PRIVATE QUICK ENGLISH

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINES

A Reference and practical hand out for internal used only
R.SOEHARTADJIE
081.2241.5970.

2011

263-A,CIMINDI STREET-CIMAHI-40522.

THE SUBJECT MATTERS OF N -1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Finite Verb and Infinitive Verb. Sentence. Kinds of Auxiliary Verbs. The Use of Auxiliary Verbs. Interrogative Words. No and Not. Conjunctions. Prepositions. The Use of Be. The Use of Yet.

11. Finite Verb and Infinitive verb. Verb is a word which explains something about subject. Finite verb : is limited verb for subject, or the first verb in the sentence. Have (finite verb) : mempunyai, memiliki, menguasai, mengerti, etc. Have : I, You, We, They. Has : He, She, It. e.g.: - I have a new friend. - He has much money in his wallet. - She really has sweet smile. - They dont have much time. Other verbs. e.g.: - The students study hard every day. - My father works hard night and day. - The dog barked and bit a thief last night. - Louisa couldnt sleep well last night. - Maria is a very attractive girl. - You were fat. - I am diligent. Auxiliary verb To Be are, am. Is, was, were, is higher functions. It can be used as auxiliary verb and also as finite verb in nominal sentence. 1.2. Infinitive verb : is unlimited verb, because it can be used as subject, object, adjective and adverb or the original verb uses To. To have (infinitive verb) : the same as have in finite verb. e.g.: - I want to have a friend. - She wishes to have a house next year. - I regret to have this one. - Amanda just wants to have a rest for a while. - Mr. John pretends to be good with others. - Caroline decided to be a nurse. - Tracy plans to go camping with her friends next week. - Mr. Harry promised not to leave her forever. - I hope to meet you again someday. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 2

1.2.1. Infinitive as Subject. o Infinitive verb as subject is called infinitive noun, because it can be used as subject or object of the sentence. The position of infinitive verb as subject is to be put in front of the sentence or at the beginning of the sentence. e.g.: - To have a car is my wishing someday. - To work hard needs much energy. - To speak is easy. - To cheat in examination is sinful. - To live needs struggling. 1.2.2. Infinitive as Object. Infinitive verb as object as well as subject is called infinitive noun. The position of infinitive verb as object is placed after transitive verbs. That is a verb which needs object, like: want, make, need, buy, lend, give, find, drink, eat, etc. e.g.: - We want to have a rest to refresh our body. - He likes to have hot sweet tea in the morning. - I prefer to read rather than speak. - Claudia wishes to be a good teacher someday. - My mother prepares to make some cakes. 1.2.3. Infinitive Adjective. Infinitive adjective is infinitive verb which to be put after auxiliary verb to be: are, am, is, was, were, been or after noun. e.g.: - The students need some reference books to learn. - The film to watch is quite interesting. - She needs a friend to share. - This gift is to give for somebody special. - He is the man to accuse for a terrorist. Infinitive adjective can also be put after relative pronouns (who, whom, what, which, whose, that) e.g.: - He doesnt know what to do. - I dont know who to beg a help. - She is confused which to buy. 1.2.4. Infinitive Adverb. Infinitive adverb is infinitive verb which to be put after intransitive verb. That is a verb which needs no an object but, it comes adverb. The verb are : come, go, run, walk, live, swim, stand, sleep, etc. E.g.: - I run to catch the train. - He stands to take some oranges. - You sit to take a rest. - She goes to pick her mother up at the air port. - The girl screamed to beg a help. Infinitive adverb can also be put after relative adverb.(where, when, why, how, while, whence) e.g.: He asked me where to go, sir? I dont know why to ask? She doesnt know how to use this program of computer They want to know when to leave? You dont understand how to handle this problem. Page 3

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

2.

SENTENCE

Sentence is an arrangement of words which has enough or sufficient meaning, and it at least consists of subject and predicate. Predicate must be verb, if the predicate is out of verb, we have to add with the auxiliary verb To Be (are, am, is, was, were, been). Subject : is the principle of the sentence. Object : is pointing mark of the subject in the sentence. Predicate : is a word that explains something about subject. The things to be subject as well as object are the same, there are noun and pronoun. Pronouns as Subject : I, You, We, They, He, She, It. Pronouns as Object : Me, You, Us, Them, Him, Her, It. 2.1. Sentence viewed from The Predicate 2.1.1. Verbal Sentence. It is a sentence whose predicate is verb. We do not need any auxiliary verb in affirmative sentence (+). But in negative or interrogative sentence, we have to use auxiliary verb To Do (do, does, did) e.g.: + Mr. Rudi reads newspaper every morning. - Mr. Rudi does not read newspaper every morning. ? Does Mr. Rudi read newspaper every morning? + Sari watched a film last Saturday night. - Sari did not watch a film last Saturday night. ? Did Sari watch a film last Saturday night? 2.1.2. Nominal Sentence. It is a sentence whose predicate is out of verb, it can be adjective, adverb, noun, pronoun. If the predicate is out of verb, we must add it with the auxiliary verb To Be (are, am, is, was, were, been). The auxiliary verb To Be is applied for all sentences that is in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentence. e.g.: + Miss. Titih is a good teacher. - Miss. Titih is not a good teacher. ? Is Miss. Titih a good teacher? + ? + ? 2.2. You are diligent. You are not diligent. Are you diligent? He was a strong man. He was not a strong man. Was he a strong man?

Pattern of Simple Sentences. We can make a simple sentence with the following patterns: 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 2.2.6. 2.2.7. S S S S S S S + Verb. + To Be + + To Be + + To Be + + To Be + + To Be + + To Be +

Adjective. Adverb. Noun. Pronoun. V-ing. (in continuous tense ~sedang) V-3. (in passive voice ~ter, ~di)

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 4

2.2.1.

S + Verb. (Verbal stc.) e.g.: + She goes. - She doesnt go. ? Does she go?

+ You write - You dont write ? Do you write?

+ They spoke - They didnt speak ? Did they speak?, etc.

