BELTING

J 3010/6/1

UNIT 6

BELTING

OBJECTIVES

General Objective

: To understand and apply the concept of belting

Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you will be able to: > > > > state the difference between open and close belt. explain that power transmitted by the flat belt and V belt. explain that ratio tension for flat and V belt. calculate power transmitted by the belt with consider centrifugal force.

BELTING

J 3010/6/2

INPUT

6.0

INTRODUCTION

In factories, the power has to be transmitted from one shaft to another, then belt driving between pulleys on the shafts may be used.

The pulley rotating shaft is called driver. The pulley intended to rotate is known, as follower or driven. When the driver rotates, it carries the belt that grip between its surface and the belt. The belt, in turn, carries the driven pulley which starts rotating. The grip between the pulley and the belt is obtained by friction, which arises from pressure between the belt and the pulley.

(a)

Types of belts The flat belt is mostly used in the factories and work shops, where a moderate amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are not more than 10 m a part. The V-belt is mostly used in the factories and work shops where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.

BELTING

J 3010/6/3

The types of belts:a. flat belt b. V belt

6.1

LENGTH OF AN OPEN BELT DRIVE

A B

K
F

01

02 r2

r1
E

Fig.6.1 0pen belt drive 01 and 02 = r1 and r2 = d = L = Angle A0102 Angle B02C Angle AFE Angle BCD Centers of two pulleys radius of the larger and smaller pulleys Distance between 01 and 02 Total length of the belt. = 1 = 2 = 1 (radian) = 2 (radian)

BELTING

J 3010/6/4

We know that the length of the belt, L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA Cos 1 = r1 r2 d r1 -1 1 = cos d

r2

= 2 - 21 = 2 ( - 1) (radian) = 1 = 2 2

(radian) Arc AFE = r1

1

Arc DCB = r2

And ED = BA = K02 KO2 Sin 1 = d K02 = d Sin 1 Finally the total of length of belt, L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA = r1 1 + d Sin 1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1 = r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1

Example 6.1 Find the length of belt necessary to drive a pulley of 480 cm diameter running parallel at a distance of 12 meter from the driving pulley of diameter 80 cm. This system is an open belt drive. Solution 6.1
A

K
F

1 01

02

2 r2

r1

E d

Fig.6.2 0pen belt drive 01 and 02 = Centers of two pulleys r1 and r2 = radius of the larger and smaller pulleys d = Distance between 01 and 02 L = Total length of the belt. Angle A0102 = 1 = 2 Angle B02C Angle AFE = 1 (radian) Angle BCD = 2 (radian) Radius of smaller pulley = 80/2 = 40 cm. Radius of larger pulley = 480/2 = 240 cm. Distance between the pulleys, d = 12m = 1 200 cm

We know that the length of belt is, L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA Cos 1 = r1 r2 d

240 40 1200

1 = cos
1

240 40 1200

= cos 0.16667 = 800 1 = 1.396 radian

1

-1

= 2 - 21 = 2 ( - 1.396 ) (radian) = 3.491 radian = 21 = 2 2 (radian) = 2 (1.396 ) = 2.792 radian

1

Arc AFE = r1 = 240 x 3.491 = 837.84 cm

Arc DCB = r2 2 = 40 x 2.792 = 111.68 cm And ED = BA = K02 KO2 Sin 800 = d K02 = d Sin 1 = 1 200 x 0.98481 = 1181.77 m Finally the total of belt length is L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA = r1 1 + d Sin 1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1 = r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1 = 240 x 3.491 + 40 x 2.792 +2 x 1181.77 = 837.84 + 111.68 + 2363.54 = 3313.06 cm = 33.13 m

6.2

LENGTH OF CLOSE BELT DRIVE

K A D C

01

02 r2

r1

E d

Fig.6.3 Cross belt drive 01 and 02 = r1 and r2 = d = L = Angle A0102 Angle D0201 Angle AFE Angle BCD Centers of two pulleys radius of the larger and smaller pulleys Distance between 01 and 02 Total length of the belt. = 1 = 2 = 1 (radian) = 2 (radian)

We know that the length of the belt is L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA Cos 1 = r1 + r2 d
-1 r1

1 = cos
1

+ d

r2

= 2 - 21 = 2 ( - 1) (radian) =
2

Arc AFE = r1 Arc DCB = r2

1 2

And ED = BA = K02 KO2 Sin 1 = d K02 = d Sin 1 Finally the total of length belt, L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA = r1 1 + d Sin 1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1 = r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1

Example 6.2 Find the length of belt for a cross belt drive system. The diameter of the drive pulley is 480 cm which running parallel at a distance of 12 meter from the driving pulley which has a diameter of 80 cm.

