal enemy ; opposite of amicus.

172.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Qui
pila

de muris urbium iaciunt

2.

Piratae e
fuit

finibus

Italiae

fugiebant

ad

insulas.
4.

3.

Ei

animali

magnum
6.

corpus, sed caput parvum.

5.

Magna navium
fill

inopia

laboramus.

Hostes terra marique vastant ferro ignique.

Pater eius equitis

in

laudem

virtute

capiet.
8.

7.

Gives

nubem equitum
iecerunt
II.
;

fine

terrae viderunt.

Ei

hostes pila

cives ex urbe fugerunt.

1.

The

deputies are tired from head to foot.

3.

2.

Boys
fly
.-"

see great fires in the city.

They take
will that

(their)

books and

hasten from school.

4.

Whither
5.

cloud of birds

From
those
at the

the sea to the land.

Why

did the citizens praise

6.

men On account of wounds of those men.

?
1

their courage.

We

grieved

That

is,

having no more syllables than

in

the nominative.

68

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXV
THIRD DECLENSION

Continued

Gender
Masculine
173.

Rule.
^

J^oinis

in

-o,

-or, -os, -er,

and

-es

in-

creasing

in the genitive, are masculine.

Feminine

Rule I. JVouns in -do, -go, together with abstract and collective nouns in -io, are feminine. Rule 2. J^ouns in -as, -es not increasing in the genitive, -is, -us, -x, and -s following a consonant are feminine.
174.

Neuter
175.

Rule.

J\"ouns

in

-a, -e,

-i,

-y, -c,

-I,

-n,

-t,

-ar,

-ur, -us are neuter.

(47,

Note. I and

The above
2).

rules are subordinate to the general rules of

gender

176.

Table for Revieiu of Noiais of Third Declension

Masculine
*civis, civis (civi-),

m.

citizen.

* dux, ducis, m. leader.

eques, equitis, m.

* ignis, ignis (igni-), m.fre. * lapis, lapidis, m. stone.

miles, militis,
pater, patris,

horseman.

m. soldier.
m. father.

* finis, finis (fini-), m. end, border,

plur. territories.

pedes, peditis, m. foot-soldier.

pes, pedis, m.foot.

homo, hominis, m. /nan.

* hostis, hostis (hosti-), m. enemy.
^

* rex, regis, m. king.

in the

That

is,

having more syllables than

nominative.

THIRD DECLENSION
Feminine
avis, avis (avi-).
laus. laudis,
f. f.

69

bird.

niibes,

nubis (nubi-),
f.

f.

cloud.

praise.
f.

urbs, urbis (urbi-),

sliip.

city.

navis, navis (navi-),

virtQs, virtiitis,

f.

courage.

Neuter
animal
animalis
(animali-).
n.

corpus, corporis, n. body.

ani)>tal.

mare, maris (mari-), n. sea.

volnus, volneris, n.

caput, capitis, n. head.

wound.

a.

how many
(47,
b.
c.
I

See Exceptions to the rules of gender (i 73-175) ^fe starred. of these exceptions come under the general rules of gender
starred.
as,

and 2). In future note exceptions as they occur. Apply the appropriate rule of gender to each noun not Distinguish carefully nouns ending in -iis and -us
;

for

example,
d.

virtiis

and

corpus.
all

Make

a hst of

the above nouns having consonant stems

(38) and another of i-stem nouns.

177.

Read again

85.

Apply

th
:

rules of gender, decline,

and

learn the meanings of the following

fortitiido, fortitiidinis,

f.

endurance.

saliis, salutis, f.

safety.
ally.

fragor, fragoris,

m. crash.

socius, soci,

m. comrade,

imperator, imperatoris, m. general.

pons, pontis (ponti-), m. bridge.

telum,

-i.

n.

weapon.
m. terror.

terror, terroris.

A Roman Coin

70

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXVI
Review: Reading Lesson
178,
I
.

REVIEW
of the third declension
it is

Remember that to decline a noun must know (i) its gender (2) whether
:

you

a consonant or an i-stem

noun; (3)

its

table of terminations.

nominative and genitive singular; (4) the appropriate 2. How do you know that eques, equitis, is not

an i-stem noun and that nubes, nubis is ? 3. How can you tell, without knowing the genitive, that cliens, client, mare, sea, and arx, citadel, are i-stem nouns ? 4. Write down the table of terminations of masculine and feminine nouns with consonant stems (154) then, by the side of it, the table of masculine and feminine nouns with i-stems (169). Is there any difference in the singu5. Compare the two tables. lar? 6. What are the differences in the plural.? 7. In the same
;

way
8.

write side

by

side the tables of terminations of neuter nouns.

9.

What
;

difference do you note in the singular.?

ID.

What
saliis,

in the

plural.?

Decline

fragor magnus,

lotid

crash; tua

youisea
:

safety

pulchra nubes, beautiful cloud; mare asperum, rough

novum
179.

volnus,

new wound.

HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE

less

Note. Some proper names and

common words

that are not to be

used again soon are given only in the general vocabulary.

Porsena,

Romanorum

hostis, fuit rex clarus.

Olim urbem
terror,
viri

Romam
parva
defendit.

obsidebat.

Magnus

erat

Romanorum

quia
eos

eis erat

spes {^hope) salutis.

Sed virtus valid!

Nam

paucis

tius hostis sustinet,

cum sociis pro ponte Sublicio Horadum Romani a tergo (behind hifji) pontem

rescindunt.

contra hostis defendit.

Mox socios dimittit at solus se (Jiimself) pontemque Tandem conruit pons magno fragore.
tela

Turn inter hostium

Horatius armatus

in

Tiberim

desilit

(junips down) et ad socios tranat.

READING LESSON
180.

71

VOCABULARY
-a,

armatus,

-um, armed.

mox, adv. soon, presently.

pauci, -ae, -a, plur.
solus, -a,

contra, prep, with ace. against.

few.

dum,

conj. while.

-um, alone (312).

last.

inter, prep,

with ace. between, amoni.

tandem, adv. at

defends, defendere, defendi, defensus, defend.

obsideo, obsidere, obsedi, obsessus, besiege.
sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentus, hear,
trano. tranare. tranavi.
,

hold in check.

swim

across.

181.
I.

CONVERSATION
fuit

Quis

Porsena
?

Rex Etruscorum

fuit.

2. 3.

Militesne

multi ei fuerunt

Non paucos
?

habuit milites.

Cur urbem

Romam non cepit ? Virtute viri validi. 4. Cuius virtutem Virtutem Horati, viri Romani. non superavit Porsena Horatius ? Non diu, nam hostes 5. Diune hostis sustinebat Tandem in tandem Horatius ? 6. Fugitne erant multi. Tiberim desiluit {jumped down) at ad socios tranavit.

A Ro.MAN Coin

72

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXVII
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
The Stem ends
in /

Reading Lesson
182.

Paradigms
brevis, breve, short ;

audax, bold j stem audaci-

stem brevi-

Singular
M. &
F.

Singular
N.

M. &

F.

N.

Norn.

audax
audacis

audax
audacis

brevis

breve
brevis

Gen.

brevis

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

audaci

audaci

brevi

brevi

audacem
audaci, -e

audax
audaci, -e

brevem
brevi

breve
brevi

Plural
JVo/n.

Plural
audacia
breves
brevia

audaces

Gen,

audacium
audacibus
audacis, -es

audacium
audacibus
audacia

brevium
brevibus
brevis, -es

brevium
brevibus
brevia

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

audacibus

audacibus
keen

brevibus
eager J stem

brevibus

acer, acris, acre,

',

acri-

SiNGULAE
MASC.

Plural
NEUT.
MASC.

FEM.
acris acris

FEM.

NEUT.
acria

Norn.
Gen.

acer
acris

acre
acris
acri

acres

acres

acrium
acribus
acris, -es

acrium
acribus
acris, -es

acrium
acribus
acria

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
a.

acri

acri

acrem
acri

acrem
acri

acre
acri

acribus

acribus
all

acribus
genders,

Adjectives having one form in the nom. sing, for

are called adjectives of one ending
;

like audax,

those having two

ADJECTIVES OE THIRD DECLENSION

forms, like brevis, breve, adjectives of two endings
;

73

those having

three forms, like acer, acris, acre, adjectives of three endings.

b.

Observe that adjectives of two and three endings have only

-i

in

the ablative singular.

Compare

the endings of i-stem adjectives

with those of i-stem nouns (169).

What

differences are there?

in the

Note.
laries
c.
;

Adjectives of one ending have the genitive given

enemy ;
avis acris, keen bird.

vocabu-

those of two or three endings have only the nominative given.

Decline acre animal, keen animal ; breve corpus, s/iori body

hostis audax, bold

183.

CAESA.R IN

GAUL

(B.C.

58-51)

.See 179, note.

Gaius lulius Caesar, audax dux Romanorum, Gallos supeMilites Caesarem maxime amabant, nam exemplum omnibus praebebat constantiae et fortitudinis. Militum salutem imperator diligenter curabat, omnisque tolerabat labores Multae et fortes erant in aeque ac {equally wit/i) milites. Gallia gentes, sed commiine periculum eas non coniunxit. Itaque Caesar bellum cum eis gessit et tandem omnem Galliam
ravit.

in

{under) potestatem populi

Roman!

redegit.

184.

VOCABULARY
gens, gentis (genti-),
labor, laboris,
f.

Caesar. Caesaris, m. Caesar.

race, tribe.

communis,

-e,

common.
f.

m.

toil,

hardship.

constantia, -ae,

steadfastness.

omnis,

-e, all,
-i,

the whole, every.

n.

exemplum,
fortis, -e,

-i,

n.

example.

periculum,
populus,
-i,

danger.

brave.
f
.

m. people.
f
.

Gallia, -ae,

Gaul.

potestas, potestatis,

power.

ciiro,

curare, curavi, curatus, care for,

take care.

gero, gerere, gessi, gestus,

manage, carry on (war),

praebeo, praebere, praebui, praebitus, cause, furnish, show.

redig5. redigere, redegi. redactus, reduce.
tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratus, bear,

endure.

74

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXVIII
FOURTH CONJUGATION I-VERBS
Ablative of Time
audio (stem audi-), hear

Principal Parts
185.

audio, audire, audivi, auditus, hear

Learn the active indicative present, imperfect,

future,

and

perfect of audio (501).

a.

Compare the

inflection of audio with that of capio (500).

Observe

that three syllables of audi5 in the present differ in quantity from the

corresponding ones of capio

b.

audis, audimus, auditis.

is

Observe that the perfect stem audiv:

formed by adding v

to

the verb-stem

audi-, audiv-.

For the personal endings, see 132.

Note.
larly
;

A few verbs of

the fourth conjugation form the perfect irregu:

for example, venio simply lengthens the e of the verb-stem

reperio doubles the

venio,

veni

p of the verb-stem

reperio, repperi.

c.

Like audi5

inflect in the

same tenses

reperio, Jind,

and

venio,

co/ne (189).

186.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Audio, audiebam, audiam.

3.

2.

Auditne.''
4.

audiebat,

audiet.

Audiunt, audiebant, audient.

5.
7.

Audimus, audi6.
8.

vimus,
venit,

audietis.
venisti.

Audivi,

audis,

audiverunt.
veninius.

Venis,
?

Venit,
9.

venimus,

Reperis

repperistis, reperitis.
II.
I.

Repperi, reperit, repperit.

2.

He

has found, they have found, they came.

3.

You
we

are hearing, you did come, he heard.

We

have heard, we

found,
shall

we came.
5.
I

4.

You

are coming, they were finding,

come.

shall hear,

we

hear, they heard.

6.

He

came,

he has come, they hear.

FOURTH CONJUGATION
187.
1

75

.\roikl Sentences
et

Homines aestate
carried on

hieme lab5rant, vten

luars.

toil in

summer and

luintcr.

2.

Decern annis Caesar multa bella gessit, 'within ten years Caesar

many

a. Observe tliat the ablatives above are expressions of time. answer the questions w/ien ? in or within what time ?

They

188.
1)1/

Rule.

Time when or within which

VOCABULARY
f.

is

expressed

the ablative.
189.
aestas, aestatis,

summer.

Vox, IQcis,

f.

light.
f.

annus,

-i,

m. year.

nox, noctis (nocti-),

night.

decem, num. adj. indecl. ten.

hiems, hiemis,
hora, -ae,
f.

primus,

-a, -Mva..Jirst. -a,

f.

winter.

secundus,

-um, second.
n. ti?ne.

hour.

tempus, temporis,
//;/(^/.

reperio, reperire. repperi, repertus,

venio. venire, veni. venturus,' come.

190.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Hieme ventus mare nubisque

est

agitat.

2.

Aestale

hominibus defessis gratus. 3. Pueri nubem avium prima lijce in mari viderunt. 4. Secunda noctis hora magna 5. Caesar bellum avium nubes venit ex mari in terram.

somnus

fortibus
6.

Periculum
II.

cum gentibus gessit easque paucis annis superavit. commune labores Romanis sociisque praebuit. I. Welcome summer will come in a short time.
reduced the Gauls under
people
?

2.

Who

of the

Roman
?

3.

(in with ace.) the power At what time did they come to

the city
a full
1

4.

At the second hour

5.

of the night (there) will

be

moon.

We

have found an example of constancy.

This
is

Future active participle.

given in the principal parts,

is

if

it

occurs, where the perfect passive participle

not in use.

76

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXIX
Pluperfect and Future Perfect
191.
of
all

All

Conjugations

Read again 59 and 131, ^ and review the principal parts verbs that have occurred in the vocabularies, beginning with

Lesson XVI.
192,

Paradigms
Pluperfect

/ had
1.

loved, etc.

/ had advised,

etc.

amaveram
amaveras amaverat

amaveramus
amaveratis

monueram
monueras monuerat

monueramus
monueratis

2.

3.

amaverant

monuerant

Future Perfect
/ shall have 1
1.

loved, etc.

/ shall have ^ advised,

etc.

amavero
amaveris
amaverit
a.

amaverimus
amaveritis

monuero
monueris
monuerit
is

monuerimus
monueritis

2.
3.

amaverint

monuerint

Observe that the pluperfect

formed on the perfect stems

amav-, monu-, by adding the imperfect of sum (502), and the future There is an exception in one perfect by adding the future of sum.
form.
b.

Which ? Form in the same way

as those

above the
Inflect

first

person singular

of the pluperfect

and future perfect of

fu-.

rego, capio, audio,

sum on

the

perfect stems rex-, cep-, audiv-,

to

and verify by reference

499-502. on the perfect c. All verbs form the pluperfect and future perfect
in the

stem
d.

same way.
and future perfect of
180, 184, 189.
etc.

Inflect the pluperfect

tolero,

bear; obsideo,

besiege J gero, tnanage j venio, come.

e.

Review Vocabularies
1

Translate the second and third persons will have,

PLUPERFECT AND FUTL/RE PERFECT

193.
I.
I.

77

EXERCISES
Amaverat, monuerat, rexerat.
3.
2.

Ceperat, audiverat,
4.

audiverant.

Audiverit, audiverint, ceperit.

5.
7.

Amaverant,
6.

monuerant, rexerant.
veneras,
8.

Cepero, rexero, audivero.

Gesseras,

obsederas.

Gesseram,
9.

toleraveram,

obsederam.

Fuerat, fuerant, fueris.

10.

Fuerimus, fueramus, fuero.

11.

Dux

filium

virtute

laudaverat.
12.

Forti

homini
in

fuerint multi et acres amici (115).

Caesar multa bella

Gallia decern annis gesserat.

virtute defenderant.
15.
16.

13.

Galli

oppida magna cum

ceperis
?

14.

Quo tempore
forti

Inopia

cibi

populo

noctis arma magnos praebuerit

labores.

Inter tela acrium hostium venerant ad muros.

II.
I.

We

shall

have come.
4.

2.

You had
caused.
7.

found.
5.

3.

He

will

have held
6.

in check.
will

They had

They had

come.
for?
8.

They

have defended.

Whom

had he cared

Horatius had long held the enemy in check.

10. 11.

9.

Soon

he had dismissed (his) comrades.

(desiluit) into the Tiber.

Then he jumped down Alone he swam across to (his)

frightened the

comrades.
Gauls.
194.
I.

12.

The common danger had not

REVIEW
always be used
in translating the pluperfect?
2.

What word must

Ans. had.
amavit.

Recall the three ways of translating the perfect, as

3. Compare the pluperfect of sum with the imperfect of the same verb. 4. Compare the future of sum with the future perfect of the same verb. 5. How can you tell whether an -15 verb is of the

third or the fourth conjugation?

'

6.

What

is

the Latin

way

of saying

the

Roman

people "

78

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXX
Syntax of Names of Towns
195.
:

Locative Case

Names
on.

of

towns and a few other words have a which expresses the idea
of

form
at,
ift,

called the locative case,

a.

The

locative has the following endings for

names

of towns

Sing.
1st

Plur.

Declension

-ae

JRomae,
-Is
:

at or in

Rome ;
Corinth ;
Delphi.

LAthenis, at or in Athens.
r

Corinthi, at or

/;/ /;/

2d Declension
r^
,
.

-i

-Is

1 Delphis, at
-i(e) ^
^

or

3d ^

Declension

-ibus

.,

r <^ Tralhbus,
,,.,

Carthagini, at or z Carthap-ey
.

at or tn Tral/es.

,,

"^

b.

Other locative forms are domi, at home; humi, on the ground

war)
;

militiae, in the field (of

ruri,

in the country.

196.

Models
r

Capuae, at or in Capua.
Delphis, at or in Delphi.

f L

in oppido, in the in Italia,

ift

town.
I

Italy.

domi, at ho7ne.
[ riiri, /;/

the country.
to

{ad

fl&men, to the river.

(Athenas,

Athens.

in urbem, into the city. in Italiam, to or into Italy.

I

R5mam, to Rome. domum, home.

y

rus, to

or into the country.

Athenis, />7?w

ab, de,

ab, de,

ex ex

agris,/rtfw the fields.

Italia,

Athens Roma, from Rome.

frof>i ho?ne.
riire,

fro7n Italy.

1 diOva.0,
(^

frofn the country.

NAMES OF

rOlVXS: LOCATIVE CASE

79

a. For the syntax of expressions of place where, place whither, and place whence other than names of towns, illustrated in the first

column of models, refer

b.

to 8i, i6o, 159.

Observe that the foregoing expressions of place denoted by names of towns, together with domus, rus, etc., have no preposition.
Rules for names

197.
1.

of

towns and domus and rus

Place Place

2.

where is whither

expressed by the locative.

is

expressed by the accusative without a

preposition.
3.

Place

whence

is

expressed by the ablative without a prepo-

sition.

198
Athenae, -arum,
f.

VOCABULARY
plur.

Athens.

Delphi, -orum,
f rater, fratris,

f.

plur.

Delphi.

Capua,

-ae,

f.

Capua.
f.

m. brother.
m. Hannibal.

Carthago,
Corinthus,

-inis,
-i,
f.

Carthage.
2).

Hannibal,
Poenus.
-i,

-alls,

Corinth (47,

m. a Carthaginian.
lie.

iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitunis, lie

down,

199_
I.

EXERCISES
Prima
luce,

I.

hieme, aestate.
3.

2.

Secunda noctis hora,

venire.

decern horis, anno secundo.

4.

Riire

Romam
5.

Meus

frater

domi
6.

rijri

manebat.

Romani

domi
misit.

militiaeque erant clari.

Corinthi et Delphis templa pulchra

videbamus.
8.

7.

Hannibal equites peditesque Capuam

Tandem
9.
I.

ex Italia Carthaginem

communi
?

periculo

prope-

ravit.
II.

COr, pigri pueri, hum! iacetis

From Delphi you came to Athens. 2. From Athens you hastened to Corinth. 3. From Corinth you came home to Rome. 4. From home we will send you (te) into the country. tired, 5. The boys were lying on the ground because they were
1

See 165.

8o

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXI
The Demonstratives
200.
hic,

Hic

and

lUe:

Reading Lesson

Paradigms
this; plur. these
ille,

that; plur. those

Singular

Nom.
Gen. Dat.
Ace.

hic

haec huius
huic

hoc huius
huic

ille

ilia

illud
illius
illi

huius
huic

illius
illi

illius
illi

hunc
hoc

hanc
hac

hoc

ilium
illo

illam
ilia

illud
illo

AM.

hoc

Plural
Nofn.
Gen.
hi

hae
his

haec

illi

illae

ilia

horum harum
his

horum
his

illorum
illis

illarum
illis

illorum
illis

Dat.
Ace. Abl.
a.

hos
his

has
his

haec
his

illos
illis

illas
illis

ilia
illis

Compare

the declension of

ille

with that of

is

(138).

20L
1

Model

Sentences

Hic puer est laetus, ilia puella est tristis, this boy is
is

merry, that girl

sad.
;

2.

Brutus et Marcus sunt amici

ille t lie

est impiger, hic est piger,

Brutns
to the

a}id Marcus arefriends;

3.

former is active, the latter is lazy.

pleasing

H5c donum deae

est gratum, illud de5, this gift is

goddess, that {one) to the god.

a.
ille
:

Observe
in
i

in the

model sentences two

in 2

different uses of hic

and
they

and the

first

part of 3 they are used as demonstrative

;

adjectives in agreement with nouns

and the

last part of 3

are used alone as demonstrative pronouns.

THE DEMONSTRATIVES HIC AND

b.

ILLE

Hie and

ille

are sometimes used as personal pronouns, like

is,

but

less frequently,

meaning

//<?,

she, it ; often in contrast hie

means

ille the former, as in the second model sentence. Observe that is has been used in the exercises indifferently for while Mc this or that without emphasis, in agreement with a noun means this and ille that with a certain emphasis. Hie is applied to

the latter,
c.

what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought. Ille is applied to what is remote from the speaker in place, time, or thought. d. Ille agreeing with a noun and commonly placed after it sometimes m.eans that well-known, that fatnous.

202.

BRITAIN INVADED
ilia

(B.C.

55

AND

54)

In insula

Britannia olim habitabant Britanni.

111!

terram Roman! bis invaserunt.

tute pro patria

Britanni

Hanc magna cum vir-

pugnabant
111!

Roman! imperium aurumque capere

tentabant.

lUos Cassivelaunus, dux impiger et audax, hos

(dat.) erant milites mult! et fortes, sed h!c
feliciter gerebat.

Caesar ducebat.
bellum

cum eo

Caesar

illius

agros vastavit

oppidaque
misit.

cepit.

Tandem
duxit.

Britannus legatos ad

Caesarem
tristis

Hie obsides imperavit {demanded).

Hos

obsides

ex Britannia
203.
bis,

Romam

VOCABULARY
impiger, -gra, -grum, active.
laetus, -a,
-i,

adv. twice.

Britannus,
feliciter,

m. a Briton.

-um, merry, joyful.

adv. successfully.
n.

obses, obsidis,

m. hostage.

imperium, imperi,

power,

rule.

tristis, -e,

sad, gloomy.

invado, invadere, invasi. invasus, invade.

204.
I.

EXERCISES

Caesar gave his soldiers that (well-known) example of steadfastness. 2. Caesar had found a brave people in Britain.
3.

They

carried on
5.

war with him.

home.

4.

Great was the power of

joyful, for

those tribes.
led

The hostages were not

Caesar had

them from

(their)

82

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXII
Passive Voice
:

Ablative of Agent

Active and Passive Indicative Present

205.

Paradigms
Pers.

Active

Passive

Pers.

Singular
I.

End.
-o
-s
-t

Singular
amor, /
amaris,

End.
-r

amo, /
a.msis,

love.
love.

am
-re,

loved.

2.

you

you are
is loved.

loved.

-ris, -re

3-

amat, he loves.

amatur, he

-tur

Plural
I.

Plural
love.

amamus, we
amatis,
_>/(??/

-mua
-tis

2.

love. love.

amamur, we are loved. amamini, yon are loved.

amantur, they are loved.

-mur
-mini
-ntur

3-

amant, they

-nt

a.

Observe that the passive forms above

differ

from the active

a dropped in

only in the personal endings.

the
first

To

the stem

ama-

(final

person) the passive endings are added, instead of the active.

in the

b.

Compare

same way

the imperfect and future active and

passive (497).

The

passive endings are added to the tense-stems

amaba- and amabi-, except in the second person singular of the future, where -bi- is changed to -be-. What is true of amo in the present,
imperfect, and future holds true of moneo.
c.

Review the
(497)

of

amo

active and learn the present, imperfect, and future and moneo (498) in the passive. Like amo inflect in
laudo,

the

same tenses

praise; and

like

moneo

inflect doceo, teach.

206.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Amat, amatur. 2. Amabat, amabatur. 3. Amabit, amabitur. amantur. amabantur. 4. Amant, 5. Amabant, 6. Amabuntne ? amabunturne ? 7. Amabo, amabor. 8. Amamus,

PASSIVE VOICE
amamur. Moned, 9. II. Monebo, monebor.
nionebimini.
II.
I.

83

moneor.
12.

10.

Monebam,
13.

monebar.
Monebitis,

14.

Mones, moneris. Monetis, monemini.

Vou
I

praise,

you are praised.

3.

2.

Tiiey were praising,

will

they were praised.

4.
I

You
5.

will praise,

you

be praised.

teach,

am
we You

taught.
shall

We
you

teach,
7.

shall

teach,
8.

be taught.
will

we are taught. 6. They teach, they

We
are

taught.

will teach,

be taught.

207.
1.

Model
Agricola

Sente?ices

agrum

arat, the farmer

ploughs the field.

2.

Ager ab agricola

aratur, the field is

ploughed by the farmer.

:

a.

Observe the changes

in

turning the active into the passive

(i) the object in the active (2) the subject, that

in
is,

becomes the subject

in

the passive;
is

the doer or agent, in the active

expressed

the passive by the ablative with a or ab.

208.
is

Rule. The personal agent with a passive verb expressed by the ablative with a or ah.

Note.

When the doer

Meus

is

not a person, the preposition

is

omitted.

209.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
frater

puer a meo fratre laudabatur.

hunc puerum impigrum laudabat. 2. Hie Illi homines hos omnis 3. sustinebunt Britannos. 4. A quo non amatur imperium ?
5.

Haec
6.

puella laeta docet

ilia tristis

a nostro magistro doce-

tur.
7.

Insulam Britanniam bis

feliciter

invaserunt Romani.
;

Hi obsides
8.

Romam

a Caesare portabuntur
iacet aeger.
2.

eorum

patria

vastabitur.
II.
I.

Marcus domi

Who
in

does not love power?

All these Britons

girl

will

be held

check by those men.

4.

3.

This merry

was

taught by the master.

boy.

My

brothers were praised by this

84

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXIII
The Relative
210.

Qui

Paradigm
qui, ivho,

which, what,

tliat

Singular
Norn. qui
Gen.
cuius
cui

Plural
quod
cuius
cui

quae
cuius
cui

qui

quae

quae

quorum
quibus

quarum
quibus

quorum
quibus

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

quem
quo

quam
qua

quod quo

quos
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

211.

Table of Mcatiitigs for Reference

Note.

The meanings are not tabulated with reference

to gender.

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.

who, which, what, that. of whom, of which, whose, of what. to ox for whom, to or for which, to ox for what.
by, etc.,

Ace.
Abl.
a.

whom, which, what, that. whom, which, what.

the declension of qui with that of quis (142).
?

Compare

In what

does the difference consist

212.
1
.

Model

Sentences

Puellae quas laudavimus bonae erant, the girls

whom we

praised

were good.
2.

Consilium quod

ille

homo

dat laudatur, the advice

which that
has
{to

man

gives
3.

is

praised.

Homo

cui sunt multi rem! est nauta, the

man who
is

whom

there are')
4.

many

oars

is

sailor.
is

Is qui est f ortis laudatur,

he

who

brave

praised.

THE RELATIVE QUI

a.
its

85
as

Observe that the

relative has the

same gender and number

antecedent, but the case

may be

different.

In the model sentences

the antecedents are in the nominative, while the relatives are (i and 2)
in the accusative, (3) in the dative, (4) in the nominative.
b.

Observe that

is

in

the fourth sentence does not refer to any

otie,

particular person, but

means

man ;

this is a

common

use of

is

as the antecedent of qui.

213. Rule. A relative pronoun agrees with its anteeedent in gender and Jiumber, but its case depends upon its relation to some word in its own clause.

214.
captivus.
-i,

VOCABULARY
m. prisoner, captive.

gaudium, gaudi,

n.

Joy.

consilium, consili, n. advice, plan.

friistra,

ingens, ingentis, Jiuge, great.

adv. in vain.

mater, matris,

f.

mother.

servo, servare. servavi, servatus, save.

215.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Hostes impigri a quibus patria nostra vastatur sunt
2.

Romani. Romani.
servabatur

Hostes qui patriam nostram invaserunt sunt

li

3.

homines quorum
e bello venient.
filius

virtute urbs tenebatur et

4.
5.

domum

Frustra, mater misera,

doles volnere quod

tuus habet.

Ingens

fuit

feminarum
6.

gaudium quarum
est
illi

viri {Jiusbands) e bellis

venerunt.
7.

Laetus

ille

obses qui non tenetur sed liberatur.

Consilia quae

homines dabant urbem servaverunt ingentem. I. That poor mother whose son is lying on the ground 2. This (man) was a soldier at is grieving bitterly (maxime). by the sword that you see. Zama. 3. He was wounded
II.
4.
is

The man

to

whom
Capua,

the sword belonged (fuit) at that time

5.

a prisoner at

The

prisoner by

whom

this soldier

was wounded

will

be led (ducetur) to Rome.

86

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXIV
Active and Passive of Reg5 and Capio
216.
fect,
b.

a.

Review the active voice of rego and

capio, present, imper-

and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (499, 500). Observe that to form the passive you have only to substitute
that,

the passive personal endings (205) for the active except in one form.

Which one
217.
I.
I.

is

and what

is

the change

EXERCISES
Regit, regitur.
2.

Regebat, regebatur.
5.

3.

Reget, rege6.

tur.

4.

Regunt, reguntur.
7.

Regent, regentur.
8.

Regis,

regeris.

Regebas, regebaris.
10.

Reges, regeris.
11.

9.

Regiregar.

mus,
12.

regimur.

Regitis,
13.

regimini.

Regam,

Capiunt, capiuntur.
15.

Capiebat, capiebatur.
16.

14. Capiet,

capietur.
17.

Capient,
18.

capientur.

Capies,
19.

capieris.

Capis, caperis.
20.

Capiebas, capiebaris.

Capimus,

capimur.
a.

Capitis, capimini.

Like rego inflect in both voices the same tenses of duco, lead;

mitto,
b.

send;

scribo, write.

Like capio

inflect in

both voices the same tenses of

iacio,

throw j

recipi5, receive.

II.

I.

He

leads,

he

is led.

2.

led.
5. 7.

3.

They
?

lead, they are led.

We
Is

shall lead,

we

shall

be

led.

They will lead, they will be 4. You lead, you are led. 6. We send, we are sent.

Are they sent ? 8. He will send, he will be 10. They were sent. are sent, you will be sent. 9. You 12. We 11. We write, we shall write. writing, I was writing. throw, we are thrown. 13. We threw, we were thrown.
he sent
14.

He

will throw,

they will be thrown.

16.

15.

Who

receives?
will

Who

was received?
17.

Who

will

receive?
will

They

be

received.

We

shall receive,

you

be received.

REGO AND CAPIO

218.
castra, -orum, n. plur.

87

VOCABULARY
camp.
iam, adv. already, fiow.
ira, -ae, f.

c5nsul, consulis,
exsul, exsulis,

m. consul.
exile.

anger, wrath.
f
.

m.

pax, pacts,

peace.

abduco, abducere, abduxi, abductus, lead

recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus, receive.

away.

scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus, write.

vinc5, vincere, vici, victus, defeat, conquer.

219.
I.

EXERCISES
2.

Militem gladio volneratum {wounded) videbamus.

vidit.
4.
3.

Ex-

matrem ingenti cum gaudio quae cum captivis capientur.

sul

Tristes erunt matres

Iam ad consulem
7.

mitten-

tur legati.
6.

5.

Legati de pace in castra consulis venerunt.

Bene a consule recipiebantur.

8.

Non iam

'

fuit

imperator

irae plenus.
9.

Ira consulis vincitur, hostes ab eo abducuntur.

Frustra epistulas quas repperi scripsisti.

1

Non

iam, no longer.

Ancient Plough
Nudus
ara, sere nudus.

V^ergil

88

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXV
Personal and Reflexive Pronouns
220.
a.

Learn the personal and reflexive pronouns with

of the third person,
is,

their

meanings
b.
is

(492).

The personal pronoun

when not
hie or

reflexive,
ille.

supplied by the demonstrative

and sometimes by

221.
1.
;

Model

Sentences

2.

3.

Ego te laudo tu me culpas, I praise you ; you blame me. Omnes homines se (pr sese) amant, all men love themselves. Tu te amas omnes nos amamus, you love yourself; we all love
;

ourselves.
4. Filius

mecum domi

manet,

my

son stays at

home with me.

Observe that verbs have been used already many times in the and second persons without the subjects ego, tu, nos, vos being They are used only for emphasis or contrast. expressed (61, a).
a.
first
b.

The
it

reflexive

pronoun refers back

:

to the subject of the clause

in

which
c.

stands, as in 2 above

se refers to homines.
first

and second persons are often te and nos. d. The preposition cum with the ablative of personal and reflexive pronouns is appended to them mecum, instead of cum me vobiscum, instead of cum vobis, etc. So also usually with relative and interrogaof the

The personal pronouns

used with reflexive sense, as

in 3

above

tive

pronouns

quibuscum, with

whom.
Sentcfices

222.
1

Model
scribo

Ego qui

sum

tuus amicus,

/ who

write

2.

Tu

qui scribis es

meus amicus, you who write are

am your friend. my friend.

a. Observe that the relative does not change to conform to the person of the antecedent, but that the verb of the relative clause is

in the

same person

as the antecedent.

PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

223.
culpa, -ae,
f.

VOCABULARY
blame, fault.
f.

numquam,
sine, prep,
vita, -ae,
f.

adv. never.

epistula, -ae,

letter.

with abl. without.

life.

galea, -ae,

f.

helmet.

culpo, culpare, culpavi, culpatus, blame.

224.
I. I.
?

EXERCISES

Ad

castra

consulis veniam.

2.

Quis exsulis iram

Captivi recipiuntur
6.

vicit

3.

Frustra de culpa tua scribitur.

5.

4.

et

abducuntur.

Puella se culpat.

Liberos nostros

amamus nos omnes. 7. Nos sumus miseri, laeti estis vos. 8. Tua vita tibi, mea mihi est cara. 9. Sine vobis et vobiscum sumus miseri. 10. Omnia vestra consilia n5bls sunt grata.
1

1.

Vos
II.
I.

qui estis laeti ad nos epistulas scribitis.

blame them. 2. I shall walk in Never shall I be miserable with you. 4. I who write this letter to you am at Carthage. 5. We you blame yourselves. 6. What helmets do praise ourselves you see ? Roman helmets.
praise you
3.

We who

the garden with you.

Helmets

90

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXVI
Active and Passive of Audio
225.
future,
b.
:

Reading Lesson
and
to

a.

Review the active voice

of audio, present, imperfect,

and learn the passive of the same tenses (501). Observe that to form the passive you have only
216,
b.

to

add

the stem the passive personal endings (205) in place of the active.

Compare
226.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Audit, auditur.
4.
2.

Audiebat, audiebatur.
.

3.

Audiet,

audietur.
6.

Audimus,
7.

audimur.

5.

Audiemus,
8.

audiemur.

Audiam, audiar.
g.

Auditis, audimini.
10.

Audietis, audie11.

mini.

Audis, audiris.
12.

Audiebam, audiebar.

Audi-

unt, audiuntur.
a.

Audiebant, audiebantur.

Like audio

inflect in the

same tenses

punio,

punish;

reperio,

Jind.
II.
I.

punish,
3.
I

am
5.

punished.
shall

2.

was punishing, was

4.

punished.

shall

punish,

be punished.

They
will

punish, are punished.

6.

They

will punish, will

be punished.
8.

He

finds, is found.

7.

He

found, was found.

He
10.

find, will

be found.

9.

You

will find, will

be found.

You

find, are found.

a.

Review Vocabularies

218, 223.

227.

CORIOLANUS AND HIS MOTHER

hostes audaces, praebebatur.

Olim ingens terror urbi Romae a Volscis, qui erant populi

Romani
lano,

Nam
et

Volsci a Corio-

exsule

Romano, concitabantur

ducebantur.

lam

aedificia

multa in agris ab hostibus delentur. Gives a consule armantur, urbs cibo completur. Friastra. Turn terrore

ACTIVE AXD PASSIVE OE AUDIO

ingenti

91

quia

Romani matrem Coriolani ad eum miserunt de pace, Veturia, mater, in castra a filio maxime amabatur. Earn videns {seeing), "O mea patria," ad filium venit.
ilia

clamavit Coriolanus, "

abduxit.
Sic

vicisti

iram

meam

" et statim hostis

Roma

servabatur.

228.
aedlficium,
-i, -i,

VOCABULARY
n.

building.

statim, adv. at once.

Veturia, -ae,
f.

Coriolanus,
sic,

m. Coriolanus.

Veturia.

adv. thus.

Volsci, -5rum,

m. plur. Volscians.

armo, armare, armavi, armatus, arm.

clamo, clamare, clamavi. clamatus, cry out, exclaim.

compleo, complere, complevi. completus, y?//.

concito, concitare, concitavi. concitatus, stir up, rouse.
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus, destroy,

wipe

out.

Patriae,

fili,

bellum Infers

92

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXVII
Possessive Adjectives
229.
:

Ablative of Separation
are

The

possessive

adjectives

formed from the

They are also stems of the personal pronouns (492). used without a noun as possessive pronouns.
meus,
-a,

-um

(voc. sing. masc.

(own),

its (own'),

their

(own)

mi), wy, mine.

noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours.

his, hers, its, theirs.

tuus, -a, -um,

your, yours. your, yours.

used
;

suus, sua, suum, his

(own), her

vester, -tra, -trum,

Note. more than

230.
I.

When your, yours refers to one person, tuus

one, vester.

is

when

to

Model
eius cura laudamus,

Sentences
his care.

Marcum

we praise Marcus for

1.

Puer amico librum suum dat, the boy gives his book to a friend.
a.

Observe that

in

eius does not refer to the subject of the sen-

tence, but to the object; while in 2

suum does
is

refer to the subject puer,

is,

as suis to German! in 231, 3.

to the subject
is
;

Suus
is

reflexive, that

refers

back

the genitives of

are not reflexive.

This distinction

important, because forms of suus

is,

the genitives of
b.

may
it is

very often be translated like

often omitted in Latin where
its

his, her, its, their.

;

the

Suus is emphatic also meaning is clear without

hence
it

and where
i

use would give too

also 234, II.
5.

much

emphasis.

See, for example, 144,

and

231.
1.

Model
homo
cibo caret, this

Sentences
lacks food.

Hic
II16

man

2.

me

liberat periculo,

he frees jne from that danger.

suis arcebant, the
^

3.

German! Roman5s a finibus

Germans kept

the

Romans

offfrom their
1

lands.
the Germans'.

That

is,

ABLATIVE OF SEPARATION
a.

93

Observe the use of the ablative

is

to

denote that from which

is

there

freedom, removal, or separation, or that which

the ablative of separation.
(i 58,
1

lacking.

The
and

ablative so used answers the questions />(?;

is

what? of what?
ablative of place

called

The
59)
is

whence, with or without a preposition

232.

of the

same

nature.

Rule.

Words

signifying privation, removal,

or separation are followed hy the ablative, without a preposition, or with the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex).
233.
aeger, -gra.

VOCABULARY
-gram, sick. -um, greedy.

Germanus,
vacuus,
,

-i,

m. a German.
f.

avaras,

-a,

pecunia, -ae,
-a,

money.
of.

defensor, -oris,

m. defender.

-um, empty, destitute

arceo, arcere, arcui,

keep

off.

careo, carere, carui, cariturus, be in

want of

lack.

demigro, demigrare, demigravi, demigratus, remove, go away.

privo, privare, privavi, privatus, deprive.
spolio, spoliare, spoliavi, spoliatus, rob,

plunder.

KoTE.

A preposition
Germani

is

used with the ablative after arceo and demigrd.

234.
I. I.

EXERCISES
galeis, hastis scutisque arinabantur.
3.
2.

Aedi-

ficiorum defensores culpabantur.

suis
?

4.

Statim clamabant feminae.

6.

Quis non dolet culpis 5. Sic urbs complebatur

7.

terrore.

Statim

hostes
donis.

concitabantur.
8.

Avari milites

aras

spoliaverunt
9.

Urbem

defens5ribus

vacuam
10. Ille

reppererunt.
vir aeger
II.
I.

Vos, piratae, arcebit deus a sua ara.

aqua privabatur.

Our friends lacked money. 2. My boy, that horse and water. 3. We shall remove from the city into the country. 4. The goddess kept off the enemy from her own temple. 5. Those women were robbed of (their) children.
lacks grain
6.

You

will free us

from

care.

94

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXVIII
PASSIVE VOICE ALL CONJUGATIONS
Indicative Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
235.
tion
a.

Recall the principal parts of

am5 and examine

the formait

of the passive indicative perfect (497).

Observe that

is

formed by adding the present tense of sum

amatus.

to the perfect participle

Note. and plural

b.

The participle

is

declined like bonus in the nominative singular

to agree with the subject of the verb in

gender and number.

perfect.

examine the pluperfect and future these tenses formed }

c.

Now

How
all

are

The

perfect, pluperfect,

and future perfect passive of

moneo, rego, capio,
in

verbs

are formed in the

d.

same way.
and audio,
the

Recall the principal parts of

and examine the formation of the three tenses

(498-501).

same way
tenses.

What do you

discover?

Learn these three

236.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Vir amatus
est,

femina amata

est,

bellum amatum

est.

amata sunt. 3. Milites moniti erant, puer monitus erit, animal monitum est. 4. Agricola rectus est, urbs recta est, oppidum rectum est.
2.

Viri amati sunt, feminae amatae sunt, bella

5.

audit! eramus, auditi erimus.

eris.
8.

Captus sum, captus eram, captus ero. 6. Audit! sumus, 7. Rectus es, rectus eras, rectus

Templa spoliata sunt. 9. A^olsci Roma abducti sunt. The greedy soldier was warned, had been warned, will have been warned. 2. The buildings have been taken, had been taken, will have been taken. 3. The territories had been ruled. 4. The cities will have been defended. 5. You had not been loved. 6. Thus we (fem.) shall have been heard. 7. Germans had been defenders of their country.
II.
I.

PASSIVE VOICE ALL CONJUGATIONS

237.
antiquus,
-a,

95

VOCABULARY
-um, ancient, old.
f.

ingens, -ntis, great, huge.

arx, arcis (arci-),

copia, -ae,
f.

citadel.

mora,

-ae,

f.

delay.

plenty, plur. troops.

sine, prep,

with abl. without.

n.

crudelis, -e, cruel.

verbum,

-i,

word.

238.
I.

EXERCISES
in

Multa

Italia

oppida

Romanis
erant.
3.

aedificata

sunt.

2.

Omnes

puellae rosis ornatae

4.

Tua verba
6.

me

audita erunt.
5.

Eo tempore urbs

cibo militibusque fuit vacua.

Bellum quod a Caesare gestum est crudelefuit.

sunt
friimento

Copiae

quae ab .eo in Galliam missae

7.

caruerunt.

Aurum quod

a Caesare ex Gallia portatum erat in tempio

8.

habitum
10.

est antiquo.

Ad

te sine

mora scrlbam.

9.

In arce

quae ab hominibus antiquis aedilicata erat ignis

fuit ingens.

Omnia templa auro

spoliata erant.

96

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XXXIX
239.
I
.

REVIEW: READING LESSON

Give the table of locative endings, singular and
3.

Give four locative forms, not names of towns, with their mean2.

ings.

plural, of

the

first

three declensions.

How

do you say

in Latin to
is

(i) in the

town,

to the

Rome?

town, from the town ? (2) in Rome, Give the four rules that apply. 4. What
5.

Rome, from
the Latin for

the former, the latter?

Write side by side the tables of active

and passive personal endings for the first three tenses. 6. Give the 7. Point passive future second person singular of amo and moneo. out five examples of the ablative of agent in 227. 8. In what respects
must the
ID.

relative agree with

its

antecedent?
its

9.

In 215,

I.

point

out a relative in the accusative with

antecedent in the ablative.

11.

Express

in

Latin

/ who, you who, he who.

What do
\}(\t

the

foregoing examples show about the Latin relative as to

the antecedent?

person of

12. When do you express jt??/;- by tuus, and when by vester? 13. Point out a sentence in 234, I. where suus is both 14. What two cases are used with spolio reflexive and emphatic. and privo? (See 234, I. 7.) 15. In we blame the mati for his fault

should you translate his by suus or eius

240.

SCIPIO

AND HANNIBAL
See 179, note.

Scipio

et

Romanus Romanos
patre

qui victorias

Ille erat Hannibal erant clari imperatores. magnas reportavit hie Poenus qui Hannibal puer ^ ad aras a multis pugnis vicit.
;

adductus
in

odium

iuravit

in

''

Romanos.
in
Italia.

Adulescens
montis
Scipio

oppida

Hispania

multa expugnavit, tum Alpis

vicit

superavit*

Romanesque saepe

ad

Ticinum flumen vitam patris virtute servavit posteaque ad

Cannas contra Hannibalem

1

se fortem praebuit.
*

when a

boy-

" led.

against.

passed over.

near.

h'I-:i7Eir:

READING LESSON

97

Bellum
haleni ad

ill

Africam est transportatuin Ibique Scipio HanniZaniam superavit. Magnificum triumphum Romae
populo

habuit

et a

Romano

appellatus est Africanus.

241.

VOCABULARY
mons,
odium,
-tis

adulescens, -ntis, m. a youth.

(monti-), m. iiiountain.

flumen, fluminis, n. ri7<er.

ibi,

odi, n.

hatred.

adv. there.
-a,

postea, adv. afterwards.

magnificus,

-um, splendid.

pugna,

-ae, i.Jight, battle.

to.

adduce, adducere, adduxi, adductus, lead

appello, appellare, appellavi. appellatus, call.

expugnS, expugnare, expugnavi, expugnatus, take by storm.

iur5, iurare, iuravi, iuratus,

swear, take

ati oath.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XL
FOURTH DECLENSION
The Stem ends
242.
gradus,
rri.

in

Paradigms
step
cornu, n.

horn

Stemsi: gradu-

cornu-

Terminations
Masc.

SlNGULAR
Norn.
Gen.

Neut.
-a

gradus

cornu
cornus

-us
-us
-ui(-ii)

gradus
gradui (-u)

-us
-u
-u
-ii

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

cornu
cornu cornu

gradum
gradu

-um
-u

Plural
Norn.

gradus

cornua

-us

-ua

Gen.

graduum
gradibus

cornuum
cornibus

-uum
-us

-uum
-ua

Dat.
Ace.

-ibus (-ubus) -ibus (-ubus)

gradus
gradibus

cornua
cornibus

Abl.

-ibus (-ubus) -ibus (-ubus)

a.

Dissyllables in-cus, a.rtus,joi/i/, portus, harbor, and a few other

in -ubus.

nouns have the dative and ablative plural

243. Rule of Gender. Mouns of the fourth declension in -us are masculine ; those in -u are neuter.

Note.
a.

For general rules of gender, see 47,

Idiis,

2.

Domus, house,

the Ides, manus, hand, and a few others

are feminine.
b.

For the declension of domus, see 482.

Domi

is

used only as a

locative (195, b).

FOURTH DECLENSION
c.

99

Decline exercitus magnus, large

army ; mea manus, my hand

cornu longum, long liorn.

244.
adventus, -us. m. coming.
altus, -a,

VOCABULARY
frons, frondis,
f.

leaf, foliage.

-um,

Jiigh, tall, deep.

gradus, -us, m. step, degree.

lacus, -us,

cantus. -us, m. song, singing.

civitas, civitatis,
f.

m. lake.
f.

the state.

manus,
an army),

-us,

hand.
-i,

cornu, -us, n. horn, -wing (oi

ornamentum,
quercus, -us,

n.

ornament.

domus,

-us,

f.

house, home.

palus, paludis,
f.

f.

marsh.
tree.

exercitus, -us,

m. army.

oak

congrego, congregare, congregavi, congregatus, gather, assemble.

facio, facere, feci, factus, do,

make.

245.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Inter

2.

Adventus

scholam et domum multos facimus gradus. avium nos delectat. cantus cum 3. Earum

gaudio
5.

audimus. cantus non iam' audiuntur. 4. Hieme Aves in lacubus paliidibusque se congregant. 6. Pueri avium domos altis in quercubus reperiunt. 7. Quercus frons antiquis temporibus erat victoris ornamentum. 8. Salus civitatis in manibus consulum erat. 9. Consules erant exer-

cituum imperatores.
II.
I.

Many

animals fight with their- horns.

2.

Many

lakes are seen

among the mountains. 3. The songs of birds were heard among the oaks. 4. We had been delighted by
the

by

us,

coming of the birds. 5. Their'' songs were gladly heard by you, by all. 6. Our house lacks children. 7. The

state will not lack brave citizens.

1

See foot-note,
Is this

p. 87.

2 Is this
8

word word

to

be translated into Latin

.''

See 230,
.'

i.

to be omitted in translation or not

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLI
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Ablative of Comparison
246.

Latin adjectives have three degrees of comparison,

the positive, the comparative, and the superlative.

247.

Models
Comparative
altior, altius

Positive
altus (alto-), high, deep

Superlative
altissimus,
-a,

brevis (brevi-), short

brevior, brevius

brevissimus,

-a,

-um -um

audax (audaci-), bold

a.

audacior, audacius
is

aud acissimus,

Observe that the comparative

formed from the stem of the

positive

by dropping the stem vowel and adding -lor for the masculine and feminine and -ius for the neuter the superlative by adding
;

-issimus, -issima, -issimum.

248.

Decle7ision of a

Comparative

Singular
M. &
F.

Plural
N.

M. &

F.

N.

Notn.
Gen.

altior

altius
altioris
altiorl
'

altiores

altiora

altioris
altiori

altiorum
altioribus
altiores, -Is

altiorum
altioribus
altiora

Dat.
Ace.

altiorem
altiore,
-i

altius
altiore,
-i

Abl.
a.

altioribus

altioribus
(prii-

Compare

carus (caro-), dear ; levis (levi-), light; prudens

like altior.

denti-),

wise; and decline the comparative of each

249.
.

Model
altior est

Sentefices
]

Pinus

quam

quercus,

the pine is taller than the oak.

2.

Pinus altior est quercu,

COMPARISON OF ADJECTVllS
a.

IDI
oi

ing, altior

Observe that you can say in Latin, withn-it ditftienc; quam quercus and altior quercu.

mean-

250.

Rule.

The

comparative
(than)
is

ablatire jcheii

quam

is followed omitted.

by

the

251.
albus, -a, -um, white.
brevis,
-e,

VOCABULARY
leo, leonis,

m.
f.

lion.

short, brief.

nix, nivis,

snow.
i.

canis, canis,

m. and
-i,

f.

dog.

pinus,

-i

(abl. pinu),

pine

tree.

elephantus,
fidelis. -Q.

m. elephant.

prudens, prudentis, wise, sagacious.

faithful, trusty.

quam,

loa]. than.
f.

iter, itineris, n.

way, march (4S2).

vita, -ae,

life.

252.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Quod
illo

iter
?

brevius est

quam

illud

2.

brevius est

3. 4.

Copiae ad {/war) paludem

Inter
6.

Quod iter magnam se

5.

congregaverunt.
ndbis est carior
7.

exercitus

iacet

lacus.

Patria

Mare est altius fluminibus altissimis. Fortiorem exercitum quam tuum non vidi. 8. Mihi gratior
vita.

est

amici adventus cantu avium.

?

9.

Ciiius canis nostro est

fidclior
1

10.

Montes

altissimi

aestate

nive

sunt

albi.

1.

Gives sapientes sunt civitatis ornamentum pulcherrimum.

II.
I.

My
4.

hand
I

is

broader than yours.

3.

2.

The elephant

is

bolder than the horse.

Elephants are more sagacious

taller

than lions.
5.

have seen a white oak

6.

than your house.

Lions are the boldest animals.

Oaks are broader than

8. Why 7. That man took^ steps longer than mine.was I deprived of my money ? 9. The foliage of the oak is most dear to me.

pines.

.-^IRST

YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLII
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Continued

Partitive Genitive
253.
Positive
miser (misero-), wretched
acer (acri-), keen
a.

Models

Comparative
miserior, miserius
acrior, acrius

Superlative
miserrimus,
acerrimus,
-a,

-a,

-um -um

Observe that the comparative of

to the positive.

adjectives in -er
is

is

formed

regularly (247, a), but the superlative

-a,

formed by adding -rimus,

-um
254.

The

following six adjectives in

is

-lis

form the comparative

final

regularly, but the superlative

formed by dropping the

-a,

vowel

of the stem and adding -limus,

-um.

Commit

these to

memory

with their meanings and comparison.

Positive
facilis, -e,

Comparative
facilior, -ius
difficilior, -ius

Superlative

easy

difficilis, -e,

hard

similis, -e, like

similior, -ius

dissimilis, -e, tinlike

dissimilior. -ius

humilis,

-e,

low
slender

humilior, -ius
gracilior, -ius

gracilis, -e,

-um -um simillimus, -a, -um dissimillimus, -a, -um humillimus, -a, -um gracillimus, -a, -um
facillimus, -a,
difficillimus, -a,

255.
1

Model

Setitetices
is

Via est asperior, the road

rather (or
is

too')

rough.

2.

Via est asperrima, the road

very rough.

a. Sometimes the comparative and superlative are used without making comparison between two objects then the comparative means rather or too and the superlative very or exceedittgly
;

PARTITIVE GEMTIVE
256.
1

03

Model
vir plus pecuniae
in

Sentences
tu,

Ille

habet

quam

iliat

inan has more {of)

amy

tliaii

yon.

2.

Multi militum volnerati sunt,

Nihil novi audivi,

many of the

soldiers were

wounded.

3.

I have heard nothing {pf^ new.

a.

Observe that each genitive denotes a whole, and the word on

it

which

depends denotes a part of that whole.

is

Such a

genitive, of

which a part
b.

taken,

is

called

2i

partitive genitive.

Sometimes
;

e (ex) with the ablative is

used instead of the parti:

tive genitive
tibus,

regularly so with cardinal numerals

quinque ex mili-

five of the soldiers.

257. Rule. The partitive genitive a whole of ichich a part is taJcen.

is

used

to

denote

258.
aer. aeris

VOCABULARY
(ace, aera), m. air.
-a,

lenis, -e, gentle, soft.

angustus,

-um, narrow.

lingua, -ae,

f.

tongue, language.
shore.
f.

frigidus, -a, -um, cold.

litus, litoris, n.

Latinus,

-a,

-um, Latin.

pars, partis (parti-),

part.

259.
I.
I.

EXERCISES

Multum
ilia

itineris est

angustum sed facillimum.

in
4.

2.

Prima
urbis

luce partem

hostium vidimus
fuit brevissima.

monte.

3.

Omnium

viarum
Lenior

Homines Africae hominibus

Europae sunt dissimillimi (117). 5. Aer hoc in litore est non saepe est frigidissimus. 6. Linguam Latinam repperi difficiliorem. in {against) Romanos 7. Hannibal
;

ingens odium iuravit.

II.
I.

8.

Eius
is

finis

vitae

non

fuit felix.
2. 3.

Your

faithful

dog

very like mine.

Snow

lies

white and very deep on these shores in winter.

is

My

sword

rather long.
5.

money.

4. You have plenty of courage, but not much Have you a friend more sagacious than you (are)

.'

I04

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

XLIII

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

C<7^/^a'

Ablative of Degree of Difference

260.

Both the comparative and the superlative of several

common

adjectives are irregular.

Commit
:

meanings and comparison

Positive
bonus,
-a,

to

memory

the following with their

Comparative

Superlative

-um,

good
bad

melior, melius

magnus,
malus,
multus,

-a,

-um, great

maior, maius
peior, peius
,

-a,
-a,

-um,

-um, diucIi
-a,

plus

-um -um pessimus, -a, -um plurimus, -a, -um

optimus,
-a,

maximus,

-a,

multi, -ae,

many

plures, plura

plurimi, -ae, -a

parvus,
iuvenis,

-a,
-&,

-um, small

mmor, minus
iunior (minor natu)

minimus,

-a,

-um

young

senex, senis, old (4S2)

vetus, veteris, old

senior (maior natia)

vetustior, -ius

minimus natii maximus natu

veteirimus,
-a,

-um

261.

Declension of plus, tnore

S INGULAR
M. &
F.

plural, fnore,

many,

several.

Plural
N.

M. &. F.

N.

Nam.
Gen.

plus
pluris

plures

plura

pluiium
pluribus
pluris, -es
.

plurium
pluribus
plura

Dat.
Ace.
plus
pliire

Abl.

pluribus

pluribus

262. Certain adjectives form their comparative and superlative from prepositions or adverbs, and certain others have two forms in
the superlative.

See 489.

These should be learned as they occur

in the vocabularies.

ABLATIVE OF DEGREE
263.
1.

105

Model
est

Sentences

Luna

multo minor quam

terra, the

moon

is

/nuch smaller than

the earth.
2.

Pater pede altior est

a.

filio,

the father Is a foot taller than his son.

Observe that the ablatives multo and pede answer the question

{by)

how much

They denote

the degree of difference between the

objects compared.

264.

Rule.

Degree of difference
VOCABULARY

is

expressed hy the

(thJatii-e.

265.

centum, num. adj. indecl. a hundred.

Cicero, -onis,

orator, -oris,

m. orator.
f.

m. Cicero.
m. citizen.

pigritia, -ae,
pliis, pluris,

laziness.

civis, -is (civi-),

more.

inferus, -a, -um, low,

below (489).
falsehood.

Pompeius,

-1.

m. Potnpey.

interdum, adv. sometimes.

sapiens, sapientis, wise.

sex,

mendacium,
natii (abl.),

-1,

n. lying,

num.

adj. indecl. six.

m. by birth, in age.

superus,

-a,

-um, high, above

opera, -ae,

f.

work.

(489)-

266.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Aliquid

{sotnet/iing)

novi saepe audio.

2.

Caesar sex

quam Pompeius. 3. Aer urbis nostrae est asperrimus. 4. Hieme centum gradibus frigidior est quam aestate. 5. Rurl sunt viae pedibus multis angustiores quam 6. Optimos civis amamus, timemus pessimos. in urbe. 7. Tua 8. Summum montem imamque operae pars est maior mea.
annis minor natu erat
paliidem video.
II. I. Pompey was six years older than Caesar. 2. Cicero was the most famous of Roman orators. 3. The greatest orators are sometimes the worst citizens. 4. But Cicero saved

Rome by
6.

the wisest plans.

is

5.

What

is

worse than laziness

.'

Lying

much worse than

laziness.

[o6

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLIV
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
267.
Positive
care (from carus), dearly

Models
Comparative
carius

Superlative
carissime

misere (from miser), wretchedly

acriter (from acer), eagerly
facile

miserius
acrius
facilius

miserrime
acerrime
facillime

(from facilis), easily

bene (from bonus), well male (from malus), badly

melius
peius
plus

optime
pessime

multum (from
a.

mixltus), 7nuch

plurimum

Review the comparison

of the adjectives from which the above

adverbs are derived and learn the comparison of the adverbs and
their meanings.
b.

neuter comparative of the adjective

Observe that the comparative of the adverb is the same as the and that the superlative, with
;

one exception,

is

formed from the superlative of the adjective by

felix,

changing
c.

final -us to -e.

Compare

the adjectives brevis, short;

lucky j

liber,
:

freej

similis, like;

then compare the adverbs formed from them

successfully ;
the
libere,

breviter,

briefly J

feliciter,

freely;

similiter, similarly.

Commit
268.
I.

to

memory

meaning

of these adverbs.

EXERCISES
I.

Parentes liberos
3.

maxime amant.
laborant
5.

2.

Eis

consilia
4.

dant optima.

Pro

eis

diligentissime.
in illam silvam

Mox

gramen arboresque virebunt.

Turn
6.

amplam
f rater

quam

hinc videmus errabimus.

7.

Cur linguae Latinae plus

operae non das?

Earn multo facilius disces

quam

maior natu tuus.

urbes centumqae

8.

Ex hoc summo monte

9.

facile video sex

vias.

In imis terrae partibus sunt flumina

COMPAR/SOX OF ADVERBS
parva.
peius
10.