2.2.2. S + To Be + Adjective. (Nominal Stc.) e.g.: + Miss. Cindy is beautiful. + He was arrogant. + You are generous. - Miss. Cindy isnt beautiful. - He wasnt arrogant. - You arent generous. ? Is Miss. Cindy beautiful? ? Was he arrogant? ? Are you generous? 2.2.3. S + To Be + Adverb. (Nominal Stc.) e.g.: + Miss. Titih is at home. + They are here + The cat was under the table - Miss. Titih isnt at home. - They arent here. - The cat wasnt under the tb. ? Is Miss. Titih at home? ? Are they here? ? Was the cat under the table? 2.2.4. S + To Be + Noun. (Nomnal Stc.) e.g.: + Mr. Tom is a businessman. + Laura was a stewardess + I am a lawyer. - Mr. Tom isnt a businessman - Laura wasnt a stewardess - Im not a lawyer ? Is Mr. Tom a businessman? ? Was Laura a stewardess? ? Are you a lawyer? 2.2.5. S + To Be + Pronoun. e.g.: + It is him. - It isnt him. ? Is it him? 2.2.4.

+ It was you. - It wasnt you. ? Was it you?

+ It is me. - It isnt me. + Is it me ?

S + To Be + V-ing. (in continuous tense). e.g.: + Julia is writing. + Andy was swimming. - Julia isnt writing. - Andy wasnt swimming. ? Is Julia writing? ? Was Andy swimming?

+ We are studying. - We arent studying. ? Are we studying?

2.2.6. S + To Be + V-3. (in Passive voice). e.g.: + The tea is drunk. + The book was read. - The tea isnt drunk. - The book wasnt read. ? Is the tea drunk? ? Was the book read?

+ Rita is asked. - Rita isnt asked. ? Is Rita asked?

NOTE: A sentence will be complete if there is object or adverb. It depends on the verb itself. The sentence contains transitive verb in it, there should be followed by object. But if there is no transitive verb in it, or the only exists of intransitive verb, we may not put an object but an adverb only. e.g.: - Mr. Harry always drinks a cup of hot sweet tea every morning. S/Noun adv. P/Vtr. O. adv. - Raymond seldom comes late to his office. S/Noun adv. P/Vint. Adv. Prepo. + Noun. Adv.of place. - Caroline just bought a new house in the town. S/Noun adv. P/ Vtr. O/Noun. Adv.of place. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 5

2.3. A SENTENCE VIEWED FROM THE TENSES Tenses is a form of a verb which shows the time at which an action happened. There are 16 kinds of tenses which will be explained clearly later in the separated segment. 2.4. A SENTENCE VIEWED FROM INTONATION 2.4.1. Declarative sentence. Declarative sentence is a sentence which has an intention to give information or to deny to somebody else about the thing. It consists of a positive and negative sentence. e.g.: - Margaretha likes shopping very much. She is a shop alcoholic girl. - Suzanna doesnt like travelling a lot. She prefers staying at home to going outside., etc. 2.4.2. Interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentence is a sentence which has purpose of asking questions, information, or begging an answer to the other. It has two kinds, there are interrogative and negative interrogative sentence. e.g.: - Is Miss. Shakira beautiful? - Isnt Miss. Shakira beautiful? , etc. 2.4.3. Imperative sentence. Imperative is a form of verb expressing of command, request or advice. e.g.: - Command : Instruction : - Fetch me the chair! - Go away! Prohibition : - Dont make so much noise, there is examination ! - Dont smoke here! - Request : Polite Request : we only put please, it could be in the beginning or at the end of the sentence. e.g.: - Please, wait for me a moment! - Hold on, please! More Polite Request : there several alternatives to use more polite request, such like : Would you like to take me home? Would you mind taking me home? Would you please take me home? - Giving advice : e.g.: - Dont be careless to cross the road! - Be diligent to learn! - Express of desire or wishing : e.g.: - May you have happiness on your birthday! - May you have a long life! PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 6

2.4.4. Exclamation sentence. Exclamation sentence is a sentence which shows a suddenly feeling, such as emotion, sadness, sickness, happiness, etc. e.g.: - Oh my God, thats really wonderful! - God heavens, its absolutely great! - Oh dear! It sucks me! 2.5. A SENTENCE ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE 2.5.1. 2.5.2. 2.5.3. 2.5.4. Simple sentence. Compound sentence. Complex sentence. Compound complex sentence.

This part will clearly be explained in advanced level.(just be patient!) 3. KINDS OF AUXILIARY VERBS. Auxiliary verb or helping verb is a word which to be used to assist or represent of a predicate or a verb. In English, there 5 kinds of auxiliary verbs, there are : 3.1. Auxiliary Verb To Be (Are, am, is, was, were, been). 3.2. Auxiliary Verb To Do (Do, does, did). 3.3. Auxiliary Verb To Have (Have, has, had). 3.4. Auxiliary Verb Modals (Shall, will, can, must, may, should, would, had to, might). 3.5. Semi Auxiliary Verbs. (Have, has, used to, ought to, dare, need, be, get) 3.1. Auxiliary Verbs To Be. Auxiliary verb To Be (are, am, is, was, were, been) is used if the predicate of the sentence is out of verb. That is adjective, adverb, noun, or pronoun. Auxiliary verb To Be can be used as an ordinary verb in nominal sentence, so thats why that the auxiliary verb To Be has a higher functions: as a finite verb and also an auxiliary verb. In verbal sentence, the auxiliary verb To Be is used to form continuous tense and a passive sentence. To Be: Are : You, We, They. Am : I. Is : He, She, It. (V1) Are = Were : You, We, They. Am = Was. : I. Is = Was. : He, She, It. (V2)

Been. (V3)

(inf.)

e.g.: In nominal sentence: - Maria is a diligent girl. - Donna was a captain of soccer. - We were lazy, etc. In verbal sentence: - The students are studying English enthusiastically. - She is listening to the music at present time. - Catherine was cooking. - That girl was called by Andy. - The food is well-cooked before it is served. - My book is borrowed by Amanda.