Solution 6.2
K A D

01

02 r2

r1
B E d

Fig.6.4 Cross belt drive

01 and 02 = r1 and r2 = d = L = Angle A0102 Angle D0201 Angle AFE Angle BCD

Centers of two pulleys radius of the larger and smaller pulleys distance between 01 and 02 Total length of the belt. = 1 = 2 = 1 (radian) = 2 (radian)

Radius of smaller pulley = 80/2 = 40 cm. Radius of larger pulley = 480/2 = 240 cm. Distance between the pulleys, d = 12m = 1 200 cm We know that the length of the belt, L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA Cos 1 = 240 + 40 r1 + = r2 1200 d
-1

1 = cos

240 + 40 1200

= cos 0.23333 = 76.50 1 = 1.335 radian

1

-1

= 2 21 = 2 ( - 1) (radian) = 2 ( - 1.335) (radian) = 3.613 radian =

2

Arc AFE = r1
1

= 240 x 3.613 = 867.12 cm

Arc DCB = r2 2 = 40 x 3.613 = 144.52 cm And ED = BA = K02

KO2

d = d Sin 76.50 =1 200 x 0.9724 K02 ED = BA = K02 = 1166.88 cm

Sin 1 =

Finally the total of length belt, L= = = = = = L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA r1 1 + d Sin1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1 r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1 240 x 3.613 + 240 x 3.613 + 2 x 1 200 Sin 76.50 867.12 + 144.52 + 2333.76 3345.4 cm 33.45 m

Activity 6A

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT!

6.1

Two pulleys, one with a 450 mm diameter and the other with a 200 mm diameter are on parallel shaft of 1.95 m apart and are connected by a cross belt. Find the length of the belt required and the angle of contact between the belt and each pulley. It is required to drive a shaft B at 620 rpm by means of a belt from a parallel shaft A. A pulley of 30 cm diameter on shaft A runs at 240 rpm. Determine the size of pulley on the shaft B. Find the length of belt necessary to drive a pulley of 1.4 m diameter running parallel at a distance of 1.7 meter from the driving pulley of diameter 0.5 m. It is connected by an open belt.

6.2

6.3

N1 d2 N2

= d1

N1 = speed diver in rpm N2 = speed follower in rpm d1 ,d2 = diameter pulley driver and follower.

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6.1 6.2. 6.3

4.975 m; 199 or 3.473 radian. 11.6 cm 6.51 m

INPUT

6.3

POWER TRANSMITTED BY A BELT

Power = (Ti T2) v

Where, Ti =Tension in tight side in Newton. T2 = Tension in slack side. V = velocity of belt

Fig. 6.5, shows the driving pulley (i.e., driver) A and the follower B. The driving pulley pulls the belt from one side, and delivers the same to the other.The maximum tension in the tight side will be greater than that slack side.

Fig. 6.5 Torque exerted on the driving pulley = ( Ti - T2) ri Torque exerted on the driven or follower = ( Ti - T2) r2 Power transmitted = Force x distance = ( Ti - T2) v

Example 6.3 The tension in the two sides of the belt are iOO N and 8O N respectively. If the speed of the belt is 75 meters per second. Find the power transmitted by the belt. Solution 6.3 Given, Tension in tight side, Ti = iOO N Tension in slack side, T2 = 8O N Velocity of belt, v = 75 mIs Let P = Power transmitted by the belt Using the relation, Power = (Ti T2) v = ( iOO 8O) 75 = i5OO watt = i.5 kw.

Activity 6B

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT! 6.4. Find the tension in the tight side, if the tension in slack side i50 N. The speed of the belt is 58 meters per second and the power transmitted by this belt is 2 kw. Diameter of driver is 50 mm. If the driver transmits 8 kw when it is rotating at 300 revl min. Calculate velocity of driver. The tension in the two sides of the belt are 300 N and i80 N respectively. If the speed of the belt is 50 meters per second, find the initial tension and power transmitted by the belt. A i00 mm diameter pulley is belt-driven from a 400 mm diameter pulley. The 400 mm pulley rotates at 480 revlmin. The number of revlsec of the i00 mm diameter pulley is A. 2 B. 32 C. i20 D. i920

6.5

6.6

6.7

T0 = Where,

Ti + T2 2

T0 = Initial tension in the belt.