107
est

Sapientissime dixit pater meus: "

11.

Mendacium

pigritia."

Sed sine dubio

est

pigritia

pessimum

vitiuin.

very famous orator was six years older than Sometimes Caesar's enemies fought more bravely than his soldiers. 3. But his soldiers fought very bravely. 4. Often he suddenly changed his camp. 5. He carried on many wars successfully. 6. He ruled Rome wisely and well. 7. He was killed there by his enemies.
11.
I.

Caesar.

2.

269.
amplus,
-a,

VOCABULARY
-um, large, Jionorable.
f.

hinc, adv. /lence,

from
and

here.
f.

arbor, -oris,

tree.

parens, parentis, m.
pro, prep,

parent.

dnigenter, adv. diligently.

with abl./<7r,

07i

behalf of.

diu(diutius.diutissime),adv. /^^.

sapienter, adv. wisely.

subito, adv. suddenly.

dubium, dubi, gramen.

-inis,

n.
r\..

doubt.

grass.

vitium,

vitT, w.

fault.

disco, discere, didici, disciturus, learn.

do, dare, dedi, datus, give.

erro, errare, erravi, erratus,

wander., err.

muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatus, change.

neco, necare, necavi, necatus, kill.
vireo, virere, virui,
,

be green.

270,
1.

CONVERSATION
in

manes QfTia hic {Jierc) aera lenissimare est pulcherrimum. 2. Dii:me manebis hoc in loco angusto ? Non diu mox in urbem ambulabo, ibique diutissime manebo. Pars viae est asperior, 3. Viane in urbem est asperrima
hoc
litore
.'

Cur

mum

repperi

hic

.'

pars facillima.

Proximo (fast') 4. Quando (^vhen') in banc terram venisti ? anno de Germania demigravi cum parentibus. Capite altior. 5. Quanto (fiow miicK) altior es fratre }

io8

FIRST YEAR LATIN

View of Napl

LESSON XLV
Reading Lesson
271.
Si tu vales,
:

Review

A LETTER FROM POMPEII

bene
est

ad

te laetus scribo.

ego quoque valeo. Hanc epistulam Medici consilio cum parentibus in Italia
;

apud vos nives omnia implent, nos hie nivem ridet, ut (as) est apud poetas, caelum. Interdum in litore ambulo vel in hortis amplis erro, nam gramen arboresque iam virent. Hinc video Vesuvium montem, hinc totam fere urbem, hinc pulchras insulas in mari sitas. Linguae Latinae cotidie multum do operae. Eam linguam facilius Graeca disco. Sed iam finem faciam epistulae mox coram omnia tibi narrabo. Vale, mi amice.
raro videmus
;

hiemavi.

Dum

aer est lenissimus

READING LESSON: REVIEW

272.
1.

IO9

CONVERSATION
Italia

Nam

hieme impletur nive?

ridet

Monies

altissim!

nive implentur.
2. 3.

Nonne semper
Ubi
Italia.

caelum

Fere semper caelum

?

ridet.

est terra pulchrior Italia

Pulchrior terra non est

Tiberis et Padus

quam
4.

Num

Italiae sunt flumina longissima

sunt longiores.
5.

Suntne eius urbes pulcherrimae

Pulcherrimae Europae

sunt urbes.
273.

VOCABULARY
num, interrog. adv.
the answer
710.

apud, prep, with ace. at, -with.

coram,
7\.di'^.face to face.

Suggests

cotidie, adv. daily.

fere,
hie,

quoque, adv. also, too.

raro, adv.
si,

adv. almost.
adv. here.
-i,

seldom.

conj.

if.

medicus,

m. doctor, physician.
7iot

situs, -a,

-um, situated.

nonne, interrog. adv.

Suggests

totus, -a, -um,

vel, conj. or.

whole (312).

the answer jfj-.

hiemo. hiemare, hiemavi. hiematurus, spend the winter.

impleo, implere, implevi, impletus.y?//, cover.
rideo, ridere, risi, risus. smile, laitgh.

valeo, valere, valui, valiturus, be

well ;

vale,

farewell.

274.
I
.

REVIEW
2.

Give the endings of the comparative in the nominative.

3.

Give

the six adjectives that form the superlative in -limus.

adjectives in -er form the superlative
iuvenis
?

How
;

do

Compare

acer

and asper

also

and senex.

4.

Give the genitive plural of melior and plus

5. How do you most adverbs derived from

give the masculine and feminine accusative plural.

make
7.

the comparative and superlative of

6.

adjectives?

Compare

pulchre, beautifully,
trees j

and

acriter,

eagerly.

Express

in Latin six

of the oak

am a head taller than you.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLVI
FIFTH DECLENSION
:

The Stem ends

in e

Accusative of Extent
275.
dies,

Paradigms
m. day
res,
f.

ihvtg

Stems :dieSing.

re-

Terminations
Plur.
res
Sing.
-es
-li -ll

Plur.
dies

Sing.
res
rei

Plur.
-es

Nom.
Gen.

dies
diel diei

dierum
diebus
dies

rerum
rebus
res

-erum
-ebus
-es

Dat.
Ace.

rei

diem
die

rem
re

-em
-e

Abl
a.

diebus
dies

rebus

-ebus
few other

Only

and

res

are complete in the plural.

plural.

nouns have the nominative and accusative

276. Rule of Gender. Mouns of the fifth declension are feminine, except dies, which is commonly masculine in the singular and always in the plural.

277.
1.

Model

Sentences

Decern annos Troia

oppiignabatur,

Troy was besieged for ten

is

years.
2.

Turris alta est centum pedes,

tJie

tower

a hundredfeet high.

a.

The

accusative annos denotes duration or extent of time; pedes,

extent of space.

how far?
278.

in time or space,

Such accusatives answer the questions how long? and may be called accusatives of extent.

Rule.

Extent

of time or space

is

expressed

hy the accusative.

FIFTH DECLENSION
279.
acies, -ei,
f.

III

VOCABULARY
line

of battle.

mille

passuum,

thousand (of)
e).

castra, -5rum, n. plur. cainp.

paces, mile (305,

decern, indecl. ten.

dies, -ei,
fides, -ei,

passus, -us, m. pace, step.

planities,
-ei, f.

m. day.
f.

plain.

trust, confidence.

posterus, -a, -um, next (489).

Gallus,

-i,

m. a Gaul.

quinque, indecl. yf?'^.

res, -i, f. thi7tg,

impetus, -us, m. attack.

mille,

event, fact.

thousand (304).

spes,

-ei, f.

hope.
off,

discedo. discedere, discessi, discessurus,

go

depart.

exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatus, await, expect.

instruo, instruere, instriixi, instructus,

draw

up, tnarshall.

p6n5, p5nere, posui, positus, put, place, pitch {camp).

280.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Caesar castra

summo
4.

in

monte
3.

posuit.

2.

Castra

summo
in

in

monte a Caesare posita

sunt.

Hinc hostes magna

et illam plani5.

planitie visi sunt.

Inter hunc

montem

tiem erat flumen quod centum pedes erat latum.

Caesar
6.
7.

aciem instruxit impetumque hostium exspectabat. equites maiorem diei partem in cornibus manebant.
hostes

Eius

Sed

impetum non
9.

fecerunt.

habuerunt.

Postero die
10.

parvam victoriae spem quinque milia ^ passuum ex illo

8.

Nam

loco discesserunt.
II.
I.

Tum

friimento pluris dies caruerunt.

Caesar heard about this fact from several mes2.

sengers.

His

soldiers,

too,

not

many

miles

away from

(ab) their

saw the camp of the enemy own ^ camp. 3. Caesar

had the greatest confidence in his soldiers.^ 4. But the river was much too deep. 5. This fact deprived the soldiers of all deprived of all hope by this hope. 6. His soldiers were
event.
1

See 305,

e.

See 229.

in his soldiers

expressed by the dative.

112

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLVII
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Purpose Clauses with ut and ne
281.

Paradigms
Pass. Subjv. Pres.
1.

Act. Subjv. Pres.

1.

amem
ames amet

am emus
ametis

amer
ameris, -re

amemur
amemini amentur

2.
3.

2.

ament

3.

ametur

282.

Subjunctive Pi-esent

Active
reg
}-

-as.

-at.

-amus.

-ant

capi
I

Passive
J

^"^i
a.

-ar,

-aris (-re),

-atur,

-amur.

-amini,

-antur

Learn the present subjunctive of sum (502).

283.
1
.

Model

Sentences

Gives se armant ut pugnent, the citizens

arm

themselves that they

may fight,
2.

in order that they

may

fight, in order to fight,

for the purpose of fighting,

blamed, so that they

to fight.

Pueri laborant ne culpentur, the boys ivork that they j/iay not be

may

not be blamed, in order not to be

blamed,
a.

lest they be

blamed.
\\-\t.

Observe that the dependent clauses express

action in the principal clauses, ut introducing affirmative

purpose of the and ne

negative clauses.

Observe the various ways of translating ut {that, etc.) and ne not, etc.) and the subjunctive. Purpose clauses may be translated by the English infinitive, but the Latin infinitive must not
b.

{that

be used

to express purpose.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

284.
lie

II3

Rule.

The

subjunctive

is

used with ut and

to cxpi-css purpose.
285.

VOCABULARY ^REVIEW)
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus, destroy.

duc5, ducere, duxi, ductus, lead.

facid, facere, feci, f actus,

make,

do.

mitto. mittere, misi, missus, send.

moveo, movere, m5vi. motus, move.

punio, piinire, punivi, piinitus, punish.
recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus, receive.

reperio. reperire, repperi, repertus, yf ^.

scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptus, write.

video, videre, vidi, visus, see.

286.

EXERCISES

I.

Mittitur ut

J
-^

ornet,

moneat,

regat,

capiat,

5rnetur,

moneatur, regatur, capiatur,

audiat, audiatur.

(jrnent,

moneant,

regant,

capiant,

Eos mittimus

ut-^

ornentur, moneantur, regantur, capiantur,

audiant, audiantur.

3.

^ moneo Te

ames,

ut
[

capias, audias, regas, ^ ^. ,. ameris, monearis, regaris, capiaris, audiaris.

.

moneas,
!

Eos monemus ne milites sint. 6. Vos moneo ut prudentes sitis. 7. Nos monet ut simus acres diem noctemque.
4.

Eum monemus

ne miles

sit,

5.

II.

I.

do, find.
do, find.
4.

2.

He is sent He will
You

in order that

he

send them that they

may fight, may

destroy, write,

destroy, write,

3.

(sing.) are sent to destroy, write, do, find.

They

are sent that the city

5. 6.

may

not be destroyed, ruled,

taken, punished.
led, taken,

He

advises us not to be called, moved,

found.
7.
I

We

advise them not to move, see, write,

do, find.

advise him to be active.

114

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLVIII
THE SUBJUNCTIVE ^OOH Continued
Purpose Clauses
287.

Conthmed
Paradigm

Result Clauses

Subjunctive Imperfect

am are
monere
regere
-m,
\
I

'Active
-s.

-t

capere audire
esse

Passive
-ris (-re), -tur

-mur, -mini, -ntur

a. Observe that the subjunctive imperfect can alwaj^s be formed by adding the personal endings (205) to the active infinitive present. For the quantity of e before -mus, etc., see 497-502.

288.
1

Alodel Sentences

Gives se armabant ut pugnarent, citizens

armed thevisehies that they

fought that the

might fight,
2.

to fight, etc. (283).

Gives piignabant ne oppidum deleretur, citizens t02un

a.

might not

be destroyed.

Compare

the above sentences with those of 2S3.

The

sub-

junctive present follows the indicative present, the subjunctive imperfect follows the indicative imperfect or perfect.

So

also in 289.

289.
1.

Model

Sentences

Iter

tam longum

est ut puer sit defessus, the Jo urn ty is so

long that

the boy is tired out.

2.

Puer tam malus

fuit ut a
Jiot

magistro non laudaretur, the boy

was

so

bad that he was

a.

praised by his master.

result, ut

introducing- affirmative

Observe that the above dependent clauses express and ut non negative clauses.

77/ A"
290.
lit

SL'BJUXCriVE

MOOD

II5

Rule.
til

The

mibjitnctire is used with at

and

n~>n

c.v })!'(' ss

result.

291.
c5nsul. consulis, m. consul.

VOCABULARY
pauci, paucae, pauca (plur.)./t'.
f.

epistula, -ae,
ita,

letter.

semper, adv. aliuays.

adv. so. in such a way.

accido, accidere, accidi,

tam, adv.
,

so, so very.

Z'?^/ upon.,

happen.

ago, agere, egi, actus, act, do.

c5gn6sco. cognoscere, cogn5vi, cognitus, learn,

vivo, vivere, vixi,
,

know.

lii'e.

292.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Accidit (pres.) ut

vocem, ducatur, recipias, mittan-

tur.

2.

Accidit (perf.) ut non

3.

vocares, deleretur, mitterem,

4.

reciperet.
ut

Accidit ut luna plena esset.

5.

Puer

ita egit

ab omnibus amaretur.
6.

Urbs deleta

est ne ab hostibus

caperetur.

Urbs
7.

tarn fortiter defensa est ut decern

dies

non caperetur.
militibus

Hoste
8.

,in

silvas fugerunt
in silvas

ne a

nostris

militibus viderentur.

Hostes
9.

fugerunt ut a nostris

non viderentur.
10.

lUi parentes ita vixerunt ut liberis

{so great)

essent carissimi.

Caesar tantam

fidem militibus^

habuit ut impetum postero die faceret.

II.
r.

It

led,

they wrote.

happened that I seat, he was sent, they were 2. It happens that he does not punish,

call, receive, find.

3.

They were
6.

so few that they

flee. is
5.

fled.

4.

They
all

were so brave that they did not

a letter to

was sent

to carry

Rome.
?

Who

of us

so wise as to

know

things (omnia)

7.

The

lieutenant led the soldiers out of the

8.

camp

in

order to draw up a line of battle.

It

happened

that the

enemy

did not draw up a line of battle for six hours.

1

Compare

2S0, II.

3,

and note.

Il6

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON XLIX
Indirect Question
293.
:

Sequence of Tenses

Paradigm
Active Subjunctive Perfect
I

amav monu
rex
*^^P
j

-erim,

-eris,

-erit

-erimus,

-eritis,

-erint

Active Subjunctive Pluperfect

-issem, -isses, -isset

-issemus, -issetis, -issent

fu
a.

Make

similar tables to illustrate the passive subjunctive perfect

in all conjugations

and pluperfect
294.

(497-502).
Sentences

Model

Direct Question
I.

Indirect Question
?
2.

Ubisunt? where are they

Audit ubi
they are.

sint,

he hears where

a.

Observe that the dependent clause

in

begins with an interi.

rogative

and contains the substance of the direct question Such a dependent clause is called an indirect question.

word

(ubi)

295.

Rule.

The

verb of

an

indirect question is in

the subjunctive.
296.

Model of Sequence
Principat Tenses

Audit, he hears

ubi sint, ruhere they are,

2.

Audiet, he will hear

Audiverit, he will

V ubi fueriat,

where they were

or

3.

have heard J

have

been.

Historical Tenses
1.

Audiebat, he
Audivit, he
A.}x^\yQX3ii,

was hearing had heard

^
)-

^^^.

^^^^^^^ ^^j^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^

2.

heard
he

^^. ^^.^^^^^^ ^j^^^^ ^,^^^

had been.

I.

SEQUENCE OE TENSES
a.

17

Observe what tenses of the subjunctive follow the present,

future,

the imperfect, perfect,

and future perfect {principal tenses), and what tenses follow and pluperfect (Jiistorical tenses).

297. Rule. vi principal tense is followed by the subjunctive present or perfect; an historical tense by the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect.
a.

Occasionally the perfect (classed as an historical tense) mean.

ing have, has

is

followed by the subjunctive present or perfect.

298.
cur,

VOCABULARY
adv.

why?
(in indirect

qu5, adv.
quot, adv.
ubi, adv.

whither?

die (imperative), say, tell.

how many?

num, adv. whether

questions).

See 273.

where ? unde, adv. whence?

rog5, rogare. rogavi, rogatus, ask.

sold, scire, scivi, scitus,

know.

299.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Scit quid agant, quid egerint.
3.
2.

Sciebat quid agerent,

riserint.
4.
5.

quid egissent.

Die mihi cur rideant, cur

Audi-

Rogaverunt cur laudaretur, cur laudatus asset. 6. Rogat cur laudentur, cur laudati sint. 7. Num in manibus ambulas ? illi pueri fecerunt ? 8. Quid 9. Die nobis quid illi pueri 10. Qu5 volant eae columbae ? 11. Bene scimus quo fecerint. volent domum volant. 12. Rogavi num saepe Romae fuisset.
;

verant unde milites venirent, unde milites venissent.

2. Some They are so lazy that they do not work. 5. I 4. He asked me why I had come. had heard where he had been. 6. The general asked whether they had all come from home. 7. How many soldiers are coming ? 8. Do you know how many soldiers are coming

II.

I.

Tell

me where you

were, what you did.

3.

came

to

see,

others to be seen.

Il8

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON L
READING LESSON
300.
' :

REVIEW

CAESAR WINS A VICTORY

Quae
res hostibus

Postero die Caesar ex castris exercitum eduxit et iter^ ad

flumen
nostris

fecit. ^

nota

est,

quorum peditatus

summo

in colle videbatur.

iuvarent, et militum

Turn Caesar equites in cornibus conlocavit ut peditatum suorum animos ad pugnam ita concitavit.

" Milites, omnis rei publicae spes in nostra virtute posita est. Audaces fortuna iuvat. Fortibus erit victoria." Hostes tarn acriter in nostram aciem impetum fecerunt ut hi paululum Brevi autem tempore hostes ita superati {a little) cederent.

simt ut ex omnibus pugnae partibus trans flumen fugerent.

Eorum dux captus

301.

et

Romam

missus

est.

VOCABULARY
peditatus, -us, m. infantry.
^vLgna.,-&e,i. battle, Jield
-i,

acriter, adv. spiritedly.

animus,

m.

Jtiind.,

spirit.

{of battle).
f.

autem, 3 conj.

bjit.

res publica, rei publicae,

republic,

coUis, -is (colli-),

m.

hill.

commonwealth,

state.

equitatus,

-iis,

m. cavalry.

trans, prep, with ace. across.

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessurus,

give way,

retire.

conloco, conlocare, conlocavi, conlocatus, set, station, place.

educo, educere, eduxi, eductus, lead out,

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus, aid, help.

draw

out,

draw.

302.
I.

EXERCISES
line of battle

Caesar drew up his

on a
3-

hill.

2.

'I'here

the soldiers remained a part of the day.

1

In order to rouse
a sentence.

iter fecit, tnarched.

Never

first in

Supply

est.

READING LESSON: REVIEW

the spirits of the soldiers, he said
:

II9
bold, soldiers,

" Wo.

(^este;

and the victory

infantry; the
5.

will

be yours."

4.

"The

cavalry will aid the

enemy will not withstand (sustineo) your attack." "They are brave men, but you are much braver." 6. Then the Romans fought very spiritedly. 7. Soon the enemy fled. 8. We do not know whither thev Hed.

303.
I.

REVIEW
gender of nouns of the
fifth

(live the rule for the

is

declension.

2.

Wliat case

used

in

Latin in sucli expressions as during three

3.

t/ijj's

he walked ten miles?

Find two similar examples

in 280,

I.

4.

Complete the English sentence,

5.

"The

farmer bought a plough,"

so as to illustrate purpose.

In turning your sentence into Latin,

?

with what word would the purpose clause begin

6.

What mood
the
infini-

must you use?

tive.

7.

In English so in

we often express purpose by

8.

Can you do

Latin?
9.

How

does a negative purpose

clause begin in Latin?

ut audiat in as
venit.

In the sentence venit ut audiat, translate

10. If venit were changed to you can. what would audiat be changed to? 11. What tenses of the indicative are classed as principal? What tenses as historical? 12. Give an example in English of a direct question and change it

many ways

as

into an

indirect question.

13. 14.

Give the rule for the mood of an

indirect question in Latin.

Show from
in a result

the model sentences in

289 and 294 how the subjunctive

question
is

clause and in an indirect

translated.

.\

KoiMAN Coin

I20

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

LI

NUMERALS
Descriptive Ablative and Genitive

304
MASC.

Piiradigms
FEM.

NEUT.

M.

&

F.

NEUT.
tria

Nom.
Gen.

unus
unius
uni

una
unius
uni

unum
unius
uni

tres

trium
tribus
tris,

trium
tribus
tria

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

unum
uno
MASC.

unam
una
FEM.

unum
uno
NEUT.

tres

tribus
SING.

tribus
PLUR.
milia

Nom.
Gen.

duo

duae

duo

mllle
mille

duorum
duobus duos, duo duobus

duarum
duabus
duas

duorum
duobus duo duobus

milium
milibus
mllia

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

mlUe
mllle mllle

duabus

milibus

305.

of unus, duo, tres,

a.
b.
e.

Learn the cardinals as far as eighty (491) and the declension and mille.
the declension of unus with that of
ille

Compare

(200).

Observe that

tres is declined like the plural of brevis (182).

:

The

cardinals from quattuor to centum inclusive are indeclinable

quattuor "hovamts, four

d.
e.

men;
is

quattuor hominum, offour men.

like the plural of bonus.
is

The hundreds, except centum, are declined

Mille in the singular
:

indeclinable and

used as an adjective
a noun

or as a neuter noun

mille (adj.) homines,

a thousand ?nen, or mQle

In the plural
it

(noun) hominum, a thousand {of) fnen.

only.

is

As
:

a noun

it

is

followed by the partitive genitive in both

numbers

quattuor milia hominum, y(??^r thousand {of) meti.

f. In viginti iinus, viginti duo, centum Snus, and similar cases, the centum trium pugnarum, of declinable numeral retains its inflection
:

a hundred {and) three battles.

NUMERALS
306.
1

Model
,.,

Sentences
,

Brutus fuit puer anim5 tardo, Brutus luit puer animi tardi,

...

,.^ Brutus was

J

"]

a boy of slow mind.

-^

2.

a.

Observe that

in

each sentence an adjective

is

used with an

ablative or a genitive for the purpose of description.

then, illustrate the descriptive ablative

These sentences,

and the descriptive genitive.

307.

Rule.

may

he

The ablative or the genitive of a noun used with an adjective to desci^ibe a person or

thing.
308.
I.

EXERCISES
Viri

-I.

summa
6.

virtute.
4.

2,

Urbs

duobus
5.

portubus.

3.

Pilum sex pedum.

epistulae.
rei

Viginti duae domus.

Duodetrilata.
9.

ginta
7.

Tria

flumina
8.

septuaginta

pedes

Gives unius

publicae.
10.

tribus agricolis.
II.

duabus manibus. Decem milia passuum.

tris

Cum

Omnis

Gallia

partis

habuit.
est.
13.

12.

Frater

meus

hodie duodeviginti annos natus^

In urbe nostra sunt

quinque oratores, novem poetae, quinquaginta milia civium.

14.

Pilum

Romanum
fuit

fuit

sex

pedes longum.
16.

15.

Trium

fratrum Marcus
est

maximus
18.

natu.

Mea

filia

tribus annis

minor natu quam

illis

filius tuus.

17.

Die mihi quot milites

vixit

sint in
fuit

castrls.

Caesar quinquaginta sex ann5s

of

animo prudentissimo. II. I. These are children

ten

one mother.
3.

2.

In that camp
is

were

thousand
4.

soldiers.
is

Your daughter

eleven

years old.
5.

The oak

a tree of

very beautiful foliage.

shore.
7.

The sailors see a thousand horsemen on the Have you a son who is twenty-one years old ? have come to aid you.
6.
'

We

natus, having been horn, hence old.

122

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON
NUMERALS
309.
ordinals
;

Lli
Continued

Learn the cardinals from eighty and the

read the others.

first

twenty-one

310.

VOCABULARY
legio, -onis,
f.

ann5 Domini, in the year of our

legion.

Lord = A.D.
ante Christum natum, before the
birth of Christ

Martius,

-i,

m. March.
(mensi-), m. tnonth.

mensis,

-is

B.C.

nobilis, -,

of high
-bris,

birth, noble.

dexter, dextra, dextrum, right.

October, -bris,

m. October.
m. September.

Februarius,

-i,

m. February.
i.

September,

gens, gentis (genti-),

family.

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left. soror, -oris,

f.

ingenium,

-i,

n.

genius.

sister.

decedo, decedere, decessi, decessQrus, depart, die.

311.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Primus

consul,

secundus

impetus,

tertia
3.

legio.

2.

Quinta

diei hora,

quarta noctis hora, noni passus.

Ter-

tium decimum fiiimen, undevicesimus puer, vicesima puella. 4. Duodecimae legioni, in colle sexto, ad urbem octavam.
5.

Roman! anni
6.

fuit

September mensis septimus, October

.?

octavus.
7.

Quo nomine nos appellamus mensem nonum Legio Romana quinque milia peditum, trecentos equites

habuit. 8. Caesar in dextro cornu decimam, in sinistro sextam legionem conlocavit. 9. Scisne quot annos Romani

Britanniam insulamtenuerint ? 10. Romani Britanniam Insulam annos trecentos quinquaginta tenebant. 11. Augustus anno Domini quarto decimo decessit. 12. Fuit gentis nobilis et
ingeni maximi.
13. Caesar quadragesimo quarto anno ante Christum natum decessit.

NUMERAJ.S
II.
I.

123

On

the fifteenth day they removed without delay

city.
2.

from the country into the

sister

Brutus

is

older than his

by five years. 3. The king has ruled so well that he is loved by all. 4. The king ruled so well that he was loved by all. 5. An hour is the twenty-fourth part of a day. 6. In
has the month (of) March
at

February there are twenty-eight days. 7. How many days 8. It happened that we were not ?

home

(for)

two days.

I.

SUNGER

2, 2.

LiGHT-ArMKU SOLDIERS

3, 3.

LeGIONARY SoLDIERS

124

FiJiST

YEAR LATIN
LIII
:

LESSON
V

Ten Irregular Adjectives

312.

Reading Lesson

The

following adjectives end in -ius in the genitive singular

and
is

in

-i

in the dative singular of all

genders (except that the genitive

of alter ends in -ius).

regular.

See the declension of unus (304).

to

The

plural

Commit them

memory

with their meanings.

alius, alia, aliud, other,

alter,

another

(486). nuUus, -a, -um, no, none,

solus, -a,

no one.

altera,

altefum, the other

-um,

alotie, sole, only.

all.

{of two).
neuter, neutra, neutrum,

totus, -a,

-um, whole,

neither

iillus, -a,

-um, any.

{of two).
uter, utra,

iinus, iina,

unum,

one.

utrum, which {of two)

uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two), both.

313.
alter

Commit
. .

to

memory
the one

the following idioms

.

alter,

the other {of two only).

alius
alii

alius,
alii,

one

another.
others.
. .

some

alius

aliud (ace), one one thing

another another.

314.
I. I.

EXERCISES
In altera fluminis ripa {bank) urbs, in altera erat
2.

nions.

Alii alia (ace.) dixerunt.

fuit.
4.
5.

3.

Duorum hominum

alter

imperator, alter poeta

Decimae

legionis solius virtute

totus exercitus servatus est.

fuit.
6.

Nomen

Caesaris toti urbi carum

Altera legio in dextro, altera in sinistro cornu a

est. 7. Uter puer est filius tuus? Caesar praises the bravery of the whole legion.
'

Caesare conlocata
II.
2.
I.

Which

of the (two)

boys has (115) the greater courage.'

READING LESSON
3.

125

One does one

.'

thing, another another.

will
5.

(sing.)

4.

Caesar

tenth legion alone.

Do you blame both march without any delay with the Which of the (two) sisters is the

more

beautiful

.'

315.

CAESAR AND VERGIL

duos homines
victor fuit

Roma
fait.

summo

ingenio habuit, alterum impera-

torem, alterum poetam.

Ille

Alterius gens nobilis, alterius rustica

Britanniae et totius Galliae

dedit.

hie toti

orbi terrarum

gaudium
nulli

Nulli

imperatori plus laudis

Vergilio

quam
natum

Caesari,

poetae plus

quam

datum

est.

Natus est {was born) Caesar centesimo anno ante Christum

;

Vergilius

anno undevicesimo ante Christum natum

fuit vita longissima,
.''

decessit.

Neutrius

sed utriusque erit laus

sempiterna.

Utri fuit melior fortijna

;

De

illis

hominibus

alius aliud dicit

nos utrumque laudamus.

126

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LIV
The
316.

Infinitive used as in English

Infijiitive

Paradigms
Act. Perf.
to

Act. Pres.
to love,
'

Pass. Pres.
to be

Pass. Perf.
to

have

have been

etc.

loved, etc.
a marl

loved, etc.

loved, etc.

I.

II.

amare monere
regere

moneri
regi

amavisse monuisse
rexisse

amatus esse
monitus esse
rectus esse

III.

III.

capere
audire
esse

capi
audiri

cepisse
audlvisse
fuisse

captus esse
audltus esse

IV.
Irreg.

a.

Write out similarly

in

two columns the active and passive

intini

tives future (497-502).

b.

Commit

to

memory

all

these infinitives with their meanings.

317.
I.

Model

Sentences
is

Laudari est gratum, to be praised

pleasant.

1. 3.

Vincere potest, he can {is able to) conquer.

Puer primus esse cupit, the boy wishes

to be first. to

4.
5.

Urbs capta esse

dicitur, the city is

said

have been taken.

good.
;

Nos esse bonos cupiunt, they wish us

in
i

to be

a.

Observe that

the infinitive

is

the subject
is

in 2, 3,

and 4

it

completes the meaning of the main verb and

called the comple-

mentary infinitive; in 5 it takes the accusative as its subject. b. Observe that in 3 the predicate adjective after esse agrees with so also in 4 the participle capta. the subject of the main verb
;

318.

Rule

I.

The

subject of the infinitive is in the

accivsative.

THE
Rule
ttivij
2.

l.XFlXirn E

USED AS AV EAUIJSH

12/

,/

iu'ediciitc adjective a/'ler

iiijiiiitlre

a coniiAenienagrees irith the subject of the main

rrrh.

319.
dives, divitis, rich.

VOCABULARY
potest, is able, can.
-i,

pensum,

n.
-i,

task.
n.

possunt, a/e able, can.

periculum,

danger.

praemium,

-i,

n.

reward.

c5nserv6. c5nservare. conservavl, conservatus, save, preserve.

debe5, debere, debui. debitus, owe, ought.
iubeS. iubere, iussi, iussus, bid, order.
lego, legere, legi, lectus, read.

puto. putare. putavi. putatus, think.

320.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Potest
3.

legere,

iubere,

iuvare.

2.

Possunt iuberi,
4.

iuvari, rogari.

Puer discere, rogare, educi debet.

5.

Dicun-

tur cessisse, conlocavisse, rexisse.

Putatur scripturus esse,

punitum
7.

iri.

6.

Epistula scripta esse putatur.

8.

Me

ornari iussit.

Dicitur ornatus esse.

?

9.

Qui pater

filium fortem esse

II.

non cupit

10. Alii alia

pensafacere debent.

Quis totius exercitus tarn

?

fortis fuit ut

impetum hostium
ingenio fuisse
14.

sustineret

12.

Vergilius et Caesar

summo
maior

putantur.

13.

Omnes homines divites

esse debuit.
15.

esse cupiunt.

Pensum

tuum scriptum
est?
II.

liter

natii fuisse dictus

16.
I.

Agricolae venerunt ut iuvarent.

We ought to be brave and good. 2. Who is said have received a greater reward ? 3. Do you bid me to be prudent ? 4. Your task is greater than mine, but my brother can do both (sing.). 5. The safety of the commonwealth ought to be preserved. 6. They were thought to have worked
to

diligently.
is

7.

The danger ought

to

have been seen.

S.Augustus

said to have died in the year of our

Lord

14.

128

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LV
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE
Indirect Statement
321. Direct

Statement
scribis,

Indirect Statement
Dicunt te scribere,
{they say you to write')

Tu

yoii write,
yott are writing.

they say that you are writing, they say

you are writing.

a.

Observe the changes made

:

in Latin in turning direct into indirect

statement
scribis
b.

the nominative tu

becomes the accusative, and the

indicative

becomes the

infinitive.

Observe how the Latin and EngUsh idioms

differ in indirect

statement, the metaphrase exactly representing the Latin.

Indirect statements follow verbs and 322. Rule. other expressions of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving, and are expressed hy the infinitive with subject accusative.
323.
Tenses of the Injitiitive in Indirect Statet?ient
Dicit se scribere, he says he is writing.

Dixit se scribere, he said he

was

writing.

324.

Rule.

'The present infinitive denotes the same

it

time as that of the verb on which

Dicit se scripsisse, he says

depends.

he has written.

Dixit se scripsisse, he said he

had

written.

325.

Rule.

The

perfect

infinitive
it

before that of the verb on

which

denotes depends.
would write.

time

Dicit se scriptiirum esse, he says he will write.

Dixit se scripturum esse, he said he

ACCUSATIVE AND hXFINITIVE

326.
(tftci'

29

Rule.

The

future

infinitive
it

that of the verb on which

denotes depends.

time

327.
arbor, arboris,
divitiae,
f.

VOCABULARY
tree.
f.

non iam, no longer.

post, prep, with ace. after.

-arum,

plur. riches, wealth.

frigus, -oris, n. cold, frost.

rQrsus, adv. again.

ver, veris, n. spring.

iam, adv. already, now, at last.

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutQrus, be here, be present.

scio, scire, scivi, scitus,

know.
break up.

solvo, solvere, solvi. solQtus, loose,

sper5, sperare, speravi, speratus, hope.

tego, tegere, texi, tectus, cover.

328.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Ver adest
;

vere frigus solvitur.

solvi.
3.

2.

Videmus ver
tegitur.
in arbo-

adesse et vere frigus

4.

Terra nive non iam

tegi.
5.

Omnes

vident terram nive non iam

Mox
in

ribus cantabunt

multae aves.
7.

6.

Scimus mox

arboribus

cantaturas esse multas avis.

8.

Agricolae agros iam arant.

?

Quis non videt agricolas agros arare

10.

9.

Quis non videt

agros ab agricolis aratos esse?

agricolis

Quis non putat agros ab

benign5s

mox aratum
12.

iri

.''

11.

Agricolae sperant divitias sibi

iis

futuras esse.
futijros esse.
II.
I.

Nos quoque speramus deos

cold winter
is

At

last

is

here again.
?

2.

Who

does

not

know

that cold winter

4.

here at last

3.

All the trees

are covered with snow.

You can
5.

(poles) see that all the

will
.''

trees are covered with snow.

6.

Soon no birds

be singing.
7.

Who knows

that no birds will soon be singing

of of

them have been killed by winter's cold. 8. them have been killed by winter's cold.
will

We
9.

think

Many many

The farmers

hope the gods

be kind to them.

30

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LVI
The Demonstratives
329.
idem,

Idem, Ipse, Iste

Paradigms
same
Singular
""

ipse,

-selj

Nom
Gen.

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

Idem eiusdem eidem

e'adem

idem
eiusdem

ipse
ipslus
ipsi

ipsa
ipsius
ipsI

ipsum
ipslus
ipsI

eiusdem

eldem

eldem

eundem e5dem

eandem eadem

idem

ipsum
ipso

ipsam
ipsa

ipsum
ipso

eodem
Plural

'

Nom.
Gen.

ildem

eaedem
1

e'adem

ipsI

ipsae

ipsa

^eldem
eorundeir earundem eorundem
f

ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum

ipsis

iisdem

iisdem

iisdem
ipsis ipsIs

Dat.
L

eisdem

eisdem

eisdem

Ace.
C

eosdem
iisdem

easdem
iisdem

e'adem
iisdem

ipsos
ipsIs

ipsas
ipsIs

ipsa
ipsis

Abl.

1 eisdem
330.
b.

eisdem

eisdem
of

a.

Review the declension

is

is

(138), hie and

is

ille

(200).

Observe that idem

declined like

with

dem added, except

that in the accusative singular and genitive plural

c.

is

changed

to n.

Learn the declension of

Decline together idem

iste, tJiat

(493).

d.

dies, res ipsa, istud

animal.

331.
1

Model
die

Sentences

Eodem

2.

3.
4..

/ saw my friend the same day. read that letter {ofyours). Amicus ipse ad me venit, j}iy friend himself came to me. Homo se culpavit nimium, the man blamed himself too much.

amicum

vidi,

Istam epistulam

legi,

/lave

THE DEMONSTRAril'ES
a.

IDIOM,
iste are

I1\SK,

ISIK

131

Observe

in

and

2 that

idem and

used as demonstra;

They may also be used without a noun that is, as Compare the uses of is (140, a and b). demonstrative pronouns. b. Iste is used of that which has some relation to the second
tive adjectives.

person, and
c.

may

often be translated this

Ipse

means

-self {himself itself etc.)

It is

translated even or very.

size a
like

ofyours or that ofyours. it may sometimes be the intensive pronoun, used to empha;

an adjective.
is

noun or pronoun expressed or understood, with which It must be sharply distin,<::;uished from
reflexive, not emi^hatic (221. b).

it

agrees
-self

se,

which

Compare

331, 3 and 4.

332.

VOCABULARY
oratio, -onis,
f.

difficultas. -atis, i. difficulty.

speech, plea.
n. desire,

idem

malus,

-a.

same -um, bad (260).

qui,
.

as.

stadium, studi,

study.

varius, -a, -um, rtarious.

voltus,
-iis,

numquam,

adv. never.

m. face, looks.

praedico. praedicare, praedicavi, praedicatus, proclaim, boast.

333,
I.
I.

EXERCISES
In eodem periculo.
4.
2.

Pensum eiusdem

difficultatis.
5.

3.

Ipsius hominis divitis.

Divitiae ipsae civium.

Divi-

tiae
7.

civium ipsorum.
mei.

6.

Post

eandem orationem.
video.
est
8.

Non iam eandem arborem

canis,
ille

Hie
11.

est

cibus
?

istius
10.

9.

Quis

semper eodem voltu

Is qui
12.
istis

Hie orator

se suasque orationes laudat.

de se

ipso praedicat

non sapiens esse

14.

dieitur.
13.

Hodie eadem

putasne quae heri {yesterday)'!

scribere iubet.
II.
I.

De

rebus

me ad

te

Sciunt ipsos vestros amieos eulpare vos.

trees are covered with snow.
2.

The very
father,

Do you

where those servants of yours are ? They are never at home. 3. That song of yours does not delight us it is the worst of all. 4. You have the same task as I. 6. I love 5. Various birds are singing in yonder (ille) trees.
know,
;

my

and praise those studies

of yours.

132

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

LVII

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
334.
a.

READING LESSON: REVIEW

interrogative quis (142)

Review the

and the

relative qui (210)

and learn the declension of the following

fully distinguishing the

indefinite pronouns, care-

meanings.

335.

Indefinite

Pronouns

Masc.
aliquis

Fem.
aliqua

Neut.
aliquid, aliquod, so7ne one, any one (496). quoddam, quiddam, a certain one (496). quidquam (no plur.), any one {at all).

quidam
quisquam
quivis

quaedam
quaevis

quodvis, quidvis,

any one {you please').

quisque

quaeque

quidque, quodque, each one, every one.

neuters, something, etc., are easily inferred.
is

Note.
a.

The meanings of the

aliqua,

Observe how

which

both the feminine nominative

singular and the neuter nominative plural of aliquis, differs from the corresponding forms of quis.
b.

Observe that quidam (qui

+ dam)

is

declined like qui, except

and genitive plural m of qui becomes n quendam, quandam, quorundam, quarundam also that the neuter has quiddam and quoddam in the nominative and accusative singular. c. Quisquam and quisque are declined like quis quivis like qui.
that in the accusative singular
:

d.

In the neuter of

all

the indefinites quid-forms are used as pro-

nouns, quod-forms as adjectives.

336.

AFRICA

Note.
for

Hereafter

in the

reading lessons consult the general vocabulary

new

words.

In Africa, terra maxima, sunt multae gentes plurium linguarum, urbes autem sunt paucae. Scriptor quidam vetus

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
scripsit

133

figCiram spectabit,
est

Africam insulae esse similem. Cuivis, qui Africae hoc esse verum videbitur.^ lam re vera''

Africa insula ingens,

transitur.^

De

Nili fontibus
;

nam isthmus angustissimus nemo antiquis temporibus

fossa

quid-

quam certi ^ cognoverat ^ nunc eidem fontes cuique noti sunt, nam a quibusdam viris audacibus sunt reperti.*^ Cotidie aliquid novl
"^

ex Africa audimus.

Alius aliud

scribit

quae sint
Agri

vera iudicabit quisque.

Crudelia olim bella in Africa gesta

sunt et hodie fortes gentes de imperio dimicant.

Eheu

vastantur, privata aedificia incenduntur, profunditur sanguis.

1

videbitur, will seem.

certi,

re vera, in fact.
^

transitur, is crossed.

quid-

quam
from

anything at
'

all (of) certain.

cognoverat,

had

learned.

^ reperti,

reperio.

aliquid novi,

something

(of)

new.

See 313.

337.
I.

EXERCISES
does that which every one says.
writer.
girl
3.
2.

He

have read a
at
5.

certain
4.

Nobody

relates

anything

all

new.

That

has something in her right hand.

live in the country.
7.

part of

each summer we

read to us by somebody.

6. To-day a story was At the same time certain (men)

come

to Caesar.
.

338.
I.

REVIEW
their

Give with

tive singular in -ius

meanings the nine adjectives that have the geniand the dative in -i. 2. Give five pronouns that
in the
?

make
case
ot
6.
tlie
is,

the genitive
is

and dative singular

iste,

same way.

3.

What

the neuter accusative always like

hie.
ille,

4.

Give the meanings

idem,

ipse.

5.

What
?

is

idem compounded of?

?

WHiat part of idem remains unchanged

accusative masculine singular written
9.

in declension
8.

7.

How

is

Pronounce the neuter

.''

nomi.ij.tive singular.

What does
12.
is

ipse

do

in a sentence
ir.

10.

Give

the oro.nals corresponding to 6, 9, 11, 17.

Express

in Latin in

two ways a thousand vien.

ablative.
13.

Give the rule for the descriptive

in respect to the

Tell

what tune
I.

denoted

main verb

by the

infinitive in 328,

2, 9,

11.

134

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON

LVIII

IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE

Commands and Appeals

339.

Imperative Paradigms
Pass. Imv. Pres. 2d Pers.

Act. Imv. Pres. 2d Pers.

Sing.

Plur.

Sing.

Plur.

ama, love

am ate
monete
regite

am are,

be loved

mone, advise
rege, rule

monere, be advised
regere, be ruled

amaminl monemini
regimini

cape, take
audi,
es, be

capite

capere, be taken
audire, be

capimini

hear

audite
este

heard

audimini

a.

Read

the future imperatives (497-502) and form the present

imperative of rogo, deleS, lego, recipi5, punio.

tive present (281, 282).

Review

the subjunc-

340.

Subjunctive

and Imperative Paradigms

Negative
ne

Affirmative

amem,
ama,
amet,

let

me

love.

amem,

let

me

not love.

love.
let

noli amare,

do not love.

him
let

love.

ne amet,

let

him not
let

love.

amemus,
ament,
a.

us love.

ne amemus,
n51ite

us not love.

amate, love.
let

amare, do not love.

let

them
in

love.

ne ament,

them not

love.

Observe
in

the above paradigm (i) that the subjunctive

is

used

affirmative

commands and appeals

is

in

the

first
;

and

third

persons, the simple imperative in the second person

(2) that the

subjunctive with ne {not)

jn

used in negative commands and appeals

;

the

first

and

third

persons

(3) that ne

is

not used with the

IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE

imperative
in

35

the second person, but

instead

tlie

imperatives

noli,

nolite {be univilling) with the infinitive.

b.

Write out a paradigm

like 340, using tango, touch.

341.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Librum
4.

lege.

2.

Ilium librum legant.

milites.
8.
5.

3.

Es bonus
librum.

imperator.
6. 9.

Este fortes
7.

Noli castra movere.

Ne
II.

regamus.

Ne

audiantur.

Legite

eundem
11.

Nolite delete.
I.

10.

Rogemus,
girls.
2.

recipiatur.

Id sciatur.
3.

Be merry,
friend.

Do
7.

not laugh, boys.

5.

Bid

him come,
6.

4.

Be warned.

Do

not destroy birds.

Let not birds be destroyed.

342.

Rule your minds.

VOCABULARY
-ae,
f.

memoria,

memory.

mors, mortis (morti-),

f.

death.

memoria

tene5, reffiember.

vinum,

-i,

n.

wine.

decipio, decipere, decepi, deceptus, deceive.

tangd, tangere, tetigi, tactus, touch.

timeo, timere, timui,

,fear.

343.

EXERCISES

I. Ne miles mortis periculum timeat. I, 2, Nuntium ad Eum moneamus ne domo discedat. Caesarem mittamus. 3. 4. Nolite consilia malorum audire. 5. Scribite, puellae, cotidie 6. Scripserunt quae facerent. ad parentes quae facialis. 8. Quisque 7. Istos tuosvoltus, non orationes, memoria teneo. suam domum fortiter defendat. 9. Ne te quisquam decipiat

de

istis

rebus.
I.

II.

certain
3.

man
Men,

told
let
5.

me something
us not touch
it.

new.^
4.

2.

Touch

not wine, boys.

Let not the

same difficulty scare us. any one you please. 6.

Africa are' brave.
1

will

read that book of yours to

-

We
2

hear that even

the

women

in

7.
7.

Do

you remember your task?

gee 331, c
^

See 336, note

See 322.

136

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LIX
COMPOUNDS OF SUM: READING LESSON
Dative with Compounds
344.
b.
c.
:

Dative of Service

a.

Learn the

inflection of

possum (503) and prosum (504).

Possum, be
Prosum,

able, can, is

benefit, is

compounded of potis, able, and sum, be. compounded of prod (old form of pro, for)
is

and sum.

In inflection the d of prod

retained before

e.

345.

Compounds of sum
afui, afutiirus, be

absum, abesse,

away,

be absent.

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus, be present, aid.

desum, deesse, defui, defuturus, be lacking, fail.
insum, inesse,
infui,
,

be in, be ajnong.

intersum, interesse, interfui, interfutiirus, be avjong, be present.

obsum, obesse, obfui,

possum, posse, potui,
praesum, praeesse, praeful,

be agaiiist, hinder, injure. be able, can.

,

be at the head,

command.

prosum, prodesse, prof ui, profutiirus, be of advantage to, benefit. supersum, superesse, superfui, be over, survive.
,

346.
1.

Model

Sentences

Verus amicus amico prodest, a true friend benefits a friend.

Quis equitibus praefuit
.?

2.

ivho

commanded the horsemen

a.

Observe that prosum and praesum are intransitive and govern

are transitive.

the dative, wliile the corresponding English verbs, benefit and com-

mand,
347.

Rule.

Many

verbs

con, in, inter, oh, j^ost, 2>rae, ])rd, sub,

compounded ivitJi ad, and super

ante,

often

govern the dative.

COMPOUNDS
a.

Oi^

SUM

137

Some of

these

compounds

are transitive

and take both an accusa-

tive

and a dative. Insum is often followed by in with the ablative, and intersum by inter with the accusative; see 350, lines i and 5.

348.
1

Model

Sentetices

Milites ibi erant praesidio. soldiers

were there as {for) a

defence.

2.

Auxilio eis mittuntur copiae. /roops are sent as (for) a help to them.
a.

Observe that the datives praesidio

in

and

auxilio in 2 are used

denote the end or purpose, that for which a thing serves ; hence This dative may be accompanied by called the dative of service.
to

another, as nobis, in

2,

the ordinary indirect object.

See 78 and 79.

The dative is used with sum and a few 349. Rule. other verbs to show that for which a thing serves.
350.

FRIENDSHIP

In vera amicitia

magnum

inest praesidium.

adest amico neque deerit in difficultatibus.

Amicus verus Amico prodesse

dulce

Amicus fidus non aberit est, amico deesse turpe est. Mores mali amicitiae obsunt. ab amico in mala fortuna. Cicero Inter homines malos vera amicitia non interest. Multae Ciceconsul rei publicae praefuit et amicis profuit.
ronis epistulae eiusque

amicorum supersunt.
is

Prodeste, pueri

puellaeque, amicis.
praesidio.

Amicis

(dat.) in periculo este auxilio et

Infelix est

qui amicis superfuit omnibus.

351.

EXERCISES

2. He I. Caesar had (in Caesar ioas) a very good memory. never lacked courage (courage was never lacking to him). He commanded brave men, and was present at many 3.

battles.

4.

He

benefited and injured his country.

6.

5.

He

was a terror
last

(dat.) to his foes.

He

did not survive his

(proximus) wars

many

years.

138

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LX
Participles
352.
b.
:

Reading Lesson

a.

Learn the participles of the model verbs (497-501).

Participles in -ns are declined like

amans (485)

those in -us,

like
c.

bonus (483).
Participles agree with nouns

and pronouns

like adjectives.

353.
1
.

Model
urbe manentem {you staying) in
vidi,

Sentences

Te

in

/ saw you while you were staying

the city.

2.

3.

est, the city, though it was besieged {having been besieged) for a long time, was not taken. Caesar ea re commotus in Galliam properavit, Caesar, because he
7C'as

Urbs diu oppugnata non capta

alarmed {having been alarmed) by

general
is

this circumstance,

hastened into Gaul.

4.

Dux

victus se recipiet, if the

defeated {the general

defeated), he will retreat.

5.

Dona missa

recepit,

he received the gifts which

had

been sent

{gifts sent).
6.

Caesar prlncipem captum

and sent him

a.

to

Romam misit, Caesar took a chieftain Ro?ne {sent a taken chieftain).

first

Observe that
is

in

each of the

five

sentences the Latin parti-

ciple

In 6 the participle is best rendered by a verb coordinate with the main verb. The tenses of the participle denote time relatively to the time of the main verb, like
the tenses of the infinitive (324-326).

equivalent to a clause in English.

354.

VOCABULARY
venenum,
-i,
r\.

contra, prep, with ace. against.

historia, -ae,
f.

poison.

history.

yicinus, -a, -um, neighboring.

PARTICIPLES

READIXC LESSOX
lead back.

39

commoveo, commovere, commovi, commotus, viove, rouse.

reduco, reducere, reduxi, reductus,

inquit (defective, used after

one or more quoted words), sauf.

interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus, kill,

put

to death.

munio, munire, munivi, mvLnit\xs, fortify.

vincio, vincire, vinxl, vinctus, hind.

355.

FABRICIUS AND THE PHYSICIAN

Fabricius consul factus contra Pyrrhum, regem quendam,

missus
vicina.

est.

Accidit ut consul ipse et Pyrrhus castra haberent

rex

Ne
"si

impetum

faceret,

castra munivit Fabricius.

venit.

De

nocte

Pyrrhl

medicus

ad Fabricium
-

"Ego,"

inquit,

mihi praemium dederis,

interticiam."
tus,

"Tu, pessime,"

dominum meuni veneno inquit Fabricius ira commo-

"ad tuum dominum statim vinctus mitteris." Tum medicum vinctum ad Pyrrhum regem rediici iussit. Nonne ilium pessimum hominem morte punivit Pyrrhus? Historia non
narrat

num medicus

a Pyrrho interfectus

sit.

356.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Aliquis

fabulam
novi.
4.

quandam
3.

narrabat.

2.

Quoque
vidi

anno disco
peiorem
interfuit.
illo
6.
7.

aliquid

Numquam quemquam
ridens dixit.
5.

homine.

Haec mihi
in

Pugnae

Medicum Pyrrhi

Fabric! castris

manentem

Verba pessima eius dicentis^ audiebamus. II. I. Do not, Roman, put the doctor to death. 2. Order him to be bound and led back to the king. 3. Let him punish him with death. 4. Let him be led back that he may be punished. 5. Fabricius, though^ moved with anger, did this.
vidimus.
"*

6.

If" the physician

is set free,

he
''

will

be glad.
free.

7.

They say

the physician was glad because

1

he was set

in.
2"

miscreant.
4'

of him speaking

as he spoke.

J53, 6.

'

353.

353.

353.

3-

140

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXI
PARTICIPLES Cojitinued
Ablative Absolute
357.
the
Consul,
castris

Model

Sentences
"1

V[ium\x&,'Roma.m.i
venit,

camp having been fortified, when the camp had been fortified, 'whe}t he had fortified the camp,

the constil
Y

having fortified the camp, after fortifying the camp,

r

came to Rome,

this

having been done,

is

^
I

2.

Hoc facto
J

since this has been done,

i

we

shall

vincemus,

if this

done,

conquer.

by doing this,
that the

a.

Observe

in
it

noun

castris

and the

participle miinitis

agreeing with

are in the ablative, and denote the time of the action

;

expressed by venit

in 2 that hoc

and facto are

(if),

denote the cause (since), or condition

called the ablative absolute.
b.

or

in the ablative and some other circum-

stance of the action expressed by vincemus.

An

ablative so used

is

Two

nouns, or a noun and an adjective, without a participle are

in the

sometimes used

same way

Caesare duce, vincemus, under the

leadership of Caesar, if Caesar

c.

is

our

leader,

we

shall conquer.

The

Latin perfect participle

is

passive, not active.

Accordingly

such a sentence as " Caesar, having defeated the Gauls, returned to

Rome

" has to

be cast into the form " Caesar, the Gauls having been

defeated, returned to

Rome,"

Caesar, Gallis victis,

Romam
used

rediit.

358.

Rule.

The ablative ahsohtte

main
verb.

is

to

express

the time, cause, conditioti, or

some other circinnstance

of the action of the

a.^The ablative absolute should seldom be translated literally. Various ways of translating it are shown in the model sentences.

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
The
best

I41

way

in

sidering

what idea the ablative reference to the main clause.

359.

any particular case must be determined by conabsolute seems to convey with

VOCABULARY
-i,

Amulius,

m. Amulius.
n. help., aid.

pecus, -oris, n. Jlock, cattle.

ripa, -ae,
f.

auxilium, auxili,

bank.

geminus,

-a,

-um, twin-born, twin-,

super, prep, with ace. above., over.

latro, -onis,

m. robber.

Tiberis, -is (ace. -im), v^.the Tiber.

condo, condere. condidi, conditus, establish, build,

effundo, effundere. effudl, effusus,

found.

pour

out,

spread abroad.

360.
I. I.

Hostibus
expCignato.

victis.
4.

2.

Cicerone consule.
viso.
5.

3.

Oppido
Amulio
paucis
*

quodam
6.

H5c

His rebus
est.
8.

repertis.
7.

Romulus, urbe condita, rex vocatus

latrones

rege Tiberis super ripas effusiis est.

a pecoribus

Gemini
10.

fratres ipsi

arcebant.

9.

Hoc oppidum,

defendentibus, Caesar expiignare non potuit.

tor,

Tum
Hi
13.

imperacaptivi

"Milites," inquit, "reducite captivos."

sunt.
12.

11.

eidem fortissime pugnantes capti

equitibus
qui

Quis praefuit
Mijnite

imperatori

auxilio

missi

sunt?
14.

urbem, cives, ne ab
cives
II.

hostibus capiatur.

Urbe munita,

non iam terrebantur.

I.

When
2.

he had heard these words, he was much

led back"^

moved.
3.

The physician was

and put
Amulius.

to death.
4. 5.
7.

Romulus, having

freed'' his brother, killed

HavLet

ing taken'' the city, the soldiers set free the prisoners. us rouse the citizens.
girls
1

6.

Boys, aid your friends.

Those

were a help
Though,
etc.

to their teacher.
6,
^

"-Compare 353.

See 357,

c.

"

See 348.

14^

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXII
PARTICIPLES
Continued

The Gerundive
361.

The gerundive
it

is

a verbal

adjective and agrees

with the noun

362.
1.

modifies.

Model

Sentences

EI homini aurum servandum dedit, he gave the gold to that keep {the gold to be kept).
Caesar erat cupidus urbis delendae, Caesar

man

to

2.

was
to

desirous of destroyseek peace,

ing the city {of the city

3.

to be destroyed).

Ad pacem petendam

venerant, they

came

for the

purpose of seeking peace {for peace

a.

to be

sought).

Observe

in

each of the above sentences that the gerundive

Notice also the way
in

agrees with a noun.

which the noun and

gerundive are translated.

b.

Observe that

in

servandum and

in 3

ad pacem petendam express

i

purpose, and are equivalent to ut servaret and ut pacem peterent (288,

).

363.
coniunx, coniugis,
cupidus,
-a,
f.

VOCABULARY
wife.

summus,
(489).
vis, vis,

-a,

-um, highest, greatest

-um, desirous, fond.

pastor, -oris,

m. shepherd.

f.

force, strength, power,

signum,

-i,

n. sign, signal.

might (482).

augeS, augere, auxi, auctus, increase, enlarge.

convenio, convenire, conveni, conventus, cotne together, assemble.
educo, educare, educavi, educatus, bring up, train. induo, induere, indui, indutus, paro, parare, paravi, paratus,

put

on.

make

ready, prepare.

peto, petere, petivi (petii), petitus, seek,

ask for, ask.

saluto, salutare, saliitavi, salutatus, greet, salute.

THE GERUNDIVE
364.
I.
I.

143

EXERCISES
Pontis
faciendi.
4.
2.

Epistulis scribendis.

3.

Ad

epistulas

scribendas.

Epistula

scribenda.

5.

Viribus

augendis.
7.

6. In petenda pace. Pastor geminos coniugi educandos dedit.

8.

Legati de
curat.'

pace facienda venerunt.

10.

9.

Caesar pontem faciendum

videndae
12.

Multi

convenerunt

studio

urbis.

11.

Multi

reges bellorum gerendorum sunt cupidi.

Legio ad bellum

gerendum paratissima- erat. 13. Ad galeas ' te salutamus. 15. defuit. 14. Nos morituri impetum in hostis summa vi fecerunt. 2. For (ad) I. Of seeing the town. II. 4. By of battle. 3. By founding a city.
5.

induendas tenipus Signodato milites

drawing up a line carrying on war.

In (in) laying waste the

6.

fields.

Everything was made ready for

killed* Amulius, the brothers
off

(ad) training the boys.

7.

Having

founded a

city.

8.

By

keeping
9.

the robbers they are a help* to the shepherds.

**

We
1

are ready

to help (iuvo)^ the shepherds.

2 2>ery

^
^

about

has a bridge built {takes care a bridge to be built). See 6566348. to die. 357, f.
I.

well prepared.

ready

prepared.

Compare

12.

Roman Sandals

144

J^/RST

YEAR LATIN
LXIII

LESSON

THE GERUND
365.

The gerund

is

a verbal

noun used
singular.

in

the genitive,

dative, accusative,

and ablative

366.
367.
1.

Learn the gerunds of the model verbs (497-501).

Model
erat

Sentences
the general

Dux

cupidus

urbem
city.

delendi,

was

desirous of

destroying the
2.

Ad pugnandum

venerunt, they

came for fighting, for

is

the ptirpose

3.

of fighting, to fight. Mens discendS alitur, the mind

a.

strengthened by leanmig.
is

Observe
Observe
it

in

each sentence that the gerund

i

used

like

any other

noun, and that in

b.

it

has an object (urbem) like a verb.

in 2 that the

gerund with ad denotes purpose, and com-

pare
c.

with ad pacem petendam (362, 3). Compare urbem delendi (i) with urbis delendae (362, 2), and

note that the two phrases have the same meaning.

368.
amor,
-oris,

VOCABULARY
m. love.
f.

industria, -ae,

f.

industry.

ars, artis (arti-),

art.
;

nomen,
abl.

-inis, n.

name.
n.

causa, -ae,

f.

cause, reason

propius, adv. nearer.

for the sake

deus,
-i,

(after a genitive).

spatium, spati,

room, space,

m.

god

(482).

time, opportunity.
iitilis, -e,

idoneus, -a, -um,_/f/, suitable.

useful.

accedo, accedere, accessi, accessiirus,

conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus,

come near, approacJi.

throw, hurl.

contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptus, despise.

navig5, navigare, navigavi, navigatus, sail, cruise.
oro, orare, oravi, oratus,

speak, beg, plead.

THE GERUND
369.
I. I.

45

EXERCISES
Ars Vivendi.
4.
2.

Amor

pugnandi.
5.

3.

Industria in
6.

agendo.

Inter
7.

navigandi.
9.

pugnandum. Causa mittendi.

^

Uicendo.

Difficultas

8.

Mittendi causa.
Libri sunt utiles legendo.
12.

Orator fineni orandi

fecit.

10.

II.

Ars pueros educandi

13.

est

difificilis.