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 7

The auxiliary verbs To Be are applied for all kinds of sentences in affirmative/positive sentence, negative and interrogative sentences. e.g.: - Mr. Michael eats an apple. - Is an apple eaten by him? - She is not working at an airliner anymore. NOTE : Auxiliary verb To Be is uses as an ordinary verb, in nominal sentence. Auxiliary verb To Be is used as auxiliary verb , in verbal sentence to form : Continuous tense. Passive voice. 3.2. Auxiliary Verb To Do. The auxiliary verbs To Do (Do, does, did), they are used in verbal sentence, especially in negative and interrogative sentence. If the auxiliary verbs To Do is placed in affirmative sentence or in positive sentence, they have an emphasizing meaning, the same as very much or really To Do : Do : I, You, We, They. Did : for all personal pronouns. Does : He, She, It. e.g.: - (+) Mrs. Alice teaches English. ( - ) Mrs. Alice doesnt teach English? ( ?) Does Mrs. Alice teach English? - (+) Mr. Jack found a black wallet on the way home. (- ) Mr. Jack didnt find a black wallet on the way home. (?) Did Mr. Jack find a black wallet on the way home? - (+) We learn English thrice a week. (- ) We dont learn English thrice a week. (?) Do we learn English thrice a week? - (+) Laura does like ice creams. = Laura likes ice creams very much. Or. Laura really likes ice creams. - ( + ) I do hate cockroach. = I hate cockroach very much. Or, I really hate cockroach. 3.3. Auxiliary Verbs To Have. The auxiliary verbs To Have has two forms, they are Have and Has. The auxiliary verbs To Have have function to form a perfect tense. The word Have and Has sometimes can make the students become confused, because they can be used as a verb or auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verbs To Have can be used in all kinds of the sentences, in affirmative sentence, negative sentence or interrogative one. To Have : Have : I, You, We, They. Had : for all personal pronouns. Has : He, She, It. Have and Has. Used as auxiliary verbs should be followed by V-3 (past participle), and they have meaning telah/sudah. e.g.: - (+) He has got 3 children. (- ) He hasnt got 3 children. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 8

(?) Has he got 3 children? - (+) They have paid for examination. (- ) They havent paid for examination. (?) Have they paid examination? - (+) I have spoken with Mr. Paul. (-) I havent spoken with Mr. Paul. (?) Have you spoken with Mr. Paul? Have and Has, used as a verb, mean: mempunyai, memiliki, mengerti, etc. e.g.: - (+) I have a closed friend. . (- ) I havent a closed friend. Or, I dont have a closed friend. (?) Do you have a closed friend? Or, Have you a closed friend? - (+) Mr. Rudy has a new car. (- ) Mr. Rudy hasnt a new car. (?) Has Mr. Rudy a new car?

Or, Mr. Rudy doesnt have a new car. Or, Does Mr. Rudy have a new car?

- (+) She really has a sweet smile. (- ) She really hasnt a sweet smile. (?) Has she really a sweet smile? - (+) You had a Persian cat last year. (- ) You hadnt a Persian cat last year. (?) Had you a Persian cat last year? 3.4.

Or, Or,

She doesnt really have a sweet smile. Does she really have a sweet smile?

Or. You didnt had a Persian cat last year. Or. Did you have a Persian cat last year?

Auxiliary Verbs Modals/ Modal Auxiliary Verbs. Modal auxiliary verb is a specialized verb which to used with another verb to express an idea such as possibility, ability, permission, necessity, etc. which is not express by the main verb of a sentence. The modal auxiliary verbs, there are: Can = could. Must = had to. May = might. Shall = should. Will = would. 3.4.1. Can is used to express the ability to do something in the present or future time. We use can with the infinitive verb without to. e.g.: - We can see the train passes by from up stair class clearly. - I can speak English fluently. - You can play the piano well. The negative is commonly used contraction cant (can not) e.g.: - I am afraid I cant come to your birthday party on Sunday. - She cant understand the lesson well. - He cant see clearly without glasses. The word can, can also be replaced with to be able to. Can has two forms, in present and past tense. But in perfect we have to use to be able to. e.g.: - I cant sleep early recently. (present)

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 9

- I couldnt sleep well last night. (past) - I havent been able to sleep well lately. Can you hear my voice? Can she swim? I can do it by myself. = Are you able to hear my voice? = Is she able to swim? = I am able to do it by myself.

The past tense form of can is could, showing past ability. e.g.: - Laura could do anything by herself when she was young. - She could help herself with anything to do. - I couldnt come home on time because there was traffic jam. We use could you to ask polite questions. e.g.: - Could you please open the window? - Could you like to practice English with me here, please? - Could mind going out tonight with me, please?

3.4.2. Must is used to express the necessary, and we feel sure that something is true (pasti). e.g.: - You have been working hard today. You must be tired. - I have a final test tomorrow so I must study hard tonight. - We must ride on my motor cycle carefully. The road is too slippery. - She must wake up very early in order not to be late to catch the train to Jakarta. Negative form is must not (mustnt), used to express prohibition. Especially put after subject. e.g.: - Children, you mustnt play with knife. Its dangerous! - The coffee is still too hot. You mustnt drink all at once. - Beware! You mustnt play with the matches. Its dangerous. The past tense form of must is had to. e.g.: - I must go to dentist now (present). I had to go to dentist yesterday. (past tense) - She mustnt do the house works by herself (present). She hadnt to do the house works by herself (past). - The students must complete their tasks now (present). The students had to complete their tasks last week (past). The word must, can be replaced with have to or has to in daily speech and writing and it is more frequently used. Must is stronger than have to. e.g.: - My mother is too busy with her house works today. I have to help her. - Jeanne has to see the dentist today. - We have to attend the class early because the class begins at 07.00 AM. 3.4.3. May is used to show the possibility in present or future. e.g.: - You may know where Miss. Elfira lives. - She may be correct with all her explanations. - Julia isnt here now. She may be in her room. May has past form might. e.g.: - Armando might buy a new mobile phone last week. - Jeannette might stay at her grandmothers house yesterday. I didnt see her at home a whole day. - You mightnt come home yet from Jakarta, so that I didnt drop into your house. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 10

May, means permission. e.g.: - Excuse me, waiter! May I have the bill, please? - May I sit around here? I am waiting for my sister. - May I come to your house someday? May, also has meaning wishing e.g.: - May you have a long life. (Semoga anda panjang umur) - May God bless you. (Semoga Alloh memberkati anda) - Long may the peace continue! 3.4.4. Shall. Is used to show the future time. Shall is used only for pronoun: I shall and we shall instead of I will or we will. I shall and we shall are normally found in British English not for American English. e.g.: - I shall go to Bali for holiday next month. - We shall enjoy the beautiful scenery, like sun rises or sun sets in Kuta beach. - We shall take the peoples house as a home base for several days there. Shall, has negative form shall not = shant e.g.: - I shant be at home tomorrow, because I have another activity outside city. - We shant be able to come to your wedding party next Sunday. I will be in London. - I shant be able to take you home because my motor cycle is still in the workshop. Shall, can be used to give suggestion. e.g.: - I feel cold, Shall I close the window? - Shall we go out for having dinner tonight? - Shall I take you home? Shall, is used to express certainty will. It is used to show that something will or must happen. e.g.: - Dont worry. I shall be there to help you. - No student shall be allowed to go out, unless begs permission to the office. - We shall get the fine if we are late to return the book to the library. 3.4.5. Will, is used to express the future time. e.g.: - Evelyn will be seventeen years old next month. She will invite all her friends on her birthday. - The train will leave for Bandung at 4.30 PM, so we will arrive in Malang at 8.30 AM tomorrow. - I will see you later at Mr. Tonis party. Will, has the past form would, means: aturannya, hendaknya, mestinya. e.g.: - I would come home at 07.00 PM but the traffic was so crowded, so I came home late yesterday. - She would go to the bookstore alone. - We would visit to the zoological garden last Sunday, but fortunately it was cancelled. Will or To Be Going To. To show the Prediction, we can use will or to be going to. e.g.: - According to the weather forecaster, it will rain tomorrow. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 11

