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Acid
Acids are compounds that contain Hydrogen (Hydrochloric, HCl;
Sulphuric, H2SO4; Nitric, HNO3). However, not all compounds that
contain Hydrogen are acids (Water, H2O; Methane, CH4). Acids are
usually compounds of non metals with Hydrogen and sometimes
Oxygen.
Acids can be classified in various ways, depending on the factors
mentioned below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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pH
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Salts
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A Salt results when an acid reacts with a base. Both are neutralised. The
H+ and OH- ions combine to form water. The non metallic ions of the
acid and the metal ions of the base form the salt.
Important salts used in everyday life and industrial applications are
Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sodium carbonate, (Na2CO3), Sodium
Bicarbonate, (NaHCO3), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
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Organic chemistryis that branch of chemistry which deals with the study of
compounds of carbon with hydrogen (hydrocarbons), and their derivatives.
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First, we know that a gas has no definite volume or shape; a gas will fill
whatever volume is available to it. Contrast this to the behavior of a
liquid, which always has a distinct upper surface when its volume is less
than that of the space it occupies.
The other outstanding characteristic of gases is their low densities,
compared with those of liquids and solids. The most remarkable
property of gases, however, is that to a very good approximation, they
all behave the same way in response to changes in temperature and
pressure, expanding or contracting by predictable amounts. This is very
different from the behavior of liquids or solids, in which the properties
of each particular substance must be determined individually.
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zero all atomic and molecular motions stop. Hence the absolute zero is the
lowest possible temperature which is denoted by 0K or -273o C.
Fahrenheit Scale of Temperature:The lower and upper fixed points in this
scale are considered as 32oF and 212oF respectively. The interval of 180o F
is divided into 180 equal parts. Each part is known as 1oF. This is widely used
by doctors.
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All gases, irrespective of their chemical composition, obey certain laws that
govern the relationship between the volume, temperature and pressure of
the gases. A given mass of a gas, under definite conditions of temperature
and pressure, occupies a definite volume. When any of the three variables is
altered, then the other variables get altered. Thus these Gas laws establish
relationships between the three variables of volume, pressure and
temperature of a gas.
Boyles Law:Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691) discovered this law in 1662 and it
was named after him. It can be restated as The product of the volume and
pressure of a given mass of dry gas is constant, at constant temperature.
P 1/ V( at constant temperature) or P X V= K (where K is constant).
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table and the most basic and common of all elements in the universe.
Over ninety percent of all the atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms
and they are the lightest of all elements. The name hydrogen comes
from the Latin word hydro which means water. Scientists use the
letter H to represent hydrogen in all chemical equations and
descriptions.
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Carbon:The
Nitrogen:It
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Water (H2O): Water is the only substance that can exist simultaneously
in all the three states of matter, i.e., solid, liquid and gaseous on this earth.
Pure water is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid.
The density of water is 1 g cm-3at 4oC.
The boiling point of water is 100oC at a pressure of 760 mm of Hg. The
melting point of ice is 0oC at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
Ice has a relative density of 0.92. The specific heat capacity of water is 1
cal/g at 15oC.
Water is called the Universal Solvent. Almost all substances dissolve in
water to a certain extent. Hence, it known as a universal solvent. Because
of this property, it is impossible to get chemically pure water on the earth.
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2008
Q. What are Rubies and Sapphires chemically known as?
(a) Silicon dioxide
(b) Aluminium oxide
(c) Lead tetroxide
(d) Boron nitride
Q. Which one of the following is also called Stranger Gas?
(a) Argon
(b) Neon
(c) Xenon
(d) Nitrous oxide
Q. Mixture of which one of the following pairs of gases is the cause of occurrence of
most of the explosions in mines?
(a) Hydrogen and Oxygen(b) Oxygen and acetylene
(c) Methane and air
(d) Carbon dioxide and methane
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Q. Which one of the following pairs of metals constitutes the lightest metal and
the heaviest metal, respectively?
(a) Lithium and mercury
(b) Lithium and osmium
(c) Aluminium and osmium (d) Aluminium and mercury
2009
Q. Which one of the following is used as an explosive?
(a) Phosphorus trichloride
(b) Mercuric oxide
(c) Graphite
(d) Nitroglycerine
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acids and provides calories like other amino acids. Yet, it is used as a low-calorie
sweetening agent in food items. What is the basis of this use?
(a) Aspartame is as sweet as table sugar, but unlike table sugar, it is not readily oxidized in
human body due to lack of requisite enzymes
(b) When aspartame is used in food processing, the sweet taste remains, but it becomes
resistant to oxidation
(c) Aspartame is as sweet as sugar, but after ingestion into the body, it is converted into
metabolites that yield no calories
(d) Aspartame is several times sweeter than table sugar, hence food items made with small
quantities of aspartame yield fewer calories on oxidation
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