Adsumus
15.

discendi

causa.
14.

Milites

erant

cupidi

oppidum

expugnandi.
pila in

hostis coniciendi'-

Naves ad navigandum paratae non datum est.

idonei.
17.

erant.
16.

Spatium

lUi libri ad

legendum

non sunt
nulla re

Homines ad deos propius accedunt

hominibus dando.
scripsit.
19.

quam

saliitem

18.

Cicero librum

de conteninenda morte
fecit.
II.
I.

Nox finem oppOgnandi

ing.

4.

killing.

By fortifying. 2. While writing.^ 3. In (in) sayFor the sake of assembling. 5. For the purpose of 6. For the sake of seeking peace.'* 7. The difficulty
killing'' 10.

of approaching.
8. 9.

The same physician was desirous of Time was not given for (of) pleading.

the king.

The master
12.

teaches us (ace.) the art of living well.-

11.

Brothers, let us

rouse the citizens and set free the prisoners.

Having

roused the citizens,^ we shall set free the prisoners.

1

during, while.
^

two ways.

^ for hurling. See 357, ^.

Compare

I. 4.

Express

in

#>:

A Roman Coin

146

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXIV
THE SUPINE: ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION
Reading Lesson
370.
tive
:

Review

The

supine

is

a verbal

and ablative singular, and

noun used only in the accusais wanting in most verbs.

These

371.

Learn the supines of the model verbs (497-501).

are given in the paradigms merely to illustrate the forms.

372.
1.

Model

Sentences

Legati

Romam

veniunt pacem petitum, ambassadors come to

Rome

to seek peace.
2.

Id facile est

factii,

thai

is

easy to do, to be done

{^in

the doing).

3.

Gallos virtute superant, they surpass the

Gauls

in courage.

a. Observe in i that the supine petitum expresses purpose, like ut pacem petant and ad pacem petendam. b. Observe in 2 and 3 that the ablatives factu and virtute answer Such ablatives are called ablatives the question z what respect?

of specification.
373. Rule. The supine in -um is used after verbs of motion to express purpose. 374. Rule. The ablative is used to denote in tvhat

respect
375.
1.
I.

a thing

is true.

EXERCISES
Galli legates

2.

4.
6.

ad Caesarem miserunt rogatum auxilium. 3. Veni te laudatum. Eos tu ad me salutatum miseras. 5. Quid optimum est factu Quidam sunt homines non re sed nomine. 7. Hannibal
Dixerunt se auxilium petitum venisse.
8.

.''

patri virtute similis erat.

9.

Num

puer virum

vi

superat

.'^

Oppid5 expugnato, Caesar copias

in castra reduxit.

'

ABLATH'E OF SPECIFICATION
II.
2.
I.

47

The poor
like
4.

soldiers

are tired

in
3.

Are you

your brother in daring?

mind and body. That is easier to

aid.
5.

say than to do.

girls

Deputies came to ask for

6.
?

Many
a

are fond of reading books.

Who

formed

(capio)

design of killing Cicero the consul

376.

ROMAN CONSULS

Romani, regibus expulsis/ duos consules quotannis habeConsulatus erat apud Romanos magistratus amplissiDictator magni periculi temporibus munera omnium mus. magistratuum praestabat. Consules togam praetextam gerebant.
bant,^ et in sella curuli sedebant.

Nisi in urbe

Roma

vitae

manibus consulum erat. Duodecim lictores ibant {went) ante consulem cum fascibus, insignibus illis huius imperi, atque poenae instrumentis.^ Munus erat consulum senatui * praesidere et rem ^ publicam administrare. Consulibus quoque erat munus exercituum diicendorum in hostis populi Romani.
necisque
potestas
in
1

From

expello.

wore.

An

appositive with fascibus.

See 347.

rem publicam, the public

business.

377.
I
.

REVIEW
form
is

What two moods

the
3.

active

singular.''

not send.
out in 360,

4.
I,

commands and appeals.? 2. What same as the passive imperative present, second Translate into Latin do not send., let us send, let them Give the rule for the dative with compounds. 5. Point an instance of the dadve of service. 6. Give five posare used in
7. is

sible translations of rege interfecto.

Give the rule for the ablative

using the gerun-

absolute.

8.

In 364,
in

I. 7,

what idea

implied in the gerundive educanfirst

dos?

9.

Express

Latin of taking the town,

10.

dive, then the gerund.

or

gerund with ad

11.

What idea is expressed by the gerundive What is a verbal noun? 12. Give in English
noun with an
object.

some new examples

of a verbal

148

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXV
REVIEW OF VERB-FORMS
Reading Lesson
Note.
378.
(498).

For some classes

Review
the

it

may

be well to divide this lesson into two.

complete inflection of amo (497) and moneo

379.

VOCABULARY (REVIEW)
do, dare, dedi, datus, gij'e.

imple5, implere, implevi, impletus, y?//, cover.

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iiissus, bid, order,
iuvo, iuvare,
iiivi,

co7nmand.

iQtus, lielp, aid.

maneo, raanere, mansi, mansus, stay, remain.

monstro, monstrare, monstravi, monstratus, sliow, point
ottt.

muto, miitare, mQtavi, mutatus, change.

oro, orare, oravi, oratus,

speak, beg, plead.

,

teneo, tenere, tenui,

hold, keep.

video, videre. vidi, visus, see; pass., be seen, seem.

380.
I.
I-

EXERCISES
Dant,
iuvant,

implent,
3.

manent.
Orate,

2.

Monstramus,
tenete,

mutamus,
implete.
orabat,

iubemus,
4.

videmus.
miitavisti,
6.

monstrate,
5.

liivisti,

mansisti, tenuisti.

Dabat,

implebat,

iubebat.
7.

Monstraverunt,

mutaverunt,

iusserunt, tenuerunt.
bitur.
9.

Mutabitur, iuvabitur, videbitur, teneest,

8.

lata

est,

monstrata

impletum
10.

est,

visum

est.

Orari, mutarl, tenerl, implerl.

Monstraturus, oratura,

11. MCitandi, monstrandum, iubendo, Datum, oratum, visii. 13. Dedisse, oravisse, implevisse, vidisse. 14. Ut iuvarera, ne mutaret, ut teneren-

impleturus, mansura.
12.

videndum.
tur,

ne iuberetur.

RE 17E IV OF VERB-FORMS
II.
I.

149
2. I

He

gives, she aids,

it

remains, he sees.

shall

aid,

we

shall give,

you

will order,

they will hold.

filled,

3.

To have

aided,
4.

to have

changed, to have
5.

to

have remained.

let

let him show, them fill. 6. I was (being) aided, you were (being) changed, he was (being) commanded, they were (being)

Give, show, stay, keep.

Let

me

help,

us stay,

let

held.

7.

To have been shown,

8.
.

to be changed, to

have been
keeping,

bidden, to seem.
while
filling:.

Of showing, by praying,

for

381.

ROMULUS AND REMUS

Romulus et Remus erant gemini fratres, filii Martis del et Rheae Silviae, Vestae sacerdotis. Hac re cognita, Amulius, Parvulos rex Albanurum, matrem ipsam in vincula coniecit.
alveo imposuit et abiecit in Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas
eflfusus

erat

sed flumine relabente

(siibsidi?tg),

eos aqua in

sicco

reliquit.

lambit,

Lupa ad vagitum occurrit, infantis lingua matremque se gessit. Hanc rem Faustulus, pastor
et

regius, animadvertit,

eos

portavit

in

casam, et coniugi

dedit educandos.

The Twins discovered by Faustulus

150

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXVI
REVIEW OF VERB-FORMS (::^//<?fl'
Reading Lesson
Note.
382.

For some classes

it

may be

well to divide this lesson into two.

Review the complete

inflection of rego (499), capio (500),

and audio (501).

383.

VOCABULARY (REVIEW)
emo, emere, emi, emptus,
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus,
b2ty.

throw, hurl,

cast.

munio, munire, mOnivi, miinitus, /(?r///y.

pono, ponere, posui, positus, ptit, place, set.
recipio, recipere, recepi, receptus,
scio, scire, scivi, scitus,

take back, receive.

know.

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus, touch.

teg5, tegere, texl, tectus, cover, co?iceal.

venio, venire, veni, ventiirus, couie.

vinco, vincere, vici, victus, conquer, defeat.

384.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Emit, munit, tangit, vincit.
venerunt.
4. 3.
2.

lecerunt, posuerunt,
tegebatis,
5.

tetigerunt,

Ponebatis,

recipiebatis,

vincebatis.

Emerit, muniverit, sciverit, tetigerit.

6.

lace,

recipe, tege, veni.

7.

Posuerant, texerant, vicerant, miiniverant.

8.

Emisse, iactum esse, posuisse, miinitum esse.

9.

Ponimur,

tangimur, tegimini, vincuntur.

recepta
entes.
est, tecti estis.

Emptum

est,

iacta sunt,

10.

MCmiens, ponens, scientes, venirecipient,

11.

Ement,

iacientur,

vincentur.
13.

12.

Ut

muniant, ut recipiantur, ne ponant. ne tegantur.

tegendo, emendo, vincendo.
14.

Ponendi,

Empturus

esse, recipi, tangi,

venturam

esse.

REVIEW OF VERB-FORMS
II.
I.

151

They
2.

are throwing, they touch, they come, they are

buying;.

He was
I

covering, he knew, he was

placing, he

received.

3.

shall
4.

come, you

will

conquer, he will put,

we

That he may know, let us throw, that you may not touch, let them not place. 5. It has been covered, she has been received, we have been defeated, they have been
shall fortify.

touched.

6.

To have

fortified, to
7.

hurled, to have been touched.

8.

have been bought, to have Come, throw, buy, conquer.

Of throwing,
be bought,
I

for receiving, to place,

shall

by covering.
will

9.

It

will
will

be received, they

be covered, he

be touched.

385.

ROMULUS AND
'

U^yiX}^

Continued
primo
ludicris

Pueri adultl

(ja/ien

grown up)

inter pastores

certaminibus viris^ auxerunt,'' deinde venando saltus peragrare

et

latrones a rapina
;

latronibus captus est

lus necessitate

pecorum arcere coeperunt.* Remus a Romulus vi se defendit. Tunc Faustuesset.

compulsus^ indicavit Romulo quis

Hie

statim, pastoribus armatis,"

vit,

Amiilium

interfecit.
**

iisdem locis ubi expositi

Albam properavit. Fratrem liberaPostea Romulus et Remus urbem in educatique erant condiderunt. Hanc

urbem Romulus
1

Romam

vocavit.
^
*

From adolesco. 2 ,^(-c. plur. from vis. ' See 358. From compello. ^ See 295.

From From

augeo. expono.

From

coepi.

Roman Coins

152

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXVII
DEPONENT VERBS
Ablative with Certain Deponents
386.

Deponent verbs have passive forms with

active

meanings.
tions,

They occur
:

in

each of the regular conjugainfinitive

and are distinguished by the ending of the

present, as follows
First conj.

-ari
-eri

Third conj.
Fourth conj.

-i

Second
a.

conj.

-iri

Learn the principal

parts, the meanings,

and the synopses of

the deponents in 509.

b.

Observe that the following are active forms

Inf. future

hortatiirus esse

Gerund

hortandi,

Act. supine
c.

hortatum

hortando, etc.
:

Observe that there are participles of both voices

hortans, urging.
hortatiirus,

Pres.

Perf.
to urge.

\ioridus,

having urged.
to be urged.
is

Fut.
d.

about

Gerundive hortandus,

Observe
;

that the perfect participle of deponents

is

active in

meaning

the gerundive

passive.

387.
1

Model

Sentences

Auro utuntur, they use gold.

Luce
soils frulmur,

2.

we

enjoy the light of the sun.

a. Observe that auro and

liice

are in the ablative, while the corre-

sponding words
388.

in

English are direct objects of their verbs.

Rule.

The
and

five deponents utor, fruor, fiingor,

potior, vescor,

their

compounds govern the

ablative.

'

DEPONENT VERBS
389.
llbertas, -atis,
f.

53

VOCABULARY
liberty, freedom.

sapientia, -ae,
scriptor, -oris,
sol, solis,

f.

ivisdom.

nemo, dat.

-ini (nuliius for gen.,

nuUo

m. writer.

for abl.), m.

no one, nobody.

m.

sufi.

nunc, adv.

now.

usus, -us, m. use,

advantage.

cre5, creare, creavi, creatus, create, choose, elect.

expello, expellere, expuli, expulsus,

fruor, frui, fructus

drive out, expel.

sum, enjoy. sum, imitate, copy.

imitor, imitarl, imitatus

proficlscor, proficlscl, profectus

reficio, reficere, refeci, refectus,

sum, set out, tnarch.

7nake over, repair.
nse
of,

utor, uti,

usus sum.

tise,

make

employ.

390.
I. I.

EXERCISES
Hortatur, verebantur, sequetur.
3.
2.

Potit! sunt, iitiminl,

uteris.

Hortans, verentes, secutiirus.

5.

4.

Veritus, potiendi, severerl, usus esse.

quendo, verendo.
6.

Ad
7.

utendum, hortatum,

VereminI deos.
8.

Caesar hortatus est milites ut duces

sequerentur.

Scriptor

quidam vetus
10.

scripsit

**
:

Nunc

puerl
Illo

omnia
eos
12.
13.
14.

sciunt,

neminem
11.

verentur, imitantur

die exercitus proficlscebatur.

neminem." Ipse cum omnibus

^

9.

copiis

sequebatur.

Tempore

litamur

cum

sapientia.
sunt.
usui.^

Regibus- Roma^ expulsis, duo consules creati Omnia deerant quae ad reficiendas navis erant Semper bona exempla imitari possumus.
II.
T.

They

urge, he fears, they will follow.

3.

2.

We

use,
of,

you reverence, he has used.

imitating, for (ad) setting out.
4.

Having got possession

out.
5.

Caesar ordered the same two legions to set

6.

Let
7.

us always imitate the good.

Do

not follow bad men.

8.

We

have enjoyed the love of our mother.

fight, let
1 ^

(Being) about to

us put on our helmets.

2

See 340.

See 35S.

See 197,

3.

See 349.

154

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXVIII
THE IRREGULAR VERBS
V0L5, NOLO,

MALO

Dative with Intransitive Verbs

Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of malo (505). Note the irregularities in the present of the
391.
indicative,
volo, nolo,
infinitive,

and subjunctive.

For the imperfect subjunctive, see 287,

a.

392.
1.

Model Sentences

Hic liber mihi placet, this book pleases me.

2.

Amico persuadet ut hoc

faciat,

he persuades his friend

to

do

this.

a.
lish

Observe that mihi and amico are

in the dative, while the

Eng-

equivalents are the direct objects of transitive verbs.

393.

Rule.

Most

verbs

help, please, trust,

and

meaning to believe, favor, their opposites, also to com-

mand,

obey, pardon, persuade, resist, serve,

and

spare,

and

the like, govern the dative.

394.
enim,i conj./^^r.
mulier,
-eris,
f.

VOCABULARY
neque
. .

neque, neither

nor.

woman.

occasus,

-lis,

m. setting.

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus

sum, think, suppose.

try, test.

experior, experiri, expertus

sum,

faveo, favere, favi, fauturus,/7/^r.

malo, malle, malui,

be

noceo, nocere, nocui, nociturus,

nolo, n511e, nolui,
,

more willing, prefer. harm, injure.

be unwilling, will not.

parco, parcere, peperci, parsus, spare.

persuades, persuadere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade.

placeo. placere, placul, placitus, please, be
volo, velle, volui,
'
,

pleasing

to.

be willing, wish, will.

Never

the

first

word

in

a sentence.

THE IRREGULAR VERBS \OLU, NuLO, MALO

395.
r.
I.

155

EXERCISES
Voltis, nolumus, mavis.
3.
2.

Ut

velimus, ut nolit, ut

malit.
5.

Noli, nolle, maluisse.

6.

4.

Vobis persuadendi causa.

tibi nocere.
7.

Volt mihi favere.

Nolunt
8.

Tibi pro-

desse

quam
9.

nocere malumus.
vis

Malebat esse quam videri

?

bonus.

Nonne

matri tuae esse auxilio

1 1.

10.

Arbitra-

mur eum

voluisse equitatui praeesse.

12.

Nolite, pueri puellae-

que, avibus nocere.

Solis occasu milites castris

14.

hostium

potientur.

13.

Sua^ cuique placent.

Dicere non possu-

adventij,

mus cur puer esse scriptor velit. 15. Captivi, cognito Caesaris eum rogabant ut sibi parceret. II. I. They were wishing, I shall be unwilling, she will prefer. 2. That you may be willing, that he might prefer, lest
3.

he should be unwilling.
friends.
4.

For the

sake'' of

pleasing your

The

soldiers,

having got possession of the

children.
6.
5.

city,

spared

neither
imitate

women nor good men

?

Why

are you unwilling to

Let us send a messenger to the leader

7.

to ask (supine) that

he spare the soldiers.

{sing.) to try
-

He had
*

per-

suaded (them) both

1

the
=*

same fortune
See 368.

of war.

(rather) than.

his

own

(things).

See 284.

156

FIJ^ST

YEAR LA my

LESSON LXIX
CUM TEMPORAL, CAUSAL, AND CONCESSIVE
Reading Lesson
396.
1

Model

Sentences

Libros,

2.

Caesar,

cum mihi est otium, lego, / read books when I have leisure. cum id nuntiatum asset, in Galliam contendit, Caesar, when

this
3.

had

been reported, hastened into Gaiil.

Cum

4.

non possent, legates ad Caesarem miserunt, since they could not defend themselves, they sent deputies to Caesar. Cum fortiter pugnarent, tamen non vicerunt, although they fought
se defendere

bravely, nevertheless they did not conquer.

a.

Cum meaning when

(i

and 2)

is

called

cum temporal; meaning

as or since (3), cum causal ; meaning although (4), cum concessive. b. Observe the moods and tenses that follow the various meanings of cum. 397.

Rule.

verb is

In a cmn-clause expressing time, commonly in the subjunctive if the tense is

the
tJie

imperfect or pluperfect; otherivise, in the indicative.

398.

Rule.

In

a cuin-clause expressing cause

or

concession, the verb is in the subjunctive.

399.

VOCABULARY
tacitus, -a,

cum, conj. when, since, as, although.

Eabius,
-i,

-um,

sileitt.

m. Fabius.
-inis,
f.

tamen, adv. yet, nevertheless.

tantus, -a, -um, so great, such.

multitude,

multitude.
-are, -avi, -atus,

adpropinquo,

approach, come tiear

,

to.

c5nsist6, consistere, constiti,

standfirm, take position.

leap down.

descends, descendere, descend!, descensus, descend, dismount.

desilio, desilire, desilui, desultus,

jwnp down,

praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitus, surpass, excel.

CUM TEMPORAL, CAUSAL, CONCESSIVE

400.
I.

5/

EXERCISES
oppidum ceperunt, omnis incolas Milites, cum ^ oppidum cepissent, omnis
^

Milites,
2.

cum
3.

interfe-

cerunt.

incolas

interfecerunt.
ceret,
in

Cum

"

tanta multitude lapides et tela conipotestas

erat
nulli.
4.

miiro

consistendi

Belgae,

cum-

omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae potiri poterant. 5. Cum veneris, hoc cognosces. naves refectae essent, tamen Caesar non navigavit.
virtute
401.

imperio
6.

Cum

QUINTUS' FABIUB MAXIMUS

filio

Q. Fabius iam senex

in

suo, consuli, legatus fuit, et

cum
duo-

eius castra veniret, filius

ad patrem progressus

est,

decim lictoribus* antecedentibus. Equo vehebatur^ senex, Iam ex lictoribus nee adpropinquante consule * descendit.

undecim verecundia'^ paternae maiestatis

taciti

'

praeterierant.**

Quod ^ cum
desiliens:

consul animadvertisset, proximum lictorem iussit

inclamare Fabio patri ut ex equo descenderet.

Pater tum

"Non
vixit

ego,

fili,"

inquit,
^'^

"tuum imperium contempsi,

consulem."

sed experiri volui

num

scires

te esse

Ad summam

senectutem
402.
I.

Fabius Maximus, dignus tanto cognomin?.

EXERCISES
old,

When Fabius was

he came to his son's camp.

3.

2.

the consul approached, Fabius wished to test him.

When When a
old,

consul approaches, a lieutenant dismounts.

consul, the father dismounted.
5.

4.

As the son was

Although Fabius was

his horse.
7.

nevertheless he leaped

down from
we know
^

6.

When

he had
consul.

dismounted, the multitude was

his father to dismount,
1

silent.

Since the son ordered

that the
*

former" was
Abl. abs.
^
^.

Temporal.

Causal.
^

Concessive.
'^

on {was carried
'

b}^.

See 165.

in silence (silent).
11

^ was riding had passed by.

Object of animadvertisset.

1^866295.

See 201,

158

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXX
Conditional Sentences
403.

condition

conditional sentence
also called protasis

and a
;

consists

of

two

parts,

conclusion
is

also

called apodosis.
{/"-clause,
is

The

condition {protasis)

generally an

and hence dependent the conclusion [apodosis) the principal clause, upon which the condition depends.
Model
Sentences

404.

Simple Conditions
1

Si hoc

facit,

bene

est,

if he does this,

it is well.

2. 3.

Si hoc faciebat, bene erat, if he

was doing

this, it luas well.

it

Si hoc

faciei,

bene

erit,

if he does {shall do) this,

will be well.

Doubtful Conditions
4.

Si h5c facial, bene

sit,

if he should do this,

it

would

be well (the

time

is

future).

Conditions Contrary to Fact

5.

Si h5c faceret, bene esset, if he were doing this,

(the time
is

it

would

be well

present).

6.

Si hoc fecisset, bene fuisset, if he been well (the time

a.
is

had done

this,

it

wotild have

past).

Observe

dition

in i, 2, and 3 that the indicative is used in both conand conclusion, implying nothing as to the truth of the sup-

position.
b.

Such sentences may be

in

called simple conditions.

4 that the present subjunctive is used in both clauses, and that doubt or possibility is implied. This doubt is generally Such would. expressed in English by the auxiliaries should

Observe

sentences

may be

called doubtful conditions.

c. Observe in 5 and 6 that the subjunctive is used in both clauses, and that the contrary of both condition and conclusion is implied if
:


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
he were doing this (but he
is is

159
it

not),

it

would

be well (therefore

not), etc.

Such sentences may be

in 5 that the

called conditions contrary to

fact.
d.

Observe further

imperfect subjunctive
is

is

used

in

both clauses, and that present time

referred to

in

6 the pluperfect

subjunctive, with reference to past time.

405.

Rule.

In
In

simple conditions the indicative

is

used.
406.

Rule.

doubtful conditions the subjunctive

present (or perfect) is used. In conditions contrary to fact the sub407. Rule. junctive imperfect and pluperfect are used, the imperfect denoting present time,

and

the pluperfect denoting

past time.
408.
coena. -ae,
f.

VOCABULARY
dinner.
nisi, conj.

if not, unless.

dictator, -oris,

m. dictator.
,

senatus, -us, m. senate.

be in

praesideo, praesidere, praesedi,

charge

of,

preside over.

respondeo, respondere, respond!, responsus, answer, reply.

409.
I. 2.
I.

EXERCISES
Si res publica in periculo erat, dictator creatus est.
3.

Si res publica in periculd sit, dictator creetur.

Nisi res
4.

publica in periculo nunc esset, dictator non crearetur.

consul esses, senatui praesideres.
placet.
II.
is first, 5.

Si

Veni ad coenam,
eis faciam.

si tibi

6.
I.

Obsidibus
If

datis,

pacem cum

you should ask me, I should answer. 2. If Scipio who is second ? 3. If Hannibal had conquered Scipio,
If
5.

4. he would have been the greatest of generals. should approach, the lieutenant would dismount.

the consul

If Fabius had not dismounted, would his son have ordered him to dismount ?

l6o

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXXI
Review
410.
I.
:

Reading Lesson

REVIEW
is

What
4.

a deponent verb?
3.

2.

Give the participles of sequor

veritus, prof actus,
rectus,

with their meanings.

potitus.
5.

Give the meanings of

of

and

Give the meanings

monitus,

and

auditus.

How
is

can you translate the EngHsli perfect active participle

example, having conquered the enemy

for
in the

if

the corresponding Latin

verb

not deponent?

6.

Inflect
7.

the

indicative

and subjunctive
intran-

present of volo, nolo, and malo.

indicative
sitives.

Give a synopsis of each

and subjunctive.

8.

Give the rule for the dative with

10.
?

9.

Point out an instance of this dative in 409.

tenses of the indicative are used
?

With

cum meaning when, what

tenses of the subjunctive
12.

What

11.

Translate cum esset in three ways.

13.

Translate cum

sit in

two ways.
14.

How many

forms of con-

ditional sentences

are there?

Illustrate

each by a model senin

tence.

15.

What
in if

time

is

expressed by the imperfect subjunctive

16.

conditions contrary to fact?

What

time

is

expressed by the
is

English were
of

he were here,
is

we shotild be glad ? What

the tense

were?

17.

What word
What words
to stay.

used to translate that into Latin in pur-

pose and result clauses?

pose clauses
to stay J
21.
?

18.

What word
Translate

translates that Jiot'in-^nx?

in result clauses

19.

Translate he conies
to write.

he came

20.

/ advise him not

22. Translate

Point out an indirect question in 401.

/ asked

him who he was.

411.

RIVALRY OF TWO CENTURIONS

in

Erant

quadam
^

legione fortissimi

viri,

centuriones, qui iam

et

primis ordinibus

adpropinquabant, T. Pullo
^

L. Vorenus.
alter!

Hi perpetuas
^

inter se

controversias

habebant uter
^

anteponeretur, omnibusque annis^ de loco summis simultatibus

the first rank,
other.
^
i.e.

the position of chief centurion.

inter se, with

each

omnibus annis, year after year.

REMFAV: RE A 1)1 XG LESSON

contendebant.
pugnaretur,''

l6l

Ex his Pullo, cum acerrime ad munitiones "Quid dubitas," inquit, "Vorene? aut quern
virtutis
^

locum tuae
extra

probandae
et in

exspectas

Hie

dies

de

nostris controversiis iudicabit."

Haec cum

dixisset,^ procedit

munitiones

eam partem hostium quae

confertis-

sima visa
412.
I.

est inrumpit.

EXERCISES

For many years ^ Pullo and Vorenus contended for position. 2. Each of them wished to be preferred to the other. to prove his cour3. Pullo asked Vorenus why he hesitated
''

had advanced beyond the fortifications, he rushed at the enemy.^ 5. There he had ^ a chance of proving his courage. 6. If Vorenus should hesitate, he would not be preferred to Pullo. which 7. I prefer Pullo to Vorenus (of the two) do you prefer to the other ?
age.
4.

When

Pullo

413.

VOCABULARY
munitio, -onis, {.fortification.
Pullo, -onis,
(plur. loci

extra, prep, with ace. outside of,

beyond.
locus,
-i,

m.

P21II0, a centurion,

m.

and

loca),

Vorenus,-!,

m.Vofemts, a centurion.

place, position, chance.

antepono, anteponere, anteposui, antepositus, place before, prefer.

dubito, dubitare, dubitavi, dubitatus, hesitate, doubt.

inrumpo, inrumpere,

inriipT.

inruptus, break in, rush at.

probo. probare. probavi, probatus, prove, appro-ve.

procedo, procedere, processi,
1

go forward, advance, proceed.

pugnaretur, the fighting
acriter.
this.
^

See 240, note

5.

acerrime

(it
^

was fought most fiercely); acerrime from

was fiercest Compare 362, 2.

^

haec

cum
^

dixisset

may
''

be translated having said

>*

278.

uterque.

See 295.

in hostis.

a place was

to

See 277 and him.

l62

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXXII
THE IRREGULAR VERBS
EO, FERO, FIO

Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing

Note.
414.

For some classes

a.

this lesson

may

well be divided into two.

Learn the principal

parts, the
fio

meanings, and the conjuga-

tion of eo (507), fero (506),

b.

and

(508).
is

Observe where

(the root of eo)

in

changed

to e in the indica-

tive

and subjunctive present,

the present participle, and in the

gerund.

The

perfect, pluperfect,
-ivi,

and future perfect of

:

eo,

as in
;

many
iverit,

verbs with perfects in

ierit
c.
;

often drop v

ivit, iit

iverat, ierat

ivisse, iisse (isse).

Flo serves as the passive of facio.

in
fit.

The

is

long except before

-er

and
415.
1

Model

Sentences
is
is

Vereor ut veniat,
Vereor ne veniat,

2.

Ifear that he I fear that he

not coming or will not come.

coming or will come.

followed by ut or ne with the

a.

Observe that a verb of fearing

ut

is

subjunctive.

After such verbs ut and ne seem to exchange meanthat not ; ne

ings
b.

that (or lesf).

Observe that the subjunctive present may be translated by the

indicative future.

416.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

It, fert, fit.

5.

2.

Imus, ferimus, fimus.

6.

3. Ite, ferte, fite.

4.

I,

eunti, eundi.
7.

Ire, ferre, fieri.

8.

Iisse, tulisse, factus

9.

esse.

Ibunt, ferent, fient.

10. 12.

Veretur ne eant.
fiant.

Vere-

batur ut irent.
ilia

Verentur ne haec
milites

11.

Timuit ut
ierunt.

fierent.

Cum

haec facta essent,

processerunt.

Romam
14.

13.

His rebus
:

factis,

Eos hortati

erant ut irent

ferrent.


THK IRREGULAR VERBS
II.
I.

EO, FER(X Flf)

2.

63

You

are going, are bearing, are becoming.

3.

They
4.

go, bear,

become.

He had
happen
.''

gone, borne, become.

5.

Do

you fear that

not go
?

this will

Who

fears that they will

?

6.

Did they fear that he would go

7.

was afraid

that thev would not go.

417.

RIVALRY OF TWO CENTURIONS

-

Continued

Ne- Vorenus quidem

veritus

sese turn vallo

sequitur.

'

continet,* sed

omnium
relicto,

existimationem
in

Mediocri

spatio

Pullo pilum

hostls
;

immittit atque

unum
et

ex multitudine
scutis

procurrentem

traicit
;

protegunt hostes

in
^

quem pcrcussum * Pullonem omnes

exanimatum

tela

coniciunt neque

Transfigitur scutum Pulloni^ Hie casus avertit vaginam et^ gladium educere oonantis ^ dextram moratur manum impeditumque ^^ hostes circumsistunt. Succurrit iili inimicus Vorenus et laboranti " subvenit.

dant progrediendi

facultitem.

et

hasta in balteo defigitur.

'

See 297.

ne

(\\x\A^ra.,

not even.

'^

within the rampart.

is
if

Observe the repeated use of the present in lively narration, as ^ From percutio. in English. See 365. Translate as
*
"^ '

common
genitive.

et,

etc.:

translate in this order

et moratur

dextram
i"

manum

conaatis

educere gladium.
(i.e.

^when he

tried (of him trying).

11

Agrees with eum

Pullonem) understood.

him in

distress

{him laboring).

164

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXXIII
IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS
Relative of Purpose
418.
1.
:

Reading Lesson

Model

Sentences
(Jt

Pugnabatur, there

was fighting

was fought).

2.

Accidit ut luaa plena esset, //

Ire tibi licet, j7

3.

happened that the moon was full. may go {to go is pertnitted to you).
accidit, and licet have no no subject, the intransitive verb
:

a.

Observe that the verbs pugnabatur,

In
i

personal subjects.

there

is

pugno being used exceptionally

clause ut
b.
. .

in the passive

in 2 the subject is the

ire.

esset

in 3 the

subject

is

the infinitive

Verbs

like licet, that

never have a personal subject, are used only

in the third

person singular, and are called impersonal verbs.

Verbs

that generally have a personal subject,

when employed
in
i

in the third
2,

person singular, as pugnabatur and accidit are

and

are said to

be

7i.sed

itnpersonally.

419.
I.

Model

Sentence

Legates qui auxilium peterent misit, he sent ambassadors to seek help {who should seek help).
a.

Observe that the

ii

relative clause qui auxilium peterent

is, it

is

equiva-

lent to ut

auxilium peterent, that

expresses purpose.

420. Rule. Purpose with the suhjimctive.

is

often expressed by

relative

421.

VOCABULARY
duo), both,

ambo,

-ae, -6 (decl. like

f.

praesidium,

-i, -i,

n.

support.

cohors, cohortis,

cohort.

subsidium,

n. help, aid, relief.

IMPERSONAL USE OE VERBS

antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatus, prefer.
iudico, iudicare, iudicavi,
licet, licere, licuit
'\\!iA\tdX\X2,,

165

judge, decide.
,

(licitum est),
,

// is

permitted,
it is

it is

alloived.

oportet, oportere, oportuit,

it

behooves,

necessary, ought.

422.
I.
I.

EXERCISES
Acriter pugnatur.
2.

Accidit ut pugnetur.
4.

3.

Accidit

ut Onus ex

multitudine pilum coniceret.

5.

Vorenum non
dicitur.'
6,

dubitare oportet.
tator
8.

Dictatorem creatum esse

dicitur,^
7,

Dic-

creatus

esse

Ei

licuit

amico subvenire.
?

Nonne

Pullo verebatur ne Vorenus sequeretur

alter! esset anteferendus.
10.

9.

ludicari

non potuit^ uter

II.
I.

Decern cohortes

ad mare relictae erant quae praesidio navibus essent.

happened that there was fighting. 2. Certain had been killed. 3. This ought to be done.* 4. I fear that Pullo cannot draw his sword. 5. It behooves the one^ to help the other.* 6. Soldiers, bring help
It

men came

to say that one

to both.

423.

RIVALRY OF TWO CENTURIONS

confestim a Pullone

Cc7///^^d'

Ad hunc
vertit.

omnis multitiido se coninter-

Gladio comminus pugnat Vorenus atque, uno

fectOj^reliquos
in

paulum
^

propellit;

dumcupidius^

instat, deiectus**

locum inferiorem
fert

concidit.

Huic rursus circumvento subincolumes, compluribus interintra

sidium
fectls,"

Pullo, atque

ambo
et

summa cum

laude

sese

munitiones recipiunt.
sic

Itaque fortuna in contentione

vit ut alter

certamine

inimicus alter!

auxilio salutique esset,

utrumque versaneque "

iudicari posset uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.

said {that), impersonal.
*

it is

Personal.
^

^it

was not possible.

* it

behooves this to be done.

alter.
^

stumbled into a hollow.

^^

See 358. "See 255, . ^having ^'^ though an enemy. depends on esset.
it

neque

iudicari posset,

nor could

be decided

= nor

could one

tell.

i66

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXXIV
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS: DATIVE OF AGENT
424.

The
est,

first

or active periphrastic conjugation

is

the
:

future

active

participle
is

combined with
to {is

forms

of

sum

amaturus

he

going

about

to)

love; amaturus

erat,

he

was going to {was about The second or passive

must be

to) love.

periphrastic

conjugation
:

is

the
is

gerundive combined with forms of sum

to be loved,

amandus

est,

he

loved, onght to be loved ; amandus erat,

to

he was
a.

to be loved,

ought

have been loved.

Learn the synopses of the periphrastic conjugations (510, 511).

425.
1

Model
sit,

Sentences

Scio quid facturus

2.

Sciebam quid

factiirus esset,

/ kno^v what he is going to do. I knew what he was going

to do.

3.

Delenda est Carthago, Carthage

must

be destroyed.

4.
5.

Caesari omnia erant agenda, all things were to be done by Caesar.

Mihi scribendum
a.

est,

writing
2

tniist be

done by

me I fnust

write.

Observe Observe
Observe Observe

in

and

that the

first

periphrastic

conjugation

expresses purpose or intention, or simple futurity.

b.

in 3, 4,

and

that the second periphrastic Conjuga-

tion expresses necessity, duty, or obligation.

c.

in 5 that the
in

verb

is

used impersonally.

Compare 362, i. Compare 418.

to

d.

4 and

that the person

who has

do a thing
This dative

(Caesari, mihi) is expressed

is

by the dative translated

by.

called the dative

of ac^etit.

Compare

the ablative of agent, 208.

426. Rule.

The gerundive xvith sum takes the dative

who has
to

to

denote the person

do a thing.

PERfPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS
427.
Catillna. -ae,

67

VOCABULARY
m. Catiline. m. centurion.
to

cupide, adv. eagerly.

diligentia, -ae,
f.

centuri5, -onis,

diligence, industry.

comminus, adv. Jiand

Jumd.

exsilium,

-i,

n. exile.

concido, concidere, concidi,

insto, instate, institi, instaturus,

fall down, fall. press on.

(fut. part, moriturus), die.

morior, mori (moriri), mortuus

sum

subvenio, subvenlre. subveni, subventurus,

come

to aid, assist.

428.
I.

EXERCISES
I.

Descensiirus
3.

est,

moritura erat.

2.

Inruptiiri sunt,

Educendi sunt, educandi sunt. 4. Tibi petendum est, nobis respondendum est. 6. Naves Caesari reficiendae sunt. 5. Navis refecturus est.
profecturae erant.
7.

Duo

centuriones

virtutem

probaturi
erat.
9.

erant.

8.

Duorum

centurionum virtus probanda

Gladiis
'^

gnatum est. 10. Diligentia ^ nobis utendum bus moriendum - est. 12, Fiebat ut Pullo inimico subsidium
ferret.
14.

comminus pii11. Omniest.

recipere.

13.

Hostis

oportebat

se'^

in

munitiones

Vorenus,
15.

cum

cupidius instaret, in locum inferiorem con-

cidit.

Nisi alter alteri subvenisset,

uterque interfectus

esset.
II.
2.
I.

He was

going to ask, she

to advance, she
it

is

going to

prepare.

They were going

This must be done,
4.

was going

to prepare.

had to be spared. must be done. 5. The state must be defended by the citizens. 6. Cicero asked whether* Catiline was going to go* into exile. All things were done 7. that had to be done.*^ think that we must do 8. Do not
3.

He

feared that

it

"

this.^
1

See3SS.
425,
us.

2(^Q^pare 425,
2.

5.

'

se recipere
"

withdraw.
^

num.

^Compare
be

^Compare

425,

4.

See 340.

this

must

done

l)y

68

FIRST YEAR LATIN

LESSON LXXV
EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE
Review
429.
:

Reading Lesson

Commit

to

memory
in the

the following expressions of purpose,

which have occurred

f

preceding lessons

ut pacem peterent,

ad pacem petendam,

pacem petendi
Venerunt

causa,
j

they

came

to

pads petendae causa, pacem petitum, qui pacem peterent,

ad pugnandum,

seek peace.

to fight.

430.
I.

REVIEW
and
in the passive
2.

Inflect fero in the active indicative present

subjunctive imperfect.
est. 3.

Give the meanings of

i,

fiunt, fimus,

factum

Give the meanings of

mascuHne.
5.

is, itis, ibit.

4.

Decline the participle

i

iens in the

What forms of

fio

have

before e

6.

What

form of

fero

has no personal ending.''

eat.
I. 5,

7.

Translate vereor ut eat

iret

and vereor ne
iret.

8.

Translate verebatur ut
is

and verebatur ne
10.

9.

In 409,

what
I.

the subject of placet.^

What

is

the
?

meaning of
1

itur (pass, of eo).?

Of

concurritur (from concurro, rush)

1.

Point out in 428,

in

used impersonally
dicitur

an impersonal verb, and an intransitive verb dicitur iisse and the passive. 12. Translate

eum

iisse.

431.

THE ROMANS WIN THEIR FIRST NAVAL VICTORY

vicit.

Gaius Duilius Poenos navali proelio primus^

Qui^

cum

videret
ferreas,

navis

Romanas

Punicis velocitate superari,

instituit.
^

manus
1

quas corvos vocaverunt,

was
the first to conquer.

Ea machina
when
he.

primus

vicit,

qui cum,

READING LESSON
;

69

Romanis magno usui fuit nam iniectis illis corvis hostilem navem adprehendebant, deinde, superiecto ponte/ in earn insiunde liebant, et gladio velut in pugna terrestri dimicabant
^
;

Inter Romanis, qui robore praestabant, facilis victoria fuit. pugnandum triginta hostium naves captae sunt, tredecim Duilius, victor Romam reversus,'' primus ^ navalem mersae.''
''

triumphum

egit.''

Nulla victoria Romanis gratior

^

fuit,

quod

invicti terra

iam etiam mari pliirimum

poterant.

432.
corvus,
-i,

VOCABULARY
m. raven.
-um, of iron, iron.
Punicus,
-a,

-um, Carthaginian.

ferreus, -a,
hostilis, -e,

robur, -oris, n. strength, vigor.

velocitas, -atis,
victor, -oris,
f.

of the enemy,

hostile.

swiftness.
adj.,

Poeni, -orum, m. plur.

/^tf C^zr/Zzfl-

m. victor; as

ginians.

victorious.

adprehend5. adprehendere. adprehendi, adprehensus, seize hold of

instituo. instituere, institui, institiitus, set up, establish.

superiaci5, superiacere, superieci. superiectus,

throw over, cast upon.

433.
I.

EXERCISES

Since the

Roman
3.

ships surpassed the Carthaginian in

set up.
2.

swiftness, iron

hands were

These iron hands were

these

called

ravens.

The Romans used

4.

ravens^ for'

seizing

hold of the hostile ships.

over,

thrown
5.

and the

Then a bridge was men " fought hand to hand with swords.
victorious because they excelled

The Romans were

the

Carthaginians in strength.
1

See 358.
p. 168,
8

See 369,
i.

I. 4.

From
"

mergo.
i"

From

revertor.

Compare

note

^
^

From

ago.

plurimum poterant, were most

soldiers.

powerful.

See 388.

ad with gerundive.

SELECTIONS FOR READING

ANECDOTES
434,

THE BAD APPLES

Carolus, agricolae impigri filius, bonus erat puer sed amicos amabat malos. Agricola igitur puero calathum pomorum plenum dat. Bona continebat calathus poma, pauca tamen Gratum puero erat donum et cum diligentia erant putrida. mala autem poma maculant bona et mox mala sunt curat Carolus maestus adversam fortiinam plorat. Turn cuncta. " Poma mala maculant bona, certe agricola filium ita monet mail amici maculabunt puerum bonum."
^
;
:

435.

THE BROKEN DIKE

agricolarum saepe inundat.

Cimbri terram habitant miram, nam oceanus tecta agrosque Incolae fossis tumulisque magnis ;

lo

undarum violentiam coercent

deturbat et vastat terram.

aliquando tamen aqua

via

claustra'''

Forte erat tumulus non validus;

iam apparet parva rima

superabunt undae.

mox

magna

patebit et terram
;

At periculum videt puer parvus statim dextra rimam implet coercetque aquam. Did et constanter servabat puer praesidium. Iam rigebant membra, at dextra parva aquam semper coercebat, Postridie Puer frigidus et moribundus agricolae loco adpropinquant. Saxis celeriter tumulum confirdextra tamen aqilam coercet. mant et limo rimam implent. Tum umeris'' puerum sublevant
1

ic

2c

With poma.

With

fossis

and tumulls.

Object of deturbat.

on their shoulders.

172
recreantque cibo.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Tantam constantiam saepe commemorant

Cimbri, narrantque liberis pueri factum.

436.

SIR

WALTER RALEIGH
Forte

Elisabetha, regina Britannorum, vestis splendidas et pretiosas semper gerebat.

5

magna ^ cum
ante

caterva comitum per

vicos

urbis

ambulabat.

Subito

lutum.

Regina

stat incerta
;

multum videt quod viam lubricam timet. At

pedes

ex turba exsilit iuvenis

[o

umeris - novum pallium detrahit et tum iterum ad socios recurrit. Laeta regina super pallium ambulat nee pedem maculat. Statim grata' iuvenem in numerum amicorum adscribit.

locum

tegit vestiment5

437.

THE FAITHFUL HOUND

Cambricus olim, acer venator, fidelem habebat canem, n5mine Gelertum. Dum'' dominus in silvis abest,* canem saepe
relinquebat parvi
fili

custodem.

Aliquando more suo Gelertus

dominum reducem cum

[5

laeto clamore saliitabat.

At subito
;

dominus pectus

eius et dentis sanguine cruentos notat

fili

per-

territus ciinas parvi

petit.

Eheu

puerum non

videt sed

undique cruorem, foedi certaminis indicium. Statim caec5 furore canem, mali auct5rem, iaculo transfixit. Gelertus cum gemitu exspiravit. Simul dominus in recessu aedium infantem
20

vidit

salvum atque incolumem.

Fidelis

iacebat^ irigens lupus.

servaverat.
438.

Sed baud procul ab eo loco enim custos vitam infantis ita

THE SIEGE OF CALAIS

Edvardo, rege Britannorum, urbs Gallica olim oppugnaDili incolae copiarum regis impetum magna cum
'^

Ab
batur.

^ See p. 37, foot-note. ^ Agrees with regina f7-om his shoulders. * The present after understood, the qtieen gratefully. dum is generally to

be translated by the imperfect.

i^as lying dead.

"
;

STORIES OF HERCULES
virtute sustinuerant.

173
^

Tandem,
pellis

ubi. nihil cibi supererat

mise-

rique civcs

muris et

edebant,

cum

rege de deditione

At a rege propter tantam hostium pertinaciam pacis impositae sunt morsque duodecim principum est postulata. Sine mora duodecim virl se Inde comites maesti funibus coUa pro patria devovent.
agebant.
irato saevae condiciones

amicorum vinciunt eosque ad regem ducunt. Rex inter nobilis in praetorio sedebat. lamque captivi a maesta civium turba ad locum ducti sunt omnesque multis cum precibus ad pedes victoris cadunt. At rex durus preces eorum spernit avertitque voltum. Forte rcgina rem cognoscit
statim ad praetorium properat suasque lacrimas

cum

precibus

civium iungit.
fortium virorum

"
;

Da ^

mihi, rex magne," inquit, "vitas

horum

nonne hi recte suam patriam defenderunt ? Rex primo preces non audivit, tandem lacrimae uxoris iram vincunt poenamque captivis remlsit.

STORIES OF HERCULES
439.

THE INFANT PRODIGY

filius,

Hercules, Alcmenae
dicitur

olim in Graecia habitabat.

Hie

omnium hominum validissimus fuisse. At liino, regina deorum, Alcmenam oderat ^ et Herculem adhuc infantem
necare voluit.
Misit igitur duo
serpentis saevissimos, qui

media nocte

in

cubiculum Alcmenae venerunt, ubi Hercules

cum fratre suo dormiebat. (Non tamen in ciinis sed in scuto magno cubabant.) Serpentes iam adpropinquaverant et scutum movebant itaque pueri e somno excitati sunt. at magna voce exclamavit Iphicles, frater Herculis, Hercules ipse, puer fortissimus, haudquaquam territus est.
; ;

Parvis manibus serpentis

1

statim

prehendit et colla eorum

^

From supersum.

give

imperative of do.

From

odi,

pluperfect

\vitli

meaning of imperfect.

; ;

174

FIRST YEAR LATIN

vi^ compressit.

magna
sunt.

Tali

modo

serpentes a puero interfecti

Alcmena autem, mater puerorum, clamorem audiverat Ille lumen accendit et maritum suum e somno excitaverat. et gladium suum rapuit tum ad pueros properabat, sed ubi ad locum venit rem miram vidit Hercules enim ridebat^
;
;

et serpentis

mortuos monstrabat.

440.

HERCULES CONSULTS THE ORACLE

ire;

Hercules c5nstituit igitur^ ad oraculum Delphicum

hoc
erat

enim oraculum
10

erat

omnium
donis

celeberrimum.
;

Ibi
in

templum
dabat
iis

Apollinis plurimis

ornatum

hoc

templo sedebat
qui
ipso Apolline

femina quaedam, nomine Pythia,

ad oraculum veniebant.
igitur, qui

et consilium

Haec autem femina ab

docebatur et voluntatem dei hominibus enuntiabat.

Hercules

Apollinem praecipue colebat, hue

venit.

15 regis

20

iussit eum ad urbem Tiryntha ire et Eurysthei omnia imperata facere. Hercules, ubi haec audivit, ad urbem illam contendit/ et Eurystheo regi se in servitutem tradidit. Duodecim annos^ in servitute Eurysthei tenebatur, et duodecim labores, quos ille imperaverat, confecit hoc enim uno modo tantum scelus expiari potuit. De his laboribus plurima a poetis scripta sunt. Multa tamen quae poetae

Pythia

narrant vix credibilia sunt.

441.

SLAYING THE HYDRA

haec
iussus
est

Post

ab

Eurystheo
"

Hydram
est

necare

haec autem monstrum

cules
igitur

erat, cui

novem erant
profectus*^

capita.

Her-

cum amico
2

lolao

ad paludem
That
is,

See 4S2.

Not laughed, but was laughing.

1.

because
*

he wanted to make expiation for a crime that he had, committed.

pare for meaning properabat,
6 4.
1.

Com-

Compare, for meaning, interfecti, from proficiscor see 386.

;

for hvelve years ; see 277 and 27S. " ^ set out i. See 1 14 and 115.
^

S TORIES OF HERCULES

175

et,

Lernaeam, quam Hydra incolcbat.^ Mox monstrum invenit quainquam res erat magni periciili, colkiin cius laeva"
Turn

prehendit.

dextra

capita

novem abscidere

coepit

quoties tamen hoc fecerat, nova capita exoriebantur.'*

frustra laborabat
;

Diu tandem hoc conatu'' destitit^; constituit Hoc celeriter deinde arbores succidere et ignem accendere. Ignem comprehenderunt, face fecit et, postquam ligna Non tamen ardente colla adussit/ unde capita exoriebantur. sine magno labore haec fecit; venit enim auxilio'^ Hydrae
cancer ingens,
qui,

dum ^

Hercules capita
tali

abscidit,'-^

crura eius lo

mordebat.

Postquam monstrum

mod5

interfecit, sagittas

suas sanguine eius imbuit itaque mortiferas reddidit.

442.

CLEANSING THE AUGEAN STABLES

^"^

laborem hunc graviorem Eurystheus Herculi Augeas quidam, qui illo tempore regnum in Elide habebat. Hi in stabulo ingenobtinebat, tria milia " bourn stabulum autem inluvie ac tis magnitudinis includebantur squalore obsitum ^" est neque enim ad hoc tempus umquam

Deinde

imposuit.

^'^

15

purgatum
diei

erat.

Hoc
Ille,

iussus est Hercules intra spatium unius

res

purgare.

etsi

erat

multae operae, negotium

20

Primum magno labore fossam duodevlginti pedum fecit, per quam fluminis aquam de mpntibus ad murum stabuli Tum, postquam murum perrupit,'* aquam in stabuperduxit. lum immisit et tall modo contra opinionem omnium opus
suscepit.
;

confecit.
1

explain the difference; see 132,

3

Notice the alternation of perfects and imperfects in this anecdote and 2 Supply manu so with dextra, 1. 3. b.
;

See 3S6; the imperfect here denotes repeated action.

^

See 232.

From

desists.

The
'

perfect after postquam

is

generally best translated as a

pluperfect.

From
1.

aduro.
12,

cutting off; see p. 172,

and note.
e.
1.
1

and
1*

347.

"

See 305,
interfecit,

^1.

^ while he was See 348 and 349. i' Depends on imposuit; see 346 ^3 From obser5. See 257 and 4S2.

See note 6 and

176

FIRST YEAR LATIN

THE GOLDEN APPLES OF THE HESPERIDES
^

443.

Eurystheus laborem undecimum Herculi imposuit, gravio-

rem quam quos

aurea

supra narravimus.

Mandavit enim

ei,

ut

poma ex horto Hesperidum auferret.^ Hesperides autem nymphae erant quaedam^ forma* praestantissima, quae in terra longinqua habitabant et quibus aurea quaedam poma
a lunone commissa erant.
induct!

Multi homines auri cupiditate

;

10

res iam antea conati ^ erant tamen difficillima ^ erat namque hortus, in quo poma erant, praeterea draco muro ingenti undique circumdatus est quidam, cui " centum erant capita, portam horti diligenter custodiebat. Opus igitur, quod Eurystheus Herculi imperaverat, erat summae difficultatis, non modo ob causas quas memoravimus, sed quod Hercules omnino ignorabat quo in

haec

poma

auferre
;

loco hortus
444.
15

ille

situs esset.

ATLAS,

WHO UPHELD
;

THE HEAVENS
cupiebat, con^^

Hercules,
stituit
pit,

quamquam quietem vehementer

tamen Eurystheo parere

et simul ac iussa eius acce-

proficisci maturavit.^
in

multis mercatoribus quaesivit

;

quo

loco

Hesperides

habitarent

nihil

tamen

certum

reperire potuit.
20 pericula subiit.^^

Frustra per multas terras iter fecit et multa

Tandem, cum

in his itineribus

totum annum

consumpsisset, ad extremam partem orbis, quae proxima erat

Oceano, pervenit.
ingenti

Hie stabat
^^

vir

quidam, nomine Atlas,

magnitiidine

corporis,

qui

caelum

(ita

tradunt)

umeris^^ suis sustinebat, ne in terram decideret.

25

Hercules

tantum laborem magnopere miratus " post paulo

^

in

conloquium
see 506.
"

{those)

which.

From

aufero

imperfect

subjunctive;
''

See 335. Limits nymphae; see 306 and 307. * See See 114 and 115. 254. 392 and 393.
''

From
b.

conor.

See

Compare, for meaning,

i'^

contendit, p. 174,

1.

16.

^^

From

quaero.
i'*

"

See 414,
c.

Limits vir;

compare note

4.

i3

See 123 and 124.

See 386,

STORIES OF HERCULES
cum Atlanta
lium ab eo
445.

1/7
auxi-

venit
petiit.

et,

cum causam

itineris docuisset,

HERCULES TAKES ATLAS'S PLACE

Herculi
'

Atlas autem potuit

maxime prodesse
audivit

ille

enim,

cumasset
^

ipse esset

pater Hesperidum, bene scivit quo in loco

hortus.

Postquam

igitur

quam ob causam

Hercules venisset,^ "Ipse," inquit, "ad hortum ibo/ et filiabus^ meis persuadebo, ut poma sua sponte tradant." Hercules,

cum haec

audiret,
si

magnopere gavisus
aliter
fieri

est; noluit

enim
igitur
ut,

vim adhibere,
oblatum'^

res

posset

constituit

auxilium

accipere.

Atlas

tamen

postulavit

dum
igitur

ipse abesset,

Hercules caelum umeris sustineret.

res

erat

negotium Hercules libenter suscepit et, summi laboris, totum pondus caeli continues com-

Hoc quamquam

pluris dies solus sustinebat.

446.

RETURN OF ATLAS
^

Atlas interea abierat

milia

et

ad hortum Hesperidum, qui pauca

passuum
venisset,

aberat, se

quam

^^

celerrime contulerat."
et filias

Eo

cum

causam veniendi exposuit

est ut

suas vehe-

menter hortatus

poma

traderent.

Illae diu haerebant,

nolebant enim hoc facere, quod ab ipsa lunone (de qua ante dictum est) hoc munus acceperant. Atlas tamen post multa

verba

iis ^^

persuasit ut sibi parerent et

poma ad Herculem
dies exspectavisset,

rettulit.^^

Hercules interea, cum

pluris

neque ullam famam de reditu Atlantis accepisset, hac mora

1

See 346 and 347.

since

see 39S.

Observe how often the

subjunctive in an indirect question (294) should be rendered like an indica^ From gaudeo. ^ See * See 507. tive. 393 and p. 22, foot-note 2.
"

^ From abeo compare offero. See 353, 5. ^^ quam celerrime, as quickly as possible. See 279. 12 See ^^ From refero. 392 and 393.

From

subiit, p. 176,
^^

1.

20.

Fiom

confero.

1/8
graviter

FIRST YEAR LATIN

commotus
^

redeuntem

et

Tandem quinto die Atlantem est. mox magno cum gaudio poma accepit
rettulit

vidit
;

turn

postquam gratias pro tanto beneficio

proficisci maturavit.

ad Graeciam

447.
5

NESSUS, THE CENTAUR

Hercules multa
est.
^

Post haec

alia

praeclara

perfecit,

quae
*

nunc perscribere longumDeianiram, Oenei

tris

Tandem iam

aetate provectus
;

filiam, in

annos accidit ut

casu occiderit.^
10 occidisset
casii,

Cum
in

matrimonium duxit post tamen puerum quendam, nomine Eunomum, autem mos esset ut, si quis hominem
iret,

exsilium

Hercules

cum uxore

sua

e finibus

eius

civitatis

faciunt,^

ad fliimen
erat, et

Dum'' tamen iter quoddam pervenerunt, quod nuUo ponte

exire maturavit.

iunctum

dum

quaerunt quonam

modo flumen

traici-

15

Centaurus quidam, nomine Nessus, qui auxilium Hercules igitur uxorem suam in tergum viatoribus obtulit.^ At Nessus Nessi imposuit turn ipse flumen nando * traiecit.
ant, accurrit
;

paulum in aquam progressus ad ripam subito reversus est Quod cum animadvertisset et Deianiram auferre conabatur. Hercules, ira graviter commotus, arcum intendit et pectus
20 Nessi sagitta transfixit.

448.

THE POISONED ROBE

iacebat

^" Nessus igitur sagitta Herculis transfixus moriens humi at, ne occasionem sui " ulciscendi dimitteret, ita
;

1 See 485. matrimonium

longum

est, it

would
p.
"

be tedious.
?

^ ^

From
^

proveho.

in

diixit, fuaryied.
1.

What

literally

Compare, for meaning,

necare, p. 174,

22,
1.

abscidit, p. 175,
1.

10,

and interfecti, and note.

;

174,

1.

i.
;

Compare dum

From
;

offero
3.

compare oblatum,
^

p. 177,

10.

From

no

by

swimming ;

see 367,

Refers to the whole

preceding sentence,

quod cum, when this

the relative after a period

must

commonly be
by
this.
^'

translated by a personal or demonstrative pronoun, as here,

195,
b.

See

sui ulciscendi, /t^r avenging himself.

'

STORIES OF HERCULES

179

si vis locutus est: "Tu, Deianira, verba morientis audi, amorem mariti tui conservare, aliquid sanguinis hiiius, qui e

meo effunditur, sume ac repone; turn, si umquam mentem tuam venerit,'' vestem mariti hoc sanguine Haec locutus Nessus animam efflavit Deianira inficies."
pectore
suspicio in
" ;

autem
pit et,

nihil

mali suspicata;* imperata

fecit.

Post breve

tern-

pus Hercules bellum contra Eurytum, regem Oechaliae, susce-

cum regem ipsum cum filiis interfecisset, lolen, filiam Antequam tamen domum venit, navem ad Cenaeum promontorium adpulit ^ et in terram
Euryti, captivam reduxit.

lo

egressus aram constituit, ut

sacrificium parat,

lovi sacrificaret.

Dum

tamen

Licham comitem suum domum

misit qui

vestem albam referret; mos enim erat apud antiques, dum At Deianira verita sacrificia faciebant, vestem albam gerere. ne Hercules amorem erga lolen haberet vestem, priusquam
Lichae dedit, sanguine Nessi
449.
infecit.

15

THE DEATH OF HERCULES

*

Hercules nihil mali " suspicatus

statim induit
;

vestem quam Lichas

attulit

post tamen breve tempus dolorem per omnia

'^

membra
batur.
ilia

sensit et quae causa esset ^ eius rei magnopere miraDolore paene exanimatus vestem detrahere conatus est tamen in corpore haesit ^^ neque iillo modo divelli potuit.
;

20

Turn

demum

Hercules quasi furore impulsus"

in

montem

Oetam
strijxit,

se contulit^^et in se imposuit.

rogum, quem

summa

celeritate ex-

Hoc cum

fecisset, eos qui

circumstabant
25

rogum quam ^^ celerrime accenderent. Omnes diu recusabant tandem tamen pastor quidam ad misericordiam
oravit ut
;

See

505.
3

"^

shall have

come;

but

it

is

better

to

translate

comes.
386, d.

* See no evil ; see 256 and 257. The perfect participle of a deponent verb is sometimes present

nihil madi,

nothing 0/ evil

in sense.
8

From
^

adpello.

From

sentio.
^-

See

p. 177,
^^

impello.

From

confero.

^ From adfero. ^ See 419 and 420. 11 From From haereo. and note. quam celerrime see p. 177, 1. 16, and note 10.
1.

5,

i''

l8o
inductus
rantur,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

ignem subdidit.
^

Turn,

dum omnia

funio

obscu-

Hercules densa nube velatus a love in

est.

Olympum

abreptus

STORIES OF ULYSSES
450.