- According to the theory, this tree will bloom in 5 years. - Base on the schedule, the Lufthansa will transit in Jakarta in 8.15 AM. To show prior plan, we have to use to be going to. e.g.: - Sorry, I am playing tennis at 8.30 11.00 AM. Dont come to my house!. - She is going to watch a movie with me tonight. - I am going to paint my room green tomorrow. - Julia is going to go swimming at 4 oclock PM tomorrow. To show willingness, the only will, can be applied for. e.g.: - The phone in the visiting room is ringing. I will get it right away. - If you dont understand the subject, you must ask the teacher. He will help you. - If she tells him, with pleasure, he will take her home. Will, is used to express an Intention. e.g.: - I will always be here for you. - She wont have anyone ruin her party. - Will you pick me up on time? Will, is used to show request. e.g.: - Will you give me her phone number, please? - Will you have some more drink? - Will you stop smoking? Thats not good for your lungs health. Will, can also have meaning always e.g.: - The fruits will keep fresh longer in the refrigerator. - The cheek powder will make her face keep shinning. - She has been old, but she will insist on doing all her own house work. 3.5. Semi Auxiliary Verbs / Special Verbs. Semi auxiliary verbs or special verbs are the words : have, has, get, ought to, used to, should, dare, need, that have special functions as verb and auxiliary verb. Ought to (semi aux.) : seharusnya, sepatutnya, is the past tense form from owe e.g.: - We ought to be diligent to learn. - She ought to go to Bali next month. - We ought not (oughtnt) to leave here. - Ought they come back today? Used to (semi aux.) : biasanya, is used to show past habit, and not to do it anymore now. e.g.: - I used to wake up very early. - I used not to wake early. = I didnt use to wake up early. - Did you use to wake up early when you were young? = Used you wake up early? - She used to smoke cigarettes 2 packs a day. - They used not to swim 3 times a day. - Used you to come on time to your job? S + to be + used to + V-ing. e.g.: - I am used to jogging on Sunday (Saya terbiasa lari pagi di hari Minggu) - He is not used to drinking some liquor. (Dia tidak terbiasa minum minuman keras) PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 12

 Need (semi aux.): perlu, harus. e.g.: - You need some money to run his new business. - He need not go away from home. = He doesnt need to go away from home. - Need he go away from home? = Does he need to go away from home? - My hair neednt cutting. - I dont need to cease her away from my room. - She neednt be accompanied to go there. Dare (semi aux.) : berani. e.g.: - She dares to speak her English with the foreigners. - She darent speak his English with the foreigners. She doesnt dare to speak her English with the foreigners. - Does she dare to speak her English with the foreigners? Dare she speak her English with the foreigners? Get : is used as a replacement of auxiliary verb To Be, and it does not have any meaning. e.g.: - She is fat now. = She gets fat now. - You are hungry so you take lunch. = You get hungry so you take lunch. - I will be ready to protect her anytime. = I will get ready to protect her anytime. 4. THE USE OF AUXILIARY VERBS. There are 6 (six) kinds the use of auxiliary verbs, namely: 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. Auxiliary verb is put after Subject and it is used in positive sentence. After auxiliary verb plus the word not to form a negative sentence. Auxiliary verb is put before Subject and it s used in interrogative sentence. Auxiliary verb may not be put in the middle of the sentence. After auxiliary verb may not come the word To, except the auxiliary verbs To Be, are, am, is, was, were, been. 4.6. We may not put more than one (double) auxiliary verb in one sentence, except in the Future Perfect Tense

4.1. Auxiliary Verb is put after subject and It is used in positive sentence. This is happened only for nominal sentences. We have to use the auxiliary verb To Be (are, am, is, was, were) to help the predicate out of verbs such like: adjective, adverb, noun, or pronoun to become equal with verb. e.g.: + Lion is a wild animal. + They are good students. + He was a strong man, etc. 4.2. After auxiliary verbs plus the word Not to form a negative sentence.

It is so simple to make negative sentence, we just put the word not after the auxiliary verb. And this is valid for all auxiliary verbs, in verbal and nominal sentences. e.g.: - Lion is not (isnt) a wild animal. - They are not (arent) good students. - He was not (wasnt) a strong man. - She does not (doesnt) read a book. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 13

- We do not (dont) learn Japanese here, etc. 4.3. Auxiliary verb is put before Subject and it is used in Interrogative sentence.

To make an interrogative sentence, we just move the auxiliary verb in front of the sentence before subject and then we put the question mark at the end of the sentence. e.g.: ? Is lion a wild animal? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. ? Are they good students? Yes, they are. No, they arent. ? Was he a strong man? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt. ? Does she read a book? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt. ? Do we learn Japanese here? Yes, we do. No, we dont, etc. 4.4. Auxiliary verb may not be put in the middle of the sentence. We may not put the auxiliary verb in the middle of the sentence, if so, we have to change it or put the infinitive verb. e.g.: - Many people want can speak English instantly. ( incorrect ) Many people want to be able to speak English instantly. ( correct ) - Mr. Jim comes here doesnt to meet with you. Mr. Jim comes here not to meet with you. - We live dont merely eat. We live not merely to eat. ( incorrect ). ( correct ) ( incorrect ) ( correct ).

