Chapter 5: Forces

Definitions Net Force: the net force on an object is the unbalanced or resultant force on that object due to the presence of one or more forces on the object Force: a push or pull on an object Newtons Laws First law: If there is no net force acting on an object, it would remain stationary or continue to move at a constant speed in a fixed direction. ( )

Also called the Law of Inertia Second Law: A net force on an object causes it to accelerate. A more massive object is harder to accelerate than a less massive one. The acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied on it and is inversely proportional to the objects mass.

where

is measured in Newtons (N):

Third Law: The force which one object pushes on the second object is equal but in the opposite direction to the force which the second object pushes back on the first object.

Where force is coming from*

Object force is acting on

Hand pushes box. *omit the second number if needed

Types of Forces I. When an object rests on a level surface, two forces act upon it: 1. its weight (W or ), which is also known as the gravitational force acting on the object 2. the normal force, ; is the force perpendicular to the surface acting on the objectin this case, [the ground] holding it up

II.

When we push this box and move it, we see two more forces: 1. , the applied force 2. , the friction force Notice that when , the object accelerates since . Here,

Free-body Diagrams A free-body diagram is a picture of the object freely suspended and with all the external forces which are acting on it drawn as force arrows in contact with the object. From above, two examples are: (I) (II)

In (II), the object could be increasing speed to the right or it could be moving to the left and slowing down. Something to Think About Once upon a time, there was a farmer named Jack with a magic talking horse named Einstein. One day, Einstein refused to do his work and pull farmer Jacks cart to the market. You see, Jack, Einstein said, for he was quite smart, according to Newtons First Law, an object cannot move unless a force is applied to it. However, his Third Law says that when I try to pull the cart, it exerts an equal and opposite force back on me: therefore, there is a net force of zero, and the cart will not move. We know that this is not true, so what is wrong with Einsteins reasoning?

When solving problems involving the movement of an object, we have to look at the object and see all the forces that are affecting it. This means that it is not important to consider the force that the object is applying on something else. In other words, if we want the cart to move, we need to look at all the forces affecting it: the applied force which Einstein exerts on the cart (1), the gravitational force (2), the friction force of the wheels rubbing against the ground (3), and the normal force of the cart (4). However, the force that the cart exerts on Einstein, represented by the green arrow, does not affect the movement of the cart. The Applied Force, is the push or pull which a person or machine exerts on an object. If would accelerate since . , then the object

or, if done vectorially, is going towards the right. The Normal Force,

, where is positive and is negative since

The normal force is the force perpendicular to the surface, such as the ground, which is pressing upon the object. It normally opposes the gravitational force, , on the object. However, it is not necessarily always equal to it.

On a sloped surface,

The Tension Force, is a pulling force caused by a rope or cord pulling on the object.

Weight, The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on that object. It acts towards the centre of the Earth (downwards). m: mass of object, kg g: gravitational field strength, N/kg (on Earth, g = 9.8 N/kg) Thus, a 1-kg object on Earth experiences a downward force of 9.8 N. Note: Weight is not mass. Weight is a force measured in N. Mass is the amount of substance which makes up the object, measured in kg. Inertia is the tendency of mass to not change its motion. ( )( ) ) the weight of an object

As gravitational field strength depends on location (eg.

is thus dependent on the objects location. On the Earth, a 1-kg object has a weight of 9.8 N. On the moon, that same 1-kg object (same mass) has a weight of about 1.6 N. The Friction Force, Friction is the force which opposes motion due to the roughness of the contact surfaces. Friction depends on

1. Surface Roughness: the roughness is indicated by the coefficient of friction, (pronounced meu), which normally ranges from 0 to about 1.5, 0 being frictionless. The friction between surfaces is affected by the motion or lack of motion: is distinguished by having for stationary (static) objects and for kinetic or moving objects ( ). When one surface is resting on the other, the grooves at a microscopic scale interlock with each other more than when the two surfaces are moving relative to each other. The friction force on an object which is pushed increases from 0 to the maximum static friction. . As soon as the object moves, the friction decreases to a constant sliding friction when .