POLYPHEMUS, THE ONE-EYED GIANT

quod

Ulixes comitesque, postquam totam noctem remis contende5

rant,

ad terram ignotam navem adpulerunt

eius

turn,

natii-

ram

regionis

ignorabat, ipse Ulixes

cum duodecim

sociis^ in terram egressus

locum explorare

c5nstituit.

Paulum

a litore progress!

a(3

senserunt^ eius enim introitum arte^

,o

animadverterunt.

antrum ingens pervenerunt, quod habitari et manibus munltum esse Mox, etsi intellegebant se'^ non sine peri-

culo id facturos, antrum intraverunt.

Quod' cum
incoleret,

fecissent,

magnam copiam

lactis

invenerunt in vasis ingentibus conditam.

Dum
15 ribile

tamen mirantur quis earn sedem

viderunt,

sonitum

ter-

ribilem audiverunt et oculis ad portam versis

monstrum

hor-

humana quidem

specie^ et figura,^ sed ingenti

autem animadvertissent gigantem linum tantum oculum habere in media fronte positum, intellexerunt hunc esse unum e Cyclopibus, de quibus famam
magnitiidine^ corporis.

Cum

iam

acceperant.''

451.
20 et

THE GIANT'S SUPPER

Cyclopes autem pastores erant quidam, qui insulam Siciliam

praecipue
1

montem Aetnam
2

incolebant
10,

ibi

enim Volcanus,
b.

From
^

abripio.

See

p. 179,

1.

and note.

See 256,
do

* ^

From

sentio.

arte et manibus, by skill

and hands
if
it

by skilful hands.
to

Subject

accusative of facturos (esse), themselves

to be

going

that they -would

do; see 318,

i.
^

''

Translate as

were cum quod.

audiverant.

See

p. 178,

1.

18,

and

note.

Descriptive ablatives limiting monstrum, translated as geni9

tives; see

306 and 307.

acceperant

STORIES OF ULYSSES

l8l

praeses fabrorum et ignis repertor, cuius servi Cyclopes erant,

officinam

suam habebat.
igitur,

Graeci

simul ac monstrum viderunt, terrore paene

exaniniati in interiorem partem speluncae refugerunt et se ibi

Polyphemus autem, ita enim gigas appelspeluncam egit^; turn cum saxo ingenti portam obstruxisset," ignem in medio antro accendit. Hoc facto, omnia oculo perlustrabat et cum sensisset homines^
celare conabantur.
est,

latus

pecora sua in

in interiore parte antri celarl,

estis

magna voce

exclamavit:

"Qui
10

Tum Ulixes Mercat5res an latrones ? " homines? respondit se"* neque mercatores esse neque praedandi* causa venisse, sed e Troia redeuntis" vi tempestatum a recto cursu
iniiiria

depulsos esse; oravit etiam ut sibi sine

abire liceret.

Tum

Polyphemus

quaesivit

'

essent; Ulixes autem,

cum

^"

qua vecti^ bene intellegeret sibi" maxime

ubi
esset

navis

15

praecavendum " esse, respondit navem suam in riipis c5niecPolyphemus autem nullo tam^- et omnino perfractam esse. dato response duo e sociis manu conripuit et membris eorum
divolsis^^

carnem^^ devorare coepit.

452.

NO WAY OF ESCAPE
zq
^'''

geruntur, Graecorum animos tantus terror occuedere possent sed omni spe vocem quidem At Polysalutis deposita mortem praesentem exspectarent. phemus, postquam fames hac tarn horribili cena depulsa est,

Dum^^ haec
^"^

pavit ut ne

From

ago.

Observe that the subjunctive after cum meaning when

^

is

translated as an indicative.

Subject accusative of
^

celari; see 318.

*<

*that they, subject accusative of esse and venisse.

se
^

See 429.

Repeat
507.

from the preceding

quaero.

^''

clause:

that

they,

while retiirntjig ;

see

From From

Strictly by

which (see
^^

124), but translate in which.

veho.

See 39S.
^^

by himself it must be especially guarded

;

against = he must take especial precaution

been cast; supply esse.
1.
1

see 425,
^^

5,

and 426.
caro.
^^

^^

had

From
;

divello.

From

See

p. 172,

2,

and note.

^^

not even

always inclosing the emphatic word.

82

FIRST YEAR LATIN

se dedit.

humi prostratus somno

tantam
^

Quod cum

vidisset Ulixes,

occasionem rei^ bene gerendae^ non omittendam

^

arbitratus, in

eo erat ut pectus monstri gladio transfigeret.

Cum tamen
5

explorare,

possent.

temere agendum^ existimaret, constituit antequam hoc faceret, qua ratione ex antro evadere At cum saxum animadvertisset, quo ^ introitus
nihil
^

obstructus erat, nihil

sibi

profuturum

intellexit,

si

Polyphe-

mum
lo ita

interfecisset/

Tanta enim

erat eius saxi magnitude, ut

ne^ a decem quidem^ hominibus amoveri posset.

essent,^ Ulixes hoc^" destitit

Quae'^

cum
spe
Ille

conatu et ad socios rediit

loco
^^

qui,

cum

intellexissent

quo

in

res essent, nulla

salutis

oblata,
^^

de fortunis

suis

desperare

coeperunt.

tamen, ne
15 evasisse,

demonstravit

animos demitterent, vehementer hortatus est se^* iam antea e multis et magnis periculis
dii

neque dubium esse quin in tantS discrimine

auxilium adlaturl^* essent.

453.
.

A PLAN FOR VENGEANCE

Polyphemus iam

^ e somno excitatus idem Orta^^ liice quod hesterno die fecit; correptis^' enim dudbus e reliquis Turn, cum saxum viris, carnem eorum sine mora devoravit.

tantam

arbitratus, thinking that so

is

good a chance

ought not
;

to

be let slip ; occasionem

I).

subject accusative of omittendam (esse)

see 424

^'m eo erat ut, was in that (state) that and 425, 2 Compare 362, 2. * ought to be done : supply esse, as with omit was on the point of. tendam, above. Very often in forms of the infinitive made up of a parti^ nihil sibi profuturum, ^ ly which. and esse the latter is omitted. would be no advantage to them; what literally? Again esse is omitted. ^ not even: see p. ''should kill, not had killed. 181, 1. 21, and note. 8 since these things were so = such being the case. With conatu. ^^ state, not place. ^'^not to lose heart ; the clause depends upon hortatus ^'^ thai they ; go on, making a metaphrase mentally to the end, est. ^* From adfero. ^^ orta luce = and the meaning will be clear. j^gm quod: see 332. prima luce: orta from orior; what literally.? 1" With viris.

ciple
it

i"*

i'^

STORIES OF ULYSSES
amovisset, ipse

83

cum

viderent

Graeci,

cum pecore suo ex magnam

^

antro progressus
in

est.

Quod
sc post
;

spem venerunt

paulum evasuros.' Mox tamen ab hac spe repulsi sunt nam Polyphemus, postquam omnes oves exierunt,^ saxum in locum Reliqui omnI spe saliitis deposita lamentis lacrirestituit.
misque
se dediderunt
;

Ulixes vero qui, ut supra demonstravi-

mus, vir magni

crimine esse,
diu toto
in

fuit consili, etsi

nondum omnino
cogitavit,

desperabat.

bene intellegebat rem in disTandem postquam

animo

hoc cepit consilium.

E
;

lignis

quae
10

hunc summa cum diligentia praeacutum fecit tum postquam sociis quid lieri vellet ostendit, reditum Polyphemi exspectabat.
antro reposita^ sunt, palum

magnum
;

delegit

454.

POLYPHEMUS THRICE DRAINS A WINE-BOWL

rediit
et

Sub vesperum Polyphemus ad antrum

eodem
15

modo quo^ antea cenavit. Tum Ulixes utrem vini prompsit," quem forte, ut in talibus rebus accidere consuevit,' secum attulerat,* et, postquam magnam crateram vino replevit, gigantem ad bibendum"-* provocavit. Polyphemus, qui numquam antea vinum gustaverat, totam crateram statim hausit.^** Quod cum fecisset, tantam voluptatem percepit ut iterum et tertium crateram repleri iuberet. Tum cum quaesivisset quo nomine Ulixes appellaretur, ille respondit se Neminem " appellari. Quod cum audivisset, Polyphemus ita locutus est " Hanc tibi gratiam pro tanto beneficio referam, te ultimum omnium
:

20

devorabo."

His^- dictis, cibo vinoque gravatus recubuit^^ et

post breve tempus

1

somno oppressus
had great
hopes.
-

est.

Tum

Ulixes sociis 25

magnam
note

venerunt,
3

From
6.

evadd; supply esse; see

p. 182,

4.

From

exeo.

Observe
16.
^

in this

paragraph three examples of

*

the perfect after postquam; see p. 175, note

From
"^

repono.

as

compare idem quod,

translate as present.
11

p. 182,
^

note

From
^

promo.
2.

From

adfero.

See 367,

Nomaii.

1-

these {things)

having been said

this

From consuesco; From haurio. From said.

^'^ ^-^

recumbo.

84

FIRST YEAR LATIN

"Habemus,"
igitur

convocatis,

inquit,

"quam^
rei

petiimus faculta^

tem

ne

tantam

occasionem

bene

gerendae

omittamus."
455.

NOMAN
oratione

Hac
5

calefecit,
fodit.

postquam extremum^ palum Ignl oculum Polyphemi, dum dormit, flagrante ligno transhabita,''

Quo
At

facto,
ille

omnes
subito

in diversas speluncae partis se abdiillo

derunt.

dolore/ quod'' necesse

sustulit
^

fuit,

somno
lo

excitatus,

clamorem terribilem

et

dum

per

speluncam

errat, Ulixi

manum
esset,

inicere conabatur.

Cum ^ tamen
potuit.

iam omnino caecus

nullo

modo hoc

eflficere

Interea reliqui Cyclopes, clamore audito, undique ad spelun-

cam convenerunt
sustulisset.
15

et

ageret quaesiverunt et
Ille

ad introitum adstantes, quid^'' Polyphemus quam ob causam tantum clamorem respondit se graviter volneratum esse et

magno
vim
vit,

dolore adfici."

Cum tamen
ille

"ceteri

quaesivissent quis
id fecisse.
inquit,

ei

intulisset,

respondit

auditis,

unus

e Cyclopibus,

Neminem "At si nemo,"

Quibus

"te volnera-

baud dubium est quin consilio^^ deorum, quibus resistere nee possumus nee volumus, hoc supplicio adficiaris."
His
dictis,

20

abierunt

Cyclopes eum in

insaniam

incidisse

arbitrati.^^

quam

petiimus facultatem
let its

facultatem

quam
;

petiimus.

"^ns

omittamus,
s

not

let slip,

hortatory subjunctive
*

see 339, a, and 340,

a.

Compare p. 182, 1. 2, and note 2. and generally by a clause; see 358,

partem
pali
;

Translate the ablative absolute here

^

a.

see also 489.

Limits excitatus.

gxtremum palum = extremam which was necessary

"^

=
1^

necessarily; the reference is to

Literally,

what follows.
translate

From

tollo.

^ since.

what Polyphemus was doing;

what

ailed

Polyphemus

the

clause

from

adficio.

11 Passive infinitive present depends on the next word. ^^ Depends on adficiaris, by the design you are
.

afflicted.

3i

pq^^jvalent to arbitrantes
in this

compare

suspicata, p. 179,

1-

6,

and note

4.

Find

anecdote

five ablatives

absolute and two indirect

questions.

STORIES OF ULYSSES
456.

85

THE ESCAPE

At Polyphemus, ubi socios suos abiisse sensit, furore atque amentia impulsus Ulixem iterum quaerere coepit. Tandem cum portam invenisset, saxum quo obstructa^ erat amovit, ut pecus
ad agros exiret.
ovis ad

Tum^ipse in introitu sedit et ut ^ quaeque locum venerat, tergum eius manibus tractabat, ne viri

inter ovis exire possent.

hoc"' iniit cdnsilium;
in

Quod cum

animadvertisset Ulixes,

bene enim

intellexit

omnem spem
tris

salutis

dolo magis

quam

in virtute poni.

Primum

quas vidit
10

pinguissimas ex ovibus delegit.

conexis,^

Quibus inter ^ se viminibus earum ita subiecit ut omnino lateret deinde ovis^ hominem secum ferentis ad portam egit. Id accidit quod fore" suspicatus erat. Polyphemus

unum sociorum
:

ventribus

enim, postquam manus tergis earum imposuit, ovis praeterire

passus*

est.

Ulixes, ubi

suos socios ex ordine

rem ita feliciter evenisse vidit, omnis eodem modo emisit quo facto, ipse
;

15

ultimus evasit.
457.

OUT OF DANGER
ita confectis,

His rebus
contendit.
relicti erant,

Ulixes

ne Polyphemus fraudem sentiret,

cum sociis maxime veritus^ quam ^" celerrime ad litus

20

Quo '^ cum venissent, ab iis qui navi ^" praesidio magna ^^ cum laetitia accepti sunt. Hi enim, cum "
tris dies

animis anxiis iam

vissent, eos
^''

reditum eorum in

^^

horas exspecta^^

in

periculum grave
-

incidisse,^*^ id

quod

erat,

The

subject

is

porta understood.
3
*

Translate ut as or w/u-n when used

with the indicative.

conatii, p. 182,!. 10.
egit,
1.

with

consilium.

inter se, together.

Compare ^ From

for order hoc destitit

conecto.
^
;

Object of
p. 184,

from ago.

"

fore
i'

= futurum
p. 179,
12
1.

esse.
25,

P'rom patior.
11

See

and note. cum compare p.

21,
;

See

and

note.
1*

thither

begin with

17S, note 9.

Seg o^g,
l*'

a.

Compare

p. 37, foot-note.

1*

since.

1^ in

horas, hourly.
^'

that they

cati folIo\ving.

id

quod

erat, that

which was

had fallen ; depends on = as was true.

suspi-

86

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Turn Ulixes

suspicati, ipsi auxiliandi causa egredi parabant.

non

satis

tutum esse arbitratus

proficisci

si

in eo loco maneret,

quam

celerrime

c5nstituit.

lussit

igitur

omnis navem

conscendere et ancoris sublatis^ paulum a litore in altum proTurn magna voce exclamavit " Tu, Polypheme, vectus est.
:

qui

iiira

hospiti^ spernis, iustam et debitam

poenam immani-

tatis tuae solvisti."

Hac voce

audita Polyphemus ira vehe-

menter commotus ad mare se contulit et ubi intellexit navem paulum a litore rem5tam esse, saxum ingens manu conreptum
10 in

eam partem coniecit, unde vocem venire sensit. Graeci minimum* afuit quin submergerentur,* nullo accepto damno cursum tenuerunt.
autem, etsi

FABLES
458.

CIRCUMSTANCES ALTER CASES

Haedus stans
Cui lupus,
15

"Non
et

Saepe locus
459.

domus* lupo* praetereunti maledixit. "sed tectum mihi maledixit." tempus timidos homines audacis reddit.'
in tecto

tu," inquit,

THE SENSIBLE GOAT

in alta riipe

Lupus capram
in

stantem conspicatus,^ "Cur non,"

et sterilia loca et

inquit, "relinquis

nuda

ilia

hue descendis
?

herbidos campos, qui

:

tibi

laetum pabulum
est in

ofiferunt

"

Cui
^^

respondit capra
20

"Mihi^ non

animo^ dulcia

tijtis

praep5nere."
^ very little was it off hit ^ See came very near being drowned. ^ lupo praetereunti maledixit, to a wolf passing by said ill = reviled 482. " a wol/ who was passing by ; 566485. wa/5'^; the singular is 6866354. used in Latin because locus et tempus are thought of as one thing. 8 Equivalent to videns ^ to ;ne it is not in see p. 1S4, 1. 21, and note. mind = / have no intention. dulcia tutis praeponere, to put sweet things l^ See before safe things to prefer what is pleasant to what is safe. 347.
1

From

tollo.

Genitive of hospitium.

that they should be

drowned

they

i^*

FABLES
460.

187

THE DOG
^

IN

THE MANGER
bovesque latrando^ a pabulo
ista,"* inquit, "invidia

Canis iacebat
arcebat.^
est,

in praesaepi

Cui Onus boum,^ "Quanta

'

quod* non pateris" ut eo cibo

^

vescamur quern tu ipse

capere nee veils

nee possis

"
!

Haec
461.

fabula invidiae indolem deelarat.

THE GOLDEN EGG

ei cotidie

Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae

pariebat aureum.

Hine

suspieari eoepit illam^auri

ovum massam
maiori10

intus eelare et gallinam oeeidit.

nisi

Sed
^^

nihil in ea repperit,^"

quod

in aliis gallinis reperiri solet.

Itaque

dum ^^

bus

divitiis^- inhiat,

etiam minores

perdidit.

462.

UNION

IS

STRENGTH
sibi
^^

Agrieola senex,"
filios

eum mortem
quos
adferri

adpropinquare
^'

sentlret,

convoeavit,

interdum
iubet.

discordare

noverat/'^
adlatls,

et

fascem virgularum

Quibus
iisque
'''

filios

hortatur ut hune faseem frangerent.

possent, distribuit singulas virgas
;

Quod cum
coneordia

faeere

non

eeleriter

fraetis,^** 15

docuit

filios,

quam

firma

res

esset

quamque

imbecillis diseordia.

Why

the imperfect rather than the perfect

3. 3

See 132,

b. b.

Gerund
^

see

365 and 367,

^

ggg ^82.
"

*
^

(because).

From

patior.

See 388.
eelare,
.

See 331, gge 505.

in that

illam
it

illam

gallinam, subject
1'^

accusative
^^

of
.
.

//

to

conceal

that

concealed.

From

reperio.
!'

dum

inhiat,

while she was

393.
clause.
1"

Supply the Latin noun

in the right
left

^- See dcsit-itig. form from the preceding

i*'

quibus adlatis,
;

" See 482. when

5,

i^

May

be

untranslated.
^^

From

nosco.
^^ is,

these
is

had

been brought.

From

frango.

not was

the imperfect
1.

required because of the perfect docuit; see 297

and

p. 177,

and note.

[88

FIRST YEAR LATIN

KING LOG AND KING SNAKE
sibi

463.

Ranae aliquand5 regem

love

petiisse

dicuntur.

Quarum
deiecit.

ille

precibus exoratus trabem ingentem in

lacum

Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere,^ deinde ver5 trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae^ magno cum con5

temptu in ea consederunt* aliumque^ sibi novis clamoribus regem expetiverunt. Tum luppiter, earum'' stultitiam ut puniret, hydrum illis misit, a ' quo cum plurimae captae ^
perlrent, sero eas stolidarum

precum

paenituit.

464.

THE WOLF AND THE LAMB

et

Lupus
[o rior^"
iiirgi

agnus sitientes ad eundem rivum venerant.

^

Supe-

lupus, longe inferior

agnus stabat. Tunc improbus latro

inquit,

causam quaerens
reddidisti
inquit,

"Cur,"

"bibenti" mihi turbu:

lentam

possum?"
[5 istl."

" Qu5modo aquam ? " Agnus timens "a te enim aqua ad me decurrit." Ille
-^^
:

veritate rei repulsus

"Huius^^ anni

initio
^^

mihi^* maledix-

"Tum,"

inquit agnus,

"equidem natus
Atque
ita

nondumeram."
dilaniat.

"

Hercle etiam," respondet lupus, "pater tuus contumeliose

dixit

quondam
465.

de avia mea."

agnum

THE LION'S SHARE

leo,

Societatem iunxerant

iuvenca, capra, ovis.

Praeda'**

autem quam ceperant

in quattuor partis divisa, leo, "

Prima

"

^ quarum (ranarum) precibus, by the prayers of these = by their prayers. For the more common refugerunt. See p. 184, 1. 21, and note. ^ With regem; remember that an adjective is often From consido.
'^

separated from
stultitiam.
^
"^

its

a quo cum,

^ Order noun by one or more words. ^ captae perirent and when by him.

ut
:

earum
6.

see 353,

eas

paenituit,

it

repented them
^^

=
:

they

repented.
^^ hijius
1.

^"^

See 489.

11

Present participle, from bibo.

huius anni.
nascor.
i''

From

repello.

annI initio

=
4.

initio
16

"mihi
praeda
:

maledixisti

see p. 186,

13,

and note

From

with divisa, from dividd; see 358.

FABLES
ait,

189
Tollam Tertiam vindicat

"

Mea

est

debetur enim haec praestantiae meae.

meus.

et

secundam, quam meretur robur meum.

sibi egregius labor

is ^

Quartam^ qui

sibi

adrogare voluerit,

habiturum me inimicum sibi." Quid facerent * imbecilles bestiae ? aut quae" sibi leonem infestum habere
sciat se*
vellet
?

466.

BELLING THE CAT

Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quo modo a fele Multis ^ aliis propositis, omnibus * placuit, ut ei tintinnabulum adnecteretur sic enim ipsos^ sonitii admonitos eam fugere posse. Sed cum iam inter muris quaereretur qui
caverent.
;

^"^

10

fell

tintinnabulum adnecteret,
in

nem5

repertus
^-

est.

Fabula docet,
in

suadendo " plurimos

esse audacis, sed

ipso periculo timidos.

467.

THE DEER AND THE VINE

e

Olim cerva, quae celerrime fugiebat ut venatorum

bus se eriperet, sub vitem se condidit.
sequentes longius
^^

mani15

Interea venatores

progrediuntur.

Cerva autem non " iam

Folia agitan-

timens venatores incipiebat folia

tur,

vitis carpere.

quod vident venatores

ibi

et

statim revertuntur.
foliis

Mox
^'^

senti-

unt

bestiam aliquam sub

latere et sagittis

cervam
moritur, 20

volnerant.
^

Brevi tempore misera bestia volneribus

ixlso.

sciat, let

2 Order ^ is is qui voluerit adrogare quartam sibi sciat. * se habiturum him know ; see 339, a. supply esse; himself to
:

be about to
tis
aliis

have

that he will have.

nia>ty

could do.

Supply
been

bestia.

''

mul-

propositis, after
^

other proposals

had
and

made.
are

What
^

literally?

omnibus placuit, all resolved.

of
posse.

What

literally? infinitive

The
used

subject
as
if

accusative

The
i" i-

accusative

putaverunt preceded.
?

the question

literally
to be,
"^^

11

Gerund

see 365.
'^^

plurimos esse
a.

was raised ; see 418. What do not translate many

:

but that
;

many

are.

too

far ; see 255,

^*

non iam: see 327.

of wounds

see 165.

190
sed moriens dicit
tegebat, nocere^
:

FIRST YEAR LATIN

'* lustas do poenas, nam huic non debui."

viti,

quae

me

STORIES FROM ROMAN HISTORY

468.

THE BRAVE DEED OF HOBATIUS COCLES

ad"'

(B.C.

508

?)

Porsena, rex Etrtiscorum,^

infesto exercitu
5

restituend5s Tarquinios

cum
;

Romam

venit.

Primo impetu laniculum

cepit.

Non umquam
agris in

alias* ante tantus terror

;

Romanes

invasit

ex

urbem demigrant

urbem ipsam saepiunt

praesidiis.

Alia^ urbis pars muris," alia Tiber! obiecto^ tuta videbatur.

10

Pons Sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit,^ nisi unus vir fuisset, Horatius Codes, illocognomineappellatus, quod in alio proelio oculum amiserat.^ Is, extrema pontis parte occupata,^" aciem hostium solus sustinuit, donee pons a tergo interrumperetur."
armatus in Ipsa audacia obstupefecit hostis ponte rescisso Tiberim desiluit et multis ^^ superincidentibus telis incolumis
^-^
;

ad suos
15 agri

tranavit.

publice

datum

Grata tanta virtute civitas fuit ei tantum est, quantum uno die circumarare potuit.
;

Statua quoque
469.

ei in

Comitio

posita.^*

THE FORTITUDE OF MUCIUS

Porsena

Cum
necem
20

Romam
adiit

obsideret, Mvicius, vir

et

Romanae

con-

stantiae,

senatum

veniam^^

transfugiendi

petiit,

regis repromittens.

Accepta potestate,

in castra Porse-

nae venit.
1

Ibi in confertissima turba prope regium tribunal

nocere non debui,

ought not

to

have injured.
alia: see 313.

map
8

of Italy for the country of Etruria

*

- I,ook on a classical (modern Tuscany) north of Rome.

See 429.
its

Adverb.
''

^alia

With
'j

tuta; by reason

of
8

walls.

by the interposed Tiber

by the Tiber

being between.

^ From amitto. For dedisset, would have allowed a passage (iter). '^11 That is, by the Romans. From rescindo. 13 That is, by Codes. i veniam transfugiendi, /as-^r of " Supply est. though many, etc.
'^'^

deserting

= pertnission

to desert.

STOR/ES FROM
constitit.

ROMAN HISTORY
et scriba

IQI

Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur

^

cum
'^

rege pari

fere ornatu sedebat.

Mucius, ignOrans uter rex esset,

Adprehensus et ad regem pertractus dextram accenso^ ad sacriticium foculo"* iniecit, velut manum
ilium pro rege occidit.

pimiens quod

in

caede peccasset/ Attonitus miraculo rex iuvealtaribus iussit.

nem amoveri ab
remunerans,
rasse.
ait

Turn Mucius, quasi beneficium

similis''

trecentos

"^

sui

adversus

eum

coniu-

Qua

re ille territus

bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit.

470.

CLOELIA, THE HOSTAGE. ESCAPES

Porsena Cloeliam, virginem nobilem, inter obsides accepit.

Cum*

eius castra

haud procul ab
^^

ripa Tiberis locata essent, 10

Cloelia deceptis custodibus noctu castris egressa,^ equ5, quern

fors dederat, adrepto

Tiberim

traiecit.

Quod

^^

ubi regi nun^^

tiatum

est,

primo

ille

incensus ira

Romam

legates misit ad

Cloeliam

obsidem reposcendam.

Roman! eam ex
^*

foedere

restituerunt.

Tum
vellet

rex virginis virtiitem

admlratus^^

eam

15

laudavit ac parte obsidum

ut
ipsa

donaturum

se dixit, permisitque

quos

legeret.

Productis

obsidibus

Cloelia

quorum aetatem iniuriae obnoxiam R5mani novam ^^ in sciebat et cum iis in patriam rediit.^^ femina virtiitem^'' novo genere honoris, statua equestri, donavirgines puerosque elegit,

20

vere."
1

In
.

summa ^^ Via Sacra ^^ fuit

.

posita virgo insidens equo.

-

pari
:

omatu
^

with scriba; 566307.

From
*
"^

pertrahS.
^

From

accendo

order

foculo accenso ad sacrificium.

Subject accusative of coniurasse.
similis.
^^
:

See 347.

Full form

peccavisset.

sui: the dative might

egredior, active in
;

have been expected after

since.

From

meaning
adripio.
.

see 386,
^^

b.

equo

adrepto, seizing a horse

if

adrepto from
this.
12 13

quod ubi

translate as

ubi quod, a(/ wlien

. .

^^

reposcendam: might have been ut

1*

reposceret; 566429.

gee

note 9 on egressa.
give.
1^

donatiirum se
^^

=
.
.

se

From

redeo.

See

p. iSS,
.

1.

donaturum esse, that he would i" For the 5, and note 5.

; it

more common donaverunt, rewarded

virtutem, and the ablative, genere.
1^

with

takes the accusative,

highest part
of.

Via Sacra: a street

From superus (4S9), running through the Forum up to the

1*

Capitol.

192

FIRST YEAR LATIN

CAIUS MARCIUS CORIOLANUS
(B.C.

471.

493-488?)

C.

Marcius gentis patriciae captls^

est.

Coriolis, urbe Volsco^

rum, Coriolanus dictus

tutela
adolevit.^
e

Puer patre
quibus

orbatus sub matris

facere

Cum

prima'*

stipendia

coepisset

adulescens,^
5

multis

proeliis,

interfuit,

numquam
In omni

rediit nisi

corona aliove^ militari praemio donatus.

vitae ratione nihil aliud sibi proponebat ceret

;

quam

ut matri pla-

cumque

ilia

audiret filium

''

laudari aut corona donari

videret, turn

demum

felicem se ipsa putabat.

Consul factus

lo

magno pretio dandum populo ciiravit, ut plebs agros, non seditiones coleret. Qua de causa damnatus ad Volscos infestos tunc Romanis Imperator a confugit eosque adversus Romanos concitavit.
gravi* annona advectum^ e Sicilia frumentum

Volscis factus, castris ad quartum ab urbe lapidem positis,

agrum Romanum
15

est populatus.

ad Coriolanum oratores de pace, sed atrox responsum rettulerunt.^" Iterum deinde iidem missi ne ^^ in Sacerdotes quoque suis infulis castra quidem " recepti sunt. velati ad eum iverunt supplices, nee magis^^ animum eius
Missi sunt
flexerunt.^^

Roma

Stupebat senatus, trepidabat populus,

viri pariter

20

Turn Veturia, Coriolani mater, et Volumnia uxor, duos parvos filios secum Ubi matrem adspexit trahens, castra hostium petierunt. Coriolanus: "O patria," inquit, "vicisti iram meam admotis
ac mulieres exitium imminens lamentabantur.
1

^"'

captis Coriolis, because of the capture of Corioli.

adolesco.
*

From
aliove

prima

coepisset,

had begun
service.

to

gee 231 and 232. earn first wages

^

(as a soldier)
**

= had = vel alio.

/;;

begun his first military

''

in his yottth.
^

Subject accusative of laudari and donari.

^

gravi

annona,
is

titne

of extreme scarcity.

Agrees with frumentum, which

Translate had (curavit) corn,
l"

the subject accusative of

dandum
21,

(esse).

brought from Sicily, distributed

refero.
12
11

to the

people at a high price.

i-

From
fitore.

See

p. iSi,
1*

1.

and
.

note.

nee magis, but no

From

fleets.

admotis

preeibus, by

employing the prayers.

STORIES FROM

ROMA A HISTORY

193

matris meae precibus, cui ^ tuam in me iniuriam condono." Complexus^ inde suos castra movit et exercitum ex agro

Romano

abduxit.

Coriolanus postea a Volscis ut proditor

occisus^ dicitur.

472.

TITUS QUINCTIUS CINCINNATUS

(B.C.

458)

I.

AequI"* cdnsulem

Minucium atque exercitum

Id ubi
fuit,

eius cirtantus''

cumsessos tenebant.
pavor, tanta trepidatio
tra hostes

Romae nuntiatum
si

est,

quanta^

obsiderent

cum autem

in

esse praesidi^ videretur, dictatorem''

urbem ipsam, non casaltero consule parum dici placuit, qui ^ rem ^

adflictam restitueret.

T. Quinctius Cincinnatus

omnium

con- 10

sensu dictator est dictus.

lUe, spes unica imperi

^^

trans Tiberim tunc quattuor iugerum

Romani, colebat agrum. Ad "

Salute
^^

quem

missi legati

nudum eum arantem

ofifenderunt.

data invicem redditaque Cincinnatus togam propere e tugurio proferre

uxorem Raciliam

iussit, ut senattis

mandata

toga- 13

tus audiret.
II.

Postquam, absterso " pulvere ac sudore, toga indutus

processit Cincinnatus, dictatorem

eum

legati gratulantes consit,"

salutant

quantus terror
igitur

in

exercitu
et

exponunt.

Cin-

cinnatus

Romam
est.

venit

antecedentibus lictoribus 20

domum
"^for

deductus

Postero die profectus, Minucio obsi-

whose sake.

From
.

complector.

Supply

esse.

a classical
^

map
.
.

for the country of the Aequi, a short distance east of

. .

tantus

quanta, so great

how great

as great as.
it

Look on Rome. Depends

qui
^^
. . .

on parum
to be

see 256 and 257.

"^

dictatorem dIci placuit,

pleased a dictator
*

appointed

it

was resolved that a

dictator be appointed.

^ rem adflictam, the suffering 419 and 420. pends on agrum. F"or the form iugerum, see Vocabulary.

restitueret: see

state.
11

De. . .

ad
^^

legati, the

messengers

who were

sent to him.

i?

saldte
^"^

reddita,

when
See

they

had exchanged greetings.

1.

What

literally

From

abstergeo.

p. 177,

5,

and note.

194
dione
liberate,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

victos
^

hostis

sub

iugum

'^

misit.

Urbem

triumphans ingressus
tus
5

est.
*
;

DuctP
ante

ante currum duces hostium,

militaria signa praelata

;

seciitus est exercitus

praeda onus''

epulae instructae sunt

^

natus sexto decimo die

omnium domos. Cincinsex mensis dictatura,*' quam in

acceperat, se abdicavit et ad boves rediit triumphalis agricola,

473.
I.

TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS

(B.C.

361)

T. Manlius ob ingeni et linguae tarditatem a patre rus

Qui cum audivisset patri^ diem dictam esse a Pomponio, tribuno plebis, cepit consilium, rudis quidem et
relegatus erat.
10 agrestis

animi, sed pietate

^^

laudabile.

Cultr5 succinctus^^

mane
git.

urbem atque a porta c5nfestim ad Pomponium perIntroductus cultrum stringit et super lectum Pomponi
in
^^

stans se

eum transfixurum

minatur, nisi ab incepta acciisa^^

tione desistat.
15

Pavidus tribunus, quippe

qui cerneret ferrum

ante oculos micare, accusationem dimisit.

Ea

res adulescenti

honor!" fuit, quod acerbitas paterna animum eius a pietate non avertisset ideoque eodem anno tribiinus militum factus est. ^^ II. Cum postea Galli ad tertium lapidem trans Anienem
fluvium castra posuissent,^*' exercitus
20 tus

Romanus ab urbe
Pons
in
in

profec-

est et
;

in citeriore ripa fluvi constitit.

medio

erat
1

tunc Gallus eximia corporis magnitudine,"

translation,

vacuum

For

compare

353,

6.

The
^

yoke, symbolical of servitude,

^

consisted of two spears set upright and a third laid across them.
sunt.
*
;

Supply
"^

From
and

praefero

supply sunt.
^ ^

after sixteen days: take with

abdicavit
*

see 187

and
2.

188.

Depends on
. . .

abdicavit; see 232.

for.

See

196, 2,

197,

patri

esse, that

a day had been appointed

for his father^s trial {for his father), that is, for banishing his son. ^'^ Subject girding himself in point of Hal affection; see 374. accusative of transfixurum (esse), and refers to Manlius, subject of minatur.
'^'^

"^"^

13

quippe qui, since he.

" See

into the Tiber three miles

Gallus.

348, 2, and above Rome.

a.
^^

^^

The Anio empties

pono.
^^

Yxqvs\

Limits

See 306 and 307.

STORIES FROM
pontem
pugnam,
silentium
processit
et

ROMAN HISTORY
is

195

quam

maxima voce potuit/ "Quem^

procedat^ ad
ostendat, utra gens

nunc," inquit,
ut

"Roma
Diu

fortissimum habet,
inter primores

eventus

certaminis nostri

bello sit^ melior."

fuit.
:

iuvenum Romanorum
5

Tum

Titus Manlius ex statione ad impera-

torem pergit

"Iniussu tuo," inquit, " imperator, extra ordinem numquam pugnaverim,'' non si certam victoriam videam. Si tu permittis, volo isti beluae ostendere me ex ea familia

ortum* esse, quae Gallorum agmen ex rtipe Tarpeia deiecit." Cui imperator "Macte*^ virtute," inquit, "Tite Manli, esto
:

10

perge et

nomen Romanum invictum praesta." scutum capit, HisIII. Armant deinde iuvenem aequales pano cingitur ' gladio ad propiorem pugnam habili. Exspectabat eum Gallus stolide laetus et linguam ab inrisu exserens. Ubi constitere inter duas acies, Gallus ensem cum ingenti Manlius vero insinuavit sese sonitu in arma Manli deiecit. inter corpus et arma Galli atque iano et altero ictu ventrem
;

15

transfodit

iacenti^

torquem

detraxit, quern cruore

respersum^
Gal20

collo circumdedit suo.

los.

Defixerat paver

cum admiratione

obviam militi suo progrediuntur et graManlius tulantes laudantesque ad imperatorem perducunt.

Romani

alacres

inde Torquati
IV.

nomen accepit. Idem Manlius, postea consul

Forte
filius

factus, bello Latino, ut

^

disclplinam militarem restitueret, edixit ne

quis extra ordi-

nem

pugnaret.
;

eius

accessit

prope stationem

25

hostium
1 quam quem
.
.

is

qui Latino equitatui praeerat, ubi consulis filium

.

potuit,

in

the

loudest voice possible.

if it

What

literally?

'

procedat: translate as
;

stood:

is

fortissimus procedat quern

R5ma
*

habet

Translate ^s
. .

macte pluck!

^ See sit, p. 193, 1. 19, and note. on procedat, see 340, a (i). ^ From orior. if it were pugnem see 404, 4, and 406. esto, be honored on account of thy valor = good for your
;

'girds himself.
as he

Compare

succlnctus, p. 194,

1.

10,

and note

11.

from him

was lying prostrate ; present

^'^

participle, dative singular,

si, nisi,

^ From respergS. from iacio. ne, and num, forms of quis mean

ne quis, that ne one: after

one, anything.

a;/y,

any

196
agnovit,^

FIRST YEAR LATIN

"Visne," inquit, " congredi mecum, ut singularis quantum eques Latinus Romano

certaminis eventu cernatur,

praestet
?

"

Movit^ ferocem animum iuvenis seu

Oblitus
^

ira seu de-

trectandi^ certaminis pudor.

5

itaque imperi paterni

10

Latinum ex equo excussum^ transfixit, Extemplo filium aversatus consul milites classico advocat qui postquam f requentes* convenere "Quandoquidem," inquit, " tu, fill, condisciplinam poena tra imperium c5nsulis pugnasti, oportet Triste exemplum sed in ^ posterum salubre tua restituas. Metu omnes I," lictor, deliga ad palum." iuventuti eris.
in

certamen

ruit et

spoliisque lectis/ in castra ad patrem venit.

;

"^

'*

obstupuere
in

sed

postquam, cervice caesa, fusus

est

cruor,

questus et lamenta erupere.

Manlio

^-

Romam
et

redeunti

seni5res tantum^^
15

obviam exierunt; iuventus

tunc

eum

et

omni deinde
474.

vita exsecrata est.

MARCUS VALERIUS CORVUS

cum Romani

(B.C.

349)
^*

Bello Gallico

in stationibus quieti

tempus

20

quidam magnitudine ^^ atque armis insignis ante alios processit quatiensque scutum hasta, cum silentium fecisset, unum e Romanis per interpretem provocavit, qui secum ferro decerneret. Erat Marcus Valerius tribunus
tererent," Gallus
^''

militum, adulescens, qui prius sciscitatus consulis voluntatem

in

disse fertur
in
1

medium armatus processit. Tunc res visu ^* mirabilis accinam cum iam manum consereret Valerius, repente
;

galea eius corvus consedit in hostem versus.

-

Ales non
362,
2.

From agnosco. From obliviscor.

The
^

subjects are ira and pudor.

transfixit
:

Compare

excussum
lego.
. .

translate

by two verbs
^

compare 353,6.
great numbers.

From
oportet

"qui ^Kisto^dxa, atid after they.

.

in

restituas

oportet ut restituas.
i-

^'Mn

posterum, for the future.

^3

^^

See

507.

Adverb, only.

i-*

An

adjective used adverbially.

Depends on obviam. i^ po not confound

with terrerent.
1"

^i''

Ablative of cause with insignis; see 164 and 165.

S.
^^

Compare

p. 193,

note

See 372,

2,

and 374.

STORIES FROM
solum captam
^

ROMAN HISTORY

97

semel sedem tenuit, sed quotiescumque cer-

tamen

inituni est, levans se alls os oculosque Galli rostro et

unguibus adpetiit.
lisque simul ac
e

Hostem
-

territum talis prodigi visu ocu-

mente turbatum Valerius obtruncat.

orientem
petit.

Corvus
5

conspectli
est.

elatus

Inde Valerius Corvus

dictus
475.
I.

PYRRHUS MAKES
'^

WAR ON THE ROMANS

(k.c.

280-275)

bellum indictum
rex,

quod Romanorum legatis iniuriam fecissent Quibus auxilio'' venit Pyrrhus, Epiri* qui genus ab Achille ducebat. Contra Pyrrhum missus
Tarentinis
est.

est

consul

Laevinus, qui,

iussit

eos per castra

dimitti, ut ea

cum exploratores regis cepisset, Romana circumduci tumque incolumis quae vidissent Pyrrho renuntiarent. Mox com-

10

missa pugna, cum

tos
in

proeli

" iam hostes pedem referrent, rex elephanRomanorum agmen agi iussit quo facto mutata est fortuna. Romanos vastorum'^ corporum moles terri;

15

bilisque*^

superadstantium armatorum species Hurbavit.

et

Equi
proelio

etiam,

conspectu

odore beluarum

exterriti,

sessores vel

excutiebant vel secum in fugam abripiebant.

Nox

finem
II.

fecit.

Pyrrhus captivos Romanos

summo

in

honore habuit

20

Quos" cum adverse volnere '" et truci voltu etiam mortuos iacere vidisset, manus ad caelum sustulisse dicitur cum hac voce: "Ego talibus viris" brevi ^- orbem
occisos sepelivit.
1

captam

tenuit, kept /its perch,

literally.'

'flying
^
'

away; from
*

effero.

when he had once lighted on it. What ^ Find Tarentum on the

coast of southeastern Italy.

p.

194,

1.

16.

Find Epirus

See 348 and compare adulescenti honori, in northwestern Greece. 'cum iam,
.

when
their

at last.

vastorum
^

moles, the mass of their vast bodies

1.

enormous

size.

See

p. 1S8,
1.

5,

tive of iacere; see also p.

178,

18,

and note and note.

5.
'^'^

Subject accusacol-

wounds, used

lectively; so voltii.
luitk.
12

11

Ablative of

means with subegissem,

best translated

brevi

brevi tempore.

198

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Deinde ad urbem Romam magnis omnia ferro ignique vastavit ad vice;

terrarum subegissem."
itineribus contendit
;

simum ab urbe lapidem

venit Laevinus
5

castra

posuit.
;

Pyrrho^

obviam

cum novo exercitu quo ^ viso rex ait sibi ^ eandem* adversus Romanos esse fortunam, quam^ Herculi
adversus hydram, cui tot^ capita renascebantur, quot^ praecisa

erant.

Deinde

in
"

Campaniam
captivis

se recepit

missos**

senatu de redimendis

legates

honorifice

excepit

captiv5s sine pretio reddidit, ut Romani, c5gnita iam eius

10 virtiite,

cognoscerent etiam liberalitatem.

Erat

III.

Pyrrhus miti ac placabili animo

solet

enim

rnagni animi comes esse dementia.**

Eius humanitatem expert!

se pro socio

sunt Tarentini.

Qui cum sero

intellexissent
liberls

dominum
15
siti

accepisse, sortem

suam

vocibus querebantur,
Itaque arces-

idque aliquant5 liberius^ ubi vino incaluerant.

ad regem sunt nonnulli, quod" inter convivium parum honorifice de rege locuti essent sed periculum simplex con;

fessio

20

rex percontatus esset ea quae ad auris suas pervenerant dixissent, " Et ^^ haec diximus," inquiunt, "rex! et nisi vinum defecisset,

culpae

discussit.

Nam cum

num ^^

multo

pliira
^^

et

graviora dicturi

^^

fuimus."

Pyrrhus,

qui

malebat vini
e5s dimisit.
1

quam hominum

earn culpam videri," subridens

Pyrrho obviam

compare Manlio

obviam, p. 196,
;

1.

13.
*

quo vIso
. . .

^ With esse and wheti the king saw this. ^ tot quam see 332. quot, so matty as. Compare p. 193, ]. 6, and note. the ambassadors who were sent. Compare

rex,

see 115.
.
.

eandem

how many
missos
I.
. . .

as ?nany
legates,

"^

364,
^"^

8.
. . .

Subject of

solet.
13

See 255,

rt.

^'^

because.

" See
1*

298.

et

et: see 155.

dicturi fuimus,

the

we should have said. wine rather than of the men.

that it should seem the fault of

CAESAR: GALLIC
CAESAR: GALLIC WAR,
476.

WAR
{Adapted)

99

H, 29-33

THE STORY OF THE ADUATUCI

77/ 1-

(n.c. 57)

Aduaiuci prepare
qui

to

make a

desperate resistance

I.

Aduatuci,*

cum omnibus

copiis

auxilio^

Nerviis
reverte-

veniebant, hac pugna" nuntiata, ex itinere

;

domum

runt cunctis oppidls castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt. Quod* ex^ omnibus in circuitu partibus * altissimas rupis despectusque

habebat, sed una

batur
;

ex*^

parte leniter adclivis aditus relinque-

quern' locum duplicx altissimo

et

magni ponderis saxa

cabant.

praeacutas trabis

muro munierant et in muro conloRomans

From
II.

their walls they taunt the

Ac primo^ adventu
;

exercitus nostri'* crebras ex oppido

excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis

cum

nostris con-

tendebant
sese

postea, vallo
^"

pedum duodecim ^
vineis
^-

in circuitu quin^^

decim milium

crebrisque castellis
Ubi,

circummuniti, oppido
actis

continebant.

aggere

exstructo,

1 Look on a map of Gaul in the northeastern part, about the river Mosa (now Meuse), in what is now Belgium. -for an aid = to aid ; see 348 ^ The reference is to a battle in which the Nervii had been and 349.

almost annihilated.
a circuit

this toT.vn.

ex

partibus,

from

all parts in

on all sides round about, or simply all around.

On
. .
.

the sepa-

^ on, as in line 4. from partibus, see p. 188, 1. 5, note 5. ^ ^ primo nostri as Do not translate which place, but this place. ^ That is, in height. What literally ? soon as our army got there. ^i oppido = in oppido. i- vineis actis (actis from Supply pedum. These vincae were wooden that the vineae had been got readyago) sheds, open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to undermine a wall or fill up a ditch in front of fortifications. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers. See p. 155.

ration of omnibus

1''

200

FIRST YEAR LATIN

turrim^ procul constitui^ viderunt, primum inridere ex muro atque increpitare^ vocibus coeperunt, quod tanta machinatio

ab* tanto spatio in.strueretur

quibusnam^ manibus aut

''

qui-

bus viribus*^ praesertim homines tantulae staturae tanti oneris ^ in muro ^ sese conlocare confiderent ?

turrim

But soon
III.

they lose confidence

^^

and offer
et

to

surrender

Ubi vero turrim mover!

adpropinquare moenibus

nova atque inusitata specie commoti, legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti ^^ sunt AduatucI non existimant R5man5s sine ope divina bellum
viderunt,
10 gerere,

qui^^ tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate

^^
;

promovere possint
permittunt.

itaque se suaque omnia eorum potestati

Unum ^'

petunt

si

forte Caesar pro sua^'* de^'

mentia ac mansuetudine statuerit vandos, ne^*^ eos armis despoliet.

15

Aduatucos esse conser-

fere finitimi sunt " inimici ac suae virtuti invident, a quibus se defendere traditis

Omnes
si

armis non poterunt.

cantur,-"

Sibi

^^

praestet,

in

quamvis fortunam a populo Romano

eum ^^ casum dedupati, quam ab

inimicis per cruciatum intertici.

1

See 479, c

Passive infinitive present

was being

raised.

increpitare

""with ^a\i tacato ST^aXio, so far azvay. What literally ? what hands, pray ? nam is added for emphasis, to point their sarcasm. 6 Not from vir. To the taller Belgians the Romans looked like " little

vocibus, AjA

'^

chaps."

Compare
upon
.
.

for

meaning
siege

ponderis, p. 199,

1.

8.

The Aduatuci,
11
.

unacquainted with
hoist the tower
loquor.
1-

Roman
.

operations, supposed they intended to

^^ to

their wall.

be

moved

was moving.
. .

From
;

since

they can.
his usual.

^^
^^

one thing, namely ne

despoliet,

two

lines below.

1*

Future perfect, shall have decided

''^^

ne but better translated shall decide or decides. he (Caesar) would not deprive them of their arms.
they should deliver up their
be better for

despoliet, that

1"

traditis armis, //
/'/

arms; see
is

357, a.

'^

sibi praestet,

woidd

them

praestet
^^

used impersonally, the real subject being patI

such a condition.
;

in the next line.

eum casum,

^'

praestet, si

deducantur

a conditional sentence of the second form

see 404, 4, and 406.

CAESAR: GALLIC
T/iey

WAR

201

must disarm, but are promised protection

^
:

IV.

quam

haec Caesar respondit " Magis consuetudine mea merito vestro civitatem conservabo, si prius quam murum

Ad

aries- attigerit,'' vos dedideritis

sed deditionis nulla est con-

dicio nisi* armis traditls.

Id quod in^ Nerviis feci faciam

^

finitimisque

imperabo ne quam

iniuriam dediticiis

populi

Romani
facere
'

inferant."

dixerunt.
erat

Re niintiata ad suos, quae imperarentur Armorum tanta multitQdo de muro in fosest,

sam quae
tamen

ante oppidum iacta

ut prope

summam**
et
^"

muri aggerisque altitiidinem^ acervi eorum adaequarent,

circiter pars tertia, ut postea

perspectum^

est,

celata

lo

atque in oppido
die pace
^^

retenta

est.

Deinde portis patefactis eo

sunt usi oppidani.

brave dash for freedom, but a terrible fate

./

V,

exire iussit.
est,

Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido Oppidani consilio ^^ ante inito, ut intellectum ^^ deditione facta nostros" praesidia deducturos aut quod
^^

15

denique

indiligentius servaturos crediderant, tertia

^^

vigilia,

qua^' minime arduus ad nostras mimitiones ascensus videbatur,

1

according

to

my

custom.

"

long, strong

beam
It

of wood, furnished

with an iron head in the form of a ram's head.

was suspended from a

to

framework by a strong chain or ropes, and worked by men,

breach
in

make a
* nisi

a wall.

See illustration,

p.

202.
p. 200,

translate this and the

1.

following future perfect by the present; see

13,

and
^

note.

armis

traditis.

Compare
of
in

p.

200,

1.

5,

and

note.

in the case of; a

common meaning
*

with nouns in

the

ablative

denoting persons.

See

p. 195,

1.

24,

and note.
^
^^
'v[i\\.Q,

"One would

expect se facturos esse, and

.

it

may be
b.

so translated.
I''

summam

altitudinem, top.

See
See

418,

Supply

est.

pace sunt usi

not used {enjoyed) peace, but

;

kept quiet.

i- consilio
^'

forming a plan
^^

inito

from
the

ineo.

^'

note

9.

our commanders
^*

subject accusative of deducturos (esse) and

tertia vigilia
:

servaturos (esse).

at

any

rate.

Romans
i"

divided

the night into four watches of about three hours each.

-where.

202
omnibus
Celeriter,
facta, ex

FIRST YEAR LATIN

copiis

repentino ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt.

imperarat,^ ignibus
'^

ut ante Caesar

significatione

proximis castellis eo concursum

est.

Ibi

pugnatum

est acriter
5

ab hostibus in * extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo Hurribusque tela iacerent, cum in una

virtute

omnis spes

salutis consisteret.

Occisis

ad^hominum

milibus quattuor reliqui in

eius diei refractis portis,

oppidum reiecti sunt. Postridie** cum" iam defenderet nemo/ atque

sectionem"
eius oppidi
^^

intromissis militibus nostris,

lo

universam

Caesar vendidit.

Ab

iis

qui emerant capitum

numerus ad

eum
1

relatus

^^

^st milium quinquaginta trium.

p.

For imperaverat, see

p. 201,
1.

91,

1.

5,

note.
13.
?

by fire signals.
.
.

Compare
redoubt.
postridie

intellectum est,

14,

and note

* in
^
'

salutis, as their last

chance of saving themselves.

^

What

literally

their (the

Romans')
^

cum

virtijte,

since in valor alone.

about, adverb.
?

Iva^txll,

on the following day.

position.

What

literally

since.
I

1^

Emphatic

from

its

Compare
all

" silver and gold have

^^

none."

" The

"booty" included
cattle.
13

the inhabitants.
;

\Ve say so many "head" of

From

refero
in

was reported

to be

^3,000.

These 53,000 captives

were probably driven

chain gangs to the Province or to Italy and sold in lots to suit purchasers, there to wear out their lives in bondage.

Battering Ram

APPENDIX
TABLES OF
DECLENSION, CONJUGATION, ETC.

NOUNS
477.

FIRST DECLENSION A-Stems

Singular
Terminations

Plural
Terminations
hastae
-ae

Nom.
Gen.

hasta

-a

hastae hastae

-ae -ae

hastarum
hastis

-arum
-IS

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

hastam
hasta

-am
-a

hastas
hastis

-as
-IS

478.

SECOND DECLENSION O-Stems

Singular
Terminations
Masc.
Plu:ral

Te rminations
Masc.
horti
-1

Nom.
Gen.

hortus
horti

-us
-i

hortorum
hortis

-orum
-is

Dal.
Ace.

horto

-6

hortum
horto

-um
-6

hortSs
hortis

-6a
-is

Abl.

203

204
Sing ULAR

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Plural
Terminations
Neut.

Terminations
Xeut.

Nom.
Gen.

donum
doni

-um
-i

dona

-a

dcnorum
donls

-orum
-Is

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
a.

dono

-6

donum
dono

-um
-6

d5na
ddnis

-a
-Is

The

vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second declension

in -e
:

has a special form

horte.

Singular

Nom.
Gen.

puer
puerl

ager
agri

vir
virT

fllius
fill, -ii

Dat.
Ace.

puer5

agro

viro

fllio

puerum
puero

agrum
agro

virum
viro

fllium
fllio

AM.

Plural

Nom.
Gen.

puerl

agrI

viri

fllil

puerorum
pueris

agrorum
agris

virSrum
viris

flliorum
filils

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
a.

pueros
pueris

agros
agrls
filius is fill.

viros
viris

filios
flliis

The

vocative singular of

479.

THIRD DECLENSION
M.

Mute Stems
Singular
Terminations
M. &
F.

N.

Nom.
Gen.

rex
regis

miles
mllitis
mllitl

virtus
virtutis
virtuti

caput
capitis
capiti

-s or
-is
-I

-is
-I

Dat.
Ace.

regi

regem
rege

militem
mllite

virtutem
virtu te

caput
capita

-em
-e

-e

Abl.

APPENDIX
I'LURAI.

205

Terminations
M. U
V.

N.

reges

niilites

virtutes
virtu turn

capita

-es

-a

rcgum
regibus
reges

mlHtum
militibus
mllites

capitum
capitibus
capita

-um
-ibus
-es

-um
-ibus
-a

virtutibus
virtutes

regibus

militibus
It.

virtutibus

capitibus

-ibus

-ibus

Liquid Stems

Singular
pater
patris
patri

patrem
patre

homo hom inis hom ini hominem hom ine

Plural

volnus
volneris

corpus
corporis

volneri

corpori

volnus
volnere

corpus
corpore

patres

patrum
patribus
patres

hom ines hominum

hominibus homines hominibus
c.

volnera

corpora

volnerum
volneribus
volnera

corporum
corporibus
corpora

patribus

volneribus

corporibus

I-Stems
Terminations
M. &
F.

Singular
hostis

nubes
nubis

urbs
urbis
urbi

animal
animalis

-s
-is
-1

-i

N.

hostis host!

-is
-I

nubi

animal!

hostem
hoste

nubem
nube

urbem
urbe

animal
animali

-em
-e

Plural
hostes

nubes

urbes

animalia

-es

-ia

hostium
hostibus hostibus

nubium
nubibus
nubibus

urbium
urbibus
urbis, -es

animalium
animalibus
animalia

-ium
-ibus
-Is.

-ium
-ibus

hostis, -es nubis, -es

-es -ia

urbibus

animalibus

-ibus

-ibus

2o6
Sing.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Plur. Ignes
Sing.
turris
turris
turri

Plur.
turres

Norn.

Ignis
Ignis
Igni

Gen.

Ignium
ignibus
Ignis,
-ei

turrium
turribus
-

Dat.
Ace.

Ignem
Igni, -e

turrim,
turri, -e

em

turris, -es

AM.

Ignibus

turribus

480.

FOURTH DECLENSION U-Stems

Singular
Terminations
Masc.

Terminations
Neut.

Norn.
Gen.

gradus

-us

cornu
cornus

-u

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

gradus -us gradui (-u) -ui (-u)

-us
-u
-ii

cornu
cornu cornu

gradum
gradu

-um
-u

-u

Plural
Norn.
Gen.

gradus

-us

cornua

-ua

graduum
gradibus

-uum
-ibus (-ubus)

cornuum
cornibus

-uum
-ibus (-ubus)

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

gradus
gradibus

-us
-ibus (-ubus)

cornua
cornibus

-ua
-ibus (-ubus)

481
Sing.

FIFTH DECLENSION E-Stems

Terminations
Plur.
dies
Sing.
res
rei
rei

Plur.
res

Sing.

Plur.
-es

Norn.
Gen. Dat.
Ace.

dies
diei

-es
-ei

dierum
diebus
dies

rerum
rebus
res

-erum
-ebus
-es

diel

-ii

diem
die

rem
re

-em
-e

Abl.

diebus

rebus

-ebus

APPENDIX
482.

207

SPECIAL PARADIGMS
Singular

A^or/t,

cleus

domus
donius,
-1

senex
senis

VIS

Gen.

del

visi

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

deo

domul, -6

seni

vP
vim
vi

deum
deo

domum
domo, -u

senem
sene

Plural
Noin.
Gen.
del, dii, di

domiis

senes

vires

deorum, deum
dels, diis, dis

domuum, -orum
domibus
donios, -us

senum
senibus
senes

virium
viribus
viris,

Dat.
Aee.

deos
dels, dils, dis

-es

Abl.

domibus

senibus

viribus

Singular
IVom.
iter

bos
bovis

mare
maris

luppiter lovis lovi

Gen. Dat.
Aee.
Abl.

itineris
itineri
iter

bovi

mari

bovem
bove

mare
mari

lovem
love

itinere

Plural

No in.
Gen.

itinera

boves

maria

itinerum
itineribus
itinera

Dat.
Aee. Abl.

bovum, bourn bobus, bubus

boves
bobus, bubus

maribus
maria

itineribus

maribus

The

genitive and dative singular are rare.

208

FIRST YEAR LATIN

ADJECTIVES

483.

FIRST

AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.
Gen.

bonus
boni

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

bono

bona bonae bonae

bonum
boni

bono

bonum
bono

bonam
bona

bonum
bono

Plural

Nom.
Gen.

boni

bonae

bona

bonorum
bonis

bonarum
bonis

bonorum
bonis

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

bonos
bonis

bonas
bonis

bona
bonis

Singular
Masc.

Fem.
libera

Neut.

Notn.

iTber
llberi

llberum
ITberi

Gen.

llberae iTberae

Dat.
Ace.

llbero

iTbero

llberum
llbero

llberam
libera

iTberum
ITbero

AbL

Plural

No in
Gen.

iTberi

llberae

iTbera

iTberorum
iTberis

llberarum
llberis

ITberorum
ITberis

Dat.
Ace.

Hberos
llberis

iTberas
ITberis

iTbera
ITberis

AbL

APPENDIX
Singular
Masc.

209

Fem.
pigra

Neut.

Nom.
Gen.

piger
pigri

pigrum
pigri

pigrae pigrae

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

pigro

pigro

pigrum
pigro

pigram
pigra

pigrum
pigro

Plural
iXoiii.

pigrI

pigrae

pigra

Gen.

pigrorum
pigris

pigrarum
pigris

pigrorum
pigris

Dat.
Ace.
Abl. 484.

pigros
pigris

pigras
pigris

pigra
pigris

THIRD DECLENSION
Singular
M. &
F.

Singular
N.

M. &

V.

N.

Nom
Gen.

audax
audacis

audax
audacis
audaci

brevis brevis

breve
brevis

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

audaci

brevi

brevi

audacem
audaci, -e

audax
audaci, -e

brevem
brevi

breve
brevi

Plirai

Plural
audacia
breves
brevia

Nom.
Gen.

audaces

audacium
audacibus
audacis, -es

audacium
audacibus
audacia

brevium
brevibus
brevis, -es

brevium
brevibus
brevia

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

audacibus

audacibus

brevibus

brevibus

Singular
Masc.
Fem.
acris
acris
acri

Plural
Neut.
acre
acris
acri

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.
acria

Nom.
Gen.

acer
acris
acri

acres

acres

acrium
acribus
acris, -es

acrium
acribus
acris, -es

acrium
acribus
acria

Dat.
Ace.

acrem
acri

acrem
acri

acre
acri

Abl.

acribus

acribus

acribus

2IO

FIRST YEAR LATIN

PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
Singular
M. &
F.