4.5. After auxiliary verb, may not come the word To, except the auxiliary verb To Be are, am, is, was, were. After auxiliary verb, may not come the word To except the auxiliary verb To Be, are, am, is, was, were. To Be plus infinitive verb can have passive or future meaning. e.g.: - This article is to arrange by Mr. Tom. - These photographs were to take two months ago. - Jessica is to leave for Indonesia to continue her study at Harvard University. - He is to go swimming in the sea someday. - We are to send for representing our class in debate. 4.6. We may not put the auxiliary Verb more than one (double) in one sentence, except in Future Perfect Tense. There may not exist more than one auxiliary verb in the sentence, it usually happened to the modal auxiliary verbs. If so, we have to change the modal auxiliary verb with such following : Can Must May Shall Will = = = = = to be able to. have / has to, to be obliged to. to be allowed to. to be going to. to be going to.

e.g.: - The little boy must can eat by himself. ( incorrect ) The little boy must be able to eat by himself. ( correct ), or The little boy has to be able to eat by himself. ( correct ), or The little boy is obliged to be able to eat by himself. (grammatically correct) PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 14

- We shall can understand the lesson well if we give attention to the teachers explanation.(incorrect) We shall be able to understand the lesson well if we pay attention to the teachers explanation. ( correct ) We are going to be able to understand the lesson well if we pay attention to the teachers explanation. ( correct ) - She will must go home before the night comes. ( incorrect ) She will be obliged to go home before the night comes. ( correct ) She is going to have to go home before the night comes. ( correct ) Exception: - By the end of this year, Jessica will have lived in Bandung for 5 years. - Michele would have passed the examination if she took it last year.

5. INTERROGATIVE WORDS Interrogative words : are the words who, whom, what, which, whose, where, when, why, and how that to be used in front of the sentence before Subject as an interrogative sentence. 5.1. Who : means siapa and is used to ask for a person as subject. Who can be followed by verb or auxiliary verb, then comes subject. Who + Verb/auxiliary verb + S .. ?. e.g.: - Stephanie goes to school by bus every day. S V Who goes to school by bus every day? ( Stephanie ) - Susan is the most beautiful girl in the class. S aux. v Who is the most beautiful girl in the class? ( Susan ) - We went to a beach last Sunday. S V Who went to a beach last Sunday? - He can make you happy. S aux.v. Who can make you happy? ( He )

( We )

N O T E : We can also use the word who to ask for the profession or a job. e.g.: - Who is your mother, Tashya? Oh, My mother is a dentist. - Who are you ? I am a student of Secondary school. - Who is Mr. Allan? He is a lawyer. 5.2. Whom : means siapa and is used to ask for a person as object. After whom, it must be followed by auxiliary verb, then comes subject. Whom + Auxiliary verb + S + P .. ? e.g.: - She talks to you. S O Whom does she talk to? Or To whom does she talk? ( You ) - You are here with me. S O PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 15

 Whom are you here with? Or With whom are you here? ( Me ) - I had dinner with her last Saturday night. S O Whom did you have dinner last Saturday with? Or With whom did you have dinner last Saturday?

5.3.

What : means siapa, apa yang and is used as subject or object out of person. After what, it can be followed by verb, auxiliary verb, or noun. 1. What + Verb / Auxiliary verb + S + P .. ? e.g.: To ask for the name : e.g. : What is your name ? My name is Jeanne . What is your cat name ? She is Molly. What is Mr. Josephs daughter name? She is Lollyta. To ask for an object : e.g.: - I have a glass of milk and 2 slices of bread for breakfast. What do you have for your breakfast? - Anita bought some writing books and a pen from the bookshop. What did Anita buy from the bookshop? - You have sent an E-mail to your friend. What have you sent to your friend? To ask for a subject : e.g.: - A horse can run fast. What can run fast? - Cactus can live with little water. What can live with little water? - The guitar is broken. What is broken? - The flies over the tree. What flies over the tree?

2. What + Noun + Auxiliary verb + S + P .. ? e.g.: - What goes with a noun. ( Interrogative adjective ) : We watched a horror film last Thursday night. What film did we watch last Thursday night? Margareta bought a dictionary by Pieter Salim. What dictionary did Margareta buy? I arrived in Bandung on Monday. What day did you arrive in Bandung? 5.4. Which means: "yang mana and is used to ask for choice. After which, it may be followed by verb, auxiliary verb, noun, pronoun (nominative). 1. Which + Noun + auxiliary verb + S + P ..? e.g.: - Which goes with a noun. (Interrogative adjective) : She took the red book from me. Which book did she take from me? I slept at the corner room last night. Which room did you sleep last night? He cares for the girl in white veil. Which girl does he care for? 2. Which + Verb / auxiliary verb + S + P ..? e.g.: PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 16

- Which goes with verb / auxiliary verb : My house is the green and the big one. Which is your house? She prefers the sweet apple to the source one. Which does she prefer? My sister is lying on the wall? Which one is your sister? 5.5. Whose : means kepunyaan siapa and is used to ask for the possession. After whose, it may be followed by verb / auxiliary verb, or noun. 1. Whose + Verb / auxiliary verb + S + P .. ? e.g.: - My bicycle is under the tree. Whose is under the tree? - Tom is reading Miss. Jessicas novel. Whose is Tom reading? - He drove his uncles car to school this morning. Whose did he drive to school this morning? 2. Whose + Noun + Auxiliary verb + S + P .. ? e.g.: - The house side by lake belongs to Mr. Barry. Whose house is side by the lake? - Marilyn looks good in Julies black stiletto. Whose stiletto does she put on? - She looks harmony in Miras red gown. Whose gown does she wear? 5.6. Where : means dimana, kemana and is used to ask for the place After where, it is coming down auxiliary verb. Where + Auxiliary verb + S + P ..? e.g.: - Sherina will go to Bali for holiday. Where will Sherina go for holiday? - I shall get dinner at Sundanese restaurant. Where will you get dinner? - She keeps her money under the pillow. Where does she keep her money? - Mr. Bill went to Italy last year. Where did Mr. Bill go last year? - Laura works at Bank. Where does Laura work? 5.7. When : means kapan, ketika, bilamana,pada saat, and is used to ask for the time. After when, it must be coming down the auxiliary verb, then Subject. When + Auxiliary verb + S + P ? e.g.: - Theresa will go to Malang next month. When will Theresa go to Malang? - Josephine arrived in Bandung yesterday. When did Josephine arrive in Bandung? - Mr. Ali was here last night. When was Mr. Ali here? - Pauline will be back from Sydney next week. When will Pauline be back from Sydney? 5.8. Why : means mengapa and is used to ask for the reason. After why, it must be coming down the auxiliary verb, then subject. Why + auxiliary verb + S + P ..? e.g.: - Laura is sad so she cries. Why does she cry? - I was angry with her so I left her alone. Why did you leave her alone? - He breaks his promise that makes Anita hate him. Why does she hate him? - Harry really loves Miss. Tifa so he always cares for her. Why does he care for her? - Aaron had a toothache last day so she ate nothing? Why did she eat nothing last day? 5.9. How : means bagaimana, betapa/alangkah, dengan apa, berapa After the word how, it must be followed by the auxiliary verb, then subject. How, means bagaimana is used to asked for health or situation e.g.: PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 17

- How are you today? Im fine thank you. - How is your mother? Shes pretty well, thanks. - How was your teaching? It was good, anything was running well. How, means betapa/alangkah is used to express surprised, wonder, etc. e.g.: - How beautiful your hair is ! = Alangkah bagusnya rambutmu ! - How happy I am ! = Betapa senangnya saya ! - How big the Borobudur temple is ! = Betapa besarnya candi Borobudur itu ! - How fast he runs ! = Alangkah cepat dia berlari ! - How sweet Miss. Titihs smile is! = Alangkah manisnya senyum Miss. Titih! How, means dengan apa/naik apa e.g.: - How did you go to Yogyakarta ? = - How does she go to school ? = - How do you come home ? = - How do they go to work ? =

I went to Yogyakarta by the train. She goes to school by public transportation. I come home by taxi. They go to work on foots.