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6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

ii5.5 N 0.785 mis 6 000 watt or 6 kw; 240 N B. 32

INPUT

6.4

RATIO OF TENSIONS.

Fig. 6.6 Consider a driven pulley rotating in the clockwise direction as in fig 6.6. Let Ti = Tension in the belt on the tight side. T2 = Tension in the belt on the slack side. = An angle of contact in radians (i.e , angle subtended by the arc AB, along which the belt touches the pulley, at the centre) Now consider a small position of the belt PQ, subtending an angle at the centre of the pulley as shown fig 6.6. The belt PQ is in equilibrium under the following force: i. Tension T in the belt at P. ii. Tension T + T in the belt at Q. iii. Normal reaction R, and iv. Frictional force F = x R Where is the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley. Resolving all the forces horizontally and equating the same,

R = ( T + T) sin

+ T sin

(6.i)

Since the is very small, therefore, substituting, sin = in equation 6.i 2 2

R = ( T + T)

+T

T T T . + + 2 2 2

= T. ( neglecting

T ) 2

(6.2)

Now resolving the forces vertically, x R = (T + T) cos - T cos 2 2

(6.3)

Since the angle . is very small, therefore substituting cos equation 6.3 or, x R = T + T T = T

= i in

R =

(6.4)

Equating the values of R from equation 6.2 and 6.4, T Or T. = Or

T
T

Integrating both sides from A to B,

Ti

T2

T 1 T = 0 1 Ti
loge Ti T2

or

= =e T2 Ti isin =e T2

ration of tension for flat belt ration of tension for V belt

where = half angle of groove

Example 6.4 Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of 60 cm diameter at 200 rpm. The coefficient of friction between the pulley is 0.25, angle of lap i60 0 and maximum tension in the belt is 250 KN. Solution 6.4 Given, Diameter of pulley, d = 60 cm = 0.6 m Speed of pulley N = 200 rpm dN Speed of belt, v = = x 0.6 x 200 = 2 = 6.28 mi sec 60 60 Coefficient of friction, = 0.25 Angle of contact, 0 = i600 = i60 x i80 = 2.7926 radian.

Maximum tension in the belt, Ti = 250 kN Let P = power transmitted by the belt. Using the relation, Ti 10 = e T2 =e
0.25 x 2.7926

Ti = 2.0i T2 T2 = Ti 2.0i = 250 = i24.38 kN 2.0i

Now using the relation, P = (Ti T2 ) v = ( 250 - i24.38 ) 6.28 = 788.89 watt P = 0.79 kw

INPUT

6.5

CENTRIFUGAL TENSION.

Fig.6.7

The tension caused by centrifugal force is called centrifugal tension. At lower speeds the centrifugal tension is very small, but at higher speeds its effect is considerable, and thus should be taken into account. Consider a small portion PQ of the belt subtending an angle d at the centre of the pulley as show in fig 6.7. Let M = mass of the belt per unit length, V = linear velocity of the belt, r = radius of the pulley over which the belt runs, Tc = Centrifugal tension acting tangentially at P and Q. Length of the belt PQ, = r d Mass of the belt PQ, M = M r d We know that centrifugal force, 2 = M v ir

Centrifugal force of the belt PQ = M x r.d v r

2

= M x d v 2 The centrifugal tension (Tc) acting tangentially at P and Q keeps the belt in equilibrium. Now resolving the force (i.e, centrifugal force and centrifugal tension) horizontally and equating the same, d 2 Tc sin 2 = M x d v
2

since angle d is very small, therefore, substituting d d sin = 2 2 d 2 Tc 2 Tc Tc Ti Tc 1 = e T2 Tc Ti

sin

= M x d v

= M x d v 2 i d = Mv
2

ratio tension for flat belt. ratio tension for V belt

Tc Tc

= e

1 i

T2

6.5.1 Condition for the transmission of maximum power The maximum power, When T c = !T i It shows that the power transmitted is maximum ! of the maximum tension is absorbed as centrifugal tension. The velocity of belt for maximum transmission of power may be 2 obtained from equation Ti = 3Tc = M v .