485.

Plural
N.

M. & F.

N.

Norn.
Gen.

amans
amantis

amans
amantis

amantes

amantia

amantium
amantibus
amantis, -es
-i

amantium
amantibus
amantia

Dat.
Ace. Abl.
N'ofn.

amanti

amanti

amantem am ante, -i
iens

amans
amante,
iens

amantibus
euntes

amantibus
euntia

Gen.

euntis

euntis

euntium
euntibus
euntis, -es
-i

euntium
euntibus
euntia

Dat.
Ace.

eunti

eunti
iens

euntem
eunte,
-i

Abl.

eunte,

euntibus

euntibus

486.

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Singular
Masc.

Plural
Neut.
aliud
alius
alii

Fem
alia

Masc.
alii

Fem.
aliae

Neut.
alia

Nom.
Gen.

alius

alius
alii

alius
alii

aliorum
aliis

aliarum
aliis

aliorum
aliis

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

alium
alio

aliam
alia

aliud
alio

alios
aliis

alias
aliis

alia
aliis
F.

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

M. &

N.

Nom.
Gen.

unus
vinius

una
unius
uni

unum
unius
uni

tres

tria

trium
tribus
tris,

trium
tribus
tria

Dat.
Ace.

uni

unum
uno
Masc.

unam
una
Fem.

unum
uno
Neut.

tres

Abl.

tribus
Sing.

tribus
Plur.
milia

Nojn.

duo

duae

duo

mille
mille mllle mille mille

Gen.

duorum
duobus
duos, d lO

duarum
duabus
duas

duorum
duobus duo duobus

milium
mllibus
milia

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

duobus

duabus

milibus

APPENDIX
481
Positive
alius (alto-)

211

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMFAKATIVK
altior, altius

Superlative
altissi\nus, -a,

brevis (brevi-)

brevior, brevius

brevissimus,

audax (audaci-)
miser (misero-)
acer (acri-)

audacior, audacius
miserior, miserius
acrior, acrius

-um -um audacissimus, -a, -um miserrimus, -a, -um acerrimus, -a, -um
-a,

488.

DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
SlNGU] -AR
M. &
V.

Plural
N.

M. &

F.

N.

A' out.

altior

altius
altioris
altiori

altiores

altiora

Gen.

altioris
altiori

altiorum
alti5ribus
altiores, -Is

altiorum
altioribus
altiora

Dat.
Ace.

altiorem
altiore, -i

altius
altiore, -i

Abl.

altioribus

altioribus

Norn.

plus
pluris

plures

plura

Gen.

plurium
pluribus
pluris, -es

plurium
pluribus
plura

Dat.
Ace.
plus
plure

Abl.

pluribus

pluribus

489. TOSITIVE

IRREGULAR COMPARISON
Comparative
melior, melius
peior, peius

Superlative
optimus,
pessimus,

-um malus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -um

bonus,
-a,

maior, maius
,

-um -um maximus, -a, -um

-a,
-a,

multus,

-a,

-um^
J

plus

plurimus,

-a,

-um -um

multi, -ae, -a

parvus,

-a,

-um

minor, minus
senior
iOnior
vetustior, -ius

minimus,

-a,

senex, senis
iuvenis, -e

maximus

natu

minimus natu
veterrimus,
-a,

vetus, veteris

-um

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Positive
facilis, -e
difficilis, -e

Comparative
facilior, -ius
difficilior,

Superlative

-ius

similis, -e

similior, -ius

dissimilis, -e

dissimilior, -ius

humilis, -e
gracilis, -e

humilior, -ius
gracilior, -ius

-um -um simillimus, -a, -um dissimillimus, -a, -um humillimus, -a, -um gracillimus, -a, -um
facillimus, -a,
difficillimus, -a,

exterus,

outward

exterior, outer,

extremus
infimus

otitermost.
last

exterior
inferus, below
Inferior,

lower

imus
J

lowest
1

posterus, following

posterior, later

postremus

superus, above

superior, higher

postumus supremus

last
J

1
\

summus
[cis, citra,

highest

on this side^
within]

citerior, hither

citimus, hithermost

[in, intra, in,

interior,

inner

intimus, inmost

[prae, pro, before]

prior,

former
further

[prope, near]
[ultra,

propior, nearer
ulterior,

primus, frst proximus, next

ultimus, firthest

beyond]

490.
Positive
care (carus)

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Comparative
carius

Superlative
carissime

misere (miser)
acriter (acer)
facile (facilis)

miserius
acrius
facilius

miserrime
acerrime
facillime

bene (bonus)

melius
peius
plOs

optime
pessime

male (malus)

multum (multus)
parum,
little

plurimum
minime
diijtissime

minus
diutius

diu, long,

a long time

saepe, often

saepius

saepissime

APPENDIX
491.

213

NUMERALS
Cardinals ORniNALS
primus,
-a,

1.

unus,

2.

-um duo, duae, duo

-a,

-um
alter)

secundus (or
tertius

3. 4.
5.

tres, tria

quattuor

quartus
quintus
sextus

quTnque
sex

6.
7.

septem
octa

Septimus
octavus

8. 9.

novem
decern

nonus
decimus

10.
11.
12.
13.

undecim
duodecim
tredecim

undecimus
duodecimus tertius decimus
quartus decimus
quintus decimus
sextus decimus

14.

quattuordecim

15.
16.
I

quindecim
sedecim ^r sexdecim
septendecim
duodevTgintI
undevlginti
vigintl

7.

Septimus decimus

18.

duodevlcesimus

19.

undevTcesimus
vTcesimus
vTcesimus primus or

20.

[vigintl
'

unus or

Lunus

et vTginti

unus

et

vicesimus

JvigintI duo or

rvlcesimus secundus or
lalter et vicesimus

"'Iduo
28. 29. 30.

et vlginti

duodetnginta
undetrlginta
trlginta

duodetrlcesimus
undetrlcesimus
tricesimus

40.
50.

quadraginta

quadragesimus
quinquagesimus
sexagesimus
septuagesimus

quTnquaginta
sexaginta
septuaginta
octoginta

60.
70.

80. 90.

octogesimus
n5nas:esimus

nonaginta

214
Cardinals
loo.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Ordinals
centesimus
fcentesimus primus or
et

centum
fcentum unus or
unus
ducenti, -ae, -a
trecentl

loiA
200.

Lcentum
300. 400.
500.

Icentesimus

et

primus

ducentesimus
trecentesimus

quadringenti
quingenti
sescenti or sexcentl

quadringentesimus
qulngentesimus
sescentesimus
septingentesimus

600.
700.

septingenti
octingentT

800.
900.
1000.

octingentesimus

n5ngentl
mille

nongentesimus
millesimus
bis millesimus

duo milia 100,000. centum milia

2000.

centies millesimus

PRONOUNS
492.
Sing.

PERSONAL
Plur.
Sing.
tu
tul
tibi

Plur.

Nam.
Gen.

ego

nos
nostriini, -tri

vos
vestriim,
sui
sibi
se, se,

mel
mihi

sui
sibi

Dat.
Ace.

nobis

vobis

AM.
49S.

me me

n5s
ndbls

te te

vos
vobIs

sese sese

se, se,

sese sese

DEMONSTRATIVE
Singular
Masc.

Plural
Neut.
Masc.
hi

Fem.

Fem.

Neut.

Norn.
Gen.

hlc

haec
huius
huic

hoc
hiiius

hae

haec

huius
huic

horum
his

harum
his

horum
his

Dat.
Aee.

huic

AM.

hunc hoc

hanc
hac

hoc

hos
his

has
his

haec
his

hoc

APPENDIX
Singular
Masc.
ille
1

215

Plural
Fem.
iUae
illarum
iUTs
illas

Fem.
ilia

Neut.
illud
illTus
illf

Masc.
illl

Neut.
ilia

illlus
ill!

illius
ill!

illorum
illis

illorum
illTs

ilium
illo

illam
ilia

illud
ilia

iUos
illls

ilia
illls

iUTs

Norn,

is

ea
eius
el

id

11,

ei

eae

ea

Gen.

eius
el

eius

eorum
ils,

earum
ils,

eorum
ils,

Dat.
Ace.

els

els

els

eum
eo

earn

eos
iis,

eas
els
iis,

ea
els
ils,

Abl.

ea

eis

Novi.
Gen.

iste

ista

istud
istlus
istl

istl

istae

ista

istlus
istl

istius
istl

istorum
istis

istarum
istls

istarum
istls

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

istum
ista

istam
ista

istud
isto

istos
istls

istas
istis

ista
istls

Idem

e'adem

idem

eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem

e'adem eaedem leldem eorundem earundem earundem

fiisdem

fildem

ilsdem

iisdem

eldem

eldem

eldem

eundem eandem idem

eodem eadem

\^^^^^^ easdem
Jilsdem

.j^^em

elsdem

easdem
iisdem

e'adem
ilsdem

eodem

\elsdem

elsdem

eisdem

Nom.
Gen.

ipse
ipsTus
ipsT

ipsa
ipsTus
ipsT

ipsum
ipsTus
ipsT

ipsT

ipsae

ipsa

ipsorum
ipsTs

ipsarum
ipsTs

ipsorum
ipsis

Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

ipsum
ipso

ipsam
ipsa

ipsum
ipso

ipsos
ipsis

ipsas
ipsTs

ipsa
ipsis

2l6

FIRST YEAR LATIN

RELATIVE
Singular
Masc.

m.I

Plural
Neut.
Masc.
qui

Fem.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.
Gen. Dai.
Ace.

qui

quae
cuius
cui

quod
cuius
cui

quae

quae

cuius
cui

quorum
quibus

quarum
quibus

qu5rum
quibus

quern

quam
qua

AM.
495.

quo

quod qu5

quos
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

INTERROGATIVE
Singular

Plural
Neut. quid (quod)
cuius
cui

Masc

Fem.

Masc
qui

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.
Gen.

quis (qui)

quae
cQius
cui

quae
quibus

quae
quibus

cuius
cui

quorum quarum qu5rum

quibus

Dat.
Ace.

quern

quam quid (quod)

qua quo

qu5s
quibus

quas
quibus

quae
quibus

AM.
496.

quo

INDEFINITE
Singular

Nom.
Gen.

aliquis

aliqua
alicijius

aliquid, aliquod

alicuius
alicui

alicuius
alicui

Dat.
Ace.

alicui

aliquem
aliqu5

aliquam
aliqua

aliquid, aliquod

AM.

aliquo

Plural

Nom.
Gen.

aliqul

aliquae

aliqua

aliquorum
aliquibus

aliquarum
aliquibus

aliquorum
aliquibus

Dat.
Ace.

aliquos
aliquibus

aliquas
aliquibus

aliqua
aliquibus

AM.

APPENDIX
Singular

217

Nom.
Gen.

quidam
cuiusclam

quaedam
ciiiusdam

quiddam, quoddam

cuiusdam

Dat.
Ace.

cuidam

cuidam

cuidam
quiddam, quoddam

Abl.

quendam qu5dam

quandam
quad am

quddam

Plural
N^om.
Gen.

Dat.
Ace.

Abl.

quidam quorundam quibusdam quosdam quibusdam

quaedam quarundam
quibusdam quasdam

quibusdam

quaedam quorundam quibusdam quaedam quibusdam

REGULAR VERBS
497.

FIRST CONJUGATION
amo, love

A- Verbs

Principal Parts

amo, amare, amavi, amatus

Indicative

Active Voice
Present

Passive Voice

love.,

am

loving.,

do love,

etc.

am

loved, etc.

amo
amas a mat

amamus
amatis

amor
amaris, -re

amamur
amamini amantur

amant
Imperfect

amatur

loved,

was

loving, did love, etc.

/ was loved,

etc.

amabam
amabas amabat

amabamus
amabatis

amabar
amabaris. -re

amabamur
amabamini
aniabantur

amabant

amabatur

2l8

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Future

/ shall

love, etc.

/ shall be
amabor
amaberis, -re

loved, etc.

amabo
amabis
aniabit

amabimus
amabitis

amabimur
amabimini amabuntur

amabuiit
Perfect

amabitur

/ have
amavi

loved, loved,

did

love, etc.

/ have
amatus

been (was) loved,

(
-; -I

etc.

amavimus
amavistis

sum
es
est

sumus
sunt

amavisti

amati i estis
[

amavit

amaverunt, -re
Pluperfect

1^

I had loved,

etc.

/ had been
r

loved, etc.
T

amaveram
amaveras amaverat

amaveramus
amaveratis

eram
erat

eramus
erant

amatus^ eras
[

amati ^ eratis
i^

amaverant
Future Perfect

I shall have
amavero
amaveris
amaverit

loved, etc.

/ shall have
r

been loved, etc.

r

amaverimus
amaveritis

ero
eris
erit

erimus
eritis

amatus \
1^

amatl

amaverint
Subjunctive
Present

[^

erunt

amem
ames amet

amemus
ametis

amer
ameris, -re

amemur
ameminl amentur

ament

ametur
Imperfect

amarem am ares
amaret

amaremus
amaretis

amarer
amareris, -re

amaremur
amaremiui amarentur

amarent

amaretur

^PENDIX
Perfect

2]

amaverim
amaveris
amaverit

amaverimus
amaveritia
aniatus
i

fsim

simus
sItis

SU
sit

amati

amaverint
iRFECT

sint

amavissem
amavisses
amavisset

amavissemiis
amavissetis
amavisseiit

essem
esses
asset

essemus
essetis

amatus

\ [

amati

-j

assent

Imperative
Present

am a,

love thou.

amare, be thou loved.

amate, hn'e ye.

amamini,
Future

be ye loved.

amato, thou shall

love.

amator,

thoti shall be loved.

amato, he shall

love.
love.

amator, he shall be loved.

amatote, you shall

amanto, they shall

love.

amantor. they shall be loved.

Infinitivf.

Pres. amare,

to love.

amarl, to be loved.
loved,
to

Perf. amavisse,
FuT.
araaturus

to

have

amatus esse,

to

have been

loved.
to

esse,

be

[amatum
loi'ed.

iri], to

be about

be

about

to love.

Participles

Pres. amans, -antis, loving.

Pres.

FuT.
Perf.

amaturus,
to love.

-a,

-um, about

Ger.^ amandus,
lo7'ed.

-a,

-um,

to

be

Perf.

amatus,

-a,

-um, having

been loved, loved.

1

Gerundive, sometimes czWed ftiture passive f'articiple

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Gerund

Nom.
Gen.

amandi, of loving.

Dat.
Ace.

amando, for

loving.

amandum,
amando, by

loving.
loving.

AM.

Supine
Ace.

[amatum,
[amatu,

to love.}

AM.
498.

lo love, in the loving.']

SECOND CONJUGATION E- Verbs

moneo, advise

Principal Parts

moneo, monere, monui, monitus

Indicative

Active Voice
Present

Passive Voice

I advise,
moneo mones
monet

etc.

/ am
moneor
moneris, -re

advised, etc.

monemus
monetis

monemur
monemini monentur

monent

monetur
Imperfect

/ was advising,

etc.

/ ivas advised,

etc.

monebani monebas monebat

monebamus
monebatis

monebar
monebaris, -re

monebamur
monebamini monebantur

monebant

monebatur
Future

sJiall advise, etc.

/ shall

be advised, etc.

monebo
monebis monebit

monebimus
monebitis

monebor
moneberis, -re

monebimur
monebimini monebuntur

monebunt

monebitur

APPENDIX
Perfect

/ have advised^ I ad<'ised,

monui
nionuisti

etc.

I have been

{ivas) adiJised, etc.

r

monuimus
monuistis

fsum
monitus
-re
I'LUPIiKKliCT
<

sumus

es

moniti-i estis

monuit

monuerunt,

[est

/ had ad^'ised,

etc.

/ had been advised,

r

etc.
f

monueram monueranius
monueras monuerat
monueratis
monitus

eram
eras
erat

eramus
erant

'!

moniti^ eratis
[

monuerant
Future Perfect

1^

/ shall have advised,

etc.

/ sJiall have
fero
monitus
<j

been advised, etc.

r

monuero
monueris
monuerit

monuerimus
monueritis

erimus
erunt

eris

moniti<! eritis
(^

monuerint
Subjunctive
Present

[erit

moneam
moneas moneat

moneamus
moneatis

monear
monearis, -re

moneamur
moneamini moneantur

moneant

moneatur
Imperfect

monerem
moneres moneret

mi>neremus moneretis monerent

monerer
monereris, -re

moneremur
moneremini monerentur

moneretur
I'erfect

monuerim
monueris
monuerit

monuerimus
monueritis

sim
sis
sit

simus

monitus

-1

moniti-l sitis

monuerint
Plipekkkct

Isint

monuissem
monuisses
monuisset

monuissemus
monuissetis

Tessem
monitus
-1

fessemus
^

esses moniti-l essetis

monuissent

l^esset

essent

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Imperative
Present

mone, advise thou. monete, advise ye.

monere, be thou advised. moneminl, be ye advised.

Future
moneto, thot( shalt advise. moneto, he shall advise. monetote, you shall advise.
monetor, thou shalt be advised.
monetor, he shall be advised.

monento, they shall advise.

monentor, they shall

be advised.

Infinitive

Pres. monere,
vised.

to advise.
to

moneri
vised.

to be advised. to

Perf. monuisse,
FUT.

have adto

monitus esse,

have

beeti

ad-

moniturus
about

esse,

be

[monitum
advised.

iri], to be

about

to be

to advise.

Participles

Pres. monens, -entis, advising.

Pres.

FuT.

moniturus,

-a,

-um,

Ger.

monendus,
-a,

-a,

-um,

to

about

to advise.

be advised.

Perf.

Perf. monitus,

-um, having

been advised., advised.

Gerund
Norn.

Gen. Dat.
Ace.

monendi, of advising.

monendo, for advising.

monendum,

advising.

Abl.

monendo, by advising.

Supine
Ace.
Abl.

[monitum,

to advise."]

monitu, to advise, in the advising.

APPENDIX
499.

223

THIRD CON JUGATION

rego, rule

E- Verbs

Principal Parts:

reg5, regere, rexi, rectus

Indicative

Active Voice
Present
/rule,
etc.

Pass:ivE

Voice

I am
regor
regeris, -re

Titled, etc.

rego
regis
regit

regimus
regitis

regimur
regimini

regunt

regitur

reguutur

Imperfect

/ was
regebam
regebas
regebat

rulitig, etc.

/ ivas
regebar
regebaris, -re

ruled, etc.

regebamus
regebatis

regebamur
regebamini regebantur

regebant

regebatur

Future

/ shall

rule, etc.

/ shall
regar
regeris, -re

be ruled, etc.

regam
reges
reget

regemus
regetis

regemur
regemini
regentur

regent

regetur

Perfect

/ have
rexi
rexisti

ruled, etc.

/ have
rectus^ es

been ruled, etc.

r

reximus
rexistis

rsum
recti

sumus
estis

rexit

rexerunt, -re

[sunt
Pluperfect

/ had ruled,
rexeram
rexeras
rexerat

etc.

/ had been
feram
rectus
<

ruled, etc.
f

rexeramus
rexeratis

eramus

eras
erat

recti ^ eratis ai

rexerant

224

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Future Perfect

I shall have
rexero
rexeris
rexerit

ruled, etc.

I shall have
fero
rectus
<(

been ruled, etc.

f

rexerimus
rexeritis

erimus
eritis

eris

recti

j
[

rexerint

[erit

erunt

Subjunctive
Present

regam
regas
regat

regamus
regatis

regar
regaris, -re

regamur
regamini
regantur

regant

regatur

Imperfect

regerem
regeres
regeret

regeremus
regeretis

regerer
regereris, -re

regeremur
regeremini
regerentur

regerent

regeretur

Perfect

rexerim
rexeris
rexerit

rexerimus
rexeritis

fsim
rectus
\

simus
sitis

SIS

recti

rexerint

[sit

[sint

Pluperfect

rexissem
rexisses
rexisset

rexissemus
rexissetis

essem
esses

essemus
essetis

rectus

recti-!
[

rexissent

[esset

essent

Imperative
Present
rege, rule thou.
regite, rule ye.

regere, be thou ruled.

regimini, be ye ruled.

Future
regito, thou shall rule.
regito, he shall rule.

regitor, thou shall be ruled.

regitor, he shall be ruled.

regitote,

ye shall

rule.
7'ule.

regunto, they shall

reguntor, they shall be ruled.

APPENDIX
Infinitive

225

Pres.

regere, to rule.
rexisse, to

regi, to be ruled.

Perf. FuT.

have ruled.
esse,
to

rectus esse, to have been ruled.

recturus

be

[rectum
ruled.

iri],

to

be about to

be

about

to rule.

Participles

Pres.

regens, -entis, ruling.

recturus,
to rule.
-a, -urn,

Pres.

FuT.
Perf.

about

Gek.
Perf.

regendus,
ruled.

-a,

-urn, to be

rectus,

-a,

-um,

having

been ruled, ruled.

Gerund
Nofn.

Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.

regendi, of ruling. regendo, for ruling.

regendum,

ruling.

regendo, by ruling.

Supine
Ace.
Abl.

[rectum,

to rule.']

[rectu, to rule, in the rulifig.']

500.

THIRD CONJUGATION Verbs

capi5, take

in -io

Principal Parts

capi5, capere, cepi, captus

Indicative

Active Voice
Present

Passive Voice

/
capio
capis
capit

take, etc.

/
capior

am

taken, etc.

capimus
capitis

capimur
capimini

caperis, -re

capiunt

capitur

capiuntur

226

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Imperfect

/ was
capiebam
capiebas
capiebat

taking,

etc.

/ was
capiebar

taken, etc.

capiebamus
capiebatis

capiebamur
capiebamini
capiebautur

capiebaris, -re

capiebant

capiebatur

Future

/ shall
capiatn

take, etc.

/ shall
capiar

be taken, etc.

capiemus
capietis

capiemur
capiemini
capientur

capies
capiet

capieris, -re

capient

capietur

Perfect
cepi, cepisti, cepit, etc.

captus sum,

es, est, etc.

Pluperfect

ceperam, ceperas, ceperat,

etc.

captus eram, eras, erat,

etc.

Future Perfect
cepero, ceperis, ceperit,
etc.

captus ero, eris,

erit, etc.

.Subjunctive

Present
capiam, capias, capiat,
etc.

capiar, -iaris, -re, -iatur, etc.

Imperfect

caperem, caperes, caperet,

etc.

caperer, -ereris, -re, -eretur, etc.

Perfect
ceperim, ceperis,
ceperit,
etc.

captus sim,

sis, sit, etc.

Pluperfect
cepissem,cepisses,cepisset,etc.

captus esseni, esses, esset,

etc.

Imperative
Pres.
cape, take
thojt.

capere, be thou taken.

capite, take ye.

capimini, be ye taken.
capitor,
etc.

FuT.

capita, thoti shall take,

etc.

thou

shalt

be

taken,

APPENDIX
Inkimtive
Prks.
capere, to take.
cepisse, to have taken,
capi, to be taken.

227

Pkrf. FuT.

captus esse,

to

have been taken.

be

capturus
about

esse,
to take.

to

be

[captum
taken.

iri],

to

about

to

be

Participles

Pres.

capiens, -ientis, taking.

Pres.

FuT.

capturus.
to take.

-a,

-um,

^(^d?7^/

Ger.
Perf.

capiendus,
taken.

-a,

-um,

/^ be

Pekf.

captus,

-a,

-um, having

been taken.

Gerund
Gen.
capiendi, of taking,
etc.

Supine
Ace.
Abl.

[captum,

to take.']

[captu, to take, in the taking.]

501.

FOURTH CONJUGATION I- Verbs

audio,

hear

Principal Parts

audio, audire, audivi, auditus

Indicative

Active Voice
PRE.'iKNT

Passive Voice

/ hear,
audio
audis
audit

etc.

/ atn heard,
audior
audiris, -re

etc.

audimus
auditis

audimur
audimini audiuntur

audiunt

auditur

Imperfect

Tuas hearing, etc.

/ zuas heard,
audiebar
audiebaris. -re

etc.

audiebam
audiebas
audiebat

audiebamus
audiebatis

audiebamur
audiebamini
audiebautur

audiebant

audiebatur

228

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Future

I shall hear, audiam

audies audiet

etc.

/ shall
audiar
audieris, -re

be heard, etc.

audiemus
audietis

audiemur
audiemini
audientur

audient

audietur

Perfect

/ have heard,
audlvi
audlvisti

etc.

/ have been heard,

["sum
auditus"! es
l^est

etc.
f

audlvimus
audlvistis

sumua
estis

audit!

audlvit

audlverunt, -re

sunt

Pluperfect

/ had heard,
audiveram
audlveras
audiverat

etc.

/ had been

heard,

etc.

audlveramus
audiveratis

Teram
audTtus<! eras

feramus
audlti-^ eratis

audlverant

[erat

[erant

Future Perfect

/ shall have
audivero
audiveris
audiverit

heard,

etc.

/ shall have been heard,

r

etc.

audiverimus
audiveritis
auditus<; eris
audit!

erimus
eritis

-I

audlverint

lerit

I,

erunt

Subjunctive
Present

audiam
audias
audiat

audiamus
audiatis

audiar
audiaris,

audiamur
audiamini
audiantur

audiant

audiatur

Imperfect

audirem
audires
audiret

audiremus
audiretis

audirer
audireris, -re

audiremur
audiremini
audirentur

audirent

audiretur

APPENDIX

229

audlverim
audlveris audlverit

audiverimus
audiveritis

sim
audit!
sit

r
-I

simus
sitis

audlrus^ sis
I

audlverint

sint

Pluperfect

audlvissem
audivisses
audivisset

audivissemiis
audlvissetis

essem
audit!

essemus
essetis

audltus-l esses
I

audlvissent

esset

essent

Imperative
Present
audi,

hear thou. audite, hear ye.

audire, be thou heard.

audimini. be ye heard.

Future
audits,
tJioii

shall hear.

auditor, thou shall be heard. auditor, he shall be heard.

audits, he shall hear.

auditote, j^ shall hear.

audiunto, ihey shall hear.

audiuntor,

tliey

shall be heard.

Infinitive

Pres. audire,

to hear.

audiri, to be heard.

Pf.rf. audivisse, to

have heard,
to

audltus esse, to have been heard.

FuT.

audTturus

esse,

be

auditum
heard.

iri,

to

be

about

to

be

about

to hear.

Participles

Pres. audieiis,

-eiitis,
-a.

hearing.

Pres.

FuT.
Perf.

auditurus,
to hear.

-um, about

Ger.

audiendus,
heard.

-a,

-um,

to

be

Perf. audltus,

-a,

-um,

having

been heard, heard.

230

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Gerund
Norn.

Gen.

Dai.
Ace.

audiendi, of hearing. audiendo, for hearing.

audiendum, hearing.
audiendo, by hearing.

AM.

Supine
audltum,
to hear.

AbL

audltu, to hear, in the hearing.

IRREGULAR VERBS
502.

sum, be

Principal Parts: sum,

esse, fui, futurus

Indicative

Present
Singular

Plural

sum, I
es,

a?n.

thou art. he {she,

il) is.

sumus, we are. estis, you are.

sunt, they are.

est,

Imperfect

eram, / was.
eras, thou wast.
erat, he

eramus, we were.
eratis,

you

were.

was.

erant, they were.

Future
ero,
eris,
erit,

/ shall
he will

be.
be.

erimus,

we

shall

be.

thou wilt
be.

eritis, yoii

will

be.
be.

erunt, they will

Perfect
fui,

/ have

been,

was.

fuimus,
fuerunt,
fuere, 5,

we have
have

been, were. been,

fuisti,
fuit,

thou hast been, wast.

fuistis, yoti

were

he has been, was.

have been, were.

J

APPENDIX
Pluperfect
fuerani,

231

/ had

been.

fueramus,
f ueratis,

ive

had

been.

fueras, thou hadst been.

fuerat, he

you had

been. been.

had

been.

fuerant, they

had

FuTURi-:

Perfect
fuerimus,
f ueritis,

/ shall have been. fueris, thou wilt have been. fuerit, he will have been.
f iiero,

we

shall have been.

been.

you will have

have

fuerint, they will

been.

SUBJU NCTIVE
Present
Sing.

Imperfect
Plur.
Sing.

Plur.

Sim
sis
sit

simus
sitis'

essem
esses
esset

essemus
essetis

sint

essent

Perfect

Pluperfect

fuerim
fueris
fuerit

fuerimus
fueritis

fuissem
fuisses
fuisset

fuissemus
fuissetis

fuerint

fuissent

Imperative
Present
es, be

Future
esto, thou shalt be. esto, he shall be.

thou.

este, be ye.

estote,

ye shall

be.
be.

sunto, thev shall

Infinitive

Participle

Pres.

esse, to be.
fuisse. to

Perf.
FuT.

have

been.
futiirus. -a,

futiirus esse or fore, to be

-um, about

to be.

about

to be.

232

FIRST YEAR LATIN

possum, be able, can

503.

Principal Parts
Indicative
Sing.

possum, posse, potui.

SUBJUNiCTIVE
Sing.

Plur.

Plur.

Pres.

possum
potes
potest

possumus
potestis

possim
possis
possit

posslmus
possitis

possunt

possint

Impf.

poteram
potero
potuI

poteramus
poterimus

possem

possemus
potuerimus
potuissemus

FUT.

Perf. Plup.
F. P.

potuimus

potuenm
potuissem

potueram
potuero

potueramus
potuerimus

Infinitive

Pres.
504.

posse

Perf.
prosum, benefit

potuisse

Principal Parts
Indicative
Sing.

prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus

Subjunctive
Plur.
Sing.

Plur.

Pres.

prosum
prodes
prodest

prosumus
prddestis

prosim
prosTs
prosit

prosTmus
prosltis

prosunt

prosint

Impf.

proderam
prodero
profuT

proderamus
proderimus

prodessem
profuerim

prodessemus
pr5fuerimus

FuT.

Perf.
Plup.
F. P.

profuimus

profueram
profuerd

profueram us
profuerimus

profuissem

profuissemus

Imperative
Pres.
prodes, prodeste

Fut.

prodesto, prodestote

APPENDIX
Infinitive

233

Pres.

prodesse

Pkkf.
profiiturus esse

profuisse

FuT.

Participlk

FuT.
505.

profuturus,

-a,

-um

V0I6, nolo,

malo
-,

Principal Parts
:

f
I

vol5, velle, volui,

.,.
_

.,

-i

nolo, nolle, nolui,

Be willing, will,

wish

-,

[^mal5, malle, malui,

be unwilling, will not

,

be

more willing, prefer

Indicative
Singular Pres.
vols
vis

nolo

volt

non non

vis

malo mavis
mavolt

volt

Plural

volumus
voltis

nolumus
non
voltis

malumus
mavoltis

volunt

nolunt

malunt

Impf.

volebam
volam, voles,
voluT
etc.

nalebam
nolam, noles, etc
nolul

malebam
malam, males,
malul
etc.

Fur.

Perf. Plup.
F. P.

volueram
voluero

nolueram
noluero

malueram
maluero

Subjunctive
Singular

P res.

velim
veils
velit

nolim
noils
nolit

malim
malls
malit

234

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Plural
vellmus
velTtis

nolTmus
nolTtis

malTmus
malitis

velint

ndiint

malint

Impf.

vellem

nollem
noluerim
ndluissem

Perf.

voluerim
voluissem

mallem maluerim
maluissem

Plup.

Imperative
Pres.
noli
nolTte

FUT.

nolito, etc.

Infinitive

Pres.

velle

nolle

malle

Perf.

voluisse

naluisse

maluisse

Participle

Pres.
506.

volens
fero, bear,

nolens
carry, endure
fero, ferre, tuli, latus

Principal Parts

Indicative

Act IVE
Pres.
fero
fers
fert

Passive
feror
ferris, -re

ferimus
fertis

ferimur
ferimini

ferunt

fertur

feruntur

Impf.

ferebam
feram
tulT

ferebar
ferar
latus
latus

FUT.

Perf.
Plup.
F. P.

sum
eram

tuleram
tulerd

latus ero

Subjunctive
Pres. feram
ferrem
tulerim
tulissem
ferar
ferrer

FUT.

Perf. Plup.

latus sim
latus

essem

APPENDIX
Imperative
Active
Passive
ferre
fertor
fertor

235

Pres.

fer

ferte

feriminl

FUT.

ferto
ferto

ferto te

ferunto

feruntor

Infinitive

Pres.

ferre
tulisse

ferri

Perf.

latus esse

FUT.

laturus esse

Participles

Pres.

ferens
laturus

Pres.

FUT. Perf.

Ger.
Perf.

ferendus
latus

Gerund
Gen.
ferendl

Dat.
Ace. Abl.

ferenda

ferendum
ferendo

507.

eo,

go
itum

Principal Parts
Indicative
eo
Is
it

eo, ire, (ivi)

ii,

(p. p.

Subjunctive
earn

Imperative
T

Imus
Itis

Ite

eunt

Tbam
Tbo
ii

Trem
'ito

Itote

Jto
ierim

euntc

ieram
iero

Tssem

236

FIRST YEAR LATIN

Infinitive

Participles
iens,

Pres.

Ire

euntis

Perf. FUT.

Isse

iturus esse

Gerund
Gen.
euiidi

Supine

Dat.
Ace.

eundo

eundum
eundo

itum
itu

AM.
508.

fio,

be 7/mde, become, happeti

Principal Parts
Indicative

fio, fieri,

factus

sum
Imperative
fl

Subjunctive
flam

Pres.

ff5
fis
fit

fIte

fiunt

Impf.

fie

bam
sum eram

fierem

FuT.

flam
factus

Perf.
Plup.
F. P.

factus sim

factus

factus essem

factus erd

Infinitive

Participles

Pres.

fieri

Perf.
FuT.

factus esse
(

Ger. Perf.

faciendus
factus

factum

Tri

509.
r
1.

DEPONENT VERBS
hortor, hortari, hortatus

sum, urge
y<?d;r

Principal Parts:

II.

vereor, vereri, veritus

sum,

III.

sequor, sequi, secutus sum,

potior, potiri, potitus

foHoiu

W.

sum, get possession of

APPENDIX
Indicative
hortor
hortaris, -re

237

vereor
vereris, -re

sequor
sequeris, -re

potior
potlris, -re

hortatur

veretur

sequitur

potitur

hortanuir

vercmur
veremini
verentur

sequimur
sequiminl

potlmur
potlmini
potiuntur

hortamini
hortantur

sequuntur

hortabar

verebar

sequebar
sequar
seciJtus seciitus

potiebar
potiar

hortabor
hortatus

verebor

sum

veritus
veritus

sum
eram

sum
eram

potltus

sum
eram

hortatus eram

potitus

hortatus ero

veritus ero

secutus ero

potltus ero

Subjunctive
horter

verear
vererer
veritus sim veritus

sequar
sequerer
secutus sim

potiar
potirer

hortarer

hortatus sim
hortatus essem

potltus sim
potltus

essem

secutus essem

essem

Imperative
hortare

verere
veretor

sequere
sequitor

potire

hortator

potitor

Infinitive
hortarl
vererl
verituc esse

sequT

potiri

hortatus esse

secutus esse

potltus esse

hortaturus esse

veriturus esse

secuturus esse potiturus esse

Participi.es

hortans
hortaturus
hortatus

verens
veriturus
veritus

sequens
secuturus
secutus

potiens
potiturus
potltus

hortandus

verendus

sequendus

potiendus

Gerund
hortandl, etc.
verendl, etc.

sequendT, etc.

potiendT, etc.

Supine
[hortatum, -tu]
[veritum. -tu]

[secutum,

-tu]

[potitum, -tu]

238

FIRST YEAR LATIN

FIRST PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION
Indicative

510.

Pres.
Impf.

amaturus sum, / afn about to love. amaturus eram, / was about to love.

FuT.

Perf. Plup.
F. P.

I shall be about to love. / have been or was about to love. amaturus fueram, / had been about to love. amaturus fuero, I shall have been about to love.
amaturus
ero,

amaturus

fuT,

Subjunctive
Pres.
Impf.

amaturus sim amaturus essem

Perf.
Plup.

amaturus fuerim amaturus fuissem

Infinitive

Pres.

amaturus

esse, to be
fuisse, to

about

to love. to love.

Perf.

amaturus

have been about

:

So

in the other conjugations

am about to advise. recturus sum, / am about to rule. capturus sum, / am about to take. audlturus sum, / am about to hear.,
moniturus sum, /
etc., etc.

511.

SECOND PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION

Indicative

Pres.
Impf.

FuT.
Perf.

Plup.
F. P.

amandus sum, I am to be, must be, loved. amandus eram, / was to be, had to be, loved. amandus ero, / shall have to be loved. amandus fuT, / was to be, had to be, loved. amandus fueram, / had had to be loved. amandus fuero, / shall have had to be loved.

Arri'lNDIX
Subjunctive
Pres.
IMPF.

239

Perf.

Plup.

amandus amandus amandus amandus

sim

essem
fuerim fuissem Infinitive

Pres.

Perf.

amandus amandus
So

esse, to

fuisse, to
in the

have io be loved. have had to be

loved.

other conjugations

monendus sum, / am to be, tnust be, advised. regendus sum, / am to be, tnust be ruled.
capiendus sum,

/ am

to be, tnust be, taken. to be, tnust be,

audiendus sum, / ani

heard,

etc., etc.

RULES OF SYNTAX
N.B.

These

rules are here

pupils.

numbered consecutively for the convenience The number following a rule is its section number.

of teachers

and

1.

The

subject of a verb
its

is

in the

nominative.

51.

2.

A
A

verb agrees with

subject in

number and

person.

61.
3.

predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of

99.

the verb.
4.
limits.

An

appositive agrees in case with the

noun which

it

III.

5. A noun used to same person or thing, is

limit another,
in the genitive.
is

and not denoting the

68.

6.

The

partitive genitive
is

used to denote a whole of

which a part
7.

taken.

257.

Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number,

92.

and

case.
8.

predicate adjective after a complementary infinitive

318,
79.
2.

agrees with the subject of the main verb.

9.

The

indirect object

is

in the dative.

10.
like,

Adjectives

meaning
is

near,

also

fit,

friendly, p/easi?ig,
117.

and

their opposites, take the dative.

11.

The

dative

used with

est,

sunt, etc., to

denote the
115.

possessor, the thing possessed being the subject.

12.

Most verbs meaning

and
spare,

to believe, fa7'or, help, please, trust,

and

their opposites, also to com?nand, obey, pardon, persuade,

resist, serve,

and the

like,

govern the dative.

393.

241

242
13.

FIRST YEAR LATIX

Many
verbs

compounded with

ad, ante, con, in, inter, ^b,

post, prae, pro, sub,

and super often govern the dative. 347. 14. The dative is used with sum and a few other verbs to show that for which a thing serves. 349.
15.

person
16.
tive.

The gerundive with sum who has to do a thing.

The
57.

takes the dative to denote the

426.

direct object of a transitive verb

is in

the accusa-

17.

Place

whither,

not

including

names
in.

of 160.

towns,

is

expressed by the accusative with ad or

18.
278.

Extent of time or space

is

expressed by the accusative.

19.

The
The

personal agent with a passive verb

ab.

is

expressed

by the ablative with a or

20.
ablative
124.
is

208.

used to denote the means or instrument

of an action,

21.
of

The

ablative with
;

cum

is

used to denote the

if

viaiine}is

an action
22.
23.

but cum

may

be omitted

an adjective
165.

used

with the ablative.

129.
is

The The

ablative

used to express cause.

ablative or the genitive of a

noun may be used

307.

with an adjective to describe a person or thing.

24.
tive.

Time when
188.

or within which

is

expressed by the ablaexpressed

25.

Place

7ahcrc,

not including names of towns,

of

is

by the ablative with a preposition, usually in. 26. Place whence, not including names
expressed by the ablative with a
27.
true.
(ab),
de,

81.

towns,
159.

is

e (ex).

The
374.

ablative

is

used to denote
followed

in ivhat respect a

thing

is

28. The comparative quam {than) is omitted.

is

by the ablative when

250.

RULES OF SYNTAX
29.

243
264.

Degree of difference
These
five

is

expressed by the ablative.

30.

deponents,

utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor,

and

their

31.

compounds govern the ablative. The ablative absolute is used to

some other
358.

3S8.

express

the time,

cause, condition, or

circumstance of the action of the

main verb.
32.

Words

signifying privation, removal, or separation are

followed by the ablative, without a preposition, or with the

prepositions
ab,
de,

ex.

232.
rus.

33.
is

Names of Towns and domus and

197,
i-

(i) Place where

expressed by the locative.

(2)

Place whither

is

expressed by the accusative without a preposition. 197, 2. (3) Place whence is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.

197,

3.

34.

relative

gender and number, but

pronoun agrees with its antecedent its case depends upon its relation
clause.

in

to

some word
35.

in its

own

213.

principal tense
;

is

followed by the subjunctive pres-

ent or perfect
or pluperfect.

an historical tense, by the subjunctive imperfect

297.
is

36.

The subjunctive
284.

used with ut and ne to express

purpose.

37.
result.

The

subjunctive

is

used with ut and ut non to express

290.

38.
in

In a cum-clause expressing time, the verb

if

is

commonly

the subjunctive

the tense

is

the imperfect or pluperfect;

otherwise, in the indicative.

397.

39.

In a cum-clause expressing cause or concession, the subis

junctive

used.

398.
of an
indirect question is in the subjunctive.

40.
295-

The verb

244
41. Purpose
junctive.
is

FIRST YEAR LATIN

often expressed

by a

relative with the sub-

420.
is

42.

In simple conditions the indicative

used.
406.
to

used.

405.

43.
44.
fect

In doubtful conditions the subjunctive

is

present

(or

perfect)

In conditions contrary

fact the subjunctive imper-

and pluperfect are used, the imperfect denoting present 407. time, and the pluperfect denoting past time.
45.

The
The

present infinitive denotes the

it

sattie

time as that of

the verb on which

depends.

324.

46.
47.

perfect infinitive denotes time before that of the

it

verb on which

depends.
depends.

325.

The The

future
it

infinitive

denotes time after that of the

326.
is

verb on which
48. 49.

subject of the infinitive

in the accusative.

318.

Indirect
saying,

statements follow verbs

thinking,

sions of

knowi?ig,

and other expresand perceiving, and are

322.

expressed by the infinitive with subject accusative.

50.

The supine

in

-um

is

used after verbs of motion to

express purpose.

373.

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
In this vocabulary, words inclosed in brackets (except in the case of compounds with one
or both parts changed in form) are sometimes primitives, sometimes cognates.

Translations inclosed within parentheses are not intended to be used as such.

inserted to

They are
^subjunc-

show

literal

meanings.
Cf. {confer)

Abbreviations are generally self-explanatory.

tive
;

= compare;

subjv.

imv. ^imperative.
printed in Gothic Italic type are at once derivatives and definitions. Many other remotely derived words, not definitions, are added in small capitals. be seen that comparisons of words in reference to meaning are much more frequent usual in special vocabularies. This has been done from the con\'iction that the pupils
less

Words
more or
than
is

It will

should make such comparisons frequently from the outset.

a or ab, prep, with ah\./rom, by,

ab-dico, -are, -avi, -atus, reject
se, resign,
;

off.

with

go or cotne near, approach. adeS and adpropinquo.

ac-cendo,
-ere,
-dl,

Cf.

abdicate.

-census
light
;

[ad-],

ab-do,

-ere, -didi, -ditus, Aide, conceal.

kindle, set fire

to,

inflame.

ab-dQco,

-ere,

-duxT,

-ductus,

lead

ac-cido,

-ere,

-cidl,
otit,

[ad-cado],

away, take
ab-eo,
off,

off ; abduct.
-iturus,

fall upon, fall

happen.

Acci[ad-

-lie,

-il,

go from, go
Cf. decedo.
[-iacio],

dent.
ac-cipio,
-ere,

go away.
-ere,
off,

(507.)
-iecT,

-cepi,
to),

-ceptus

ab-ici5,

-iectus

capio], {take

receive, accept.

throw
aiuay.

throw

down,

cast

ac-curr5,-ere,-currl(-cucurri),-cursus
[ad-],

run towards, run up.

f.

ab-ripio, -ere,

-uT,

-reptus
off.

[-rapio],

accusati5, -onis,
acer, acris,

accusation.
;

snatch away, carry

abs-cido, -ere,
caedo], cut
-cidl,

acre, adj. sharp, keen

(182.)
f.

-cisus

[ab(s)-

active, eager.

Acrid.
harsh-

off.

acerbitas,
-tersi, -tersus,

atis,

bitterness,

abs-tergeo, -ere,

wipe

ness, severity.

acervus,
abstersus, see absterged.
Achilles,
be be

-T,

m.

pile, heap, mass.

-is,

m. Achilles, a hero of

ab-sum,
away,

-esse,

afuT,

afuturus,
be
distant,
abl.

the Trojan war.

acies,
-el,
f.

be

absent,

[acer], edge

line, line

off; with a or

ab and

(502.)

of

battle, battle

array.

ac, conj., see atque.

acriter, adv. [acer], sharply, eagerly,

spiritedly, fiercely.

ac-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus [ad-].

245

246
ad, prep, with ace.
to,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

towards, near,
ad-pello, -ere, -pulT, -pulsus, {drive
to)
:

up
to,

to ;

with gerund or gerundive,

this

navis

adpellere,

land,

put
seek

for : ad hunc modum, after

as adv. about.
-are,
-avi,

manner ;
ad-aequ6,

ad-peto,

-ere,

-ivi

(-ii),

-itus,

-atus,

become

after, attack.

equal
adclivis,

to,

equal.
adj.

Adequate.
sloping totvards,

ad-prehendo,
seize,

-ere,

-hendi, -hensus,

-e,

catch hold

of.

Apprehend.
-avi,
to.

rising, ascending.

Acclivity.
lead
to.

ad-propinqu6,

-are,

-atus,

ap-

ad-duco,

-ere, -duxT, -ductus,

proach, come near

Cf. adeo

Adduce.
ad-eo,
visit.
-ire,
-i!,

and accedo.
-itus,

go

to,

approach,

ad-ripio, -ere,
seize,

-ui,

-reptus

[-rapio],

(507.)

Cf. accedo

and ad-

snatch.
-are,
-avi,

propinquo.

ad-rogO,

-atus,

claim.

ad-fer5, -ferre, attuli, adlatus, bea}to,

Arrogate.
ad-scrlbo,
-ere,
-scripsi,

bring, render.

(506.)
[-facio],

-scriptus,

ad-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus

{write

in

addition),

add, enroll.

affect, influence ; afflict, oppress.

Ascribe.
ad-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus, look
at,

ad-fligo, -ere,

-fllxT, -fllctus,

{dash at),

weaken,
ad-hibeo,

afflict.

look upon, behold.

-stiti,
,

Aspect.
stand near.
be

-ere,

-uT,

-itus

[-habeo],

ad-sto, -stare,

apply, employ, use.

ad-sum,
still.

-esse,

-fui,
;

-futurus,

ad-huc, adv. hitherto, as yet,

Cf. adventus.
-are,
-avT,

present, be here

with dat.

(502.)

aditus, us, m. \2.A&o\, approach, -way

Aduatuci, -orum, m. plur. the Aduatuci, a Gallic tribe.

of

access.

ad-ministro,

-atus,

man-

adulescens,

-entis,

m. and

f.

[ado-

age, direct, administer.

lesco, grow~\, youth,

young person.

admiratio,
miration,
der.

-onis,

f.

[admiror], ad-

Adolescence.

Cf. iuvenis.

astonishrnent,

won-

adultus, see adolesco.

ad-iiro, -ere, -ussi, -iistus, set

on

fire,

ad-miror,

-arT,

-atus

sum

[admiratio],

burn, singe.

wonder

at,

admire.
-itus,

advectus,

see adveho.
-ere,

ad-moneo, -ere, -ui, warn, admonish.

remind,

ad-veho,
to,

-vexi,
britig.

-vectus,

cany

bring on,
-ae,

admotus, see admoveo. ad-moveo, -ere, -m5vi, -motus, {move

to),

advena,

m. and

f.

[ad-venio],

stranger.

apply, employ.
tie to,

adventus,

-us,

m. approach, arrirml.
Cf. aditus.
-urn,

ad-nect5, -ere, -nexui, -nexus,

Advent.
adversus,
-a,

fasten

to,

attach.

Annex.
grow

adj.

turned

to-

ad-olesc6, -ere, -olevi, -ultus,

tip.

wards, opposite, in front, adverse.

adversus, prep, with ace. against.

Adult.

LA TIN- ENGLISH VOCA BULARY

ad-vOCO,
I

'A7

-are,

-avi,

-atus,

summon,
plur.

aio, defective verb, say.

all upon.
(-is),

Advocate.
-is,
f.

ala, -ae,
;

f.

wing.

aedes

buildiug

alacer, -oris, -ere, adj. brisk, active,

Inuise.

eager.
-i,

aedificium,

n. [aedifico],

/w/A// ;/(,>.

Alba,

-ae,

f.

Alba, an ancient city of

Kdifick.
aedific5,
-are,
-avi,

Italy.

-atus

[aedes-

Albanus,

-a,

-um,adj. ^/6an.- as noun,

facio], btiild.

Edify.

aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj. sick, weak,

feeble.

an Alban, inhabitant of Alba, a town in Latium.

albus,
-a, -urn,

adj. white.
f.

aequalis,

-e,

adj. equal, like,

of the

Alcmena,
ales,
-itis,

-ae,

Alcmena, the mother

same

age.

of Hercules.

aeque, adv. equally.

m. [ala], bird.

Aequi, -oruni, m. plur.

people of ancient
aer, aeris,

t/ie

Aequi, a

alias, adv. [alius], elsewhere, at

any

Italy,

other time.

m.

(ace. aera), air.

f.

ali-quando,
time
;

adv.

[alius],

at

some

aestas,
aetas,

-atis,

sumtner.
age.

formerly, once.

Cf. olim.

-atis,

f.

life,

ali-quanto, adv. [alius], somewhat.

aliquis, -qua, -quid [-quod], indef.

Aetna,
Africa,

-ae,

f.

Aetna, a mountain in

Sicily.
-ae,
f.

pron. sotne one, some, atty.

Africa.

(496.)

aliter, adv. [alius], othetwise, in

any

ager, agrf, m. feld, ter7-itory, land.

(1 08.)

other way.
alius,
-a,
:

-ud,
.

adj.
. .

another,

other,
. . .

agger,

-eris,

m. mound, rampart.
shake,
disturb,

else

alius

alius,

one

an-

agito, -are, -avi, -atus [frequentative of

other.

(312.)

Cf. ceteri.

ago],

chase,

al6, -ere, -in,

-tus or -itus, nourish,

drive.

AGITATE,
-inis,

strengthen.
(the

agmen,
led),

n.

[ago],

thing

Alpes, -ium,

f.

plur. the Alps.

army,
-ere,

host,

column.
-gnitus
[ad-

altaria, -ium, n. plur. altar.

alter, -era, -erum, adj. the one, the

agnosco,

-gnovT,

(g)nosc6,
c5gn6sc6.

know], recognize.

Cf.

other {of two); second: alter

alter, the

one

the other.

(312.)

agnus,
ago,

-i,

m. lamb.
egi,
;

altitiido, -inis,
dri^^e,

f.

[altus], height.

-ere,

actus,

lead,
cele-

altum,
altus,

-I,

n. [altus], the sea.

bring up

act,

do ;

treat ;

-a,
-T,

-um, adj. high, deep.

brate ; pass

{life).

alveus,

m. hollow vessel, tub, trough

-6,

agrestis, -e

[agar], of the country,

ambo,
both.

-ae,

adj.

(decl. like duo),

rustic, clownish.

agricola, -ae, m. [ager-cold],/?;;;/^;-,

ambul5,
walk.

-are, -avi, -atas,

walk, take a

husbandman.

248
amentia,
ness.
-ae,
f.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

want of ?-easofi,
viad-

place in advance, prefer.

tefero, praepono,

Cf. an-

and mal5.
before.
old,

amicitia,

-ae,

f.

[zmxzvii]. friendship.

ante-quam, adv. sooner than,

antiquus,
ancient.
-a,

amicus,
a-mitto,

-a,

-um, adj. [amo], /rzVi//j';

-um, adj. [ante],

as \\o\m, friend.
-ere,
lose.

Antiquity.
n. cave.

Cf. vetus.

-misT,

-missus,

send

antrum,
anxius,
Apollo,

-I,

away ;
amo,
amor,

Cf. perdo.

-a,

-um, troubled, anxious.

-are,

-avi,

-atus [amor], love,

(497.)
love.

-inis,

m. Apollo, a god of the

[ad-], appear,

like,befo7idof.
-oris,
f.

Greeks.
ap-pareo,
-ere, -ui,
self.

[amo],

a-moveo, -ere, -movl, -motus, move away, put aside.

show one's
dress, call,

ap-pell5, -are, -avI, -atus [ad-], ad-

amplus,
able.

-a,

-um, large, 7oide

honor-

name.

Appeal.

Ample.
-1,

apto, -are, -avI,

-a.t\is,f!t.

AmQlius,

m. Amulius, father of

apud, prep, with

atnong.

ace. with, by, near,

Rhea
ancora,

Silvia.

an, conj. or.

-ae,
f.

aqua,
anchor.

-ae,
f.

f.

water.

Aquatic.
(Page
21.)

ara, -ae,

altar.

angustus,

-a,
f.

-um, adj. narrow.

aratrum,
87.)

-i,

n. \2iXo\, plojtgh.

(Page

anima,
life.

-ae,

{a.mmws], breath, soul,

Animate.

arbitror,-arT, -atus

sum, //;//^,j'?///i7j-^.
keep

anim-adverto, -ere, -ti, -sus [animus-],

turn the

arbor,

-oris,

f.

tree.
,

mind to,
n.

notice.
be-

arceo, -ere,

-uT,
-IvI,

off.

animal,

-alls,

[anima], living
(169.)

arcesso,

-ere,

-Itus,

se7id for,

ing, animal.

summon.
soul,

animus,

-1,

m. [anima], mind,
Cf. mens.

arcus, -us, m. bow.

(242, a.)

Arc.

spirit, disposition.

ardeo, -ere, arsl, arsus, be on fire,

burfi, blaze.

Anio, -enis, m. the Anio, a branch of

the Tiber.

Ardent.
difficult,

arduus,
f.

-a,

-um, adj. steep ;

annona,

-ae,

[annus], {the year's

;

arduous.
aries, -etis,

supply), provisio7ts
visions),

price (of pro-

m. ram, battering
[arm5],

ratn.

market ;

scarcity.

(Page 202.)

annus,

-T,

m. year.

Annual.

arma,

-orum,

n.

arms,

ante, adv. and prep, with ace. before.

weapons, armor.

antea, adv. [ante], before.

armatus,
,go before.
place in

-T,

m. [armo], armed fnan,

[arma], arm,

ante-cedd,

-ere, -cessT,

warrior.

ante-fero, -ferre,

-tulT, -latus,

armo,

-are, -avi, -atus

advance, prefer.

(506.)

Cf. ante-

equip.
aro, -are, -avI, -Mus, plough.

pono and malo.

ante-pono,
-ere,

-posui,

-positus,

ars, artis,

f.

art, skill.

LA TIN-ENGLISH
arx, arcis,
f.

'OCA BULA R Y
conj.
.

249
.

[arceo], citadel.

aut,
.
.

or

aut

aut,

either

ascensus,
asper,

-us,

-era,

m. a going /, ascent. -erum, rough, fierce,

or.
first

autem, conj. (never the

but,

word),

harsh.
at, conj.

Exasperape. but. Cf. sed and autem.

-ae,
f.

however, moreover, now.

-arl,

auxilior,

-atus

sum

[auxilium],

Athena,
Atlas,

Athena, a goddess.

give help, aid, assist.

amis, m. At/as, one of the

(before vowels

auxilium,
support.

-i,

n.

[augeo], help, aid,

Titans.

Auxiliary.
-um, adj. greedy, rapa-

at-que

and conso-

avarus,
cious.

-a,

nants, ac before consonants only)

[cLd-],a>ii/ also,

Avaricious.
-arl,

and especially, and

-que.

a-versor,

-atus

sum,

turfi

away

as.

Cf. at

and

from.

Averse.
-tT,

atrox, -ocis, adj. savage, fierce, severe.

a-verto, -ere,

-sus,

turn away,

Atrocious.
at-tingo,
-ere,

Cf. saevus.
-tigi,

turn aside, avert.

[ad-

-tactus

avia, -ae,
avis,

f.

grandmother.
bird.

tango], touch, reach.

at-tonitus,
-a,

Attain.

-is, f.

Aviary.

-urn [ad-], thunder-

struck, astounded, azue-struck.

balteus,

-T,

m.
f.

belt.

auctor,
doer.

-oris,

m.

[augeo],

author,

barba,

-ae,

beard.

barbarus,
-ae,
f.

-T,

m. barbarian.

audacia,

[audax], daring, bold-

beatus,

-a,

-um, adj. happy.

ness, audacity.

Belgae, -arum, m. plur. the Belgians

daring,
bold.

audax,
(484.)

-acis,

adj.

or Belgae, a Gallic tribe.

bell5,
-are, -avi,

Audacious.
hear, listen.

-atus

[bellum],
Cf. bellum

audi5,

-ire, -TvT (-ii), -Itus,

war, carry on war.

gero.

(501.)

Audience.
auferre,
off,

au-fero,

abstull,

ablatus

bellum,
bellus,

-T,

n. [bello], 7var.

[ab(s)], bear

carry away, take

-a,

-um,
f.

^.d].

pretty.

away.

(506.)
-ae,

Alil.ATIVE.

belua, -ae,

beast,

monster.
luell.

Augeas,
hero.

m. Augeas, a mythical
auctus [auxilium],

bene, adv. [bonus],

(267.)

beneficium,
-ere, aii.xT,

-I,

n.

[bene-facio], kind-

augeo,

ness, service, benefit.

increase, enlarge.

AUGMENT.

bestia, -ae,

f.

beast, animal.
,

Augustus, -1, m. Augustus, title of Caesar Octavianus as emperor.

aura, -ae,
f.

bibo, -ere, bibi,

bis, adv. hvice.

drink.

Imbibe.
kind.

air.

bonus,

-a,

-um,

adj.

good,

aureus,

-a,

-um, adj.

[aurum], 0/

(483-)

gold, golden.
auris,
-is, f.
-I,

bos, bovis, m.

and
f.

f.

ox, cow.

(482.)

ear.

AuRiST.
'

brevis.

-e,

adj. short, brief.

-ae,

(182.)

aurum,

n.

gold.

Britannia,

Britain.

2t;o

FIRST YEAR LATIN

-I,

Britannus,
Brutus,

m. a Briton, inhabitant

caput,

-itis,

n.

head ; person.

(154.)

of Britannia.
-I,

Capital.

m. Brutus, a

Roman

sur-

care, adv. [carus], dearly.

name.
abbreviation for Gaius.

careo, -ere,
lack,

-ui, -iturus, be

in

want

of,

want ; with
i. flesh.
-T,

abl.

C.,

caro, carnis,

Carnal.
pluck, nibble

cado, -ere, cecidi, casiirus,_/a//.

caecus,
-a,

Carolus,

m. Charles.
-sT,

-um, adj.
f.

i//fid.

carpo, -ere,
slaughter,
enjoy.

-tus,

caedes,

-is,

[caedo],

carnage, mtirder.
caedo,
-ere, cecTdT,
kill.
-I,

carrus,

-I,

m. wagon, cart, car.

-inis,
f.

caesus [caedes],

Carthago,
carus,

Carthage, a town

cut;

in Africa,

caelum,
Caesar,

n. sky,

heaven, heavens.

-a,

-um, adj. dear, precious.

f.

-aris,

m. Caius Julius Caesar,

casa, -ae,

hut, cottage.
-T,

a famous
calathus,
-I,

Roman,
m.
Imskct.

Cassivellaunus,

m. Cassivellau[diminutive
of

nus, a British chief.

castellum,
-1,

cale-facio, -ere, -feci, -factus [caleo-],

n.

make

hot, heat.

castrum],

redoubt,

stronghold.

calor, -5ris,

m.
-I,

heat, glow.

Caloric.
dis-

Castle.
castra, -orum, n. plur. camp.

Cambricus,

m. Cambricus.

Campania,
trict

-ae, f.

Campania, a

casus,

-us,

m.

[cado],

a falling;

of Italy.
-T,
va..

chance;

t?iisfortutte, loss.
f.

Case.

campus,

Camp. cancer, -cri, m. crab. Cancer. canis, -is, m. and f. dog. Canine.
field.

caterva, -ae,

crowd, troop, throng.