How, means berapa is used to ask for the distance e.g.: - How far is it from here to the train station? - How far is it from your house to the zoo? - How far is it from Bandung to Jakarta? How much + uncountable thing = berapa banyak? e.g.: - How much sugar do we need for making some cakes? - How much money do you spend for your hobby in a month? - How much water do we have to drink in a day? - How much salary do you wish from your new job? How many + Countable things = Berapa banyak .? e.g.: - How many children does Mrs. Brenda have? - How many students will join the speech contest next week? - How many times does she take a bath in a day? - How many days will you spend your holiday in your hometown? 6. No and Not. No ( adjective ) : tidak, bukan, dilarang. Adjective is a word that qualifies or adds the meaning to noun or pronoun. e.g.: - I have no money that makes me really confused. - The patient gets severe sick and has no hope to cure anymore. - He has no time to call me. Perhaps she is too busy with her job. - There is no water in a bath tube No (adverb) : tidak, bukan. Adverb is a word that declares or adds the meaning out of noun or pronoun. e.g.: - Do you like smoking cigarettes? No, I dont. - Does Jessica want to go America? No, she doesnt. - Do they join with martial art? No, they dont. - Will you leave me alone? No, I wont.

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 18

No (adjective) + V-ing. It is usually found in a short imperative (dilarang) : e.g.: - No spitting anywhere! - No littering any rubbish around here! Keep our environment cleaning! - No speaking but English! This is an English speaking area! - No bullying! - No smoking here! , etc. Not (adverb) : tidak, bukan, jangan. Adverb is a word which declares or adds the meaning out of noun or pronoun. e.g.: - Claudia is not at home, she just went out with her friends. - Jennifer does not have any plan tonight, so she just wanted to take a rest at home. - You must not blame yourself. That is our fault. - He does not have any money so he cant buy anything.

The word Not can be standing alone in the middle of the sentence, without being followed by an auxiliary verb. e.g.: - She joins with an English speaking club not to make popularity but to practice her English. - The students come to PQEC not play but to learn. - He promised not to disturb her anymore. - She asked me not to wait her under the flyover. 7. CONJUNCTIONS Conjunction is a word which to be used to relate between word and word, sentence and sentence to be one which has the same part of speech. e.g.: - It was too lateWe went to bed. It was too late so we went to bed. We went to bed because it was too late. 7.1. In accordance with the form, there are : 7.1.1. Simple Conjunction. 7.1.2. Correlative Conjunction. 7.1.3. Participle Conjunction. ( advance ) 7.1.4. Phrasal Conjunction. (advance ) 7.1.1 . Simple Conjunctions. Simple conjunction is a conjunction to relate between word and word, sentence and sentence to be one which has the same part of speech. The words are : and, but, or, and then, therefore, since, after, before, because, yet, etc. e.g.: - My mother buys bread and butter from a shop. - The children play in the garden but not on the road. - Go away or Ill call the security man. - I want to go to bed early because my body is unwell. - He promised to call you soon after He arrived in London. - Marilyn always washes her face before she goes to bed. 7.1.2. Correlative Conjunctions. There are conjunctions which always have the pairs of words.

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 19

The words are : not only..but also, either .. or, neither .. nor, both .. and, no less than, so that, in order that, as long as, as much as, etc. e.g.: at - Miss. Titih Faridah is beautiful. She is also smart. Miss.Titih Faridah is not only beautiful but also smart. - You must attend the meeting tonight. Your sister is too. Both you and your sister must attend the meeting tonight. - He doesnt want to speak with you. He doesnt want to speak with anyone. He doesnt want to speak either with you or anyone. - Amalia doesnt attend to a party tonight and so does Verika. Neither Amalia nor Verika will attend to a party tonight. - I would be glad to go to the movie as long as you pay the ticket for me. - She speaks so sweetly as if she spoke with her boyfriend. - They come home in the early morning so that they wont get traffic jam on the way. 7.1.3. Participle Conjunction. (advanced) 7.1.4. Phrasal Conjunction. (advanced) 7.2. CONJUNCTION VIEWED FROM MEANING AND THE USE 7.2.1. Coordinative Conjunction. It is conjunction to relate between sentence and sentence which have correlation each other. It consists of : 1. Cumulative meaning. (menambah) e.g.: -She both sings and dances. - Both Sherly and Lolyta are my class mate. 2. Alternative meaning. (pilihan) e.g.: - Do you want to have chocolate or tea? - You may take it away or eat here. 3. Adversative meaning.(pertentangan/berlawanan) e.g.: - She is beautiful but stuck up. - This car is old but it can run fast. 4. Illative meaning. (kurang) e.g.: - She just have got lunch but she feels hungry now. - He complained of having no money so I gave him some. 7.2.2. Sub Ordinative Conjunction. It is conjunction which relates between main clause/independent clause with dependent clause/if clause. Sub-ordinative conjunctions can also express other ideas such like: 7.2.2.1. To Show Apposition. e.g.: - He made promised that he would return soon. - It is true that she is still single. - It is real that Mr. Robin Hood will help the poor. 7.2.2.2. To Show Reason/cause. e.g.: PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 20