v = v =

3 Ti M Ti 3M

Example 6.5 An open belt drive connects two pulleys i.2 m and 0.5 m diameter, on parallel shafts 3.6 m apart. The belt has a mass of 0.9 kgim length and the maximum tension in it is not exceed 2 kN. The larger pulley runs at 200 revimin. Calculate the torque on each of the two shafts and the power transmitted. Coefficient of friction is 0.3 and angle of lap on the smaller pulley is i68 ( 2.947 radian ). Solution 6.5 Given Diameter of larger pulley, di = i.2 m Radius of the larger pulley, ri = 0.6 Diameter of smaller pulley, d2 =0.5 m Radius of the smaller pulley, r2 = 0.25 m Distance between two shaft, D = 3.6 m Mass of the belt per meter length, M = 0.9 kgim Maximum Tension, Ti = 2 kN = 2 000 N Speed of the larger pulley = 200 rpm Velocity of the belt, x i.2 x 200 V= = i2.57 mis 60 2 T c = Mv 2 = 0.9 x i2.5 7 = i42.2 N

=e = 2.42i

0.3 x 2.947

Using the relation, Ti TC = e

1

T2

TC

2000 i42 .2 T2 i42 .2

= 2.42i

(T2 i42.2) 2.42i = i857.8 i857 .8 (T2 i42.2) = 2.42i = 767.37 T2 = 767.37 + i42.2 T2 = 909.57 N We know that the torque on the larger pulley shaft (TL), TL = ( Ti T2) ri = ( 2000 909.57) 0.6 = 654.26 Nm. Torque on the smaller pulley shaft (Ts), Ts = ( Ti T2) r2 = (2000 909.57) 0.25 = 272.6i Nm. Power transmitted, P = ( Ti T2)v = ( 2000 909.57) i2.57 = i3706.7i watt = i3.7i kw

Activity 6C

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE TO THE NEXT INPUT!

6.8

Two pulleys, one with a 450 mm diameter and the other with a 200 mm diameter are on parallel of shafts i.95 m apart. What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates at 200 revimin, if the maximum permissible tension in the belt is i kN and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25. Angle of contact between the belt and larger pulley is 3.477 radian.

6.9 Find the power transmitted by a V drive from the following data: Angle of contact Pulley groove angle Coefficient of friction Mass of belt per meter length Permissible tension Velocity of V belt = = = = = = 840 450 0.25 0.472 kgim i39 N i2.57 mis.

6.i0

An open belt drive connects two pulleys i.2 m and 0.6 m, on parallel shafts 3 m apart. The belt has a mass 0f 0.56 kgim and maximum tension is i.5 kN. The driver pulley runs at 300 revimin. Calculate the inertial tension, power transmitted and maximum power. The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley surface is 0.3.

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6.8

2 740 watt or 2.74 kw

6.9

59i watt.

6.i0

i074.5 N ; 8.0 kw ; i7.54 kw.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 6

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 6 given on the next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck. i. A pulley is driven by a flat belt running at speed of 600 mimin. The coefficient of friction between the pulley and the belt is 0.3 and the angle lap is i60. If the maximum tension in the belt is 700 N, find the power transmitted by a belt. A leather belt, i25 mm wide and 6 mm thick, transmits power from a pulley of 750 mm diameter which run at 500 rpm. The angle of lap is i50 and i = 0.3. If the mass of i m3 of leather is i Mg and the stress in the belt 2 does not exceed 2.75 MNim , find the maximum power that can be transmitted. A flat belt, 8 mm thick and i00 mm wide transmits power between two pulleys, running at i 600 mimin. The mass of the belt is 0.9 kgim length. The angle of lap in the smaller pulley is i65 and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulleys is 0.3. If the maximum permissible stress in the belt is 2 MNim , find (i) (ii) 4. Maximum power transmitted; and Initial tension in the belt.
2

2.

3.

The moment on a pulley, which produces the rotation of the pulley is called: A. Momentum B. Torque C. Work D. Energy If Ti and T2 are the tension in the tight and slack sides of a belt and is the angle of contact between the belt and pulley. Coefficient of friction is , then the ratio of driving tension will be: T T T T A. 2 D. logi0 i = 1 B. i e C. i = Ti = e = T2 T2 T2 1 1 1

5.

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i. 3.974 kw ( see example 6.4)

2. i8.97 kw

3. (i) i4.28i kw (ii) i.322i kN 4. 5. B. Torque B. Ti

1

= e

T2

CONGRATULATIONS!!!!.. May success be with you always.