Catilina, -ae, m. Catiline, a

famous
causa

Roman
causa,

conspirator.
f.

Cannae, -arum,

f.

plur.

Cannae, a

-ae,

cause, reason

town

of southern Italy,
-avT, -atus

(after a genitive), /^r the sake.

canto, -are,

[cantus], sing.

caveo,

-ere, cavl,

cautus, be on one^s
;

Chant.
cantus,
song.
-lis,

guard, beware

m.

[canto],

singing,

guard
retire.

against.

with a and Caution.

abl.,

Chant.
;

cedo, -ere, cessT, cessurus, give way,

capio, -ere, cepT, captus, take, seize,

Secede.
z.A].

capture

form.
f. f.

(500.)

celeber, -bra, -brum,

visited
;

freqtiented,

capra, -ae,

she-goat.

renowned, celebrated.
f.

captiva,

-ae,

[capio],

captive,

celeritas, -atis,

[celer, swift], stafft-

prisoner.

ness, speed, quickness, celerity.

-T,

captivus,
prisoner.

m.

[capio],

captive,

celeriter, adv. [celer, swift], swiftly,

quickly.
f.

Capua,
Italy.

-ae,

Capua,

city

in

cel5, -are, -avT, -atus, conceal.

cena, -ae,

f.

dinner, meal.

LA T/.V^EA'GL/SH
Cenaeum,
ceno, -are,
vical.
-I,

'OCABULAR]
-are,

"

251
,

n.

Cenaeum, a prom-atus, diiu', take a

circum-aro,

-avJ,

plough

ontory on the island of Euboea.

-avi.

around.
circum-do, -dare, -dedl, -datus, place

around, surround, inclose.

-I,

Centaurus,
centesimus,

m. Centaur, a fabled
-um, num. adj. [cen-

circum-ducS,
around.

-ere, -duxl,

-ductus, lead

monster, half man, half horse.

-a,

circum-munio,
circum-sedeo,

-Ire,

-TvT,

-Itus,

wall

tum], hundredth.

around, fortify, blockade.

adj.

centum, indecl. num.

hundred.

-ere, -sedT, -sessus, {sit

Cent.
centurio,
-dnis,

around), blockade,
m.
centurion,

besiege.

an

circumsessus,
circum-sist5,

see circumsedeo.
-ere, -stetT,
,

underotificer in the

Roman

army.

sta>id

cera, -ae,

f.

wax.
crevl,

around, surround.
certus
(cretus),

cerno,

-ere,

circum-sto, -are,

-steti

(stitT),

distinguish,
ceive, see.

discern,

decide,

per-

stand around, surround.

CIRCUM-ventus,

STANCE,
circum-venio,
-Ire,

certamen,
certe, adv.

-inis, n. strife, contest.

-vcnl,

[certus], really, surely,

surround, circumvent.
citerior,
-ius,

certainly. certus.
-a,

adj.

comp.
citizen.

hither,

-um, adj.yfx^o', determined,

sure
:

nearer.
civis,
-is,

(489.)

certain,

certiorem

facio,

m. and
-atjs,
f.

f.

(169,

c.)

{make more
cerva, -ae,
cervix,
f.

certain'),

inform.

civitas,

[civis],

{body

deer, hind.

citizens), state ; citizenship.

of CiTY.

-Icis, f.

the neck.

clamd,

-are, -avI, -atus

[clamor], cry,

ceteri, -ae, -a, plur. adj. the rest, the

shout.

reviaining, the others.

Cf. alius.

clamor,

-oris,

m. [clamo], shout, cry

Christus,
cibus,
-T,

-I,

m. Christ.

barking.

Clamor.
-um,
adj.

m.food.

clams,

-a,

clear,

loud;

Cicero, -onis, m. Cicero, a

famous

renowned, famous.
classicum,
call.
-1,

Clarion.
trumpet

Roman
ans, a

orator.

n. field signal,

Cimbri, -5rum, m. plur. the Cimbri-

German
-T,

tribe.

claudo, -ere,

-si,

-sus, shut, close.

Cincinnatus,

m. Cincinnatus, a

claustra, -orum, n.
barrier, dike.

plur.

[claudd],

famous Roman.
cingO, -ere, cinxT, cinctus, surround,
encircle, gird.
circiter, adv. about.

dementia,
tion
;

-ae,

f.

indulgent disposi-

gentleness, clemency.
-ae,
f.

Cloelia,

Cloelia,

noble

circuitus, -us, m. [circum-e6],(a^'M^

Roman
Codes,

maiden.
m., {blind of one eye),

round), circumference, circuit.

circum, prep, with ace. around.

-itis,

Codes, surname of Horatius.

252
coepi,
-isse,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

coeptus
(defective

communis,
com-pello,

-e,

adj.

common, general.

tenses from present

ing), began.

stem want[com-arceo],

-ere, -pulT, -pulsus, {drive

togeth er) , force, compel.

-ul, -itus

CO-erceo, -ere,

com-plector,

-T,

-plexus sum, embrace.

keep

back,

check,

restrain.

Co-

com-pleo,

-ere, -plevi, -pletus,y?// out,

erce.
COgito, -are, -avi, -at us [com-agito],

fill up, cover.

Complete.
very many,

com-plQres,

-a (-ia), adj.

consider thoroughly,

reflect.

many, a number.
com-prehendo,
catch, seise.
-ere,
-di,

cognomen,
co-gnosco,

-inis, n.

[com-(g)n6men],
-gnitus

-hensus,

surname, cognomen.
-ere,

-gnovi,

com-primo,

-ere,

-press!,

-pressus

[co(m) -gnoses], learn, recognize,

[-premo], press together, grasp;

check, suppress.

know, understand.
COhors, cohortis,
of the
COUis,
f.

Cf. agnosco.

Compress.

cohort, a division

COmpulsus,
conatus,

see compello.

Roman
m.
-1,

army.
Cf. mons.

-lis,

m. [conor], attempt.
[-cadd], fall

-is,

hill.

con-cido, -ere, -cidl,

COllum,
C0I6,

n. neck.

down,
cultus,

fall.
rottse up,

-ere,

colui,
;

care for,
Cf. incola

COn-cito, -are, -avT, -atus,

rouse,

cultivate, till

honor.

spur on.
-ae,
f.,

and

agricola.
-ae,
f.

Concordia,
dove.

{an agreeing

to-

columba,

gether), union,

harmony, concord.
-curri

com

(col-, con-, cor-, co-),

primitive

con-curro,
-cursus,

-ere,

(-cucurri),

form of cum, a prefix denoting completeness or union; sometimes intensive.

run
f.

together,

rush

to-

gether, rally, gather.

Concourse.

COndicio, -onis,
f.

[con-d!co], {a talk-

comes,

-itis,

m. and

[com-eo],

ing together), agreement, condition,

terms.

comrade, companion.

comitium,
of the

-T,

n.

[com-eo], {place of

con-do,

-ere,
;

-did!,

-ditus,

conceal,

assembling), the comitium, a part

hide

found.
-are,
;

Cf. celo.
-avT,

Roman

forum.

con-dono,

-atus, give up,

com-memoro,

-are, -avI, -atus, call to

surrender
done.

forgive, pardon, con-

mind, remember,
hand.

recouttt, tell.
to

com-minus, adv. [-manus], hand

Cf. eminus.
-ere,

CO-nectO.
together

-ere,
;

-nexus,

bind

Join,

tie.

CONNECT.
conlatus

C0m-mitt5,
trust,

-misT,

-missus, in-

con-fero,
(coll-),

-ferre,

contuli,

commit:
-ere,

proelium

com-

bring together, collect: se

(506.)

mittere, join battle, engage.

conferre, betake one's self.

com-moveo,
agitate,

-movT, -motus, {put

c6n-fertus,

-a,

-um,

adj.

crowded,

in violent motion), shake, disturb,

thick, dense.

move.

Commotion.

confessio, -5nis,

f.

confession.

LA TIN-EAGUSH VOCABULARY
confestim, adv. immediately, fortltivith.

253
-scensus

c6n-scend6,
[-scaiido],

-ere,

-scendT,
tip,

climb

mount, go on

con-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-facio],

board.

make, accomplish, carry

weaken, wear out.
con-fldo,
-ere,

out, finish;

c5nsensus,

-us,

m. [con-sentio],^^^^!?-sertus,7W; with
to

ment, unanimity, consent.

-flsus

sum

(semi-

con-sero, -ere,

-uT,

cU'ponent), trust entirely: believe,

trust.

ma.num, fight hand

con-servo, -are,
save.

hand.
preserve,

Confide.
-are, -avT, -atus,

-avT, -atus,

con-firmo,

strengthen, steady.

make firm, Confirm.

,

con-sido, -ere, -sedT, -sessus, sit down.

c6n-fugi5, -ere, -fugl,

refui^e, flee.

flee

for

consilium,

-T,

n.

advice,
;

counsel,

prudence, wisdom
-gressus
;

plan, design.
-stitus,

con-gredior,

-T,

sum

[-gra-

con-sisto,

-ere,

-stiti,

stand

dior], {come together)

battle, meet, fight.

engage in

firm, take one^s stand, halt; de-

Congress.
-atus
[grex],
collect, as-

pend,

rest.

con-grego,

-are,

-avT,

conspectus,
COnspicor,
of,

-us,

m.

look, view, sight.

{herd

together'),

gather,

-ari,

-atus

sum, get sight

semble.

Congregate.
[-iacio],

descry.

c5n-ici6, -ere, -iecl, -iectus

til

constanter, adv. [c6nstantia],yfr//)',

steadily, resolutely.

row

together; throw, put, hurl,

cast.

Conjecture.
-ere, -iunxi, -iunctus,

constantia,

-ae,

f.

[constanter], yfrw-

con-iungo,

join

ness: constancy.

together, unite.

CONJUNCTION.
f.

c5n-stituo, -ere,
establish,

-ui,

-utus [-statuo],
decide,

coniunx,

-iugis,

m. and

[coniungS],

determine, fix,

husband, wife.

CONJUGAL.
unite by

resolve.

Constitution.
-ere,
;

COn-iuro, -are, -avT, -atus,

oath, conspire.

c5n-suesco,

-suevT,

-suetus,

Conjure.

accustom

become

accustomed
Cf.

C0n-l0c5, -are, -avT, -atus, place, station.

perf. be accustomed, be wont.

soleo.

Cf. pono.
-T,

conloquium,
talking

n.

[con-loquor], a
;

consuetude,

-inis,

f.

[consuesco],

together

conversation,

custom, habit.
consul,
-ulis,

conference, colloquy.

m. consul.

(479. ^)

Conor,

-ari,

-atus

sum,

endeavor.,

c5nsulatus,
ship.

-us,

m. [consul], consul-ptus, use up,

attempt, try.
con-ripio, -ere,
seize,
-uT, of.

-reptus [-rapid],

c5n-siimo, -ere,

-psi,

take hold
-uT,

spend, pass, consume.

con-ruo, -ere,

,fall together,
Cf. concido.

con-temno,
despise,

-ere,

-tempsi, -temptus,

fall down, fall.

contemn.
-us,

c5n-salut6, -are, -avi, -atus, salute

cordially, greet.

contemptus,

m.

[contemno],

contempt, scorn.

254
con-tendo,
struggle,
-ere,
-dl,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

-tus,

strain,

cratera,

-ae,

f.

mixing bowl,

bowl.

strive,

hasten.

Con-

Crater.
creber, -bra,

tend.
contentio,
-onis,
f.

-brum, adj. thick, nuCf. frequens.

to

[contendo],

merous, frequent.
credibilis,
-e,

struggle, exertion.

Contention.
-tentus [-tene5],

adj.

be

believed,

COn-tineo, -ere,

-ul,

credible.
creo, -are, -avI, -atus,
choose, elect.

hold together, keep together, hold,

contain.

make, create

COntinuus,

-a,

-um, adj. [contineo],

cruciatus, -us, m. torture.

Excru-

continuous, successive.
contra, prep, with ace. against, con
trary
to.
-

ciating.
criidelis, -e, adj. cruel.

cruentus, -a,-um, adj. [cruor], bloody.

-ae,
f.

COntroversia,

dispute, quarrel

cruor,

-oris,

m.

blood,

gore.

Cf.

controversy.

sanguis.

contumeliose,
solently.

adv.

abusively,

in-

crus, criiris, n. leg.

CUbiculum,
-ire,

-I,

n.

[cubo], bedchamber.

con-venio,

-veni, -ventus,

come
turn

cubo, -are,
culpa, -ae,

-ul, -itiirus, lie, lie asleep.

f.

together, assemble ; convene.

[culpo], blame, fault.

Cf. vitium.

con-verto, -ere,

-ti,

-sus, turn,

Culpable.
culpo, -are,

away.

Convert.
-T,

-avi, -atus

[culpa], blame,

COnvivium,

n. feast,

banquet.

COn-voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call together,

find fault with. culter, -tri, m. knife, butcher

's

knife.

summon, convoke.
COpia, -ae,
f.

cum, conj. when

although.

as, since ;

though,

[com-ops], abundance,
; plur. troops, forces.

(397, 398.)
abl. with.

wealth, plenty

cum, prep, with

cunae, -arum,
f.

Copious.
coram, a.Av.face
Corinthus,
Coriolanus,
-T, f.
-1,

plur. cradle.
all.

to face.

cunctus,
(47, 2.)
fa-

-a,

-um, adj. all together,

Corinth.

Cf. omnia, totus,

and universus.
longing,

m. Coriolanus, a
warrior.

cupide, adv. [cupidus], eagerly.

cupiditas,
desire.
-atis,
f.

mous Roman
Corioli,

\zvi'^\d^\i%\,

-Oram, m. plur. Corioli, an

Cupidity.
-a,

ancient town in Italy.

Cornelia, -ae,
f.

cupidus,

-um, adj. [cupio], desir-

Cornelia,

mother of

ous, fond.

the Gracchi.

cupio, -ere,
(242.)

-Tvi (-ii), -Itus

[cupidus],

COrnu,

-us, n.

horn.

desire, be eager for.

Cf. volo.

corona,
corpus,

-ae,

f.

crown.

Coronet.
(163.)

cur,

adv.

[qua-re],

why,

where-

-oris, n. (J(?^.
-i,

COrvus,
hook.

m.

raven;

Corpse. grappling

fore.

cura, -ae,

f.

[cur5], care, anxiety.

curiSsus,

-a,

-um,

adj.

inquisitive,

COtidie, adv. [quot-dies], daily.

LA TIN-ENGLlSH VOCA B ULA R V

cur5, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], care
taki care
;

255
-atus
[clarus],

''or,

de-claro,

-are,

-avi,

with gerundive, Aaze (a

{clear off), disclose, prove,

show,

thing done).
currus, -us, m. chariot, car.

declare.

de-curro, -ere, -cucurrl (currl), -cursus,

cursus, -us, m. course.

curulis,
-e,

run down.
-a,

adj. cur-''-:: sella curulis,

dediticius,

-um, adj. [dedo], surplur. as

official chair,

used by higher magis[custos],

rendered.

Masc.
f.

noun,

trates.

prisoners of war, subjects.

-Ire, -ivT (-il), -Itus

custodi5,

deditio, -onis,

[dedo], a giving

guard, protect, defend.

custos, -odis, m.

up ; surrender.
[custodio],

and

f.

de-do, -ere,

-didi,

-ditus,

give up,

guardian, keeper.

CUSTODIAN.

give

away ; surrender.
-ere,

Cyclops, -opis, m., {round eye), a

Cyclops, one of a fabulous race of

de-duco,

-duxT,

-ductus,

lead

do7un, lead

off, escort,

bring

to.

giants on the coast of Sicily.

de-fendo,
sor],

-ere,

-di,

-fensus [defen-

{strike

off from),

defend,

damn5,

-are, -avi, -atus

[damnum],

protect.

condemn, sentence, doom.

defensor,

-oris,

m.

[defendo],

damnum,-!,
damage,

n.

[damno], hurt, harm,

defender, protector.
de-fessus,
-a,

loss.

-um, adj.
tired.
-feci,

tired out,

de, prep, with abl. dozvn from ,

from

weary, very
de-ficio, -ere,

about, concerning, of; (of time) in,

-fectus [-facio],

during, for.
dea, -ae,
22,
f.

be wanting, fail,

runout.

DEFECT,

[deus], goddess.
2.)

(Page
ought,

de-figo, -ere,

-fixi, -ilxns,

fasten,

fx

note

strike motionless, stupefy, astonish.

-ui,

debeo,

-ere,

-itus,

owe,

Deianira,

-ae, f.

Deianira, wife of

must, should.
debitus,
-a,

Hercules.
\A^\iQ.o\,

-um, adj.

owed

de-ici5,

-ere,

-iecT,

-iectus

[-iacio],
slip,

due, appropriate.

Debit, Debt.
depart
morior.
adj. ten.

throw down,
stumble.

let

fall ; pass,

de-ced5,
die.

-ere, -cessi, -cessurus,

DEJECTED,
{from
thence), then,

Cf. abeo

and

deiectus, see deicio.

de-inde,
adv.,

decern, indecl.

num.

de-cerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretus, {separate

afterzuards, next.

from),
;

decide,

settle,

deter-

delecto, -are, -avi, -atus, delight.

deleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, destroy,
out.

mine

contend; decree.
-cidl,
off.

wipe

de-cido, -ere,

[-cad 6], fall

Delete.
down,
tie.

down, fall
decimus,
-a,

de-ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind

-um, num. adj. tenth.

fasten,
de-ligo,

de-cipi5, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [-capio],

-ere,

-legT,

-Iectus

[-lego],

deceive.

pick out, choose,

select.

256

FIRST YEAR LATIN

in

Delphi, -orum, m. Delphi, a town

Greece.

de-spolio,

-are,

-avI,

-atus,

rob,

dep! ive, despoil.

-a,

Delphicus,
Delphic.

-urn,

adj.

of Delphi,

de-sum,

-esse, -fuT,

be

from,

be watitittg, lack ; with dat.

-are,
-avi,

de-migro,

-atus,

migrate
Cf. abed

de-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus,

off,

from

remove, go away.

throw

off,

remove.

draw Detract.

and decedd.
de-mitto,
-ere, -misi, -missus,

de-trecto, -are, -avI, -atus [-tracto],

{send

decline, refuse.

dowii), let

down,
-are,

let go, lose.

de-turbo,

-are,

-avi,

-atus,

{thrust

de-monstro,
out,

-avT,

-atus, point

doivn), upset, drive away, dislodge.

show,

describe.

Demonat
last:

deus,

-i,

m. god.
-are,

{482.)
-avI,

strate.

de-voro,
at
length,
till

-atus,

swalloiv

demum,
turn

adv.

up, devour, gulp down.

demum,
at

not

then.

de-voveo,
;

-ere,

-vovT,

-votus,

vow,

denique, adv. at
least,

last,

finally

at

offer,

devote.
-tra,

any

rate.

dexter,

-trum

(-era,

-erum),

dens, dentis, m. tooth.

Dentist.
-pulsus,

adj. right {hand).

Dexterous.
(imv.
die,

densus,

-a,

-um, adj. thick, dense.

-pull,

dextra, -ae,
dico,
-ere,

f.

[dexter], right hand.

de-pell6, -ere,
out,

drive

dlxT,

dictus
tell,

drive away, remove, banish.

-ere,

for

dice),

say,

speak;

ap-

de-pono,
posit.

-posuT, -positus,
aside,

down, lay

abandon.

put De-

point.

dictator, -oris, m. [dico], chief in agistrate, dictator.

depositus, see depono.

dictatiira, -ae,

f.

[dictator], dictator-

depulsus,
de-scendo,

see depello.
-ere, -dl, -sus,(r/m3(/^ze/),

ship.
dies,
-ei,

m. and

f.

day.

(275.)

come down, descend.

de-sero,
-ere,
-uT,

dif-ficilis, -e, adj. [dis-facilis], ha7-d,

-tus,

abandon,

difficult.

(254.)
-atis,
f.

desert.

dif&cultas,
culty.

[difficilis],

diffi-

desertus, see desero.

de-sili5, -ire, -ul, -sultus,y/cw/

down,

dignus,

-a,

-um, adj. worthy, deservabl.

-avi,

leap down.
de-sisto, -ere,
-stiti, -stilus,

ing ; with
{stand off
de-

di-lanio,
pieces.

-are,

-atus,

tear to

or apart),
sist.

leave

off,

cease;

diligenter,
iis,

adv.

[dlligentia],

dili-

despectus,
upon),
heights.

m.,

{a looking dozan

gently, industriously.
dlligentia, -ae,
f.

view,

prospect;

plur.

[diligenter], dili-

gence, carefulness, industry.

-are,
-avT,

de-spero,

-atus [spes], be

dimico,
tend.

-are,

-avi,

-atus, fight, con-

hopeless, despair.

Cf. pugHo.

; :

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABL/LA R V
di-mitto,
off,

257

-ere,
;

-misi, -missus,
let slip, let

seiiJ

doceo, -ere,
doleo, -ere,
be sorry.

-ui, -tus,

teach, show.

dismiss
di- (a

dis-,

go by. prefix denoting separaCf.

dimittS,
discedo,

-ui,

'

[dolor], grieve,

tion), asunder, apart, in different

dolor, -oris, m.

[doleo], pain, grief.

directions.

DCJLOROUS.
dolus,
-I,

dissimilis, distraho.

m.

deceit, trick,

fraud, cun-

dis-cedo,
depart,

-ere,

-cessi,

-cessurus,
off.

ning.

withdraw,

go

Cf.

domina,
lady.

-ae,

f.

[dominus], mistress,
lord, master,

abeo and decedo.

disciplina,
discipline.
-ae,
f.

[disco],

order,

dominus, -I,m. [domina]

07vner.
(109.)
-us,
f.

disco, -ere, didici, disciturus, learn.

domus,
at

DOMINATE, house, home:

b,

domi,
482.)

discordia, -ae,

f.

[discords], disagree-

home.

(195,

197,

ment, discord.
discordo, -are,
,

Domestic.
[discordia],

d5nec, conj. until. dono, -are,

present.
-avi, -atus

be at variance, differ, quarrel.

[donum], give,
Cf. do.

discrimen,
crisis.

-inis,

n.

risk,

danger
-cussus
scatter,

Donate.
-IvI
(-ii),

Cf. periculum.
-ere,

donum,
dormio,

-T,

n. \6lo\, gift, present.

-itus,

dis-cutio,
[-quatio],
reiuffve.

-cussT,

-Ire,

sleep.

(shake apart),

Dormitory.
draco, -onis, m. serpent, dragon. dubito,
-are,
-avI,

Discuss.
-e,

dis-similis,
similar.

adj.

unlike,

dis-

-atus

[dubius],

hesitate, doubt.
-ere,
-uT,

dis-tribuo,

-utus,

divide,

dubium,
dubius,
ful.

-T,

n.

[dubius], doubt.

distribute.
diu, adv.

-a,

-um, adj. [duo], doubt-

for a long time, long.

-ere,
-vellT,

(490.)

Dubious.
-ere, dfixi,
;

di-vello,

-volsus,

tear

duco,

ductus [dux], lead,

asunder, tear apart.

diversus,
-a,

draw
[turned away),
Duilius
a

derive.

um,

adj.,

(C),

-T,

m. Caius Duilius,
sweet,

separate, different, diverse.

Roman
-e,

general.
adj.

dives,

-itis,

adj. rick.
-vTsT,

dulcis,
-visus,

pleasant.

di-vido,

-ere,

divide,

apportion.

DIVISION.
-um,
adj.

divinus,
divine.

-a,

0/ the gods,

Dulcet. dum, conj. while, as long as ; duo. duae, duo, num. adj.
(304
)

until.

two.

Cf. ambo.
indecl.

divitiae,

-arum,

f.

plur.

[dives],

duo-decim [-decem],
adj. t-welve.

num.

riches, wealth.

divolsus, see divello.

do,

duo-decimus, num. adj. [duodecim],

offer

dare,

dedi,

datus, give,

twelfth.

put.

Cf. dono.

duo-de-viginti, num. adj. eighteen.

258
duplex,
double.
-icis,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

adj.

[duo],

twofold,

eheu, interj alas

.

elatus, see effero.

durus,

-a,

-um,

adj.

hard,

rough,

elephantus,

-i,

m. elephant.

harsh, cruel.

e-ligo, -ere, -legi, -lectus \Aego], pick

f.

dux, ducis, m. and

general.

[duco], leader,
Cf. imperator.

out, choose, select.

Elect.
a division
of

Duke.

Elis,

-idis,

f.

Ells,

Greece.
e, see

ex.
-ere,
-dixi,

Elisabetha,
-dictus,

-ae,

f.

Elizabeth, a queen

e-dic5,

declare,

of England.

ptMish, proclaim.
edo,
-ere,

Edict.
eat,

e-minus, adv.
tance, afar.

[-manus],

at a

dis-

edi,

esus,

devour,

Cf. comminus.
-misi,

consitnte.

Edible.
-didi,

Cf. devoro.

e-mitto,
forth,

-ere,

-missus,

send

e-do,

-ere,

-ditus, pict forth,

let loose, let out.

Emit.
first

raise, utter.

emo,
-avl,

-ere,

emi, emptus, buy.

educo,

-are,

-atus,

bring up,

enim, conj. (never the

word),

train, educate.

e-duc6, -ere, -duxl, -ductus, lead out,

for ; indeed, in fact. Cf. nam. ensis, -is, m. sword. Cf. gladius.
e-niintio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntius],

lead forth, bring atuay

draw.

Edvardus,
ef-fero,

-I,

m. Edward.
extuli, elatus
;

proclaim, announce, reveal,

[ex-],

utter.

-ferre,

Enunciate.
eo, adv.
there.
eo, ire, IvI
(ii), itiirus,
f.

bear
raise.

out,

carry forth

lift

up,

[is],

to that place, thither,

(506.)

Elated.
accomplish.
[ex-],

ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [ex-facio],

^^.

(507.)

bring about,
ef-flo,

effect,

Epirus,

-I,

Epirus, a division of

-are,

-avl,

-atus

{blow

Greece.
epistula, -ae,
f.

out), breathe out.

letter, epistle.
f.

ef-fundo,

-ere,

-fudl,

-fusus

[ex-],

epulae, -arum,

^\\\r. feast, banqttet.

pour forth, pour

effusus, see effundo.

out, shed.

eques,

-itis,

m. [equus], horseman,

knight.
plur.

ego, pers.
(492.)

pron. /;

nos, we.

equester,

-tris, -tre,

adj. [eques], {of

Egotist.
-i,

horsemen), equestrian.

e-gredior,

-gressus sum, go out,

go

equidem,
truly.

adv.

indeed,

certainly,

forth

in terram egressus,

having

gone ashore.
egregie, adv. [egregius], remarkably,
excellently.

equitatus,

-us,

m. [eques], {body of

horsemen), cavalry.
equus,
-i,

m. horse.

Equine.
-reptus
[-rapio],
eripere,

egregius,

-a,

-um, adj. extraordinary,

erga, prep, with abl. towards.

e-ripio,
-ere,
-ul,

distinguished, excellent.

GIOUS.

Cf. eximius

EGREand praestans.

snatch
escape.

out,

seize:

se

egressus, see egredior.

LA TIN-ENGLISH
erro, -are, -avT, -atus,

VCABULA R Y

259

wander,

err.

excussus, see excutio.

ex-cutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussus [-quatid],

e-rump5,

-ere,

-rupl, -ruptus,

burst

forth, break out.

eniptio, -onis,
f.

shake

off,

throw

off,

strike

[erumpo],

(a burst-

off

ing forth), sally.

et.
.

Eruption.
.
.

exemplutn,
both

-T,

n.

sample, example,

conj. and, also: et

. .

et,

wartiing.
ex-e5,
-Ire, -il,

and.

Cf.

atque,

ac,

and

-itus,

go

out,

go forth,
Cf.

-que.

come
Cf. quoque.

out.

(507.)

Exit.

etiam, adv. and conj. [et-iam], (and

now), also, even.
Etrusci, -drum, m. plur. the Etrus-

egredior.

exercitus,

-us, m., {the

thing trained),

army.
eximius,
-a,

cans, people of Etruria, in Italy,

et-si, conj.

-um, adj. excellent,

Cf. egregius.
-onis,
f.

re-

although.
-T,

markable.
existimatio,

Eunomus,
EuT5pa,

m. Eunomus.
f.

[existimo],

-ae,

Europe.

estimate, opinion.

Eurystheus, -T, m. Eurystheus, king of Mycenae, in Greece.

Eurytus,
lole.
-T,

ex-istim5,

-are,

-avT,

-atus,

think. Cf.

Judge,
arbitror

consider,

suppose.

m. Eurytus, father of
{go out),
{come
out.

and puto.
-1,

exitium,
-ere, -vasl, -vasus,

n.

[ex-eo],

ruin,

de-

e-vado,

struction.

get away, escape.

Evade.
-ventus,

ex-orior,
arise,

-Irl,

-ortus sum, spring up,

begin.

e-venio,

-Ire,

-veni,

appear ;

out), fall out,

happen, turn
fio.

ex-oro, -are, -avi, -atus, prevail upon,

Cf. accid5
e ventus, -us,

and

persuade, induce.
{a

m. [evenio],

happen-

ex-pell6, -ere,
out, expel.

-pull,

-pulsus,

drive

ing), issue, result, event.

Expulsion.
-pertus

ex

or

e,

prep,
of,
off,

with abl.

out

of,

ex-perior,
try, test
;

-irT,

sum

[-pario],

from,
with.

on; in accordance
-um, adj breathless,
.

experience.

Cf. tento.

expertus,
-a,

see experior.
-ivT
(-ii),

ex-animatus,

ex-pet5, -ere,

-Ttus, seek out,

out of breath, exhausted.

ex-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus [-capio],
receive,
off,

demand,
cut

ask.

ex-pio, -are, -avT, -atus,

for, expiate.

make amends
scout,

welcome, entertain

interrupt.

EXCEPT.
Excite.
-atus, cry out,

explorator,
spy.

-oris,

m. [explore],

ex-cit5, -are, -avi, -atus, {call out),

rouse, arouse, wake.

ex-pl6ro, -are, -avi, -atus [explorator]

ex-clamo,
exclaim.

-are,

-avi,

examine, explore, invest/gate.

ex-pono,
-ere,

-posul,
;

-positus,

set

excursio, -onis,
sally, sortie.

f.,

(a

running

out),

forth, explain, relate

expose.

Excursion.

expositus, see expono.

26o
ex-pugno,
-are, -avi,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

-atus,

take by

factum,

-T,

n. {i&cio], act, deed, action.

storm, take, capture.

Cf. oppugno.

Fact.
facultas,
-atis,
f.

expulsus, see expello.

ex-secror,
-arl,

[facio],

power,

op-

-atus

sum,

curse, exe-

portunity, chance.

FACULTY.

crate, abhor.

fama,

-ae,

f.

rumor, report ; fame,

hunger, famine.
f.

ex-sero, -ere, -seruT, -sertus, thrust

out.

renown.
fames,
-is,
f.

ex-silio, -Ire, -silul,

jump forth,

familia, -ae,
fascis,
-is,

household, family.

dart

out.
-i,

m. bundle,

load ; plur.

exsilium,

n. [exsul], exile.
-avi,

the fasces, a bundle of rods with

ex-specto, -are,

-atus,

await,

an axe, carried by the

Faustulus,
-T,

lictors.

wait for, wait, expect.

ex-spiro,
-are, -avT, -atus,

m. Faustulus, a shep-

breathe out,

herd.

expire, die.

Cf. morior
-struxT,

and

decedo.

faveo, -ere, favi, fauturus, be favorable

to,

ex-struo,

-ere,

-structus,

favor, befriend ; with dat.

f.

{heap
exsul,

tip), build, erect, construct.

fax, facis,

torch, firebrand.
-T,

-ulis,

m. and

f.

an

exile.
fo7-th-

Februarius,
feles,

extemplo, adv. immediately,

with.
Ci. subito
-ere,

-is, f. cat.

m. February. Feline.

and

repente.

feliciter, adv. [felTx], luckily, fortu-

ex-terreo,
affright.

-ui,

-itus,

frighten,

nately, successfully.
felix,
-icis,

adj.

lucky, fortunate,

extra,

prep,

with

ace.

outside

of,

happy.

Felicity.
f.

beyond.

femina,
-a,

-ae,

woman.

Feminine.

extremus,
last,

-um, adj.

outerviost,

Cf. mulier.
fere, adv. nearly,

furthest;

end of; extreme.

for the most part,

bring;

(4S9)

almost, about.
fero, ferre, tulT, latus, bear,

faber,

-bri,

workman,

artisan, smith.

report, say.

(506.)

Cf. porto

and

Fabius, -T, m.{Quintus) Fabius {Maxi-

veho
ferox,

also tolero.
adj. fierce,

mus), a celebrated
sul.

Roman

con-

-ocis,

impetuous.

Ferocious.
-T,

Fabricius,

m. Fabricius, a famous

ferreus,

-a,

-um, adj.

[ferrum], of

Roman
fabula,

general.
f.

iron, iron.

-ae,

story, tale, fable.

ferrum,

-T,

n.

iron

sword.

Cf.

facile, adv. [facilis], easily.

facilis, -e, adj.

gladius and ensis.

[facio], {that

can

be

ferveo, -ere,

be hot, glow.

done), easy to do, easy.

(254.)

FA-

Fervent.
fidelis, -e, adj.

CILITY.
facio, -ere, feci, factus,
do,

[fides], trusty, faith-

make;

ful.
fides,

Fidelity.
-ei, f.

form, perform.

trust, confidence.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
fidus, -a, -um, adj.
J\jithful.

261

[fides],

trusty,

fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely, cour-

ageously.
f.

figura, -ae,
figure.
filia, -ae,
f.

[fi(n)g6], shape, form;

fortitiido, -inis,

f.

[fortis], strength,
;

bravery, endurance
[filius],
2.)

fortitude.

daughter.

(Page

fortuna,

-ae,

f.

[fors], fortune,

good

22,
filius,

note
-1,

fortune.
[filia],

m.

sou.

(478, a.)

fossa,

-ae,

f.

ditch, trench,

fosse

Filial.
fingo, -ere,
vise.
fIn.\T, flctu.s,

canal.

fashion, de-

fragor,

-oris,

m. [frango], crash.
[fragor],

Feign.

Fiction.
terri-

frango,

-ere, fregi, fractus

finis,

-is,

m. end, border ; plur.

{169,
-a,
e.)

break in pieces, break.

frater,
-tris,

tories.

Final.
[finis], bor-

FRACTURE. m. brother. Fraterf.

finitimus,

-um, adj.
;

nal.
fraus,
fraudis,
deceit,

dering upon
f 10, fieri,

plur. neighbors.

trickery,

factus

sum

(supplies pass, to

crime.

Fraud.
-entis,

facio), he

made, he done, beeome, hapCf. accido

frequens,

adj.

crowded,

in
Cf.

pen.
firmus,

(508.)
-a,

and

evenio.

great mnnbers.
creber.

Frequent.

-um, adj. strong, firm.

z.^). flaming,

flagrans, -antis,

blazing,

frigidus,

-a,

-um, adj. [frigus],

cold.

burning.
flecto, -ere,

FLAGRANT.
fle.xi,

Frigid.
frigus, -oris, n. [frigidus], cold.

flexus, bend, turn.

Flexible.
fliimen, -inis, n., (that
river, stream.

irons, frondis,

f.

leaf, foliage.

which flows),

frumentum,
grain.
fruor,
-I,

-I,

n.

[fruor],

com,

fluvius,

-i,

m., [the

flowing thing),

fructus (fruitus) [frumen(388.)

river, stream.

tum], d-zyVy; with abl.

friistra, adv. in vain.

foculus,

-i,

m.

sacrificial hearth, fire

Frustrate.
[fugo, fuga],

pan, brazier.
foedus,
rible.
-a,

fuga,
2^6].

-ae,

f.

[f ugio] , _/f/>//A

-um,

filthy, foul, hor-

fugio, -ere, fQgl,

7un away, flee ;

-eris,

flee from.

Fugi-

foedus,
ance.

n. league,

treaty, alli-

tive.
fugo, -are, -avi, -atus [fugio, fuga],

Federal.
-i,

folium,

n. leaf.

Foliage.
esse.
;

put

to flight, rout.
-I,

fons, fontis,
fore, for

m. spring, fount, source.

form, figure
beauty.

fumus,
fundo,
out.

m. smoke.

Fumes.
pour, pour

futurum
f.

-ere, fudi, fusus,

forma,

-ae,

fors, fortis,

f.

chance, luck.

funis,
furor,

-is,

m. rope, cord.

(176, a.)

forte, adv. \toxs\, by chance, perhaps.

fortis,
-e,

-oris,

m.

madness, frenzy,

adj.

[fortiter],

strong,

furor.

brave, courageous.

Cf. validus.

fusus, see fundo.

262

FIRST VEAR LATIN

Roman
first

Gaius, Gai, m. Caius, a

grator,

-arl,

-atus

sum

[gratus], give

name.
Galba,
-ae,

thanks, thank ; with dat.

m. Galba.
f.
f.

gratulor,

-ari,

-atus

sum

[gratus],

galea, -ae,
Gallia, -ae,

helmet.

(Page

89.)

congratulate.

Gaul.

gratus,
able,

-a,

-um, adj. [gratia], accept-

Gallicus,

-a,

-um, adj. Gallic.

f.

pleasing; grateful.
-e,

gallina, -ae,

hen.

gravis,

adj.

[graviter],

heavy,

Gallus,

-I,

m. a Gaul.
gavisus

severe, serious.

Grave.
[gravis],

gaude5,

-ere,

sum
be

(semi-

graviter,

adv.

heavily,

deponent)
rejoice.

[gaudium],

glad,

severely, vehemently, greatly.

grav5,
-I,

-are, -avi, -atus

[gravis], op-

gaudium,
ness.

n.

[gaudeS], joy, glad-

press, burden, overcome.

Cf. laetitia.

gusto, -are, -avi, -atus,

taste, eat.

gavisus, see gaudeo.

Gelertus,
-I,

m. Gelert, name of a
-um,
adj.

habeo,

-ere, -ul, -itus, have, hold, keep;

hound.

with orationem, make, deliver.

-a,

geminus,
twin-.

twin-born,

habilis,

-e,

adj. [habeo], [easily han-

dled), suitable, ft.

-us, -ae,

gemitus,

m. groan, moan.
f. f.

habito,

-are, -avi, -atus

[frequentative
live.

gemma,

gem, jewel.
[genus], race, tribe,

of habeo], inhabit; dwell,

Cf. incolo

gens, gentis,

and

vivo,
kid.
stick,

house, family.

Genteel.

haedus,
haereo,

-T,

m. yoicng goat,
haesi,

genus,

-eris, n.

[gens], race, lineage;

-ere,

haesus,

kind, class.

cling, be fixed ; be perplexed, hesi-

Germanus,

-i,

m. a German.

tate.

Adhere.
-alis,

ger5, -ere, gessi, gestus, bear, carry

on, wage (war);

Hannibal,

m.

Hannibal,

manage, do; wear:

;

famous
(Page
hasta,
-ae,
f.

Carthaginian

general.

se gerere, act, behave

pass, go on,

97.)

take place.

spear.

(53.)

(Page

43.)

gigas, -antis, m. giant.

haud, adv.

not.

Cf. non.

gladius,

-T,

m. sword.
adj. slender.

(Page

27.)

haud-quaquam, adv. by no means,

not at
all.
-ire,

Cf. ensis.

gracilis,

-e,

(254.)
stage.

haurio,
drain.

hausT, haustus, drink,

gradus,
(242.)

-us,

m. step; period,
Greece.

ExHAUST.
-a,

Grade.
f.
-i,

herbidus,

-um, aA]. grassy.

Graecia, -ae,

Hercle, interj. by Hercules, assuredly,

indeed.

Graecus,

m. a Greek.
grass.
[gratus], favor, kind-

gramen,
ness

-inis, n.
f.

Hercules,
Jupiter

-is,

m. Hercules, son of

gratia, -ae,
;

and Alcmena, and god of

plur. thanks, gratitude.

strength.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA BULARY

Hesperides, -um,
f.

^63

the Hesperides,

htimanus,
taining

-a,

-um, adj. [homo], {per-

daughters of Hesperus, guardians

of the golden apples,

humi
(95.

man), man's, human. (locative), on the ground.

to
l>)-

hesternus,
yester-.

-a,

-um, adj. of yesterday,

humilis,

-e,

low, lowly, humble.

f.

hie,

haec, hoc,

demon, pron.
;

this,

Hydra,
cules.

-ae,

[hydrus], the Hydra,

this she,

of mine
it.

as pars. pron. he,

a water monster killed by

Her-

(200.)

hie, adv. here, hereupon.

hydrus,
[hiems],
snake.

-I,

m. water-serpent, serpent,

hiemo,

-are,

-avi,

-aturus

spend the winter.

hiems, hiemis,
storm.
hinc, adv. [hie], hence,
f.

[hiemo], winter;

iace5,

-ere,

-ul,
lie,

[iacio],

{be

thrown),

lie

dead.

from

here.

iacio, -ere, iecl, iactus [iaceo],

cast,

throw,

Hispania,

-ae,
-T,

f.

Spam.

hurl.
-T,

Hispanus,

m. a Spaniard.
f.

iaculum,

n.

[iacio],

{the thing

historia, -ae,

history.

thrown), dart, javelin.

ho-die, adv. [hoc-die], to-day.

iam, adv. already, now, at last: non

being),

hom5, -inis, m. and f., {human man. (163.) Cf. vir. honor, -oris, m. honor.
with marks of honor.
hora,
-ae,
f.

iam, no longer.

Cf. nunc,

laniculum,
adv.

-I,

n. the

Janiculum, one

of the hills of
ibi,
[is],

Rome,

honorifiee, adv. [honor], honorably,

in that place, there.

ietus, -us,

m. stroke, blow.

hour:

in

horas,

from

idem, eadem, idem, demon, pron.

[is],

hour

to

hour, hourly.
-i,

same:

Idem

qui,

same

as.

Horatius,
horribilis,

m. Horatius {Codes).
adj. terrible, dreadful,

(3-9)
id-eo,

-e,

adv. for that reason,

there-

horrible.

Cf. terribilis.

fore.
entreat,

hortor,

-arl,

-atus

sum, urge,

idoneus,
Idiis,

-a,

-um, adj.yfA suitable.

f.

exhort.

-uum,

the Ides.
first

hortus,

-I,

m. garden.
-\,

(84.)

igitur, conj.

(seldom the

word),

hospitium.
hostilis,

n. hospitality.

therefore, then.

Cf. itaque.
(169,
<r.)

e,

adj.

[hostis],

of the

ignis,

-is,

m.y?r^.

Igmtk.

enemy, hostile.
hostis,
17
r.)
-is,

Cf. infestus.
f.

ignoro,

-are, -avI,

-atus,

not know,

m. and Hostile.

enemy.

(169,

be ignorant of.

Ig.N'ORE.

Cf. inimicus.

ignotus,

-a,

-um, adj. [in-(g)notus],

hue, adv. [hie], hither.

hiimanitas,

-atis,

f.

[humanus],
kindness,

ille,

unknown, unfamiliar, strange. -ud, demon, pron. that -a,

{yonder)
it.
;

humanity,
refinement.

gentleness,

as pers. pron. he, she,

(200.)

; ;

264
imbecillis,
-e,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

adj.

weak,

feeble.

in-, prefix, into,

upon, towards,

etc.

Imbecile.
imbuo,
soak.
-ere, -uT,
-litus,
-wet,

also in composition with

nouns,

moisten,

adjectives,

and

participles, often

Imbue.
-atis,
f.

having negative sense.

un-, in-, not.

Cf.

Eng.

imitor, -an, -atus sum, imitate, copy.

immanitas,

savageness,

in-calesco,

-ere,

-calui,

grow

cruelty, barbarity.

warm, grow
[in-]>

hot.
-dl,

im-mineo, -ere, over, impend.

im-mitto,

-ui,

hang
[in-],

in-cendo,
to,

-ere,

-census, set fire

Imminent.
-missus

bur?t.
-a,

Incendiary.
-um, adj. [incendo], in-

-ere, -misi,

incensus,

setid against, let fly, let in.

fiatned, hot, fiery.

Incense.
adj.

impedi5,

-Ire, -Ivi (-iT), -itus

[in-pes],

inceptus, see incipio.

in-certus,
-a,

entangle, hamper, impede.

-um,

uncertain,

im-pelI6, -ere, -pull,

-pulsus

[in-],

doubtful.
in-cid5, -ere,

Cf. dubius.
-dl,

move, induce, drive, impel.

[-cado], fall

imperator,

-oris,

m. [impero], com-

into: in insaniam incidere, become

insafie.

mander,

ge7ieral.
-I,

Emperor.
[impero], order,

imperatum, command.
imperium,
rule,
-i,

n.

in-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [-capio],

{take in

Cf. iussum.
n.

hand), begin. Incipient.

-are, -avi, -atus,

[impero], command,

in-clamo,

cry out

power.

Empire.
[imperium],
with
de??iand ;

appeal

to.
-sT,

impero,
order,
dat.

-are, -avi, -atus

in-cliid5, -ere,
in, co>ifine.

-sus [-claudo], shut

cotnmatid,

impetus,
impiger,

Imperative. Cf. m. attack, -us, Impetuous.

-gra,

iubeo.

incola, -ae,
itant.

Include. m. and f. [incolo], inhab[incola], dwell

dzvell.

assault.

in-col6, -ere, -ui,

in,

-grum, adj. [in-piger],

inhabit;

live,

Cf. ha-

{not slow), active, diligent.

bito

and

vivo,
-e,

im-pleo,

-ere, -evi, -etus \\u.-'],flll np,

incolumis,

adj.

unharmed,

safe.

cover, fill.

Cf. salvus.
[in-],

im-pono,

-ere, -posuT, -positus

i}i

in-crepito, -are,
taunt, abuse.

upbraid,

ptit or place

or upon

mount

impose

with dat.

inde, adv.

[is],
-i,

thence, thereupon.

impositus, see imp5n6.

indicium, good),
token.

n. evidence, proof, sign,

improbus,
bad,

-a,

-um,

adj., {not

wicked, shameless.
see impello.

in-dic5, -ere, -dixi, -dictus, proclaim,

declare, appoint.

impulsus,

Indict.
carelessly,
list-

in, prep, witli ace. into, to, against,

in-diligenter,
lessly.

adv.

upon, towards, for

Of I,

with abl.

in,

in case

of.

indoles,

-is, f.

tiaturc. character.

LA TIX-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
in-duc6, -ere, -duxT, -ductus, lead
to,

265
beginning.

initium,

-I,

n.

[ineo],

dniw

to,

induce, persuade.
-uT,

Initi.'VL.
iniiiria, -ae,
f.

induo, -ere,

-utus,

put

on, clotlic

[in-ius], ivrong,

harm,

or.e's self in, clothe,

wrap.

insult, injury.

industria, -ae,
in-eo,
-Ire,

f.

diligence, industry.
-itus,

in-iussii, only abl.

without command.

-ui

(-il),

go

in, enter

inluvies,

abl. -e, dirt, filth.

begin, form.

(507.)

inopia,
need.

-ae,

f.

want, poverty, lack,

in-fans, -amis, adj., {not speaiing);

as noun, infant, lyahy.

in-fellX,
-Icis,

inquit (placed after one

or

more
tnock,

adj. unfortunate, un-

quoted words), said

in-rideo, -ere,
-sT,

he.
at,

lucky, unhappy.
inferior, -ius, (489.)
adj.

-sus,

laugh

[Tnferus], lower.

ridicule.

Inferior.

inrisus,

-us,

m.
:

[inrideo],

viock-

in-fero, inferre, intull, inlatus, {bear

ery, derision ery.

ab inrlsu, in mock-

in or against), cajise, bring upott,

inflict
;

with dat.

(506.)

in-rumpo,
into,

-ere, -rupl, -ruptus,

break

inferus,

-a,

-um, adj. low, below, un(489.)

break

in,

rush

at*

Irrup-

derneath.
infestus,
-a,

tion.
adj.
hostile;

-um,

as

insania, -ae,

f.

insanity, madness.

noun, enemy.
in-fici5,
-ere,

Cf. hostilis.
-fectus [-faci5],

in-sido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, sit upon.

-feci,

in-signe,

-is,

n.

[insTgnis],

mark,

soak, imbue, stain.

INFECT.
(worn
l)y

sign, symbol, insignia.

infula,

-ae,

f.

fillet

insignis,

-e,

adj. [in-sTgnum], {distin-

priests).

guished by a mark), remarkable,

-I,

ingenium,
acter.

n.

genius, temper, char-

conspicuous, prominent.
in-silio,
-Ire,

-uT,

leap

upon,

ingens, -entis, adj. huge, great.

Cf.

throw one's self upon.

in-sinuo, -are, -avT, -atus, thrust in,

magnus.
in-gredior,
enter.
-!,

-gressus sum, step in,

push

in.

Insinuate.
-ere,
-ui,

Cf. intro.

in-stitu5,

-fitus

[-statud],

ingressus, see ingredior.

in-hi5, -are, -avT, -atus,

set up, fix,

at,

arrange.
-stiti,

gape

long

in-st5,

-are,
,

-statiirus,

{stand

for, desire.
in-icio,
-ere,

Cf. cupio.
-iecT,

against ) press on, pursue.

[-iacio],

-iectus

instrQctus, see Instruo.

thro^v upon, cast upon,

put

upo)i.

instrumentum,
strument.

-T,

n.

[Instruo],

in-

iniectus, see inicio.

in-imicus,
(171.)

-T,

m. [-amicus], enemy.
Cf. hostis.

in-stru6, -ere, -struxl, -structus, build

in,

Inimic.\l.
-a,
;

form

instruct,

train

pre-

in-iquus,

um,

adj.

[-aequus],

pare, provide.
insula, -ae,
f.

unequal

uneven,

unfavorable.

island.

Peninsula.

266
in-sum,
-esse,
-fui,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

,

be

in, be

in-vado,

-ere, -si,

-sus,

come upon,
come

a?no7ig;

with dat.
(345-)

and with

in

attack, invade, take possession of.

and

abl.

in-venio,
[inter-

-ire,

-Veni,

-ventus,

intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus

lipon, find, discover.

Cf. reperio.

lego],

{choose

between),

learn,

in-vicem, adv. in turn, mutually.

in-victus,
-a,

know, perceive, jinderstand.

In-

-um, adj. [-vinco],

uii-

tellect.

Cf. cognosco.
-di,

conquered, invincible.
in-video, -ere,
{look
-visT,

in-tendo, -ere,

-tus,

{stretch out

-vTsus [invidia],
be

towards), bend, aim.

inter, prep, with ace.

Intend. between, among,

inter
se,

to7vards),

jealous

of,

envy.

amid, during,
together.

while:

invidia, -ae,
ousy:
lolaus,
-T,

f.

[invideo], envy, jeal-

inter-dum, adv. sometimes.

inter-ea, adv. fneanwhile.

m. lolaus, a friend of Her-

cules.
lole, -es,
f.

interfectus, see interficio.

inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -feet us [-facio],
kill, slay, ptit to

lole,

Iphicles,

-is,

daughter of Eurytus. m. Iphicles, brother of

death.

Cf. neco

Hercules.
ipse,
-a,

and

occido.
-us,

-um, demon, adj. and pron.

(329.)
ire.

interior,
(4S9-)

adj.

inner,

interior.

self,

very.
f.

ira, -ae,
-etis,

anger, wrath,

interpres,

m. interpreter.
-ere,

iratus,

-a,

-um, adj.
Ir.\te.

[ira],

angry, en-

inter-rumpo,
break down.

-rupT,

-ruptus,
is,

raged.
ea, id,

Interrupt.
-fui,

demon, pron. that ; as

it.

pers.

inter-sum, -esse,

-futiirus,

be

pron. he, she,

iste, -a, -ud,

(138.)

amotig, be present at ;
(345.)

with dat.

demon, pron. that

{of

Cf. adsum.

yours).

(493.)
-i,

intra, prep, with ace. zvithin.

intro,
-are,
-avi,

isthmus,
into,
ita,

m. isthmus.
Cf. sic

-atus,

go

adv.

so, thus.

and

tarn.

enter.

Cf. ingredior.

Italia, -ae, f . /ta/y.

intro-diiCO, -ere, -duxT, -ductus, lead

in,

ita-que, conj.
igitur.

and so,
n.

therefore.

Cf.

introduce.
-us,

introitus,
trance.

m.

[intro-eo],

en-

iter, itineris,

[eo],

way, journey,
(482.)

march, line of march.

{let

Itin-

intro-mitto, -ere, -mlsT, -missus,

erant.
iterum, adv. a second time, again.

go

in), let in,

admit.

intus, adv. [in], within, inside.

Iteration.
iubeo, -ere, iussT, iiissus, bid, order,

in-undo,

-are, -avT, -atus, overflow, in-

undate, cover.
in-usitatus,
strange.
-a,

connnand.
-um,
adj.

Cf. impero.

itnnsual,

iudico, -are, -avi, -atus [ius], judge,

decide.

LA TIN-ENGLISH
iugerum,
liiic'.
-i,

VCABULARV
f
.

267

n. (gen. plur.

iugerum),

laeva, -ae,

the left hand.

jiiger.
-I,

Laevlnus,
[iungo], yoA-e.
consul.

-I,

m. Laevinus, a

Roman

iugum.
lulius,

n.

T,

m. Julius, a
iungo.

Roman name.

lambo,

-ere,

lick, lap.

iunctus,

sc-c-

lamenta, -orum,
'uhiiliiig,

n. plur. [liimentor],

iungo,

-ere, iunxT, iunctus, unite-, join.

laments, lamentation.
-ari,

s/'an, cross.

luno, -onis,

f.

Junction. Juno, queen of the

Jupiter.

lamentor,

-atus

sum

[lamenta],

wail, lament.
lapis, -idis,

gods and wife of

m.

stotie,

milestone.

La pi-

luppiter, lovis, m. Jupiter, the su-

da ry.
Iate5, -ere, -ui,
,

preme
iurgium,
iuro,

deity of the
-T,

Romans.
[ius],

(482.)

lurk, lie hid, be

n.

quarrel, dispute.
-atus

concealed.

Latent.
-um, adj. Latin.

-are,

-avT,

swear,

Latinus,

-a,

take

an

oath.

Abjure.
[iubed], order, com-

latro, -are, -avi, -atus, bark.

iiis, iuris, n.

right, justice.
n.

latro, -onis,

m. robber, brigand.
adj.

iiissum,

-i,

latus,

-a,

-um, adj. broad, wide.

-e,

mand.
iustus,
-a,

Cf. imperatum.

laudabilis,

[laudo], praise-

iussus, see iubeo.

worthy, laudable.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laus], praise,
laud.
laus, laudis,
f.

-um, adj. [ius],yus^

.

young cow, heifer. iuvenis, -e, adj. young; as noun, young man, youth. (260.) Ji"\ Kiuvenca,
-ae, f

[laudo], praise, glory,

fitne.
lectus, see lego. lectus,
-1,

NiLE.

Cf. adulescens.
f.

iuventiis, -utis,

[iuvenis], body of

m. bed, couch.
-T,

youth, youth.
iuvo, -are, iuvT, iutus, help, aid.

legatus,

m. ambassador, deputy,

lieutenant, legatus.
legio, -onis,
f.

Legate.

[lego], {a gathering),

L.,

abbreviation for Lucius.

-T,

legion.
lego, -ere, legl, lectus, gat h er ; select

Labienus,

m. Labienus, a lieuten-

ant in Caesar's army.

labor, -oris,
Cf. opus

read.
toil.

m. [laboro], labor,

lenis,

-e,

adj. [leniter], soft, smooth,

and

opera.

gentle, mild.
leniter,
ately.
leo, -onis,

Lenient.

laboro, -are, -avi, -atus [labor], work,

toil
;

adv. [lenis], gently, moder-

suffer.

El.\ BORATE.

lac, lactis, n. milk.

m.
-a,

lion.

lacrima,

-ae, f. tear.

Lernaeus,
Greece.

-um, adj. Lernaean, of

lacus, -us, m. lake, pool.

laetitia, -ae,
f.

Lerna, a
merry,

district

near Argos in

\\3iQi\is.'\,Joy,glad)iess.

laetus,

-a,

-um,

adj. glad,

levo, -are, -avi, -atus, lift up, raise.

pleasant, joyful.

libenter, adv. willingly, gladly.

268
liber, -bri,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

m.
book.
(103.)

liimen,

-inis, n.

[lux], light.

Lumi-

liber, -era, -erum, adj. free.

nous.
luna, -ae,
f.

Liberal.
liberalitas, -atis,
f.

[lux], 7noon.

Lunatic.

[liber], noble dis-

lupa,

-ae,
-T, -i,

f.

[lupus], she-wolf

position, generosity, liberality.

libere, adv. [\\heT'\, freely, fraftkly.
liberi,

lupus,

m. [lupa], wolf.
n.
f.

lutum,

mud, mire.
(no gen. plur.) [liiceo],

-5rum, m. plur. [iTber],

chil-

lux, lucis,
light.

dren.
libero, -are, -avi, -atus \]lher'],setf>-ee,

free, liberate
ration.

with abl. of sepa-

machina,
engine.

-ae,

f.

contrivance, machine,

libertas,
liberty.

-atis,

f.

[liber],

freedotn,

machinatio,

-onis,

f.

[machina],

coti-

trivance, machine, engine.

licet, -ere, licuit

it is

or

licit

um est, impers.

macte,

adj.

(voc), in
esto, be

the

phrase

permitted, {one) may.

-ae,

macte virtute
thy valor
I

honored for
!

Lichas,

m. Licbas, an attendant
m.
lictor,

goodfor your pluck

of Hercules.
lictor,
-oris,

maculo,
ceremonial
officer.
stick.
soil.

-are, -avi, -atus, spot, stain,

Immaculate.
-a,

attendant of a high

maestus,
tristis.

-um,

adj.

sad.

Cf.

lignum,
limus,
lingua,

-I,

-T,

wood ; stake, m. mud, slime.

n.
f.

xaag\S,a.A-v.\m3ig{n\xs)'],more,7-ather.

-ae,

totigue,

language.

magister,-trl,m.[mag(nus)], master,
teacher.

litus, -oris, n. shore.

loco, -are, -avi, -atus

[locus], place,

magistratus, -us, m. [magister],^?^^^

(of a magistrate), magistracy.

put,
locus,
n.),

set.
-1,

Locate.
(plur. loci, m.,

m.

and

loca,

magnificus,

-a,

-um, adj. [magnus-

place,

position,

situation

facio], splendid, magnificent.

chance, opporticnity.
lociitus, see loquor.

Local.

magnitiido,
ness, size,

inis, f. \ma.gr\us\,

great-

magnitude.
[abl.

longe, adv. \\or\gVi&\, far, far

off.

magnopere, adv.
ily.

of

magnum

longinquus,
longus,

-a,

-urn, adj.

[longus],

opus], greatly, exceedingly, heart-

distant, remote, far atvay.

-a,

-um, adj. long,

tedious.

magnus,
loud.

-a,

-um, adj. great, large

Longitude.
loquor,
-i,

(260.)
-atis,
f.

-ciitus
-a,

sum, speak,

talk, say.

maiestas,

[maior], dignity,

lubricus,

-um, adj. slippery, slimy,

honor, majesty.

muddy.

Lubric-^te.
[lux], shine.

maior,
(260.)

-ius,

adj.

greater,

larger.

luceo, -ere, luxl,

Major.
adv.

[ludicer], -era, -crum, adj.

serving

male,
(267.)

[malus],

badly,

ill.

for

sport, sportive.

Malevolent.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y

male-dic5,
til of,

269
adj.

-ere,

-dixl,

-dictus, speak

maximus,
(260.)

-a,

-um,

greatest.

revile,

abuse.

Maleijic[magis-

TION.
malo, malle,
volo],
be

Maxi.mum. Maximus, -T, m. Maximus, surname

of Quintus Fabius.

malui,

more

willing, prefer,
(505.)
evil.

me,

see ego.
-T,

would

rather.
n.

medicus,
evil.

m.

doctor,

physician.

malum,
malus,

-T,

[malus], bad thing,

Medicine.
mediocris,
-e,

-a,

-um, adj. bad,

(260.)

adj.

[medius], midlittle.

Cf. improbus.

dling, tnoderate ; a

Medi-

mand5,

-are, -avi, -atus

[manus-do],

ocre.
medius,
-a,

{put in hand), charge, command,

intrust.

-um, adj. tniddle, middle

cf: in medio, between

(them)

in

mane, adv. in the morning. maneo, -ere, mansT, mansurus,

remain, wait.
I'I'-RMAnent.

medium,
stay,

to the centre.