2. Normal Force, : Friction depends on . On a level surface with no additional vertical forces applied on the object, | | | | or . So, in this special case | | , where on the surface of Earth. Newtons Second Law and the Net Force,

Example 2: Friction

A toddler tries to move his box of toys by backing into it. Given that the box of toys has a mass of 10.0 kg and the carpet he is pushing it on has a coefficient of static friction : a) Calculate the minimum force he needs to apply to the box to get it moving.

Weight

( ( ( ( )( ) ( )( ) ) )? )

b) What happens to the box if the child pushes with a force of 70 N (assume

) ( )( )

c) What magnitude of force does the child experience on his bottom from the box? According to Newtons Third Law, the force the child applies on the box is equal and opposite to the force which the box applies back on the child. Newtons Second Law: Another Example A crate is pushed with a force of 750 N. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the crate and the ground is 0.50, and the crate has a mass of 60.0 kg, calculate the acceleration of the crate when it is moving.

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The Deep End

A diver jumps up vertically with a velocity of 1.0 m/s from a platform 5 m high. He splashes into the water and descends 3.0 m. Calculate the net force on the diver underwater. Draw a free body diagram of the forces on the diver in the water. Mass of Diver = 55 kg Step 1: Find the velocity of the diver upon entering the water. ( ) ( )( )

Step 2: Find the acceleration of the diver underwater. Step 3: Find . ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )

Newtons Third Law: Example 3 Johnny with a mass of 30.0 kg gets off a row boat which has a mass of 80.0 kg. Given that he pushes off the boat and moves with an acceleration of 1.o m/s2, calculate the boats acceleration.

( ( )( ) (

)( )

Example 4 A car of mass 1200 kg travels 50.0 m in 5.0 s. Calculate the net force on the car if it starts from rest.

Finding : Unknown: Basic Equation:

( )

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) ( )

Example 5 A load with a mass of 500 g tied by a string is jerked upwards with an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2. a) Draw the free-body diagram of the load. ( ) String pulling on the object

b) Find the tension of the string (FT). Foamcrete ( ( )( )( ) )

Gravitational Field Strength

Foamcrete is a substance designed to stop an airplane that has run off the end of a runaway, without causing injury to passengers. It is solid enough to support a car, but crumbles under the weight of a large airplane. By crumbling, it slows the plane to a safe stop. For example, suppose a 747 jetliner with a mass of 1.75 105 kg and an initial speed of 26.8 m/s is slowed to as stop in 122 m. What is the magnitude of the retarding force F exerted by the Foamcrete on the plane?

 ( )( ( ) ( ) ( ) )

The magnitude of the retarding force F exerted by the Foamcrete on the plane is 5.15 105 N. Tippy Canoe Two groups of canoeists meet in the middle of a lake. After a brief visit, a person in canoe 1 pushes on canoe 2 with a force of 46 N to separate the canoes. If the mass of canoe 1 and its occupants is m1 = 150 kg, and the mass of canoe 2 and its occupants is m2 = 250 kg,

a) find the acceleration the push gives to each canoe. ( ( ) )

b) What is the separation of the canoes after 1.2 s of pushing?

( ( ( )

)( )(

) )

Example 6 A student stands on a bathroom scale in an elevator. The elevator accelerates upwards at 1.0 m/s2. If his actual weight is 620 N, a) What is his apparent weight at that moment? Free-body Diagram of Student

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b) What does the bathroom scale read?

The Pulley System a) Determine the acceleration, a, of each mass of the pulley system. b) Determine the tension force on the larger mass. c) Determine the tension force on the smaller mass. (Let g = 10 N/kg in this question) a)

b) Refer to the picture on the right.

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) )( )

( c) Refer to the picture on the right.

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Note: Newtons Third Law explains the result of (b) and (c) being equal.