- John will succeed because he has worked hard. - He will be sent to Japan because he can speak Japanese well. - He is diligent to save his money so that he can buy anything he wants 7.2.2.3. To Show Time. e.g.: - I felt in love with her as she was coming here for the first time. - He left the room as soon as he begged permission. - As I was walking down the street, I came across with my old friend. 7.2.2.4. To Show Purpose. e.g.: - He is very diligent to save his money so that he can buy anything. - I was very tired so that I took a rest for while. - Maradona trains the Argentinas squad discipline in order his team wins in world cup football championship. 7.2.2.5. T o Show Result. e.g.: - She was very arrogant so that no one liked her. - Marco was speaking too much that he made himself coarse. - It was raining so the weather is very cold. 7.2.2.6. To Show Conditions. e.g.: - Julia will come to visit me if she has time. - I shall take her out for dinner unless it rains. - You may go home early if you have finished doing all your works. 7.2.2.7. To Show Comparison. e.g.: - Pamela is really as smart as her brother, Jason. - I saw her as if she were an actress. - He looked as though he had been a ghost. 7.2.2.8. To Show Concession. e.g.: - Send me an E-mail when you arrive in Boston, even if it is late. - Jacqueline went to work even though she was unwell. - No matter what will happen, I will keep on caring for her. 8. PREPOSITIONS Preposition is a word which to be put before or in front of noun, pronoun or adverb. Or on the other hands, preposition is used to show how the things relate to the other in space, time, or in other ways. e.g.: Space : (Where?) - He lives in a small village near lake. - Put your coat on the chair. - She put off her hat and put it on the table. Time : (When?) - Lets see her after the school hour. - I havent seen you for a long time. - Please come to my house before nine. Purpose : (Why?) - She only did it for the money. - You made it just for hobby. - Liana went for a walk. Method : (How?) - She opened this can with a can opener. - Christine went to Malang by the train. - Julia hit him with a bare hand. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 21

 Possession : (Whose?) - The cap of the bottle. - The top of the mountain. - The leg of the chair. There are many prepositions which refer to the space, such as: Above, across, against, along, among, at, away, behind, bellow, between, by, down, from, in, in front of, inside, into, next to, off, on, opposite, out of, over, past, round, through, to toward, under, up, etc. e.g.: in and at. Use at when it is not important to say exactly where the person /thing is. Use in when you want to be exact. - The children were at home all day. It was raining time. - The children are in the house now. They get off day now. - We stayed at the Grand Hyatt hotel last night. - The train arrived at Bandung Station at 06.15 AM. I will be in Bandung tomorrow. Into and in. Use into: to make clear the idea of moving or entering. - He jumped into the river and swam cheerfully. - Dont go into the forest alone. Its dangerous. - She looked into his eyes. There was something secret with him. - Joshua walked gently into the park. He wanted to meet with Shelly there. - Joshua and Shelly walked in the park hand in hand. Inside is more precise than in, it is referring to an enclosed space. e.g.: - Please stay inside the room: there is a mouse under the table. - Just stay inside the class: the teacher is coming. Under/over and above/bellow: under/over is used when we want to relate the things vertically. e.g.: - I put the two boxes vertically. The brown is over the yellow. Yellow is under the brown. Above and below: is used when one is higher than another. e.g.: - X is above Y, and Y is below X. Near and next to : Near is used to show when the objects are in the same general space. e.g.: - The Museum is near the Post office. Next to : Next to is used when he objects are side by side: e.g.: - The Global Mall is next to Modern Bank. Opposite and against: Opposite is used when the objects are facing each other. e.g.: - The cinema is opposite the caf. Against is used when the objects are touching or pushing each other. e.g.: - Sarah is leaning against the wall to wait for a taxi. Between and among: Between is used for two things or two sets of things. e.g.: - Cimahi city is located between Padalarang and Bandung. - According to my prediction, the football world cup final 2010 will be between Spain and Holland. Among : is used for group or crowds of people or things. e.g.: - It is very nice to sit among friends. We can make a chat and laugh together. - I found the key of my room among the packs my shirts in the cupboard. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 22

 Prepositions referring to the time: The commonest prepositions dealing with the time are : after, at, before, during, for, from, in, on, since, to, until, till. e.g.: at : at the weekend, at night, at midnight, at noon, at midday, at three oclock, etc. On : to be used with days and dates. e.g.: - On Friday, on Sunday morning, on Thursday evening, on the first of June, etc. In : to be used with months, seasons, and years. e.g.: - in June, in 1979, in (the) summer, in (the ) spring, in (the) autumn, in (the) winter. And also it is used with the part of the day: e.g.: - In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, but at night. - I always wake up early in the morning and go to bed late at night. By : means not later than. e.g.: - I shall return your money by Sunday. - She promised to be back by 9 oclock PM. Until or Till : it is used with the period of time, which starts now and finish at the point in the future. e.g.: - I cant really leave her until she will be better. - Dont go anywhere until I come back home! During and For : it is used to say when something happens. Meanwhile, for is used to show how long it last. e.g.: - My mother was sick during summer. She was in hospital for three months. - It rained during the night for two hours. - I shall be ready to accompany you during holiday for 24 hours. During and In : both of the words can be used to say that something happens inside of particular period of time. e.g.: - We shall be on holiday during/in July. - She often wakes up during/in the night. But, if we want to give stressing about something we are talking about the whole period of time, we must use during. e.g.: - The Islamic boarding school will close during Ramadhan. - I shall be ready to accompany you during holiday for 24 hours. - I will take a leave for a month during January next year.

THE FIXED PREPOSITIONS There are many expressions using prepositions, such like : VERB + PREPOSITION. e.g.: - agree with, apologize for, arrive at, believe in, belong to, come from, depend on, laugh at, listen to, look for, look after, look like, pay for, reply to, suffer from, talk about, worry about, etc. e.g.: - It is very difficult to look for a comfortable hotel at the weekend. - He begged apologize for all mistakes he has already done to her. - This new convertible sport car belongs to Mr. Henry. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 23

 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION e.g.: - absent from, accustomed to, afraid of, angry about, ashamed of, bad at, good at, clever at, different from, disappointed with, familiar with, fond of, glad about, interested in, jealous of, proud of, ready for, sad about, tired of, etc. e.g.: - Mandy is good at drawing. - Steven feels proud of his achievement. - Julia is afraid of cockroach. PREPOSITION + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE. e.g.: - at first, at least, at work, at once, by chance, by mistake, by heart, for good, in bed, in hurry, in difficulty, in hospital, in love, on board, on business, on fire, on foot, on holiday, on time, out of breath, out of control, out of date, out of order, out of sight, et e.g.: - I was still at work when you sent me a message. - She was in hospital for 3 months but no one visited her. - The proverb said A closed friend is out of sight nearby heart 9. THE USE OF BE There are several kinds the use of be, like : 9.1. Be as Finite verb. 9.2. Be as Infinitive verb. 9.3. Be used in Continuous Tense. 9.4. Be used in Future Tense. 9.5. Be used as Representative of verb. 9.6. Be used as Gerund. 9.7. Be used in Imperative. 9.8. Be used in Present Participle. 9.9. Be used in Past Participle. 9.10. Be used Auxiliary verb. 9.1. Be used as Finite verb. The use of this pattern, commonly found in conditional sentence, type one. e.g.: - If I be a bird, I will fly around the world. - If she be a President, She will make our country prosperous. - If you be a doctor, You will give injection to the patients. - If they be honest, many people will trust of them. 9.2. Be as Infinite verb. e.g.: - Everyone wishes to be rich someday. - She doesnt like to be a traitor. - To be a journalist was her ambition. - To be here to learn English makes my spirit light on. 9.3. Be used in Continuous Tense. Be used in continuous tense is used to represent verb in nominal sentences. S + To Be + Being + (noun, adjective, adverb). e.g.: - Mr. John is being lazy to help you. PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 24