Medium.
Amelio-

rae\\ox,-\.vks, better.

(260.)

rate.

Manlius,

-1,

m. Manlius, a

Roman

membrum,

-T,

n. limb.
f.

Member.
/Tjemo/"/.

name.

mansuetudo,

-inis,

f.

clemency, kind-

memoria, -ae, memoro, -are,

orate.

[memoro],
state.

-avT, -atus

[memoria],

ness, gentleness.

tnentiojt, relate,

Commemlying.

manus,

-us, f

hand ; grappling hook ;

(243,

force, band.

a)

M.VNUAL.

Marcius,

-T,

m. Marcius, a
m. Marcus, a
(no
gen.

Roman
Roman
sea.

mendacium, -I, n. Mendacious.

mens, mentis,
f.

falsehood,

name.
Marcus,
first
-i,

mi7id.

Cf. animus.

mensis,

-is,

m. month.

name.
-is,

mercator,
plur.),

-oris.
-i,

m. trader, merchant.
(84, d.)

mare,

n.

Mercurius,
mereor,

m. Mercury, messensum, deserve, merit.

(4S2.)

Marine.
-T,

ger of the gods.

-eri, -itus

maritus,

m. husband.

Mars, Martis, m. Mars, the god of

war.

mergo,

-ere, -si, -sus, sink.

-T,

Merge.

meritum,
-i,

n.

[mereor], thing de-

Martius,

m. [Mars], March.
f.

served, deserts, merit.

massa,
mater,

-ae,

mass, lump.
mother.
-1,

mersus,

see
-us,

mergo.

-tris, f.

Maternal.
matrimonium
Cf.

metus,

m.f-ar, dread.

matrimonium,

n.

[mater], matriin

meus,
mico,

-a,

-um, possess, adj. and pron.

(229.)
,

mony, marriage ; dilcere, to marry.

my, mine.
-are, -uT,

quiver ; flash,

matiiro, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten.

gleam, twinkle.
mihi, see ego.

properd and contendo.

maxime, adv. [ma.ximus],

pecially, greatly.

most,

es-

miles,

-itis,

m.

soldier.

Military.

Ci. praecipue.

militaris,

-e,

adj. [miles], military.

2/0
mille,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

num.
adj., indecl. in sing.
;

in

monstrum,
mora,
-ae,

-I,

n.

monster.

plur., milia, -ium,

thousand ; also
{305,
least,
e.)

f.

[moror], delay.

(supply passuum), miles.

mordeo,

-ere,

momordi, morsus,
-a,

bite.

minitne, adv. [minimus],

at
all,

jiot

Morsel.
moribundus,
-um, adj. [morior],
dying, at the point of death.

by no means.
-a,

minimus,
(260.)

-um,

least,

very

little.

Minimum.
-atus

morior,

-1,

mortuus sum
[mors],
die.

(fut.

part.

minor, minor,

-arl,

sum, threaten.
smaller,
lesser.

moritiirus)

-us,

adj.

moror,

-ari,

-atus

sum [mora],
f.

retard,

(260.)

hinder, delay.
-i,

Miniicius,
consul.

m. Minucius, a

Roman
won-

mors,

mortis,

[morior],

death.

Mortal.
-e,

Cf. nex.

mirabilis,

adj. [miror], to he

mortifer,

-era,

-erum, adj.

[mors-

dered at;
nary..

wotiderful,

extraordi-

fero], death-dealing, deadly, fatal.

Admirable.
-T,

mortuus,
dead.

-a,

-um,

adj.

[morior],

miraculum,
miror,
der,
-arl,

n.

[miror], wonder,

marvel, miracle.
-atus
at,

mos, moris, m. manner,

[mlrus], won-

habit, cus-

sum

tom.

Moral.

wonder
-a,

admire.

mirus,
miser,

-um, adj. [miror], 'wonder-

ful, extraordinary.
-era,

moveo, -ere, movl, motus, move. mox, adv. soon, presently. Mijcius, -I, Mucius, a Roman name,
mulier,
-eris,
f.

-erum, adj. wretched, un-

woman.
f.

Cf.

fe-

happy, miserable.
misere,
adv.
[miser],
(267.)
-ae,
f.

mina.
wretchedly,
multitiido,
-inis,

[multus], great

miserably.

number, multitude, quantity.

multo,
adv.

misericordia,
mitis,
-e,

pity, compassion.

[multus],

by

much,
tnuch.

adj. mild, gentle.

much.
Mis-

mitto, -ere, mlsl, missus, send.

sion.

multum,
(267.)

adv.

[multus],

modo, adv. [modus], otily. modus, -T, m. way, manner.

moenia, -ium,
(of a city).
n. plur.

multus,

-a,

-um, adj.

much;

plur.

Mood.

many.
miinio,

(260.)

[munio], walls

-ire, -iv! (-ii), -Itus

[moenia],

Cf. miirus.

fortify, defend.

moles,

-is, f.

mass, heap.
advise,

miimtio,

-onis,

f.

\m.\:i\\\o\,

fortifica-

moneo, -ere, -uT. -itus, remind, warn. (498.) Monitor.

Cf. collis.

tion, defence.

Munitions.
dtdy,
offi.ce.

miinus,
hill.

-eris, n.
-I,

mons, montis, m. mountain,

monstro,
out.
-are, -avi, -atus,

miirus,

m. wall.

Cf. moenia.

mils, muris, m. mouse.

show, point

miito, -are, -avI, -atus, change, alter.

Demonstr.\te.

Mut.\tion.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
nam, con], for. namque, con], for, inasmuch
narr5,
-are,
-avi,

271

Nessus,
as.

-I,

m. Nessus, a centaur
-trum, adj. neither (of

slain

by Hercules,
-tra,

-atus,

tell,

relate,

neuter,
two).

narrate.
nascor,
-1,

(312.)
f.

Neutral.
Cf mors,
.

niitus

sum,

be born.

nex, necis,

(no gen. plur.) [neco],

nato, -are, -avI, -atus [frequentative

of no], swim, float.

death, slaughter, murder.

ni, conj. if not, imless.

natu (only
in age.

abl.)

[nascor], by birth,

niger, -gra, -grum,

2.d].

black.

Negro.

(260.)
f.

nihil, n., indecl. nothing: nihil cibi,

natura,

-ae,

[nascor], {birth), na-

no food.
Nilus,
T,

NiHiLLST.
too

ture, character.

m. the Nile, a river of Egypt.

nauta,

-ae,

m. [for navita;

navit;],

nimium, adv.
ni-si, conj.

much.

sailor.

NAUTICAL,
-e,

if not, unless, except.

f.

navalis,

adj. [navis], naval.

nix, nivis,

snow.
,

navigo,

-are, -avI, -atus

[navis-ag5],

no, nare, navl,

nobilis,
-e,

swim.

sail, cruise,

navigate.
(ace. -em, -im
;

adj. \xio%co\,well-known,
;

navis,
-e.),

-is,

f.

abl.

-T,

of high birth
noce5, -ere,
-uT,
;

noble.
-iturus,

ship.

(169,

f.)

Naval.
lest;
tiot:

do

harm

to,

ne, conj. that not, that;

with

hurt, injure
Cf. obsum.

with dat.

Noxious.

hortatory
.

subjunctive,

ne

quidem, not even.

(44, 3.)

noctu, only abl. [nox], by night.

nolo, nolle, noluT,

-ne, interrog. adv. enclitic.

[ne-vol6], be
not,

Cf. nonne

and num.

unwilling,
(505-)

will

not

wish.

nee, see neque.

necesse, indecl. neut. adj. unavoidable,

nomen,

-inis,

n.

[nosco],
is

{that

by

necessary.
-atis,
f.

which a thing
[necesse], need,

kno'wn), name.

necessitas,
necessity.

Nominal.
non, adv. [ne-unum], not: non iam,

neco,
slay.

-are,

-avi,

-atus

[nex],

hill,

no longer.

Cf. baud,

Cf. interficio
-T,

and

occido.

non-dum, adv. not yet.

non-ne, interrog. adv. suggesting an
alfirniative

negotium,

n.

[nec-6tium, ease],

business, labor.

answer, not

Cf. -ne

nemo, and

no gen. or abl.), ni. f. [ne-homo], no one, nobody, no man.

-ini (dat.
;

and num.
non-niillus,
-a,

-um, adj., {not none),

some, several.

ne-que or nee, conj. and

neque
nor.
. .

not,

nor
. . .

n5nus,

-a,

-um, num. adj. [novem],

neque, neither

ninth.

nos, see ego.

Nervii, -orum, m. plur. the Nervii, a tribe of northeastern Gaul.

nosco, -ere, novT, notus, learn

perf.

know.

2/2

FIRST YEAR LATIN

and
Ob-noxius,
-a,
to.

noster, -tra, -trum, possess, adj.

-um,

adj.

liable

to,

pron.

[nos],

our,

ours:

nostri,

exposed

our men.

(229.)

obscuro, -are,

-avT, -atus

[obscurus],

not5, -are, -avi, -atus, mark, notice,

observe, perceive.

darken, conceal.
obscurus,
-a,

NOTATION.
adj.
7ti7te.

-um

[obsciiro],

dark.

notus,

-a,

-um, adj. [nosco], known.

Obscure.
ob-ser5, -ere, -sevi, -situs, (sow, plant),
cover, strew, fill.

novem,
novus,
nox,

indecl.
-a,

num.
f.

-um, adj. new.

night.

noctis,

Novelty. Noctur-

Obses,
(one

-idis,

m. and
sits

f.

[ob-sedeo],

nal.
nubes,
-is, f.

who

or

remains as a

cloud.

(169.)

pledge), hostage.

nudus,

-a,

-um, adj. stripped, bare,

-um, adj. [ne-ullus], no,
(312.)

ob-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus [-sede5],

(sit

unclothed; nude.

down

against), besiege, beset,

nuUus,

-a,

blockade.

Cf. oppugn5.
f.

no7ie, 7to one.

Nullity.

obsidio,

-onis,

[obsideo], siege,

num,

interrog. adv. suggesting a neg-

blockade.

ative answer; in indir. question,

obsitus, see obser5.

whether.

Cf. nonne

and

-ne.

ob-struo,

-ere,

-struxl,

-structus,

numerus,

m. number. Numeral. numquam, adv. [ne-umquam], never.

-T,

(build up against), block up, bar,

barricade, obstruct.

nunc, adv. tiow.

nuntio, -are,
report,

Cf. iam.
-atus

ob-stupefacio,
[nuntius],

-ere,

-feci,

-factus,

-avT,

astonish, amaze, astound.

announce.
-T,

ob-stupesco,

-ere, -stupui,

be

nuntius,

m. [nuntio], bearer of
[for

astonished, be amazed.

fiews, tnessenger.

ob-SUm,
noviper; novus],

-esse, -ful,

be against,

niiper, adv.

be opposed to; injure ; with dat.

(502.)

recently, lately.

Cf. noceo.
-uT,

nympha,

-ae,

f.

nymph.

Ob-tineo, -ere,

-tentus [-teneo],
possess,

(hold
0, interj. O, oh!
ob, prep, with ace.
ob-icio,
-ere,
-ieci, 07t

against),

occupy,

hold.

Obtain.
-are,
-avI,

account

of.

ob-trunco,

-atus,

cut

to

-iectus

[-iacio],

pieces, kill, slay, slaughter.

{throw in the way), throiv between,

interpose.

Obviam, adv. in the way: obviam

fio, tneet ;

Object.
offero.

with dat.
f.

Obiectus, see obicio.

OCCasio, -onis,

chance, opportunity.

Oblatus, see
Oblitus,
-a,

Occasion.
adj.

Cf. potestas.

-um,

[obllviscor],

OCCasus,

-us,

m. setting

(of the sun).

forgetful.

OC-cido, -ere, -cTdi, -cisus [ob-caedo],

-T,

Obliviscor,

oblitus

sum, forget.

cut dorv)!, slay,

need,

kill.

Cf. interficio,

Oblivious.

and obtrunco.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA BULARY

occupd, -are,
-avi,

271

-atus [ob-capio],
of,

onustus,
loaded.

-a,

-um, adj. [onus], laden,

take possession
Cf. potior.

seize ;

occupy.

opera,
[ob-],

-ae,

f.

[opus],

labor,

care,

OC-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursus

niii tincaiiis
;

work.

Cf. labor
f.

and opus.
(impers.),
//

meet, fall in with.

opinio, -onis,
oportet,
hooves,
-ere,
it is
-T,

expectation, opinion.
-uit
be-

oceanus,
octavus,
eighth.

-i,

m. ocean.
-um, num. adj. [octoj,

-a,

necessary, one ought.

OCT.WE.
-bris,

oppidanus,

m. [oppidum], townstown, stronghold.

-pressus [ob-

October,
oculus,
odi,

m. [oct5], October.

man. oppidum,
op-primo,
-T,

-I,

m.

eye.

Ocular.
hate.

n.

-isse,

clef,

(used only in perf.

-ere, -press!,

and pluperf.) [odium],

odium,
odor,
-T,

premo], overcome, crush, oppress.

n.

[odi], hatred, enmity.

0p-pugn5,
tack,

-are, -avT, -atus

[ob-], at-

OniUM.
-oris,

assault,

besiege.

Cf.

ex-

m. smell, odor.
f.

pugno and
[ops], opis,
f.

obsideo.
aid, help.

Oechalia,

-ae,

Oechalia, a city of

Cf. auxilium.
best.

luiboea.

optimus,
m.
Oeneus,
a
father
of

-a,

-um, adj.

(260.)

Oeneus,

-I,

Optimist.
opus,
-eris, n.
-I,

Deianira.

work, labor.

Cf. labor.

Oeta,

-ae,

f.

Oeta,

mountain

in

oraculum,
oration
orator,

n. [5r6], oracle.
f.

(Greece.

oratio, -onis,
-di,

[oro], speech, plea

of-fendo, -ere,

-fensus

\_oh-'],

strike

against; come npon, find.

of-fer5, -ferre, obtuli, oblatus [ob-],
offer, present.

-oris,
;

m.

[oro],

speaker,

orator
orbis,
-is,

ambassador.

m.

circle, orb,

world :

orbis

officlna, -ae,

f.

workshop, laboratory.
ille],

tenarum, earth, world.

orbo,
-are,
-avi,

olim, adv. [olle, old form of

(at

-atus,

deprive,

be-

that time)

formerly,

once

reaie.

once upon a time. Cf. aliquandoOlympus, -I, m. Olympus, a mountain in Greece, the abode of the
gods.

ordo,

-inis,

m. rank, order

ex ordine,

in succession,

one after another

extra ordinem, out of the ranks.

oriens,
-entis,

m.

[orior],

rising

0-mitt5,

-ere,

-misl,

-missus

[ob-],

(sun), east.
orior,
-Tri,

let go by, disregard, neglect, omit. Omnino, adv. [omnis], wholly, alto-

Orient. ortus sum, arise,

:

spring,

descend {from)
break.

orta luce, at day-

gether, entirely.

omnis,
onus,

-e,

adj. whole, all, every.

Cf.

ornamentum,
ornatus,
-us,

-T,

n.

[orno],

{that

totus, cunctus,
-eris,

and universus.
burden,
bulk,

which adorns), ornament, jewel.

ni.

n.

load,

[orno], equipment,

weight.

Onerous.

adornment ;

dress.

274
orno, -are,
-avi,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

-atus, adorn,

orna-

parvulus,

-a,

-um, adj. [diminutive

ment, deck.
oro, -are, -avi, -atus [os], {speak), beg,

of parvus], very small, slight, insignificant

;

masc. plur. as noun,

pray, entreat, plead.

ortus, see orior.
OS, oris, n.

the little ones, the babies.

parvus,
{260.)

-a,

-um, adj. small,

little.

(no gen. plur.), month, face.

-ere,
-dl,

os-tendo,
stretch

-tus

[ob(s)-],

pasco, -ere, pavi, pastus, feed, tend;

out;

show, display.

OS-

pasture.

TENSIBLE.
otium,
ovis,
-i,

passus, see patior.

passus,
-us,

n. leisure, idleness.

m. [pateo], {a stretching
step,

-is, f.
-i,

sheep.

out of the feet in walking),

ovum,

n. egg.

Oval.
food.

pabulum,

-i,

n. \^z.?,zo\,

pace: mille passuum, m/'/e. pastor, -oris, m. [pascor], (feeder), Pastor. shepherd.
pate-facio, -ere,
it

paene, adv. nearly, almost.

paenitet, -ere,
-uit

-feci,

-factus [pateo],

(impers.),

re-

{make open), open, throw open.

pate5, -ere,
-ui,
,

pents ; with gen. and ace.

pallium,
palus,
-I,

lie

open, be open,

-1,

n. cloak, mantle. stake, pale.

f.

be exposed.

m.

pater,

-tris,

m. father.

(163.)

palus,

-iidis,

swamp, marsh.
Parity.
[paro], ready,

paternus,

-a,

-um, adj. [pater], of a

[patior], patience.
suffer,

par, paris, adj. equal.

father, father's, paternal.

paratus,

-a, -urn, adj.

patientia, -ae,
patior,
-1,

f.

prepared.
parco,
-ere,

passus sum, bear,

pepercl (pars!), parsus,

allow, permit.

spare; with dat.

parens,
pare5,
-entis,
-ere,

Parsimony.
f.
,

patria,

-ae,

f.

[pater], fatherland,

m. and

parent.

native land, cowitry.

patricius,
-a,

Patr IOTISM.

-uT,

(come forth,
obey ; with

-um, adj. [pater], pa-

appear), be obedient
dat.

to,

trician, noble.

paucus,
-ere,

-a,

-um, adj. (generally plur.),

pario,

peperl,
;

partus,

bri}ig

few,

little.

Paucity.
little, little. little,

forth, bear

lay.

paulo, adv. by a

pariter, adv. [par], equally: pariter

ac,

paulum, adv. a
pavidus,
-a,

somewhat.
Cf. timidus.

equally with, as well as.

-avi, -atus,

-um, adj. [pavor], trem-

paro, -are,

make

ready,

bling, fearful, timid.

prepare for, prepare.

pars, partis,
tion, side.
f.

pavor,
direc-

-oris,

m.

[pavidus], fear,
Ci. terror.

pari, share;

dread, alarm.

Partial.

pax, pacis,

f.

(no gen. plur.), peace.

parum, adv. too little, not enough : parum honorifice, disrespectfully.

(490)

Pacify.
pecco, -are,
take, err.
-avi, -atus,

make a

mis-

Peccadillo.

Cf. erro.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
pectus,
-oris, n. breast.

275
wander

Pectoral.
money.

per-liistro, -are, -avI, -atus,

pecunia,

-ae,

f.

[pecus],

through, view all over, examine,

survey.
Cf. peragro.
-ere, -misi, -missus, allow,

Peciniary.
pecus, pedes,
-oris, n. cattle, flock.
-itis,

per-mitto,

m. \^^s\ foot-soldier
-us,

grant, suffer, permit ; yield, give

peditatus,
try.

m. [pedes], infan-

up

with dat.
-a,

Permission.
-um, adj. continual,

perpetuus,
(260.)

peior, -ius, adj. worse.

pellis,
-is, f.
-I,

continuous, perpetual.

skin, hide.
n.,

Pelt.
weighed
out,

per-rumpo,
per-scribo,

-ere, -rupl, -ruptus,

burst

pensum,
e.g.

{what

is

through, break through.

-ere,

wool, as a task for spinning),

-scripsi,

-scriptus,

task ; lesson, exercise.

per, prep, with ace. through, by, by

write at length, describe fully.

perspectus, see perspicio.

per-spicio, -ere, -spe.\i, -spectus {see

means
per-agro,

of,

on account
-avi,

of.

-are,

-atus

[ager],

through), see clearly, ascertain.

wander through, pass

erse.

over, trav-

per-suadeo,

-ere,
;

-suasi,

-suasus,

Cf. perlustro.

persuade
per-terreo,

with dat. Persuasion.

,

per-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [-capi5],

-ere,

-itus,

thor-

perceive, feel.

Cf. sentio.

oughly frighten, alarm.

in-

per-contor,
quire.

-ari,

-atus

sum, ask,

pertinacia, -ae, f perseverance

.

ob-

Cf. quaere, rogo,

and

pet5.

stinacy, pertinacity.

percussus, see percutio.

per-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus [quatio],
////,

pertractus, see pertraho.

per-traho,

-ere, -traxT, -tractus,

{drag

strike,

run through.
lose.

through), drag, drag along.

per-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus,

Per-

per-venio,

-Ire,

-veni, -ventus,

come

dition.
per-diic5,

Cf. amitto.
-ere,

up, arrive, reach.

-ductus, lead

-duxT,

pes, pedis, m. foot:

retreat, fall back.

through, conduct, bring.

per-eo,
-Ire, -ivi (-ii), -iturus,

pedem Pedal.

referre,

perish.

pessimus,
peto, -ere,

-a,

-um, adj. worst.

(260.)

per-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus [-facio],

Pessimist.
-ivi
(-ii),

accomplish

perfect.

-itus,

seek,

de-

perfractus, see perfringo.

per-fringo,
-ere,
-fregl,

mand, ask
-fractus

for,
Cf.

ask,

beg; attack.
quaerd,

Petition.

postulo,

[-frangS], break to pieces, shatter,

and
pietas,

rogo.
-atis,
f.

completely wreck.

filial affection, love,

pergo,

-ere, perrexl,

perrectus [perCf.

loyalty.

PlETY.
[piger], /^zzm^jj, sloth.

rego], go on, proceed, hasten.

piger, -gra, -grum, adj. slow, lazy.

pigritia, -ae,
f.

procedo and progredior.

periculum.

-i,

n. trial,

attempt

risk,

pilum,

-i,

xi.

javelin.

(Page

27.)

danger, peril.

pinguis,

-e,

2A).fat, heavy.

276
pinus,-!,
f.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

(abl. plnu),)0//;e tree, pine.

populus,

-i,

m. people.

Populous.

pirata, -ae, m. pirate.

placabilis,
-e,

Porsena,

-ae,

m. Porsena, a king of
gate, door.

adj.

easily pacified,

Etruria.

placable.

porta, -ae,
-uT, -itus,

f.

Portal.

placeo, -ere,
dat.

please

with

ports, -are, -avI, -atus, carry, bring.

Cf. fero

Placid.
-ei,
f.,

and veho.
m. harbor, port.
{242, a.)

planities,

{a flatness),

level

portus,

-lis,

grotind, plain.

positus, see pono.

the co?n7non people,
be able, possum, posse, potui, can : plurimum posse, be very powerful, have most influence. (344, b,
,

plebs, plebis,
plebeians.

f.

plenus,
ploro,

-a,

-um, zA^.fidl.
-avi,
-at us,

-are,

bewail,

la-

503-)

ment, grieve.

Deplore.
-um, adj. most, very

post, prep, with ace. after, behind

plurimus,
:

-a,

as adv. afterwards.

many plurimum posse, bevery powerful,

post-ea, adv. afterwards.

have most influence.

(260.)

[posterus],

-a,

-um, adj. \j^o?X\ fol(489.)

after.

plus, pluris, adj.

more;

plur. tnore,

lowing, next.

Postern.

many.
poculum,
poena,
tnent
fnent.
-ae,
:

(260, 261.)
-T,

Plural.

post-quam, conj.
next day.
postulo, -are,

n. cup, bowl.
f.

postridie, adv. [posters die], on the

[punio] yf ;/^, punish,

poenas dare, suffer punish-

-avT, -atus, ask, request,

demand. Cf.
-T,

peto, quaero,
f.

and

rogo.

Poenus,
poeta,

m. a CartJiaginian.
m. poet.
-T,

potestas,

-atis,
;

[possum], power,
permisoccasio.

-ae,

authority
sion.

opportutnty,

Polyphemus,
Cyclops.

m. Polyphemus, a

Cf.
-TrI,

imperium and

potior,
-el,

-itus

sum, become master

of ; with gen.

Pompeius,

m. Pompey, a famous
m.

of

get, get possession

Roman
tribune.

general.
-T,

or abl.

Cf. occupo.
-a,

Pomponius,

Pomponius, a

prae-acutus,

-um, adj. sharpened

at the Old, pointed.

n. apple.

pomum,
pondus,
pono,

-I,

praebeo,

-ere, -ui, -itus

offer,

[prae-habeo],
;

-eris, n.

weight, bulk.

Pon-

hold forth,
render.

furnish

cause,

derous.
-ere,

posuT, positus, put, place,

prae-caveo,
care,

-ere, -cavi, -cautus,

take

set, set up, pitch

{camp)

pass.

lie.

take

precautions,

be

on

Position.
pons, pontis, m. bridge.
populor,
-ari,

one

's

guard.
-cTdT, -cTsus

prae-cido, -ere,
cut
off.

[-caed5],

-atus

sum, lay waste,

Precise.
chiefly, especially, par.

devastate, plunder, pillage.

DE-

praecipue, adv.
ticularly.

POPULATE.

Cf maxime, praesertim.

'

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R \

prae-clarus,
-a,

277

-urn, adj. vt-ry splen-

praeter-ea, adv., (besides this), besides,

did, i^lorioiis.

m oreoz'cr.
praeter-eo,
by.
-ire, -il, -itus,

praeda,
prey.

-ae,

f.

[praedor], booty, spoil,

Cf. spolium.
-atus,

go

by,

pass

Predatory.
-are, -avi,

prae-dico,

tnale

praetextus,

-a,

-urn,

adj.

bordered:

known, proclaim, cate.

praedor,
-arl,

boast.

Predi-

toga praetexta, toga with purple

border,

-atus

sum
-tull,

[praeda], rob,

trates

worn by the higher magisand by free-born children.

-T,

plunder.
prae-fero, -ferre,
bc-forc.

praetorium,
-latus,

n.

general's

tent.

carry

pratum,
seize.

-I,

n.

meadow.

(506.)

Prefer.
n.

prehend5,-ere,-hendi,-hensus,^raj/,

praelatus, sec praefero.

praemium, -T, Premium.

prae-pono,
before, prefer.

reward,

prize.

pretiosus,

-a,

-um, adj.

[pretium],

costly, 7'aluable,

precious.

-ere, -posu!, -positus, ////

pretium,

-1,

n. price,

value

reward,

Cf. antepono.

ransom
[prex, precis],
plur.),
f.

praesaepe,

-is,

n. stable, stall.

(used mostly in

praesens, -entis, adj. instant, im mediate,

prayer, entreaty.
{}^x\m\x%\, at first, first,

present.

prim5, adv.
praecipue.
f.

praesertim, adv. especially, particularly, chiefly.

<Zi.

in the first place.

primores, -um,

m. plur. [primus],

praeses,

-idis,

m. and

[praesideo],

the first (men), leaders, chiefs.

protector,

guardian.
-ere, -sedT,

primum,
[-sede5],

adv. [primus], yfrj-/, at first.

-a,

prae-sideo,
{sit

primus,
(489.)

-um, adj.

first,

foremost.

before),

preside

over

with

Prime.
-cipis,

Primal.
place),
Cf. dux.
before,
chief,

dat.

President.
-I,

princeps,
[praesideo], desupport,

m. [primus-capio],
first

praesidium,
fence,

n.

{taking
leader.

the

help,
.

protection,

Prince.
[prior],

guard. Cf auxilium and subsidium.

praestans,
-antis,

prius,

adv.

sooner,

adj.

[praestd], sur-

previously.

remarkable,
passing.

extraordinary,

prius-quam,
privatus,
vate.
-a,

zox\].soo7ier than, before.

Cf. egregius.
f.

-um, adj. [privo], pri-

praestantia, -ae,

[praestans], /rt--

eminence, superiority.
prae-sto, -stare,
out, surpass, be
-stiti,

privo, -are, -avT, -atus, deprive

with

-stilus,
to,

stand

abl.

superior

be pref-

pro, prep, with abl. before, in behalf

of,

erable

perform.
-esse, -fui,

Cf. supero.
,

for, instead of ; considering ; in

prae-sum,
be at the

be before,

accordance with.
pr5bo,
-are,
-avi,

head of command ; with

-atus,

prove, ap-

dat.

(345.)

prove.

278
pro-cedo, -ere, -cessi,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

,

come forward, go forward, advance, proCf. progredior

before, setforth ;

clare, propose.

make known, Proposition.

adj.

de-

ceed.

and pergo.

propter, prep, with ace. on account of.

procul, adv./zr, afar

off.

prostratus,

-a,

-urn,

thrown
be

pr6-curr5, -ere, -currl (-cucurri), -cursurus,

run forward, rush forward.

-T,

down, prostrate. pro-sum, prodesse, profuT,

before, be useful
to,

prodigium,
prSditor,

n. sign,

omen, prodigy.
traitor.

beneft, avail

Prodigious.
-oris,

with dat.

(345.)
-texT, -tectus,

m. betrayer,

pro-tego, -ere,

cover in

pro-duco,

-ere,

-duxl, -ductus,

lead

front, protect.

forth, britig forth.

Produce.

provectus, see proveho.

proelium,
mish.

-i,

n.

battle, cofnbat, skir-

pro-veh5,

-ere, -vexl, -vectus,

carry

Cf. pugna.

forward, carry off; pass, advafice,

proceed.
bri>ig
-latus,

profectus, see proficlscor.

pro-fero, -ferre,
-tulT,

pro-voco, -are,

-avi, -atus, call

forth,

forth.

(506.)
-i,

challe?tge, invite.

Provoke.

proficlscor,

-fectus

sum,

set out,

proximus,
(489.)

-a,

-um, adj. nearest, next.

march,

go.

Cf. exe5
-fiidi,

and

egredior.

Proximity.
-entis, adj. [for

pro-fundo,
ottt,

-ere,

shed copiously.
-T,

-fusus, pour Profuse.

prudens,

providens],

wise, sagacious,

knowing, prudent.

pro-gredior,
dior],

-gressus

sum

[-gra-

prudentia,
sagacity,

-ae,f.

[prudens], foresight,

gress.

go forward, advance, proCf. procedo and pergo.

-mptus [pr5-em5],
promontory.

wisdom, prudence.

publice, adv. [pubhcus], in the ttame

progressus, see progredior.

of the

state, publicly.
-a,

pr5mo,

-ere, -mpsi,

publicus,

-um, adj.

[populus],
public
;

take out, britig forth.

{pertaining
see res.

to the people),

promontorium,
pr5-moveo,
-ere,

-T,

n.

-movi, -motus,

forward, advance.

move Promote.

pudor,

-oris,

m. shame,

caicse

for

shame, disgrace.
puella, -ae,
f.

prope, prep, with ace. near, near to; adv. close at hand, nearly, almost.
pro-pello, -ere, -puli, -pulsus, drive

[diminutive of puer],

girl, 7naiden.

puer,

-e rl,

boy, ch ild.

03

)
.

Puercon-

forward, drive.
propero,

Propel.
Cf.

ile.

propere, adv. hastily, quickly.

-are, -avi, -atus, hasten.

pugna,
test,

-ae,

f.

[pugno],

battle,

fight.

Cf. proelium.

Pugna-

maturd and contends,

propior,
close.
-ius,

cious.

adj.

[prope], nearer,

pugno,

-are, -avi, -atus

[pugna] ,7?^//^

(489.)

Cf. dimico.

propius, adv. [prope], nearer.

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj. beautiful,

fair, pretty.

pr6-p6no,

-ere, -posui, -^os\t\xs,. put

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULA R Y
Pullo, -onis, m. Pullo, a centurion,
pulvis,
-eris,
-a,

279

quercus,
queror,

-us, f
-1,

oak

tree, oak.

m. dust.

Pulverize.
-itus

questus sum, complain,

of,

Punicus,
puni5,

-um, adj. Carthaginian.

-Ivi
(-il),

complain
questus,
wailing.
qui,

bewail.

-Ire,

[poena],

-us,

m. [queror], complaint,

punish.

purg5,

-are, -avi, -atus, clean, cleanse.

quae,

quod,

rel.

and

adj.
that.

Purge.
purus,
-a,

pron.

who,

which,

what,

um,

clean, clear, pure.

(210.)

puts, -are, -avI, -atus, think, believe,

reckon.
Cf. arbitror
-a,

quia, conj. because.

Cf. quod.

and existimo.
liad,

quidam, quaedam, quod dam (quiddam), indef. pron. certain, a certain

"-"''. ''

putridus,
decayed.

-um, adj.

rotten,

(335

Pyrrhus,
Epirus.

i,

ni.

Pyrrhus, king of

quidem, adv. (never the

indeed,
certainly,
.

first

word),
:

in
.

truth
ei'en.

ne

Pythia,

-ae,

f.

Pythia, the inspired

quidem, not
-etis,
f.

prophetess of Apollo at Delphi.

quies,

[quietus], quiet, rest,

repose.
Q.,

abbreviation for Qulntus.

-a,

quietus,

-a,

-um, adj. [quies], quiet,

quadragesimus,
fortieth.

-um, num. adj.

inactive.

quin, conj. [qui-ne], {why not), but

(-il),

quaero, -ere, quaesIvT

quaesTtus,

that, that.

seek, ask, inquire. Cf. peto

and rogo.

qui-nam (quisnam), quaenam, quod-

quam, adv. than, how.

nam
and

(quidnam),
adj.

interrog.

pron.

quam-quam,

conj. though, although.

who? which? what?

-T,

quando, conj. when.

(emphatic), who, pray ? etc.

quand5-quidem, conj. since indeed,

since, seeing that.

Quinctius,

m. Quinctius, family

name

of Cincinnatus.

quantus,
great,

-a,

-um, adj. [quam],

how
as

quindecim, indecl. num. adj. [quinque-decem],

fifteen.

how much ; as great much as. Quantity.

-a,

as,

quinquaginta,
[quat-

indecl.

num.
adj.

adj.

quartus,
iMox'],

-um, num. adj.

[quinque],

fifty.

fourth.

Quart.
-a,

quinque,
quintus,

indecl.

num.

five.

quartus decimus,
fourteenth.
qua-si, adv. as
if.
,

-um, num. adj.

Quinquennial.
-a,

-um [quinque], num. and conj.

truly,

adj./////.

quatio,
strike.

-ere,

quassus, {shake),

quippe,

adv.

no
in-

doubt ; inasmuch as, since.

2.6].

quattuor, indecl. num.

-que, conj.,
enclitic,

four.
Cf.
et,

quis (qui), quae, quid (quod),

terrog.

and.

pron.

and
(142.)

adj.

who?

atque, and ac.

which? what?

28o

FIRST YEAR LATIN

recessus, -us, m. comer, inner room,

quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. after

si, nisi,

ne,

and num,

a}iy one, any-

recess.
re-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [-capi5],

iking.

quisnam, see quinam. quisquam, quidquam (no

plur.), indef. pron.

tahe
fern,

back,

receive,

recover:

se

or

recipere,

withdraw,

retreat, betake

any, any one,

(335.)

one

'j self.

anything

{at all).

re-creo,

-are,

-avi,

-at us,

refresh,

quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque), indef. pron. each one, each,

e-very.

recreate, revive.

Recreation.

recte, adv. [rectus], rightly.

(335.)

rectus,

-a,

-um

[reg5], straight, di-

qui-vis, quaevis, quodvis (quidvis),

rect, right.

any one, anything (you any whatever. {335.) quo, interrog. and rel. adv. [qui],
indef. pron.

re-cumbo,

-ere, -cubuT,

He down,

wish),

sink down.

Recumbent.
,

re-curr5, -ere, -curri,

retire, return.

{run back),

whither, where.

Recur.
[-causa], de-

quod, conj. because, in

quia,

that.

Cf.

re-ciis6, -are, -avT, -atus

cline, refise.

quo-mode, interrog. adv. in

2vay?

what

red-do, -ere, -didl, -ditus [re(d)-],^/ir

back, return, render, 77iake.

how?
(after
too.

quoque, conj.
word), also,

an

emphatic
adj.
. .

red-eo,

-ire,

-ii,

-itus [re(d)-],

go

back,

Cf. etiam.
rel.

return.

(507.)

quot, indecl. interrog. and

redigo, -ere, -egl, -actus [re(d)-ag6],

{drive back), reduce, subdue.

how many? as many as. quot, as many

. . .

as: tot

redimo,

-ere,

-emi, -emptus

[re(d)-

quot-anms, adv. every year, yearly. quoties, interrog. a nd rel. adv. [quot],

emo], buy back, purchase, redeem, ransom.

reditus, -us, m. [redeo], return.

how

often ? as often as.

so-

quoties-cumque, adv. how often

ever ; just as often as.

re-duc6,

-ere,

-duxl,

-ductus,

lead

back, bring back.

Reduce.

redux,
Racilia. -ae,
cinnatus.
f.

-ucis, adj.

[reduce], {led back),

Racilia, wife of Cin-

come
re-fero,

back, returned.
-ferre,
-ttulT,

-latus,

bring

rana,

-ae, i.frog.
-ae,
f.

back; reticrn,

repay; report, anreferre,

rapina,

[rapio], robbery, plun-

nounce: pedem

withdraw,
[-facio],

dering.

Rapine.
-uT,

retreat, fall back.

Relate.
-fectus

rapio, -ere,

-tus,

seize; snatch,

re-ficio,

-ere,

-feci,

drag.
raro, adv. seldom, rarely.
ratio, -onis,
f.,

make
(a reckoning), reason,

over, repair.

refractus, see refringo.

re-fring5,
-ere,
-fregl,

-fractus

method, plan, way, conduct. Ratio.

[frango], break down, break open.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y

re-fugio,
ere,
-fugi,
,

2I

flee

for

repentino, adv. [repente], suddenly,

unexpectedly.
re-perio,
-Tre,

safety, flee, take to flight.

Refuge.

regina,

-ae,

f.

[rego],

{the ruling

-pperl, -pertus [pario],

one), queen.

flnd, discover, ascertai7i. Cf.invenio.

phice, region, country.

regio, -onis,

i.

repertor, -oris, m. [reperio], discoverer, inventor.

regius,

-a,

-um, adj. [rex], the king's,

of the king, royal.

rego, -ere, rexi, rectus
[rex],
rule.

re-pleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletus, flll

up

again.

REPLETE.
-ere,

Regent.
re-icio,
-ere,
-iecl,

re-p6no,
-iectus
[-iacio],

-posul,

-positus,

put

a'cvay, store, keep.

throw back, drive back, hurl back.

re-porto, -are, -avi, -atus, bring back,

Reject.
re-labor,
-T,

win, gain.
-lapsus sum, (slide back),

REPORT.
,

Cf. refero.
,

re-posc6, -ere,

demand

flow back, subside.

banish, expel.

Relapse.
away,

back, ask for, claim.

re-lego, -are, -avi, -atus, se?td

repositus, see repono.

re-promitto,

-ere,

-m!sl,

-missus,

re-linquo, -ere, -llquT, -lictus, leave

behind,
(jrisH.
leave,

promise in return.
repulsus, see repello.
res, rel,
f.

abandon.

Relin-

thing, event, circumstance,

reliquus,

-a,

-um, remaining, rest of

Cf. ceteri.

affair, schetne, cause, matter,

fact

as noun, the rest.

(275)

res publica, republic, state,

;

re-mitto, -ere, -mIsT,

back, give up.

-missus,

send

commonwealth

qua

re,

'wherefore.

Remit.
-motus,
{nio-c'c

re-scindo, -ere, -scidT, -scissus, cutoff,

re-moveo,

-ere, -movT,

break down, demolish.

rescissus, see rescinds,
re-sisto,
-ere,
-stiti,

Rescind.
resist,

back), remove.

Remote.
-atus

re-muneror,

-arl,

sum, repay,

reward.

REMUNERATE.
m. oar.
of

oppose; with dat.

re-spergo,
-ere,
-si,

remus,

-T,

-sus

[-spargo],

Remus, -i, m. Remus, brother Romulus.

re-nascor,
-I,

bespatter, besprinkle.

respersus, see respergo.

-natus, {be borti again),

re-spondeo,
(

-ere,

-dl,

-sponsus,

gro'u again, spring up.

renatus, see renascor.
re-nuntio,
-are,
-avi,

promise in return), answer, reply,

[respondeo], reply,

respond.
-atus,

report,

responsum,
response.
re-stituo,

-I,

n.

announce.
re-pello,
-ere,

Renunciation.
-pulT,

-pulsus,

<//-/rr

-ere,

-ul,

-utus

[-statuo],

away, cast down, deprive ; repulse,

repel.

replace, restore.

Restitution.
-tentus
[-teneo],

re-tineo, -ere, -ul,

repente, adv. suddenly, unexpectedly.

Cf. subito

keep back, reserve.

Retain.

and statim.

reversus, see revertor.

282
re-vertor,
plup.,
-i,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

-sus

sum

(active in perf.,

sacer, -era, -cnim, adj. sacred.

and

fut.

perf.),

turn back,

sacerdos,

-otis,

m. and

f.

[sacer],

return.

Revert.
[rego], {ruler), king.

priest, priestess.

rex, regis, m.
(479,

sacrificium,
rifice.

-T,

n.

[sacrifice],

sac-

a)

Regal.
-ae,
f.

Rhea

Silvia,

Rhea

Silvia,

sacrifico, -are, -avi, -atus [sacer-facio],

a priestess of Vesta and mother

of Romulus and Remus.
rideo,
-ere,
risi,

sacrifice.

saepe, adv. often, frequently.

at,

{490.)

risus,

laugh

saepio,

-Ire, -si,

-tus,

{hedge in), sur-

laugh.
rigeo,

Deride.
, ,

round, forti/y, guard.

be

-ere,

numb.

saevus,
fierce.

-a,

-um, adj. cruel, savage,

Rigid.
rima,
-ae,
f.

Cf. atrox
f.

and

trux.

crack, chink.

sagitta, -ae,

arrow.

ripa, -ae,

f.

bank.

salto, -are, -avi, -atus, dance.

rivus,

-i,

m. brook.
oak ;

robur,

-oris, n.

Rivulet. strength. Cf

saltus,
.

-lis, TO.,

forest, glade, thicket.

adj. [salus],

vis.

saliibris,

-e,

healthy,

rogO, -are,

-avT,

-atus, ask, question.

wholesome, salutary.
salQs,
-utis,
f.

Cf. quaero, peto,

and

postulo.

safety,

welfare;

rogus,

-i,

Xi\.

funeral pile, pyre.

greeting.

Roma, -ae, f. Rome. Romanus, -a, -um, adj. [Roma], Roman ; masc. as noun, a Ro7uan.
Romulus,
of
rosa, -ae,
-T,

saluto, -are, -avi, -atus \szS.\\^, greet,

salute, welcome.

Salutatory.

salvus,

-a,

-um, adj. [salus], unhurt,

Cf. tutus,

m. Romulus,

first

king

safe, sound.

Rome,
f.

sanguis,
rose.
adj.

-inis,

m.

blood.

Cf. cruor.

sapiens, -entis, adj. wise, sensible.

rude, uncultivated,

rudis,

-e,

sapienter, adv. [sapiens], wisely.

sapientia, -ae,
satis,
f.

ignorant.
ruo, -ere, ruT, rutus (ruitus), hasten,

[sapiens], wisdom.
sufficietitly.

adv.

enough,

hurry, run, rush.

rupes,
-is,
f.

Satisfy.
rock,
cliff.

steep

Cf.

saxum,

-i,

n. stone, rock.

Cf. riipes.

sazum.
rursus, adv. [for reversus], {tttmeii
back), again.

scelus, -eris, n. wickedness, crime.

schola, -ae,

f.

school.
f.

scintillula, -ae,
(195,
b,

tiny spark.
(-il),

rus,

rfiris,

n. the country.

scio,

-ire,

scivi

scTtus,

know,

197.)

Cf. patria
-a,

and

terra,

know how.
and cognosco.

SCIENCE.

Cf. nosco

rusticus,

-um, adj. [rus], of the

country, rustic, provincial.

Scipi5, -5nis, m.

Scipio, a

famous

Roman
Sabini, -orum, m. the Sabines, a
tribe of Italy.

general.

(Page

97.)

sciscitor, -arl, -atus

sum, ask, inquire,

LA TIN- ENGLISH VOCA BULARY

scriba, -ae, m. [scrlbo], writer, clerk,
secretary.

283
num.
adj.

septen-decim,

indecl.

ScRIBE.

[septem-decem], seventeen.

scribo, -ere, scrlpsi, scriptus, write.

Septimus,
sequor,

-a,

-um, num. adj. [sep-

Scripture.
scriptor, -Oris,

tem], seventh.

m.

[scribo], writer,

-T,

secutus

?,\xm,

follow.

author.
scriptus, sec scribo.

sero, adv. late, too late.

serpens, -entis, m. serpent, snake.

scutum,

-I,

n. shield.

(Page 163.)
of

servitus,

-utis,

f.

[servus], slavery,

se, sese, see sui.

servitude.
(a cutting), sale

sectio, -Onis,

f.,

serv5, -are, -avi, -atus, save, keep, preserve.

confiscated goods, booty.

Section.
[sequor],

secundus,

-a,

-um, adj.
;

servus,
sessor,
rider.

-T,

m.

slave, servant.

following, next
sed, conj. iut.

second.

-oris,

m.

[sedeo],

sitter,

Cf. autem.

sede5, -ere, sedl, sessurus [sedes],

sit.

seu, see sive.

Sedentary.
-is, f.

sex, indecl.

num.

adj. six. adj.

sedes,

[sedeo], seat, dwelling,

sextus,
sixth

-a,

-um, num.

[sex],

perch.
seditio,
-onis,
f.

[sedeo],

discord,

Sextus,

-1,

m. Sextus, a

Roman

first

revolt, sedition.

name.
sextus decimus,
si,
-a,

sella, -ae,

f.

[sedeo], seat, chair.

once, once for all.

-um, sixteenth.

setnel,

num. adv.

conj.

if,

whether.
thus, in this way.
Cf.

semper, adv. always, ever. sempiternus, -a, -um, adj. [semper],

everlasting.

sic,

adv.

so,

ita

and tam.
-a,

siccus,

-um, adj. dry

in sicco,

on

senatus,

-us,

m. [senex], cotmcil of
[senex], old age.

dry ground.
Sicilia, -ae,
f.

elders, senate.

Sicily.
f.,

senectus,

-litis, f.

significatio, -onis,

{a pointing out),

senex, senis, adj. old ; as noun, old

announcement, signal.

man.
senior,

{260.)
-oris,

Senile.
m.
[senex],
elder.

signum,
signal.

-1,

n.

mark, sign, ensign,

(Page 151.)
-T,

Senior.
senti5,
-ire,

silentium,
sensi, sensus,/tv/,

n. silence.

know
Cf.

silva, -ae,

f.

wood, forest.
adj.

Silvan.
like,

{by the senses), see, perceive.

percipio.

similis,

-e,

[simul],

re-

sembling, similar.
sepultus, bury,

(254.)

sepeli5,
inter.

-Ire, -ivi (-ii),

simplex,
time

-icis,

adj. simple, sincere.

simul, adv.
adj. seven.
:

[similis],

at the
as.

same

septem, indecl. num.

simul ac, as soon

-atis,
f.

September,
ber.

-bris

[septem], Septem-

simultas,

[similis], rivalry.

sine, prep, with abl. without.

284
singularis,
-e,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

adj. [singuli], single.

sperno,

-ere, sprevi, spretus, despise,

Singular.
singuli, -ae,
-a,

reject, scorn,

spurn.

adj. one at a time,

spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes], hope,

one on each

side,

single, separate.

hope for.
spes, speT,
f.

sinister, -tra, -trum, adj. left {hand).

[spero], hope

in

spem

Sinister.
sitiens, -entis, adj. thirsty.
situs,
-a,

venire, to entertain hopes.

splendeo,
set,

-ere,
-a,

shitie.

-um, adj. placed,

lying,

splendidus,

-um

[splendeo],

situated.

splendid, fine, handso7ne, magnifiif,

.

si-ve or seu, conj. or

whether:
. .

cent.

seu

seu,

whether
f.

or.

spolio, -are,
rob,

-avT,

-atus

[spolium],

societas,

-atis,

[socius], alliance,

plunder, spoil, despoil.

-T,

association, partnership ; society.

spolium,
spoil.

n.

[spolio], booty, prey,

socius,

m. comrade, companion, ally. Social. sol, solis, m. (no gen. plur.), sun.
-i,

Cf. praeda.
abl.

sponte (sua), only

accord.

of (one's own)

Solar.
soleo, -ere, solitus

squalor,

-oris,

m.

dirt, filth.

Squalid.

sum

(semi-depo-

stabulum, -I,

n. [st.d], {standingplace),

nent), be accustomed, be wont.

stable, stall.

solum, adv. [solus], alone, only.

solus,
sole.
-a,

statim, adv. [sto], {standing there),

-um, adj. alone, single;

on the

spot,

immediately, at once.
repente.

Cf. subito
/i^^j^?,

and
f.

solyo,-ere, solvl, solutus,

loosen;

statio, -onis,

[sto],

{standing place),

melt ; break ; pay.

Solve.

post, station.

somnus,

-T,

m.

sleep.

Somnolent.
tioise,

statua, -ae,

f.

[statuo], {the thing set

sonitus, -us, m. [sono], sound,

din, clash.

up), statue.

statuo, -ere,

-uT,

-litus

[sto],

{make

S0n5, -are,

-ul, -itus,

sound, resound.
slumber.

stand, set up), fix, determine, decide.

statiira, -ae,
f.

sopor,

-oris,

m.
f.

sleep,

[sto], stature.

soror, -oris,
sors, sortis,

sister.

Stella, -ae,

f.

star.

f. lot,

luck, fo7-tiine, fate.

sterilis, -e, adj. barren, sterile.

spatium,
time.

-I,

n. rootn,

space, distance,

stipendium,

-T,

n.

wages, pay

mili-

tary service.
(-ei),
f.

Stipend.
[stolidus],

species

sight,

appearance,

sto, stare, stetT, status, stand.

pretence.

Species.

stolide,

adv.

stupidly,

specto, -are,-avl, -atus, look at, behold,

7vitness.

stolidly.

SPECTACLE.
-atus

stolidus,
out,

-a,

-um

[stolide], dull, stu-

speculor,

-arl,

sum, spy

pid
stringo, -ere, strinxT, strictus,
tight;

watch, examine; peep. Speculate.

draw

spelunca,

-ae,

f.

cave, cavern, den.

draw. Stringent. Strict.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULA R Y
studium,
stupeo,
be
-T,

285

n. zeal,
i.

eagerness

study.

sui, reflex, pron.

itself,

of himself {herself
(492.)
be,

stultitia. -ae,

foolishness, folly.
,

themselves).
ful,

-Cre, -ui,

be astonished,

sum,

esse,

futurus,

exist.

amazed.
-C-re, -si,

(502.)
-sus, advise, urge.

suadeo,

summus,
greatest,

-a,

-um,

adj.
(4S9.)

highest,

sub, prep, with ace.

and

abl.

under,

extreme.

Sum.
take,

up

to.

C0NSUMM.A.TE.
-ere, -didi, -ditus,

sub-do,
set to.

put under,
go.

sum5,

-ere,

siimpsi,

sumptus,

take up ; assume.
-ire,
:
-ii,

sub-eo,
to,

-itus,

go under,
(507.)

up

super, prep, with ace.

above, upon.

and

abl. over,

enter

undergo.

sub-ici5,

-ere, -ieci,

-iectus [-iacio],
;

super-adst5, -stare,

-stitl,

stand

put under, place under

sub-igo,
-ere,
-egl,

with dat.
[-ago],

above, appear above.

-actus

super-iacio, -ere,
oz'er.

-iecT, -iectus,

throw

bring under, subdue.

subito, adv. suddenly, unexpectedly.
Cf. repente

cast upon.

superiectus, see superiacio.

and statim.
-avT,

super-incido,
lift

-ere,

fall

sub-levo, -are,
raise up.

-atus,

up,

upon from above.

superior,
-ius, adj.

higher, superior.

sublicius,
piles
:

-a,

-um,

adj.

resting on

(489.)

pons Sublicius, the Sublician

i.e.

supero, -are,

-avi, -atus [super],

pass

bridge,

the pile bridge.

-ere,

over;
-mersus,

surpass,

outdo,

overcome,
vinco.

sub-mergo,
sink,

-mersT,

conquer.

Cf. praesto
-esse, -fuT,
;

and
,

overwhelm, submerge.
-risl,
,

super-sum,

be over,

sub-rideo, -ere,

smile.
relief.

be left over

survive

with dat.

subsidium,

-I,

n.

help,

aid,

(345-)

Subsidy.
sidium.

Cf. auxilium

and

prae-

superus,
(489.)

-a,

-um, adj. [sm^qx], above.

sub-venio,
to

-Ire,

-venl, -ventus,

{come

supplex,
treaty),

-icis, adj.,

{kneeling in en-

one

'j

relief), help, aid, assist.

-ere,
-cidi,

hu/nble,

suppliant;

as

suc-cid5,

-cTsus tnider),

[sub-

noun,

supplia>it.
-T,

caedo],

{cut

from

cut

supplicium,

n.

[supplex], punish-

down,

fell.

tnent, torture.

succinctus, see succingo.

supra, adv. [superus], above, before.

suc-cingo,

-ere, -cInxT.-cinctus [sub-],

supremus,
last.

-a,

-um, adj. [superus],

gird up, put on with a girdle ; provide.

(489.)

Supreme.

sus-cipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptus [subcapio], take up, undertake.

suc-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursus [sub-],

{run up
sudor,

to), help, aid,

succor.

suspicio, -onis,
cion.

f.

[suspicor], suspi-

-oris,

m. sweat.

286
su-spicor, -an, -atus
suspect, mistrust.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

sum
[suspicio],

temere, adv. rashly, iticonsiderately.

tempestas,

-atis,

f.

[tempus], storm,

sus-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus [subteneo],

tempest, weather.

hold up,

bear,

endure;

templum,
tempus,
have.

-T,

n.

temple.

(Page

93.)

support; withstand, sustain.

suus,
-a,

-oris,

n. titne.

Temporal.
keep,

-um, possess, and reflex, adj.

[sul], his, her, hers, its,

teneo, -ere,

-ui,

tentus, hold,

and pron.

their, theirs.

(229.)

tener, -era, -erum, adj.

soft, delicate,

tender.
T., abbreviation of Titus.

tento, -are, -avi, -atus, try, attempt.

tacitus,
talis,
-e,

-a,

-um, adj.

silent.

Tacit.

Cf. experior.

adj. such.

tergum,
Cf. ita

-T,

n.

back

a tergo, behind,

tarn, adv. so, so

sic.

much.

and

in the rear.
tero,
-ere,
trivl,

tritus,

{rub,

wear
region.

tamen, adv.
theless.

yet, but, however, never-

away), pass, spend, waste.

terra,
-ae,
f.

earth,

land ;
-itus

tandem, adv.
tango,
-ere,

[tarn-], {just so far), at

Terrace.
terreo,
-ere,
-uT,

length, finally.
tetigi,

[terror],

tactus,

touch.

frighten, alartn, terrify.

terrestris,
-e,

Tan'gent.
tantulus,
-a,

adj.

[terra],

of the

-um, adj. [diminutive of

land, land.

TERRESTRIAL.
Cf. horribilis.
[terreo],
terror,

tantus], so small.

terribilis, -e, adj. [terreo], dreadful,

tantum, adv. [tantus],

tantus,
-a,

only.
so

frightful, terrible.
so

-um,

adj.

great,

terror,

-oris,

m.

much, such.
tarditas,
-atis,
f.

alarm, fear.
[tardus], slowness.

Cf. pavor.

tertium, adv.
tertius,
third.
-a,

[\.en\\i.?,'],the

third tifne.
[tres],

tardo, -are, -avi, -atus [tardus], delay,

-um, num. adj.

hinder.

tardus,

-a,

-um, adj. [tardo], slow,

-um, adj. of Tarenof

tertius decimus,
thirteenth.

-a,

-um, num. adj.

sluggish, tardy.

Tarentinus,

-a,

thalamum,
Tiberis,
-is,

-i,

n.

chamber.
(ace. -im), the Tiber.

tum, a

city

southern Italy;

m.

masc. plur. as noun, the Tarentines.

a river of Italy.
Ticinus,
-i,

m. the Ticinus, a river of

-,fear, be afraid

Tarpeius,

-a,

-um, adj. Tarpeian.

-T,

Italy.

Tarquinius,

m. Tarquin,

name

of

timeo,
of.

-ere, -ui,

two kings of Rome.

tectum,
telum,
-T,

Timid.
-a,

Cf. vereor.

n. [tego], roof, house.

timidus,

-um, adj. \f\m&o\, faintCf. pavidus.

-i,

tego, -ere, texT, tectus, cover, conceal.

-1,

hearted, timid.

n.

weapon.

tintinnabulum,

n. bell.

LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCABULAR Y
Tiryns
Titus,
(ace. Tiryntha),
f.

287
adj.
[tre.s-

Tiryns, a

trecenti,

-ae,

-a,

num.
adj.

city of
-I,

Greece.

centum], three hundred.

m.

Titus, a

Roman

first

tre-decim, num.
thirteen.

[tres-deeem],

name,
toga, -ae,
f.

toga.

trepidatio,

-onis,

f.

[trepido], con-

togatus,

-a,

-um, adj. [toga], clad in

fused hurry, alarm, consternation,

trepidation.

the toga.
tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, bear, endure.

trepido, -are, -avi, -atus, be in alarm,

be in confusion.

Tolerate.
toUo,
-ere,

Cf. fero.

sustulT,

sublatus, raise,

tres, tria,

num.
-alis,

adj. three.
n.

(304.)

pick up, take.

tribunal,

[inhvinMs], judg-

Torquatus,
tus,

-i,

m. [torquis], Torqua-

tnent seat, tribunal.

surname of Titus Manlius.

-a,

tribunus,
ofticer.

-T,

m. tribune, a

Roman
[tres],

torquis, is,m. ckain, necklace, collar.

t5tus,

-um, adj. whole, ToT.VL.

Cf.

all, entire.

triginta,
thirty.
tristis,
-e,

indecl.

num.

adj.

(312.)

omnis,

uni-

versus,

and cunctus.
f.

adj.

sad, gloomy.

Cf.

trabs, trabis,
tracts,
-are,

beam, timber,
-avI,
of.

log.

maestus.

-atus

[traho],

triumphalis,

-e,

adj.

[triumphus],
tri-

handle, feel
tra-do,
-ere,

triumphal, having enjoyed a

-ditus
[trans-],

-didi,

umph.
triumpho,
-are,
-avi,

give over, give

tip,

surrender, de-

-atus

[tri-

liver: tradunt, they say.

umphus],
draw,

celebrate a triumph.
-I,

traho,

-ere,

traxi,

tractus,

triumphus,

m.

[triumpho],

tri-

drag, lead.
tra-icio,
iacio],
-ere,

Traction.
-iecT,

umph.
[trans-

-iectus

Troia,

-ae, f

Troy,

an ancient

city of

throw across, cross ; pierce.

[trans-],

Asia Minor.
trux, trucis, adj. wild, harsh, savage,
fierce.

tra-no, -are, -avT,

across.

swim

Cf. atrox

and saevus.
(492.)
35.)

trans, prep, with ace. across, beyond,

over, the other side of.

tu, pers. pron. thou, you.

tuba,
over, cross.

-ae,

f.

trumpet.

(Page

trans-eo,
(507.)

-Tre,

-ii,

-itus,

go

tugurium,
tumulus,
dike.

-T,

n. hut, cottage.

Transit.
-fixi,

turn, adv. at that time, then.

-fixus, pierce
-T,

trans-figo, -ere,

m. mound, bank of earth,

[tum],
at

through,

stab.

TRANSFIX,

transfixus, see transfigo.

trans-fodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossus, run

tunc,
then.

adv.

that

time,

through, pierce through, stab.

trans-fugio, -ere, -fugT,
(to

turba,

-ae,

f.

[turbo], crowd, throng.

,go over

turbo, -are, -avi, -atus [turba], disturb, confuse, trouble.

the enemy), desert.

288
turbulentus,
-a,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

-urn [turba], stirred

unus,

-a,

-um, num. adj. one

alone.

up, troubled; tniiddy.

Turbulent.

(304-)

turpis,

-e,

adj. ug/y,foul ; base, dis-

urbs,

-is, f.

city.

(169.)
benefit,

Suburbs.
advantage.
as,

graceful, shameful.
turris,
-is, f.

usus,

-us,

m. use,

tower.
f.

(479.)

Turret.

ut or uti, adv.

and conj. how,

tutela, -ae,
care.

guardianskip, charge,

when
to.

that, in order that, so that,

Tutelary.
adj. safe.

tutus,

-a, -urn,

Cf. salvus.

uter,

-tra,

-trum,
{of two)
.'

interrog.

pron.
. .

tuus,

-a,

-um, possess, adj. and pron.

