Ionic & Covalent Bonding

introduction paragraph Most atoms are hard or cant nerver be found by themselves. This cause them to bond to other atoms in ionic or covalent bonds. All this happens because atoms can only be stable when they have 8 valence electrons in the outer shell. All atoms must find a way to get 8 Valence electrons in the outer shell. This prosess can be solve eather in a covalent or ionic bond. One way atoms can be conbine its in a covalent bond which ther is two non-metals. Another way is in a Ionic bond, which it includes a metal with a non- metal. Covalent bond helps by sharing electrons so it can have 8 valence electrons or a full octect. Since the Ionic bond has a metal and a non-metal, the metal will lose an electron and the non-metal will gain an electron. The metal with become an anion and the non-metal a cation. The Ionic bonds have a high melting point which makes them really strong. while the covalent bonds thave a low melting point which makes them weak. The only way it can conduct electricity its when they are dissolved on water.

Hypothesis: Compounds to be tested

Distilled (pure) water

Chemical formula H2O NaCl C12H22O11 C6H12O6 NaSO4

Hypothesis 1: ionic or covalent

Hypothesis 2: High or low melting point?

Hypothesis 3: will it conduct electricity no yes Yes No Yes

Covalent
ionic Covalent Covalent ionic

Low high
High low High

Sodium chloride Sucrose (sugar) Dextrose Sodium sulfate Procedure:

PART I : Melting point strength of Bonds step 1: You must fold the aluminum foil into a square, that will be able to fit on top of the ringstand. place a small amount of each compound into each corner of the aluminum foil . You must make sure that none of the 4 compounds get mix up.

step 2: Once the 4 compound are place on the aluminum foil;carfully, place it on top of the of the ring stand. place the Bunsen bunsen under the ring and wait for 1-2 min. Step 3: once the Bunse bunsen its place, beging recording your ovservation, you must keep track on each compound to see which one metls faster. You must also identify which one has a strong bonds and which one has a weak bond. Step 4: once finish let the aluminum foil cool. PART II: step 1. Take a small amount of each compound and place it as far appart from each other using the spatula. step 2. Test the dry compound for conductivity using the the tester. Step 3. drop distilled water to the compounds on the well plate intill its dissolve step 4. Using the tester test the solution for conductivity. once finish clean the well using distilled water. step 5. repeat each step. Results: NaSO4 Name/ chemical formula PART II: Conducted Electricity? (yes or no) ______________ dry Dissolved 1 5 3 N/A NO NO NO YES NO FINAL COCLUSION Ionic or Covalent

1. Distilled (pure) water H2O 2. Sodium Chloride 3. Sucrose (suger) / C12H22O11 4. Dextrose / C6H12O6 5. Sodium sulfate/ NaSO4

Covalent Ionic Covalent

2 4

NO

No yes

covalent Ionic

After this laboratory, it was concluded that sodium chloride and sodium sulfate were ionic compounds, while sucrose and Dextrose were covalent compounds. All this improves that my hypothesis was correct.

From the result, the Ionic compounds were those that conducted electricity in water and had high melting point (strong point). However, the covalent compounds were the once that did not conduct electricity in the............. Ionic bonds are formed from metal cations (+) and non-metal anions (-) so when they dissolve in water, electricity (moving charge) can flow through the solution. Additionally, Ionic bonds the electro negativity attraction makes the bonds have a high melting point. also since the covalent bond do not conduct electricity because they do not form any ion. Due to that it cant go throu. conclusion over all, the result show that my hypothesis was correct .The result show that Ionic compounds were the one that conductet electricity when they were dissolved into the water and they also had a high melting point . The Covalent bonds were weak which means they had a low melting point, they did not conduct electricity. The Ionic bonds are form when its conbine with a metal cations and a non-metal anion. Only if they are dissolve in water they will be able to conduct electricity. The anions and the cations help ionic bonds be strong due to electrostatic attraction between them two. They have a low melting point which makes them weak. This makes the covalent bonds melt first and ionic bonds melt last as it show in the experiment.