- I am being tired to go out. - Mira is being at home now. She used to be busy with her activities. - Mr. Tanaka is being alone at home. His wife and the children are going to Japan. 9.4. Be, used in Future Tense. The word be is used in future tense, in nominal sentence, and it is put after Shall and will. e.g.: - She will be here tomorrow. - Mr. Johnson will be ready to take you anywhere next week. - The committee will be at the meeting room soon. The meeting is going to begin. - My mother will be on holiday next month. 9.5. Be, used as Representative of verbs. Be, which is used as the representative of verb, is placed after modal auxiliary verbs: can, must, may. Except shall and will, they are used in future tense. e.g.: - The students can be smart if they are diligent to earn. - She may be at home now. She used to come home every Saturday. - You must be ready to face all the risks. 9.6. Be, used as Gerund. e.g.: - Being a news caster was Miss. Rachels dream. - Being a good moslem is not easy today. - She feels enjoy being alone. - Being lonely doesnt make her sad. 9.7. Be, used in Imperative. Be, which is used in imperative, is applied for nominal sentences. That is a sentence whose predicate is out of verb, such like: adjective, adverb, noun. e.g.: - Be a good moslem or die as a martyr! - Be careful to cross the road, the traffic is so crowded! - Be happy to enjoy the life. Happy and sorrow is on Gods disposes. - Dont be lazy to learn! 9.8. Be, used in Present Participle. e.g.: - The book is interesting to read it. - Mr. John Pauls explanation is confusing the students. - The rerun film is boring to watch it. - Julia Perez thinks politics is very interesting. - It was quite surprising that Charlotte passed the examination. 9.9. Be, used as Past Participle. Be, which is used as a past participle, is applied for perfect tense, especially in nominal sentences. e.g.: - I am really depressed lately. I have to finish doing all the things by myself. - She is confused to face her new boy friend. - Melisa was shocked to hear the shocking news from her mother. - He wasnt satisfied with his work. - I was disappointed with the menu I ordered. The taste was really disgusting! 9.10. Be, used as Auxiliary verb. The word be, which is applied for auxiliary verb, is in the nominal sentences. They PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE Page 25

can be used as auxiliary verb and finite verb. or so called higher functions e.g.: - We are here to learn English. - He is alone to face the boredom days. - I am here with you. - She is the most beautiful girl in the class.

10.

THE USE OF YET The word yet, does not have any meaning at all if it stands by itself. It will have meaning if it is applied in the sentence with other words. Here they are: 10.1. Yet, to be put at the end of negative sentence, as adverb, the meaning is to replace the word tidak to become belum. 10.2. Yet, to be put at the beginning of the sentence, as a conjunction, the meaning is the same as the word although meskipun orwalaupun. 10.3. Yet, to be put in the middle of the sentence, as a conjunction, the meaning is namun.

10.1. Yet, to be put at the end of negative sentence, as an adverb, the meaning is to replace the word tidak to become belum. e.g.: - Kevin looks so weak today because he does not have lunch yet. - Caroline does not understand the lesson yet, so she needs more explanation about that subject. - I have never yet visited her villa in out of city. 10.2. Yet, to be put at the beginning of the sentence, as a conjunction, the meaning is the same as the word although meskipun or walaupun e.g.: - Yet the rain down heavily, Claudia went out without taking an umbrella with her. - Yet this motor cycle has been old, but it is safe if we ride on it carefully. - Yet he has got everything, but he has never felt satisfied. 10.3. Yet, do be put in the middle of the sentence, as a conjunction, the meaning is the same as the word but namun or tetapi. e.g.: - Mr. Jefferson is old enough, yet he is still energetic. - The book on the display is very interesting, yet I dont have any intention to buy it now. - The girl in red looks charming, yet she is little bit stuck up. As yet (conjunction) : hingga sekarang ini, sampai saat ini. e.g.: - As yet, Indonesia our country is classified into a developing country. - As yet she doesnt know when she will go to Japan. - As yet I am not certain whether Mr. Bryan will make trip around the world with me. Note: We may not use the word yet, the three of them all at once in one sentence, so we have to take the other options. e.g.: - Yet Madonna is beautiful, yet she doesnt have a boy friend yet (incorrect). o Although Madonna is beautiful, but she doesnt have a boy friend yet (correct). - Yet Melinda has begged apologize many times yet Timothy doesnt forgive her yet (incorrect).

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 26

o Although Melinda has begged apologize many times but Timothy doesnt forgive her yet. (correct). - Yet it is very difficult to come approach her yet I dont want to give up yet. (incorrect) o Although it is very difficult to come approach her but I dont want to give up yet. (correct) - Yet she doesnt have anything to eat since this morning yet she is not yet hungry .(incorrect) o Although she doesnt have anything to eat, but she isnt yet hungry. (correct)

YET AND STILL Still is used to say something happened in the present, not in the past, and it is placed after auxiliary verb to be or before coming other verb. The word still is applied for positive and interrogative sentence to show or give emphasize that the actions are continuing. e.g.: - The sun has been shinning high, but she is still in bed. - I have been closing to her for years but I still cant understand her much. Yet: is normally used in negative and interrogative sentences. It is placed after verb or object. It means up to the time of speaking e.g.: - Have you called the police yet? (British English) - Did you call the police yet? (American English) - Has she come home yet? (British English) - Did she come home yet? (American English) - Have ever been to Karimunjawa island yet? - Has he ever tried diving yet?

Not yet is used to show something which is expected to happen in the future, not in present, or past tense. e.g.: - Is it anything clear? Not yet - Do you understand? Not yet. - The baby sitter doesnt come yet 6/14/2010 11:57:09 PM.

PQEC INSTITUTES GUIDE LINE

Page 27