%vhich zvhich
uter,
.

uter

utri,

thy, thitie ; your,

yours

(of

only

to

the other.

{312.)

one person).
ubi, interrog.

(229.)

-tris,

m. leather

bottle,

skin (of

wine).

and

rel.

adv. where,

uterque,

utraque, utrumque, indef.

{312.)

when.
ulciscor,
-i,

pron. each {of two), both.

ultus sum, avenge.
utilis, -e, adj. [utor],

useful,

advan-

Ulixes,-is, m. Ulysses, a

Greek hero.
unulus,

tageous.

Utility.

uUus,

-a,

-um,

adj.

[for

utor,

-1,

usus sum, use, employ, en(388.)

diminutive of unus], any, any one.

(312.)

joy, maintain ; with abl.

uxor,
-a,

-oris,

f.

wife.

ultimus,
(489.)

-um, adj. furthest,

last.

Ultimate.
-!,

vacuus, vagina,
vagitus,

-a,

-um, adj. empty, vacant,

umerus,
unda,

m. shoulder.
wave.

destitute.
-ae,
-lis,
f.

umquam,
-ae,

adv. at any time, ever.

f.

sheath, scabbard.

Undulate.
rel.

unde, interrog. and

adv. whence.
adj.

vagor,

-arl,

m. a crying. -atus sum, wander.

be strong, be
vale,

undecim, indecl. num. decem], eleven.

[unus-

valeo, -ere,
in

-uT, -iturus,
:

good health

farewell,

undecimus,

-a,

-um, num. adj. [un-um, num. adj.

good-bye.

decim], eleventh.

Valerius,

-I,

m. Valerius, a

Roman

undevicesimus,

-a,

name.
validus,
-a,

[unus-de-vlginti], nitteteenth.

-um, adj. [vale5], strong,

undique, adv. froin all parts, on all sides, evetywhere.

unguis,
unicus,
-is,

stout, sturdy.

Valid.

Cf. fortis. 7-ampart.

vallum,
varius,

-1,

n. earthrvorks,

m.

tiail,

claw, talon.

-a,

-um, adj. various.

f.

-a,

-um, adj.

[unus], only.

vas, vasis,
vase, pot.

(plur. vasa,

-orum,

n.),

Unique.
universus,
-a,

-um,

adj.

[unus-

vasto,

-are, -avi, -atus

[vastus], lay

versus], {turned into one), whole,

all,

waste, ravage.
vastus,
-a,
;

Universal. cunctus, omnis, and totus.

in a mass.

Cf.

-um, adj. [vasto], waste,

desolate

immense, huge.

LA TIN-ENGLISH
-ve, conj., enclitic (44, 3), or.

'OCA BULARY
-tra,

289
and more than

vester,

-trum, possess, adj.

vectus, see veho.

pron. your, yours (of

vehementer, adv. eagerly, earnestly,

very much, vehemently.

one person). vestimentum,

-I,

(229.) n. [vestis], clothing,

veho,

-ere,

vexi,

vectus,

carry,
sail.

garment.
vestis,
-is, f.

Vestment.
garment,
f.

draw,

convey;

pass,

ride,

robe, clothing.

Vehicle.
vel,

Veturia,

-ae,

Veturia,

mother of

conj. [vol5],
. . .

or

vel

vel,

Coriolanus.
vetus,
-eris, adj. old.

either

or.

Cf. aut.

(260.)

Vetgap.

velo, -are, -avi, -atus, coz'cr, encircle,

envelope, veil.

eran.
via, -ae,
f.

Cf. antiquus.

way, road,

street ;

vel5citas,

-atis,

f.

swiftness, velocity.
if, like.

viator, -oris, m. [via], traveller.

vel-ut, adv.yj/ as, as

vicesimus,

-a,

-um, num. adj.

[vi-

venator,

-oris,

m. [venor], hunter.
vend.

gintl], twentieth.

vendo,

-ere, -didi, -ditus, sell,

-T,

vicinus,

-a,

-um, adj. [vicus], near,

venenum,
venia,
-ae,

n. poison.

Venom.
Ve-

neighboring; masc. as noun, neighbor.

f.

indulgence, favor.

Vicinity.

nial.
venio,
-ire, -ari,

victor, -oris,
veni, ventus, come. -atus
victor
;

m. [vinco], conqueror,
[victor], victory.
district, street.
see,

as adj. victorious.
f.

venor,
venter,

sum, hunt, chase.

belly,

vict5ria, -ae,

-tris,
-T,

m.

stomach.

viCUS,

-I,

m. village,

ventus,

m. wind.
n.

video, -ere, vidl, vTsus,

perceive

ver, veris, n. spring.

verbum,

-T,

word.
f.

Vernal. Verb.

pass, be seen, seem.

vigilia, -ae,
f.

Vision.

watch, night watch.

n.

verecundia,

-ae,

bashfulness, mod-

vimen,
osier.

-inis,

pliant twig, withe,

esty ; reverence.

vereor,

-eri, -itus

sum./t'ar, reverence,

vincio,

-Tre,

vinxT, vinctus, bind.

vlci, victus,

respect.

Cf. timeo.
-i,

vinc5, a

-ere,

conquer, de-

Vergilius,

m.

Vergil,

famous

feat.

Cf. supero.
-T,

Roman
Veritas,

poet.
f.

(Page

125.)

vinculum,

n. [vincio],

chain, bond:

-atis,

\y^\Vi%\, truth, verity.

in vincula, into prison, in chains.

vero, adv. [verus], in truth, but.

verso, -are, -avi, -atus [verto], turn
;

vindico, -are, -avi, -atus, lay claim

to,

claim, demand.
-ae,
f.

VINDICATE.

deal with.
versus, sec verto.
verto, -ere,
-tl,

vinea,

covered shed, movable

shelter, vinea.

(Page 155.)

-sus, tur7i, change.

real.

vinum,
vir, virJ,

-I,

n.

wine.

verus,
vescor,

-a,
-i,

-um, adj. true,

,

violentia, -ae, {.fury, violence.

eat.

Cf. edo.

m. man, hero.

(478.)

Cf.

vesper,

-erT,

m. n'eniug, nightfall.
Vesta, a goddess.

homo.
vireo, -ere,
, ,

Vesta,

-ae,

f.

be green.

290
virga, -ae, virg5,
f.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

twig, rod.

wound, hurt,
ABLE.
volnus,
-eris, n.

injure.

VULNER-

-inis, f.

maiden, virgin.
f.

virgula, -ae,

[virga], little twig,

[volnero], wound.

small
age,

7-od.
f.

V0I5, -are, -avi, -atiirus,y?}'.

[vir], manliiiess, cotir;

Vola-

virtus, -utis,

tile.
volo, velle, volui,
ing, desire, intend.
,

bravery

virtue, valor.

wish, be will(505.)

vis, see volo, wish. vis,

vis,
f.

strength, power, force,

(482.)

Volsci, -orum, the Volscians, a people

violence.

Cf. robur.

of Italy.
voltus,
-us,

visus, -us, m. [video], sight, appcarattce.

m. countcnatice,

looks,

features.
f.

vita, -ae,
vitis,

[vivo],
vine.

life.

Vital.

Volumnia,
voluntas,

-ae, f.

Volumnia, wife of

-is, f.
-T,

Coriolanus.
-atis, f.

vitium,

n. [vitis], {a ftioral twist),

[volo], will,

good

fault, blemish, vice.

Cf. culpa.
Cf. habito

will, consent.

VOLUNTARY.
f.

viv5, -ere, vixi,

live.

voluptas,

-atis,

[vol5], pleasure,

and
voco,

incolo.

Vivid.
-atus

enjoyment.

vix, adv. hardly, with difficulty.

-are,
-avi,

Vorenus,
call.

-i,

[vox],

v5x, vocis,

m. Vorenus, a centurion. [voco], voice, word, f.

Vocation.
Volcanus,
fire.
-i,

Cf. appello.

remark.
vulpes,
-is,

VoCAL.
f /^jf
. .

m. Vulcan, the god of

-atus

Vulpine.
in Africa.

volnero, -are,

-avi,

[volnus].

Zama,

-ae,

f.

Zama, a town

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
For the principal pans
to the

of verbs

and

otlier details

not giv

ere, reference

may be made
i,

Latin-English vocabulary or to the special vocabiilarii

The

figures,

2, 3,

4 after

verbs indicate the conjugation.

a,

an,

commonly

not translated

qul-

always, semper.

dam, quaedam, quoddam

<Jam) (335, 496).

(quid-

among,

inter,

with

ace.
-T,

in,

with

abl.

Amulius, Amulius,
ancient, antlquus,

in.

about, de, with

abl.

-a,
;

-um.

about to

(love, etc.),/A act. part.

(on), abl.

and,

et,

atque (ac)

-que.

account of

of cause.

anger,
;

ira, -ae,

/
-alls, n.

active, impiger, -gra,

acris, acre.

-gnim

acer,

animal, animal,
another,

(169).

alius, -a, -ud (486).

2.

adorn, orno,

i.

answer, responded,
3.

advance, procedo,
advise, moneo,

any. any one, any thing,

ullus, -a,

2 (49S).
2.

-um (312);

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid

,

afraid (be), vereor, 2; timeo,

Africa, Africa, -ae, y^
after,

(aliquod) (335); quisquain,

quidquam
in

(335)

quIvTs, quaevis,

sometimes

implied

par-

quidvis (quodvTs) (335).

ticiple.

approach, adpropinquo,

i.

afterwards, postea, deinde.

again, rursus.
aid, n. auxilium, auxilT, n.
aid, V. iuvo,
i.

arm, armo, i. arms, arma, -orum,

n.

army,

e.xercitus, -us, vi.

arrow, sagitta, -ae,/.

art, ars, artis,/.

air, aer, aeris (ace. aera), in.

alas
all,

eheu

as,
;

cum, with

subjv.
i
;

omnis,

-e

totus,

-a,

-um

(312).

ask,

interrogo,
3.

(for),

rogo,

ally, sociu.s, socT, vi.

peto,
;

alone, solus,
(31-^)-

-a,

-um

unus,

-a,

-um

assemble, congrego,
as to (after
at, in,
so,

conveniS,

4.

such, etc.), ut.

already, iam.
also,

with

ccc.

or abl.

with

names

quoque.

of towns, locative case '195); abl.

altar, ara. -ae,/

although, cum,

loitli

subjv.

0/ cause ; abl. of time. Athens, Athenae, -a.rnm, f. plur.

292
at last, iam, tandem,
attack, n. impetus,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

broad, latus,
-a,

-um.
-tris,
-1,

-us,
-I,

m.

brother, frater,

m.

Augustus, Augustus,

m.

Brutus, Brutus,
build, aedifico,

m.
.

away

from, a or ab, with abl.

i.
-T,

building, aadificium,

bad, malus,
battle,
-T,

-a,

-um

(260).
/.
;

but, sed

autem
3.

at.

pugna,

-ae,

proelium,

buy, emo,
by,
a,

n.

ab, with abl.; denoting

;

means
some-

be,

sum

(502).

or instrument, abl. alone

tolero,
i
;

bear,

fero

(506);

sus-

times ijiiplied

ill

participle.

tineS, 2.

beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.

Caesar, Caesar,
call, appalls,
i
;

-aris,

m.
i.

because, quod

quia,

voc5,

become,

fI6 (508).
;

before, ante, with ace.

pr5, with abl.

2.

behooves
benefit,

(it),

oportet,

camp, castra, -orum, n. can, possum (503). Capua, Capua, -aa,/.

care, cura, -ae,/.

plitr.

prosum

(504), with dat.

between,

inter, with

ace
ace.

care for, euro,

carefully,

i.

beyond, extra, with

bid, iubeo,
2.

cum

cura.

carry, ports, i;
4.
<r).

fero (506);

carry

bind, vinci5,

on war, helium gero.

Carthage, Carthago, -inis,/

bird, avis, -is,/. (169,

black, niger, -gra, -grum.

Carthaginian,

n.

Poenus,

-I,

m.
-a,

blame, culp5,
body, corpus,

i.

Carthaginian, adj. Punicus,

Catiline, Catilina, -ae, m.

-um.

-oris, n.
;

bold, audax, -acis

fortis, -e.

cause, praebeS,

2.

boldly,

cum

audacia.

cavalry, aquitatus,
certain
(a),

-us,

m.

book,

liber, -brl,

m.

quidam,

quaedam,
(335).

both (each of two), uterque, utraambo, -ae, que, utrumque (312)

;

quoddam (quiddam)
chance, locus,
-T,

m.

-5

both

and,

at

at.

change, mfUo,

i.

boy, puer,

-eri,

m.

check (hold

in), sustineo, 2.
711.
;

brave, fortis,

-e.
;

children, puerT, -Srum,

liberi,

bravely, fortiter

cum

virtute.

-Srum,

VI.

bravery, virtus, -utis,/

bridge, pons, pontis, m.
bring,
ports,
I.
i
;

Cicero, Cicero, -Snis, m.

citizen, civis,
;

-is,

m.

and/

faro (506)

(up),

city, urbs, -is,/

educ5,

cloud, nfibes, -is,/

cold, adj. frigidus,
-a,

Britain, Britannia, -ae,y.

-um.

Briton, Britannus,

-I,

m.

cold, . frigus, -oris, .

ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCABULA R Y

come,
veil 10, 4.
>t.

293

deputy, legatus,
with ace.
prae-

-I,

m.
-um.

coming,

advc-ntus, -us, ni.

design, consilium, consilT, .

;

command,

iubeo,
U'i//t

2,

desirous, cupidus,

-a,

suni (504),

dat.

destroy, deleo,
die, dect'do, 3
lei
;

2.

common, communis, -e. commonwealth, res publica,

publicae, f.

morior,

3.

difficulty, difificultas, -atis,/

diligence, dlligentia, -ae,/

socT,

comrade, socius,
conquer, supero,
consul, consul,

m.

diligently,
gentia.
3.

diligenter

cum

dili-

confidence, fides, -el,/,

i
;

vinco,

dismiss, dimitto,

3.

constancy, constantia,
contend, contendo,
Corinth, Corinthus,

-ae, /.

dismount, descends,
do,
f acio,
;

3.

-ulis, /.
3.
-T,

ago, 3

also as auxil-

iary
/.

(not), noli, nolite.

-I,

doctor, medicus,

m.

Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae,/.

dog, canis,
-ae,

-is,

m.

and/
(up), instruo,
3.

country {father land),

/.
;

patria,
;

dove, columba, -ae,/

{land), terra, -ae,/.

{)iot city),

draw, educ5,
drive, agito,

3
i.

rus, runs, n.

courage,

virtiis,
3.

-utis,/

Duilius, Duilius, Dulll, m.

cover, tegd,

dwell, habits,
-T,

i.

cup, poculum,

dance, salto,

i.
-T,

each (one), quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (335) (of two),

;

danger, perlculum,

n.

uterque, utiaque,

utrumque

(312).

daring, audacia, -ae./

eager, acer, acris, acre.

daughter,
note
2).

filia,

-ae,

(page

22,

eagerness, stadium, studi, n.

easily, facile.

day, dies,

-el,

m.

and/

(275).

easy,

facilis, -e (254).
-T,

dear, carus,

-a,

-um.

elephant, elephantus,
eleven, undecim. end,
finis, -is,

m.

death, mors, mortis,/

death (put
deck, oino,
deep, altus,

to), interficio, 3.
i

m. (169,
i. -is,

c).

endure, tolero,
-um.
i.

-a,

enemy,
cus,

hostis,

m. and/;
abl.

iniml-

defeat. vinc5, 3; supero,

-T,

m. (171).
3,

defend, defends,

3.

enjoy, fruor,
-oris,

with

defender, defensor,
delay, mora, -ae,/
delight, delecto,
i.

m.

Europe, EurSpa, -ae,/

even, etiam; ipse (329).
event, res, rei,/ (275).

Delphi, Delphi, -orum,

deprive, prTv5,
i.

tn.

phir.

every one, quisque, quaeque (335). everything, omnia, -ium, n. flur.

294
example, exemplum,
excel, praesto,
i,

FIRST VEAR LATIN

-I,

n.

form, facio,
former,

3.

with dat.

ille, -a,

-ud.

exile, exsilium, exsilT, n.

fortification, munltio, -onis,/.

fortify, miinio, 4.

Fabius, Fabius, Fabi, m.

Fabricius, Fabricius, Fabric!,
fact, res, rel,/. (275).
ni.

fortune, fortuna, -ae,/.

found, condo,

3.

fourteen, quattuordecim.
free, adj. liber, -era, -erum. free, v. libero,
i.
-i,

faithful, fidelis,

-e.

faithfully, fideliter.

famous,

clarus,

-a, -urn.

friend, amicus,

;;/.

farmer, agricola,
father, pater,

-ae, vi.

frighten, terred,

2.

-tris,

w.
2.

from, de, with

or ab, with or ex, with
full,

abl. ; abl. ;

away
out
of,

from, a

fault, culpa, -ae,/

fear, v. timeo, 2
;

from, e

vereor,
-T,

abl. ; abl.
-a,

of separation.

February, Februarius,
few, pauci,
-ae, -a.
field, ager, agri,

m.

planus,

-um.

m.
-erum.
-a, -urn.
i.

Galba, Galba,

-ae,
-i,

m. m.
m.

fierce, asper, -era,

garden, hortus,

fifteenth, quTndecimus,
fight,

Gaul, Gallia, -ae,/

pugno,

dimicS,
is),

Gaul

(a),

Gallus,

-i,

fighting (there
fill,

pugnatur.
2.

general, dux, ducis, ni.; imperator,

-oris, in.

compleo,

impleo,

find, reperio, 4.
fire, ignis, -is,

Germans, German!, -5rum, m.

c).

m. (169,
-a,

get (possession of), potior,

abl. (3SS).

4,

with

first,

primus,
quinque.

-um.

five,

gift,

donum,
I

-!,

n.

flee, fugio, 3.
fly, fugio, 3.

girl, puella,

-ae,/

give, do,
;

dono,
-a,

i.

foe, hostis,

-is, in.

inimicus,

-T,

in.

glad, laetus,

-um.

foliage, frons, frondis,/.

gladly,

cum

gaudio.
;/.

follow, sequor,

3.
-a,

gladness, gaudium, gaudi,

-um.
go, e5 (507)
I
; ;

fond, cupidus,
food, cibus,
-i,

(off,
;

away), demigro,

in.

discedo, 3
-1,

abeo.
(482).
2).

foot, pes, pedis,

m.
-itis,

god, deus,

in.

foot-soldier, pedes,
for, conj. for, sign

m.

goddess, dea, -ae,/ (page 22, note

nam.
of dative
ace.
;

going
prep., de, pr5, gold,

to, fitt. act. part.

aurum,

-i,

n.
-a,

with
in,

abl. ; {of time, space, purpose),

;

golden, aureus,

-um.
(260).
.

with

ad, with gerundive

with ace. of extent.

-um grain, frumentum, -!,

good, bonus,
-a,

EXGLISU-LA TIN VOCA BULARY

great,

295

magnus,

-a,

-urn

(260)

Horatius, Horatius, HoratT, m.

horn, cornu,
-us, n. (242).
-i,

ingens, -entis.
greatest,

maximus, -a, -um mus, -a, -um (489).

-a,

sum-

horse, equus,

vi.
-itis,

horseman, eques,
hostage, obses,
hostile, hostilis,

m.

Greece, Ciraecia, -ae,/.

-idis,
-e.

w.

and/

greedy, avarus,
grieve, doleo,

-um.

2.

hour, hora, -ae,/

{loc).

ground (on the), humi

hand, manus,
-us,
y".

house, domus, -us,/ (482).

how many,
hand to hand, comminus. Hannibal, Hannibal, -alls, m.
happen, accido, 3
hasten, proper5,
;

quot.

hundred, centum.
hurl, iacio, 3
,

conicio, 3

mitto,

3.

flo (508).

I,

ego {492).
;

i.

if, si

if not, nisi.
i.

have, habeo,
possessor.

sum,

witli

dat.

of

imitate, imitor,
in,
in, ivith

abl.; ahl.

of

specifica-

he,

is

(13S)

hie (200)
-itis,

ille

(200).

tio7i.

head, caput,

n. (156).

infantry, peditatus,

-us,

m. m.

hear, audid, 4 (501).

inhabitant, incola,
injure, noceo,
2,

-ae,

and/
obsum

heaven, caelum,

-T,

n.

with dat.;

helmet, galea, -ae,/

help, n. auxilium, auxill, n. help,
V. iuvo, i.

(502), with dat.

into, in, zvith ace.
iron, ferreus, -a, -um.
;

her, eius

(138); huius (200)

reflexh'e,

illTus

island, insula, -ae,/

it, is

(200)

suus,

-a,

-um

(13S); hie (200);

ille

(200).

(230, a).

Italy, Italia, -ae,/

here (be),

adsum
-a,

(502).
i.

itself, see self.

hesitate, dubito,

high,

altus,

-um

superus,

-a,

javelin, pllum,
joy,

-T,

(page 27).
n.

-um

{489).

gaudium, gaudi,
-a,

hill, collis, -is, ni.

joyful, laetus,

-um.

himself, see
his,

self.

joyfully,
ilHus

eius

(138);
-a,

(200);

re-

cum gaudio. jump down, desilio, 4.

keep,

flexive, suus,

-um

(230, a).
;

hold, habeo, 2
sustineo,
2.

teneo, 2

(in check),

habeo,
2,

teneo,

(off),

arceo,
-us,

with a (ab)
i
;

and abl.

home, domus, home, domi

hope, hope,
n. spes,
V.

(482)

at

kill,

neco,

interficio, 3.
-a,

(195, b).

kind, bonus,

-um
vi.

(260).

-el,/
i.

king, rex, regis,

spero,

know,

scio,

cognosco,

3.

296
lack, n. inopia, -ae,/

FIRST YEAR LATIN

many,
;

multi, -ae, -a (260).

lack,

V.

careo,

2,

with abl.

desum

(502), with dat.

March, Martius, Marti, m. march, v. iter facio (3).

Marcus, Marcus,
-i,

lady, domina, -ae,/.

lake, lacus, -us, w.

w.
vi.
;

master, dominus,
-tri,

-i,

magister,

land, terra, -ae, /.

large,
last,

m.

(109).
abl.

magnus,
2.

-a,
-a,

proximus,

-um -um
i.

(260). (4S9).

means {by means of), use memory, memoria, -ae,/.

laugh, rideo,

lay waste, vasto,

Mercury, Mercurius, Mercuri, m. merry, laetus, -a, -um.

messenger, nuntius, nuntl,
mile, mllle
(back),
>n.
e).

laziness, pigritia, -ae,/

lazy, piger, -gra, -grum (483).
lead, duco,

passuum
-i,

(305,

educo, 3

mind, animus,
mine, meus,
-a,

tn.

reduce,

3.

-um

(229).

leader, dux, duels,

leaf, fr5ns, frondis,

m. and/.

miserable, miser,

-era,

-erum.

/
4.

leap down, desiliS,

legion, legi5, -onis,/

lest, ne,
let,

money, pecunia, -ae,/ month, mensis, -is, tn. moon, luna, -ae,/
more, plus (261) comp. degree. most, superl. degree.
;

with subjv.
-ae,/
i.

sign of subjv. or imv.

letter, epistula,

mother, mater,

-trls,

liberate, Hbero,
lie, lie

down,

iace5, 2.
-i,

mountain, mons, montls, w. move, moveo, 2.

m.

lieutenant, legatus,
life, vita,

-ae,/

much, adj. multus, -a, -um (260), much, adv. multum multo.
;

like, similis, -e (254).

multitude, multitudo, -inis,/

line of battle, acies, -ei,/

lion, le5, -onis,
little,

m.
-a,

must, gerundive with sum. my, meus, -a, -um (229).

native country, patrla, -ae,/

parvus,

-um -um

(260).
i.

live, vivo, 3; habito,

long, longus,

-a,

for a long

neither, neque (nee),

time, long, diu (490).

love,
71.

never,

numquam.
-a,

amor,

-oris,

m.

nevertheless, tamen.

love, V.

lying,

amo, I (497). mendacium, mendaci,

new, novus,
n.

-um.

night,

no.\,

noctis,/
-a,

no, niillus,

-um

(312).

make, faciS, 3 (ready), paro, man, vir, viri, m. (47S) homo,

; ;

i.

nor,

neque
;

(nee),

-inis,

m.

(163).

non ne. now, nunc lam.

not,
;

manage,

rego, 3.

;
;

ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCA BULARY

0! o:
oak, oak tree, quercus, -us,/.
oar, remus,
of, sign
-I,

297
m.
{abl.

physician, medicus,

-T,

pine, pine tree, pinus,

pirate, piratus,
ahl.
;
-1,

-T

pinu),/

m.
ahl.

w.
-I

out

of, of, e

of genitive ; de, ^vith or ex, with abl.

place, n.
loca),

locus,

{plur. loci and

w.
3.

of separation.
often, saepe (490).
old, antiquus, -a,

place, V. pono,

plan, consilium, consill, n.

-um
senis

vetus, -ens
{260,
-a,

plead, 016,

I.

(260)

senex,

482)

please, placed,

2,

with dat.
-a,

{/taring been born), natus,

older,

-um.

pleasing, giatus,

-um.

maior natu.
in, wit/i abl. ;

plenty, copia, -ae,/.

{of time),

on {ofplace),
abl.

plough, plough,

n.

aratrum,
i

-1,

n.

V. aro,

once (upon a time), olim.

one, unus,
-a,

poet, poeta, -ae, w.

. . .

-um (304)
.

one

one

Pompey, Pompeius,
position, locus,
loca),
-I

PompC-I, m.

thing,
aliud
. . ;

another
the one
. .

another,

alius

poor, miser, -era, -erum.

the other, alter

{plnr.

loci

and
abl.

alter.

m.

orator, drator, -oris,

m.
in order

possession of (get), potior, iwith

order, iubeo,

2, zuit/i ace. ;

power, potestas, -atis,/

praise, lauds,
i.

that, ut,

7uit/i

subjv.

other, alius,
alter, -era,

-a,

-ud (486)
;

{of t-vo),
{of two)

pray, oro,
prefer,

i.

-erum

which
oportet,

malo

(505).
i.

to the other, uter utri (or alterl).

prepare, paro,
present,

ought,

debeo,
-with

ge-

rundive

sum.
-trum.

donum, -i, n. present (be), adsum (502),

preserve, conserve,
i.

zvith dat.

our, noster,

-tra,

ourselves, see

self.

pretty, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.

prisoner, captivus,
3.
-I,

out

of, c

or ex, with abl.

i

m.

overcome, supero,

vinco,

prove, probo,

r.

own

(his, her, their), suus, -a,

-a,

-um;

prudent prudens,
PuUo,
Pullo,

-entis.

(my), meus,
-tra,

-um

(our), noster,

onis, 7n.
4.

-trum
;

(your),

vester,
-a,

-tra,

punish, punio,

-trum

(thy), tuus,
-T,

-um

(229).

purpose {for the purpose

qui,

of), ut or

owner, dominus,

ni.

with snbjv.
;

ad, with

gerund

or gerundive
part, pars, partis,/,

causa, following a
;

gerund or gerundive
put, pono, 3
;

supine.
;

peace, pax, pacis,/.

people, populus,
-T,

(on),

induo, 3

(tO

m.
2,

death), 'interficio, 3; (to flight),

persuade, persuadeo,

with dat.

fugo,

I.

298
queen, regina, -ae,y.
rather, comp. degree.

FIRST YEAR LATIN

school, schola, -ae,/

Scipio, ScTpio, -onis,

sea, mare,
-is,

/.

n.
-a,

raven, corvus,
read, lego,
3.

-I,

m.

second, secundus,
see, video, 2.

-um.

ready, paratus,

-a, -urn.
;

seek, peto,
recipio, 3.

3.
2.

receive, capio, 3 (500)

seem, videor,
self, ipse, -a,

reduce, redigo,
relate, narr5,

3.

seize hold of, adprehendo,

3.

i.

-um
3;

(329)
(off,

sul (492).

remain, nianeo,

2.

send,

mittb,

away),

dl-

remember, memoria teneo, 2. remove {emigrate), demigro, i.

resound, sono,
i.

mitto, 3.

servant, servus,
set
(out),
I
;

-i,

m.
3;
(free),

proficiscor,

reverence, vereor,

2.

libero,
n.

(up), instituo, 3.

reward, praemium, praemi,

right (hand), dexter,
river, flfimen, -inis, n.
-tra,

several, plures, -ium (261).

-trum.

Sextus, Se.xtus,
she, ea (13S).

-1,

tn.

road, via, -ae,/

rob, spolio,
I.

shepherd, pastor,
shield, scutum,
-T,

-oris,

m.

n.

robber, latro, -onis, m. robust, validus,

-a,

shine, luceo,

2.
e).

-um.

ship, navis, -is,/ (169,

Roman, Romanus, -a, -um. Rome, Roma, -ae,/.

Romulus, Romulus,
rose, rosa, -ae,/.
-T,

shore, lltus, -oris, n.

short, brevis,
-e.
i
;

ni.

show, monstro,

praebeo,

2.

sick, aeger, -gra, -grum.

rough, asper,

-era,
i.

-erum.

silent, tacitus, -a, -um.

rouse, concito,

since,

cum, with

suhjv.

sometimes

rule, V. rego, 3 (499).

implied in participle.
sing, canto,
i.

rush
sad,

at,

inrumpo,

3.

sister, soror, -oris./

tristis, -e.

six, sex.

safety, salus, -Otis,/

slave, servus,
sleep,

-i,

m.

sagacious, prudens, entis.

sailor, nauta, -ae,

somnus,
nix,

-I,

m.

m.

small, parvus,

-a,

-um

(260).

sake {for the

a gen.

sake), cdLUSSi, following

snow,

nivis,/
(as not

so, tarn:
to), ut

(that, as to), ut;

same, idem, eadem, idem (493).

save, servo,
i
;

non

ne.
-itis, vi.
. . .

conserve,

i.

soldier, miles,

say, dico,

3.
2.

some, often not expressed; some

others,
alii
.
.

scare, terreo,

alii.

; ;

EXGLlSH-l.A TIN VOCABULA R

something, aliqukl.
ten, decern.

299

sometimes, iiUercKim.
son,
flliiis, fill,

tender, tener, -era, -erum.

m. w.

tenth, decinius,

-a,

-um.

song, cantus,
soon, mox.

-us,

territory, fines, -ium,

terror, terror, -oris,

m.

plitr.

m.

sound, sono,
spare, parco,

i.

test, experior, 4.

3, -vitli dat.

than,
that,

quam;
coiij.
:

abl. (250).
ill
;

spear, hasta, -ae,/

spirit,

purpose or result
verbs
;

animus,

-1,

in.

clauses,

ut
;

after

of fear;

spiritedly, acriter.
state, cuitas, -atis, /.
rei
;

ing, ne

(not),

ne

ut
;

non

after

res publica,

verbs of fearing, ut

after verbs

publicae.y.

of saying and the

pressed.
that, demon, pron.
ille, is,
;

like,

not

ex-

stay,

maneS,

2.

steadfastness, constantia, -ae,y!

step, gradus, -us,

ea, id (138)
iste,
-a,

m. m.

(242).

-a,
;

-ud
rel.

(200)

-ud

stone, lapis,
story,

-idis,

(493)

pron. qui, quae, quod

f fibula,

-ae,/
-ae, ni.

(210).

stranger, advena,
street, via,

and/,

the, not expressed.

their, gen.

-ae,/
-oris, n.
-a,

plur.

of

is

reflexive,

strength, robur,
strong, validus,

suus,
fortis, -e.

-a,

-um
as

(229).

-urn

then, turn.
there,
ibi
;

study, studium, studT, n.

successfully, felTciter,

an

expletive,

not

translated.

suddenly, subito.
suffer, tolero, i; labSro,
i.

thing,

res, re!,/;
i
;

sometimes omitted.
arbitror,
;

think, puto,
this,
is,

r.

summer,
surpass,

aestils, -atis,/

ea, id (13S)

hlc, haec,

hoc

supero,
i,

i,

with

m;-.

(200).

praestS,

wt'i/i

dat.

though, cum, with subjv.

implied in paiticiple.

sometimes

survive, supersum (502).

swiftness, veldcitas, -atis,/

swim,

nato,

i;

(across), trano,
;//.

i.

thousand, mllle (304). throw, iacio, 3; mittd, 3;

supericiS,
3.

(over),

sword, gladius, gladi,

take, capio, 3 {500).
tall, altus, -a,

thus,

sic.
-is,

Tiber, Tiberis,

m.
n.
;

-um.
-T,

time,

tempus,

-oris,

spatium,

task, pensum, teach, doceo,

;/.

spatl, n.

2.

tired, tired out, defessus, -a, -um.

-tri, in.

teacher, magister,
tell,

to,

sign of dative ; ad,

in.

with ace.

narro,

dlco, 3.
-T,

expressingpurpose, ut, with subjv.

ad,

temple, templum,

n.

with gerund or gerundive;

300
causa,

FIRST YEAR LATIN

following
;

geru7id

or

gerundive

supine.

war, bellum, -I, n. warn, moneo, 2.

water, aqua, -ae,/.

to-day, hodie.
too,

quoque; camp, degree.

3.
-i,

way,

via,

-ae,

iter,

itineris,

touch, tango,

(4S2).
n.
-i,

town, oppidum.
train, educo,
i.

townsman, oppidanus,
tree, arbor, -oris,/".

vi.

weapon, telum, -T, ti. welcome, gratus, -a, -um. well, bene (267). well-known, sometitnes expressed by
ille.

tribe, gens, gentis,/

troops, copiae, -arum,/. //r.

what,

interrog. quis (qui), (juae, quid

trumpet, tuba, -ae,/

try, tents,
i
;

(quod) (142).

experior, 4.

when, cum
where,
ubi.

ablative absolute.

twenty-eight, duodetrlginta.
twenty-fourth, vTcesimus quartus.

whether, num.

twenty-one,
two, duo,
-tra,

vlgintl unus.
;

which,
of), uter,

qui, quae,

-ae, -o

(which

two), uter, utra,

quod (142); utrum (312).

(of

-trum;

(each of),

uterque,

while,

inter,

with gerund ;
-um.

some-

utraque, utrumque.

times implied in participle.

white, albus,
under, sub, with ace. or ahl.

-a,

whither, quo.
.

unwilling
upon,
in,

(be),

n6l5 (505).
or abl.

who,

rel. qui,

quae (210); interrog.

with

ace.
i.

quis,

quae

(142).
-a,

urge, hortor,
use, utor,
3,

whole, totus,
abl.

-um (312)
n.

omnis,

e.

with

why,

cur.
-i,

wine, vinum,
various, varius,
-a,

-um.
;

winter, hiems, hiemis,/

;

very, superl. degree

-a,

maxime

ipse,

wise, sapiens, -entis

prudens,

-entis.

-um

(329).
-ae,

wisely, sapienter.

Vesta, Vesta,

/
-oris, tn.

victorious, victor,

wish, volo (505) (not), nolo. with, cum, zuith abl. ; sometimes
;

victory, victoria,

ae,/
m.

abl. alone.

virtue, virtus, -utis,/

within

(into), in, %vith ace.

Vorenus, Vorenus,

-I,

without,

sine,

with abl.
2.

withstand, sustineo,

wagon,

carrus,

-T,

m.
ambulo,
i.

woman,
-eris,/

femina,

-ae,

/.

mulier,

walk

{take a walk),
-I,

wall, niurus,

w.
2,

word, verbum,
with
aid.
;

-I,

n.

want

(lack),

careo,

work, laboro,
worse, peior,

i.

desum, with

abl. (502).

-ius (260).

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
worst, pessimus,
-a,

301
-ud.

-um

(260).

yonder
your,

(that),
;

ille, -a,

wound, wound,

//.
7'.

volnus,
volnero,

-eris, .
I.

you, siug. tu
sing,

plur. vos {492).

tuus,
-a,

-um

plur.

wretched, miser,
write, scrlbo,
3.

-era,

-erum.

vester, -tra, -trum (229).

yourselves, see
-oris, vi.

self,

writer, scnptor,

youth (body
Ti&vii&^

of), iuventus, -utis,/

year, annus,

-I,

m.

Zama,

-ae,

./.

INDEX
NoTB

References are

to sections unless

otherwise indicated.

a or ab
20S.

witli ablative of agent,

207. a.

adjectives of third declension, 182, 484. of one, two, and three terminations,
182,
(7,

b,

note.

a-declension of nouns, 48, 53, 477.

a-verbs, 59, 60, 497. ablative case, 46 and d.

irregular (gen. in -lus), 312, 313, 4S6. comparison, 246-248, 253, 254, 260,

absolute, 357, 358.

after a comparative, 249, a, 250.

meaning

487, 489. of comparative

tive, 255, a.

and superla-

of agent, 207, a, 20S. of cause, 164, a, 165. of degree of difference, 263, a, 264. of description, 306, a, 307. of manner, 128, a, 129.
of

declension of comparatives, 248, 488. irregular comparison, 254, 260, 489.

comparison
note.

by adverbs,

26,

a,

and

positive wanting, 262, 489.

123, a, 124.

means or instrument,

of place where, 81.

of place

interrogative adjectives, 144, a, b. possessives, 229; distinction in use

whence, 159, 197,

3.

of separation, 231, a, 232.

of specification, 372, b, 374. of time, 187, a, 188.

between suns and eitis, 230, a\ between tuus and vester, 229, note; omission of situs, 230, b.
predicate, 100, a.

with iitor,fruor,^\.z., 387, 388. with ex, equivalent of partitive genitive,

with
rule

complementary
2.

infinitive,

318,

256, b.

ablative of adjectives of third declension,

1S2, b.

-abus in dative and ablative of first declension, page 22, note 2.

accent, 44, i, 2, and 3. in contracted genitive of nouns in -ius,
84,
<:,

used as nouns, 3, d. in the plural without a noun, page 39, note I. with nouns agreement, 92.
:

of description, 306, a, 307.

manner, 128, a, 129. with dat., 116, a, 117.

of

d.
c.

adverbs, definition,

5.

accusative case, 46 and b and

of extent, 277, a, 278. object of transitive verbs, 57. of place whither, 160, 197, 2.

kinds and definitions, formation, 267, b.

5,

a-/.

comparison, 267 and

b,

490.

subject of the infinitive, 318, rule in indirect discourse, 321-326.

acer, declensicfn, 182, 484.

i.

in place of positives of adjectives, 262. agent, expressed by abl. with a or ab,

208.

with the gerundive, 425,

(/.

426.

comparison, 253. adjectives, definition,

3. 3.

ager, declension, loS, 478. agreement of adjectives, 92.

kmds and
of first

definitions,

a-d.
90, 483.

after
rule

complementary
2.

infinitive,

318,

and second declensions,

303

304
agreement of appositives,
of predicate nouns, 99.

F/RSr YEAR LATIN

iii.

cause, expressed by the ablative, 164, a,

165; 357,358characteristic ablative, 306, a, 307. ablative of description.

gs cions, 59.
civis, 169,
c.

of relative pronouns, 213, 222, a.

See

aliquis, 335, 496. alius, declension, 312, 486.

characteristic vowels of the four con ju-

alius

alius
alter

alius, 313. aliud, 313.

alphabet, 36.
. .
.

clauses,
rt,

definition

and kinds, 20 and and ne, 283, a, 284. and ut non, 289, a,

alter, 313.

b, e.

altior, declension, 248.

of purpose, with ut of result, with ut 290.

altus, comparison, 247. amans, declension, 485.

am5, conjugation, 497.

relative of purpose, 419, 420.

Anecdotes, 434-43S. animal, declension, 169, 479, c. antecedent, definition, 2, note,

antepenult, 42, 5. when accented, 44, appeals, 340 and a.
apposition,
article,
2.

with cum, when, 396-398. commands, 340 and a.

comparative, declined, 248, 48S;

declined, 261.

pli'es,

followed by the ablative, 250.

meaning
50, a.
'

too,

255, a.
;

no, iii. none in Latin,

dat.

artus,

irregular

and

abl.

plural,

242, a.

comparison, definition, 26 of adjectives, 246-248, 253, 254, 260-262, 4S7; methods in English and in Latin, 26, a, and note irregular, 254, 260-262,
;

audax, declension, 1S2, 4S4. comparison, 247.

audio, conjugation, 501.
avis, 169,
c.

489; six adjectives in -lis, 254, 489; positive wanting, 262, 4S9. of adverbs, 267 and b.
ablative
of,

249, a, 250.

B
base, 53, b. bonus, declension, 483. comparison, 260, 4S9.
bos, declension, 4S2.
brevis, declension, 182, 4S4.

complement of verb, 15, ^. compound tenses often omit

190, note 14.

est, cf.

page

conditional sentences, 403. simple conditions, 404 and a, 405. doubtful conditions, 404 and b, 406.

comparison, 247.

contrary to
in

fact,

404 and
a.
7.

c,

407.

conjugation, definition, 27.

English verb, 27,

See verbs.
7, a, b.

capi5, conjugation, 500.

conjunction, definition,

caput, declension, 154, 479.

cardinals, definition,
table of, 491.
3, b.

kinds and definitions,

consilium, genitive in
-?,

84, d.

indeclinable from qiiattiior to cciifiiw,

35. c. declension, 304, 305, 486. case of relative pronouns, 213.
cases,

consonant-i, 37. consonant stems, pages 60, 64. consonants, 38.

how pronounced,
when V
in gen. of
c
is lost,

41.

contraction in perfect and cognate tenses

414,
b.

names of English, 24, i, 2, 3. names of Latin, 46. See under nominative, genitive, etc.

nouns

in -iiim

and

-iits,

84,

and

d.
c.

general rules for endings, 46, a~d. causal clauses, with ctim, 396, a, 39S.

coordinate clauses, 20,

copula, 15, a.

INDEX
cornu, declension, 242, 480. corpus, declension, 163, 479,
e-verbs, conjugation, 498.
b.

305

6-verbs, 147.
129.

cum, prep, with

abl. of

manner,

joined to abl. of p.'rsonal, relative, and

interrogative pronouns, 221, d.

conjugation, 499. ego, declension, 492.

eius

compared with

siuts, 230, a.

cum, conj.
causal

in clauses of time, 396, a, 397.

enclitics, 44, 3.

and concessive,

396, a, 398.

60,414-416; conjugation, 507. est often omitted, cf. page 190, note 14. extent of time or space, how expressed,
277, a, 278.

dative case, 46 and d. of agent, 425, d, 426.

F
F.\BLES, 45S-467. fearing, verbs of, 415, a.

with adjectives, \\b, a, 117. with compound verbs, 346, a, 347.

of indirect object, 79. of possession, 114, a, 115. of service, 348, 349. with intransitive verbs,
lieve,

feminine gender,
fero,
filia,

rule, 47, 2.

414-416; conjugation, 506. declension, page 22, note 2.

meaning

to be-

filius, vocative, 84, d, 478, a.

favor,

dea, dat.

and

392, 393. abl. plural, page 22, note 2.

22.

etc.,

declension, 47S.
finis, 169,
c.

declension,

definition,

See nouns,

finite verb, definition, 35.

fi5,

adjectives,

and comparatives.

degree of difference expressed by the

ablative, 263, a, 264.

414-416; conjugation, 50S. fruor, followed by the ablative, 3S8. fungor, followed by the ablative, 38S.
future active participle in place of perfect passive participle in principal
parts,

demonstrative adjectives and pronouns,

definition, 2, d, 3,
c.

See pronouns;
ipse,
is,

also hie,

Idem,
a.

tile,

pagb.

75, foot-note

i.

iste.

future perfect tense, formation

19, note,

of,

192,

dependent clause,
descriptive abl.

20 and

a and

deponents, see verbs.

G
gender, in English and in Latin, 25 and a. general rules for Latin gender, 47, i

and

gen., 306, a, 307.

deus, declension, 482.

dies, declension, 275, 481.

and
in

2.

gender, 276. diphthongs, how pronounced, 40.

quantity, 43,
4,

in first declension, 54.

second declension,

85.

in third declension, 173-175. in fourth declension, 243.

in fifth declension, 276.

direct statements, 321.

domi as

locative, 195,

b.

domo, used of place whence, 196 and b. domum, used of place whither, 196 and b. domus, declension, 482.
gender, 243, a. construction, 197.

genitive case, 46.

descriptive, 306, a, 307.
limiting, 68.
partitive, 256, 257.

gerund, a verbal noun, 365.

d5num, declension,

84, 478.

dum

with pres.

ind.,

pige

172, note 4.

use, 367 and a and b. gerundive, a verbal adjective, 361, 362.

duo, declension, 304, 486.

agreement

of, 361.

takes the dative of agent, 425, d, 426. used with ad to express purpose, 362, 3.
5-stems (nouns), 275, 481.
e-verbs, 59, 71.

used with

sum

to

form the Second

Periphrastic Conjugation, 424.

3c6

FIRST YEAR LATIN

b.

gerundive with stim implies necessity,

duty, or obligation, 425,

infinitive, takes a subject accusative, 317, a, 318, rule i.

in

gradus. declension, 242, 480.

compound

forms

esse
4.

is

often

omitted, pige 182, note

inflection, definition, 21.

hasta, declension, 53, 477. hie, declension, 200, 493. uses, 201, a-c.
historical tenses, 296, a.

of nouns, 22-25.
of adjectives, 26.

of verbs, 27-31. inimicus, distinguished from hostis, 171.

homo, declension,

163, 479, b.

hortor, conjugation, 509.

instrumental abl., 123, a, 124. insam, followed by / with abl., 347,

interjection, definition, 8.

a.

hortus, declension, 84, 478. hostis, declension, 169, 479,

c.

interrogative adjsctives, 142-145.

distinguished from inimicus, 171. humi, as locative, 195, b.

pronouns declined,
table of

142, 495.

meanmgs,
c.

143.

definition, 2,

intersum, followed by inter with ace,

i,

with force of a consonant before a vowel, T,7. i-stems (nouns), 169, 479, c.
Idem, declension, 329, 493.
use, 331, a.

347, a. intransitive verbs, definition,

4, b.

i-verhs, conjugation, 501.

followed by dative, 393. 15, verbs in -id of the third conjugation,

157-

conjugation, 500.
ipse, declension, 329, 493. used for emphasis, 331,

gender, 243, a. iens, declension, 485.

idiis,

c.

Ignis, 169,
ille,

c, 479, c. declension, 200, 493. uses, 201, a-d.

irregular

distinguished from se, 331, c. adjectives (genitive in -Jus),

312, 486.

imperative, formation, 339. in commands and appeals, 340 and a.

comparison: of adjectives, 254, 260, 489 of adverbs, 267.

;

impersonal use of verbs, 418 and b. impersonal verb, definition, 4,/. in, with ace. and abl., 77, 81, 127, 160.
indefinite pronouns
nition, 2,
e, 3, c.

verbs:

eo, 414-416, 507; fcro a.nd /id, 414-416, 506, 508; possum and/wstan, 503, 504 void, nolo, mdlo, 391;

independent clause,

and adjectives, defiSee zho pro?ioicns. 18, note, 20 and b.

is,

395 505declension, 138, 493.

common

uses, 140.

indirect discourse, 321-326.

indirect object, definition, 14, note. case of, 78, 79. indirect questions, 294, 295. infinitive, definition and English uses,

used as an adjective, 140, a. used as a pronoun, 140, b.

relation to
h'lc

and

ille,

201,

c.

table of meanings, 139.

iste, declension, 493.

32 and a and formation, 316.

b.

iter,
a.

uses of, 331, ^ and declension, 4S2.

b.

used as subject, 317,

complementary, 317,

a.

luppiter, declension, 482. iuvenis, comparison, 260, 489.

in indirect discourse, 321, 322. tenses in indirect discourse, 323-326.

used as in English, 317. not used to express purpose, 283,

liber, declension, 103, 483.

b.

liquid stems, 163, 479,

b.

INDEX
liquids, 38.

307
i.

nouns, definition,

locative case, 195, 197. endings, 195, a.

in

kinds and definitions,

i,

a-e.

what words used, 195 and

b.

gender, 47 and i and 2. first declension, 48, 53, 65, 76, 90, 477; second, 84, 90, 103, 108, 478; third, 154, 163, 169, i73-75> 479; fourth,
242, 480; fifth, 275, 481. predicate nouns, 98, a, 99.
rules of gender, 47,
i

magnus, comparison,

260, 489.

malo, 391-395; conjugation, 505. malus, comparison, 260, 489. manner, how expressed, 128, a, 129.

and
c.

2,

54, 85,

manus, gender, 243,

a.

mare, declension, 482. masculine, rule of gender, 47, i. means, denoted by the abl., 123,
Mercurius, has vocative in
miles, declension,
1

i73-'75. 243. 276. nubes, declension, 169, 479, num in questions, 273.

a, 124.

number, singular and plural, 23. numerals, 304, 305, 309, 486.
table of, 491.
definition, 3, b.

-i,

84, d.

54, 479.

mllitiae, as locative, 195, b.

mille, declension, 304, 486.
use, 305, e. miser, comparison, 253.

o-stems (second declension), 84, 103, 478.

object, definition, 14.

moneo, conjugation, 498. moods, definition, 29-31. multus, comparison, 260, 489.

direct

and

indirect, 14, note.

of a transitive verb, 57. indirect object, 79. ordinals, definition, 3, b.

mute stems,

154, 479, a.
6.

mutes, 38. followed by a liquid, 43,

tabb, 491. declined like bomes, 491.

navis, 169,

c.

participles, definition

and uses

in

Eng-

nh,ihat {lest), 415, rt. introducing negative clauses of purpose, 284.

lish, 34 and a and b. agreement, 235, a, note, 352,

b, c.

declension, 352,

b,

4S5.

various ways of translating, 283, 2S8. as negative of commands and appeals,

340, a, 2.
-ne, enclitic, 44, 3, 50, d.

equivalents in English, 353 and a.

time denoted by, 353, a. future, used with siim to form the periphrastic conjugations, 424, 425.

neuter, see 71011ns.

n516, 391-395
;

conjugation, 505.
nol'i

the imperatives

ative appeals or

and tiol'tte in negcommands, 340.

have no perfect active, 357, c. in deponent verbs, 386, c. perfect of, in deponent verbs, 386, d. often best rendered as clause, 353, a.
tenses
of,

nominative

case, 46.

relative to

main

verb, 353, a.

subject of a finite verb, 51.

in the tliird declension has a different

partitive genitive, 257.

of

vowel from the stem, i 54, e. pronouns expressed only for emphasis

parvus, comparison, 260, 4S9. passive, compound forms, 235,

note.

a,

and

or contrast, 221, a.
15, b.

predicate nominative,
nos, declension, 492.

formation, 205, a and b. the agent expressed by the abl. with d

or ab, 208.
pater, declension, 163, 479, b.

nonne, suggests the answer yes, 273.

3o8
penult, 42, 5. when accented, 44,
tion

FIRST YEAR LATIN

quldam,
2.

335, b, 496 quivis, quisqiie, 335, c

quisquam,
;

qiiid-iorms

perfect tense, loss of v in,

when
3.

contrac-

used as pronouns, qitod-iorms

adjectives, 335, d. interrogative, definition,
sion,
2, c;

as

may

take place, 414,

See also pariiciples.

periphrastic conjugations, 424-428.

declen-

142,

495

followed by cum,

synopsis

of,

510, 511.
first,

221, d.

person, distinction between

second,

personal, definition,
;

and

third, 2, a.

of relative pronouns, 222, a.

personal pronouns, see pronoutis.

phrase, definition
place,

and kinds,

16.

piger, declension, loS, 483.

2, a; declension, 492 nominative expressed only for emphasis or contrast, 221, a; third person sometimes supplied by is, Jiic, or ille, 220, b; used with a reflexive sense, 221, c; followed by

where,

whither,

whence,

with

cum, 221,
reflexive,

d.

names of towns, 197. with places other than names of towns,

81, 159, 160.

possessive, see possessive adjectives.

definition,
first

b;

of
c.

and
2,

2, f; use, 220, second person,

pluperfect tense,

formation

of,

192,

221,

and
portus,

b.

relative,

definition,

b;

agreement,

plus, declension, 261.

212, a, 213, 222, a; declension, 210,

irregular

dat.

and

abl.

plur.,

242, a.

possessive adjectives, see adjectives.

fol494 lowed by cum, 221, d. pronunciation, Roman method, sounds

;

table

of

meanings, 211;

possum,

how compounded,

344, b.

of the letters, 39-41.

conjugation, 503. postquam, with perfect tense, page 175, note 6.

potior, conjugation, 509.

proper

names

in -iics contract

it

to

t,

84,^. prosum, how compounded, 344,

conjugation, 504.
puer, declension, 103, 478.

c.

governs the ablative, 388.

predicate, definition, 11

and

b.

simple, 12.

purpose clauses, expressed by the subjunctive with ut and ne, 283, a, b,

284, 288.

complete,

13.

predicate adjectives, 100, a.

definition of, 15.

accusative of the gerund or gerundive

with ad, 362,

b, 367, b.

predicate nominative, 15, b. predicate nouns (nominative), 98, a, 99.

definition of, 15.

dative of service, 34S, 349. relative clauses, 419, 420.

supine in -um, 372, a, 373.

6.

prepositions, definition,

principal parts of verbs, 131

principal tenses, 296, a.

and

a.

not expressed by the infinitive, 283, b. review of expressions of purpose, 429.

pronouns, definition,

2.

kinds and definitions, 2, a-f. demonstrative, definition, 2, d;

;

quam
full

with a comparative, 249, 25

3.

-que, enclitic, 44,

qui, 210-213.

declension, 493 Iitc and ille, declension, 200; uses, 201, a-d\ is, 138,

questions, indirect, 294-296.

declension, 210, 494. declension, 496.
;

and

139; uses, 140, a, b; relation to Jiic ille, 201, c; iste, idem, ipse, 329,
aliquis

quidam, 335, b
quis, 142-144.

330; uses, 331, a-c.

indefinite, definition, 2, e
;

and

declension, 142, 495.

INDEX
quis, after
si,

309
of verbs, 59. participle

nisi,

M?,and num, page

195,

stem

note

10.

perfect

stem

in

principal

quisquam, 335, c
quisque, 335,
quivis, 335,
c. c.

parts of verbs, 131.

perfect

stem of verbs.

131, b, 136, a,

quod, used for quid as an interrogative

adjective, 144,
b.

185, b, and note, of adjectives of tiie third declension,

page

72.

reflexive pronouns, see

rego, 147
;

pronouns.

Stories of Hercules, 439-449. Stories of Ulysses, 450-457. Stories from Roman History, 468475-

conjugation, 499. relative pronouns, see pronouns.

of purpose, 419, 420. declension, 275, 481. result, expressed by the subjunctive wi^h

Story of the Aduatuci,

subject, definition,
1 1

476.

chuses

and

a.

res,

simple, 12.

complete,

13.

tit

or

lit

n'on, 289, 290.

agreement of verb with, 61.

of a verb, 51.
of

rex, declension, 154, 479.

Roaian method of pronouncing Latin

39-41ruri,
riis,

an

infinitive, 317, a, 318.

b.

not expressed, G\, a,

subjunctive, in
2.

as locative, 195, b. the accusative of, 196,

commands and
and a
;

appeals,

hortatory, 340

also page 184,

like

names

of

towns,

196

and

b.

note

2.

197.

with

aim

temporal, causal, and con-

S
se,

cessive, 39C>-398.
c.

distinguished from ipse, 331, senex, comparison, 260, 489.

sentence, definition,
9.

imperfect subjunctive denoting present

time,
404, d.

and

pluperfect,

past

time,

kinds and definitions, 10, 17-19. parts, 11-16, 20 and a, b, and c.

separation,

sequence of tenses
perfect, 287
fect, 293.

in,

296, 297

and

a.

forniiition of present, 281,

;

282; of im-

how

expressed, 231, 237.

a, 297.

of perfect

and pluperas
future,

sequence of tenses, 296,

sequor, conjugation, 509.

service, dative of, 348, 349.

present
415,
b.

tense

translated

sibilant, 38.

of purpose, 283, 2S4, 288.

space, extent of, 277, 278.

specification, ablative of, 372, b, 374. stem of a word, defined, page 22, note
of

of result, 289, 290. of indirect question, 294-296.

i.

in relative clauses of

purpose, 4 19, 420.

of

nouns of the first declension, page 22 nouns of the second declension, page
32-

after verbs of fearing, 415, a.

in doubtful conditions, 404, b, 406. in conditions contrary to fact, 404,
c,

'.

of

P60;
of
98.

page d; the last vowel changed to form the nominative, 154, e; mute, 154; liquid,
of the third declension,

nouns

407.
sui, declension, 492.

how

found, 154,

c,

169,

163; /-stems, 169, 170.

distinguished from ipse, 331, sum, 96 conjugation, 502. compounds, 344, 345.
;

c.

nouns of the fourth declension, page nouns of the no.

fifth

supine, definition, 370. in-ttw, 3-2, 1,373.

in
-j7,

of

declension, page

372,

2.

374.
declined, 229.

8UUS,

how formed and

3IO

FIRST YEAR LATIN

ut, translated

suus, compared with eius, 230, a.

when

or as,

when followed

omission
division
in

of,

230, b.

by the
of, 42, i.

ind.,

page

185, note 2.

syllables, definition,

number
42, 4.

utor, governs the abl., 388.

of, 42, 2, 3.

compound words, how named, 42, 5. when long, 43, 5, 6.

V, often lost

between vowels

in the perb.

fect

and cognate

tenses, 414,

verbs, definition, 4.

temporal clauses introduced

by cum,

kinds and definitions, agreement, 61.

4,

a-f.

396, a, 397. tense, definition, 11 and a. tenses, of infinitive in indirect discourse,

in relative clauses, 222, a.

case of subject, 51 of object, 57. personal endings, 60, 132.

;

323-326.
distinction in use between perfect

transitive in English are often intran-

and

sitive in

Latin and govern the

dat.,

imperfect, 132,

b.

sign of imperfect, 121, a. sign of future, 126, a.

principal

392> oi first conjugation, 60; conjugation, 497of second conjugation, 71

tion, 498.

and

historical, 296, a.

conjuga-

sequence of, 296, 297. terminations, definition,

53, b.

oi third conjugation, 147; conjugation,

of first declension, 53. of second declension, 84.

499. of third conjugation in

-io,

157; con-

of third declension, consonant stems,

jugation, 500.
of

154; -stem3, 169. of fourth declf nsion, 242.

of fifth declension, 275.

fourth conjtigation, 185

tion, 501.

conjuga-

how conjugations are distinguished,

principal parts, 131

59.

time,

how

expressed, 188.

and

a.

extent, 278.

towns, rules for names

transitive verb,
4, a.

of, 197, i, 2, 3.

review of four conjugations, 378-385. deponents: form, meaning, how distinguished, 386 active forms, 386, b participles of both voices, 386, c
; ;

tres, declension, 304, 305, b

and/, 486.

tu, declension, 492.

turris, i6g,
c,

perfect participle active in meaning,

479,

c.

and gerundive
declined, 229.

passive, 386, d; con-

tuus,

how formed and

\\\\\\

compared

vesier, 229, note.

periphrastic

jugation. 509. conjugations,

424-428

synopsis

of, 510, 511.

irregular verbs, see under eo.fio, fer'o,

u as a semivowel, page

15, note.

void, nolo, tndlo,

sum and

its

com-

u-stems, 242, 4S0. -ubus, irregular dat. and abl. plur., 242, a. ultima, 42, 5.
tinus, declension, 304, 305,/, 486.

pounds. impersonal use and impersonal verbs,

418,

a and

b.

vereor, conjugation, 509. vescor, governs ablative, 388. vester,

urbs, declension, i6g, 479, c. ut, of purpose (negative ne), 284.

translated in various ways, 283, 288. of result (negative ut non), 289, 290.

how formed and declined, 229. compared with titus, 229, note,

vetus, comparison, 260, 4S9.

vir, declension, 47S. virtiis, declension, 154, 479.

translated that not with verbs of fearing, 415, a.

INDEX
vis, declension, 482.

311

voice, d:'finition, 28.

vocabularies, Latin-English, page 245.

intransitive verbs used only in active,

2%, a.

English-L?tin, page 291. vocative case, 46.

volnus, declension, 163, 479,

V0I6, 391-395.

b.

vocative form, 46, a.

use, 53, a. of proper

names

in -ins, 84, d.

conjugation, 505. vos, declension, 492.

of 5-noiins of the second declension,

84, a, 47S, a.

vowels, quantity
3.4-

short, 43, 2

long, 43,

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