BIOL 225/2 Dr. S.

Azam

FORM AND FUNCTION OF ORGANISMS

(PLANT BIOLOGY )
BIOL 225/2
2012-2013

Lecture 1 Characteristics of plant cells; Types of cells & tissues

Oct 19, 2012
Dr. Sonish Azam

PLANT FORM AND FUNCTION

BIOL 225/2 2012-2013

Dr. Sonish Azam Office: Office: SP 437.13 Tel: 514-848-2424 ex 3395 Email: sonish.azam@concordia.ca Office hours: By appointment

each lecture and any additional material that the instructors may provide or request that you read. Class Dates Lecture Topics Chapters

5 Sept Introduction, Animal Diversity 32 7 Sept Animal Form &Function 40 12 Sept Animal Nutrition 41 14 Sept Circulation 42 17 Sept. Deadline for withdrawal with tuition refund from two-term and fall-term courses. 19 Sept Gas Exchange 42 21 Sept The Immune System 43 26 Sept Osmoregulation & Excretion 44 28 Sept Hormones & the Endocrine System 45, 11 3 Oct Animal Reproduction 46 5 Oct Animal Development 47 10 Oct Nervous Systems 48 12 Oct Sensory &Motor Mechanisms 49 17 Oct QUIZ - Animal section 19 Oct Characteristics of plant cells, Types of cells & tissues 35 24 Oct Characteristics of plant cells, Types of cells & tissues 35 26 Oct Form, function & organization of root, shoot & leaf; Transport 35, 36 28 Oct. Last day for academic withdrawal from fall-term courses. 31 Oct Form, function & organization of root, shoot & leaf; Transport 36 2 Nov Translocation & Transpiration; Plant Nutrition 37 7 Nov Translocation & Transpiration; Plant Nutrition 37 9 Nov Plant Nutrition; Photosynthesis. 37, 10 14 Nov QUIZ - Plant section 16 Nov Photosynthesis; Respiration 10, 9 21 Nov Photosynthesis; Respiration 9, 39 23 Nov Plant Growth & Development; Biotechnology 39 28 Nov Plant Growth & Development; Biotechnology 38 30 Nov Biotechnology 38 The Final Exam for the combined animal and plant sections will be scheduled during the exam period: December 6-20, 2012

BIOL 225/2 Dr. S.Azam

CLASS SCHEDULE

3. Course Material
3 The required textbook is available at the Concordia University Loyola Bookstore: Campbell Biology, Ninth Edition (Reece et al, 2011). The course website is available through your MyConcordia portal. It provides this course outline, some lecture note templates, exam marks when available, etc.

Dr. Ian Ferguson & Dr. Sonish Azam

Course Outline BIOL 225/2 (2012-2013)

BIOL 225/2
Lecture PDF will be posted on moodle Please stay up to date with the information on moodle Students are expected to follow the slides and consult the book Campbell Biology if they require additional description of the course material

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PLANTSCOMPUTER ART?

Romanesco grows according to a repetitive program (fractals in mathematics) The development of plants depends on the environment and is highly adaptive

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PLANTS HAVE A HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION CONSISTING OF ORGANS, TISSUES, AND CELLS

A tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function An organ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions Plants have organs composed of different tissues, which in turn are composed of different cell types
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THE THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANS: ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES

Basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from below ground and above ground Plants take up water and minerals from below ground Plants take up CO2 and light from above ground

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Reproductive shoot (flower)

P A R T S O F A P L A N T

Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Vegetative shoot Leaf Blade Petiole Stem Taproot Root system Axillary bud Shoot system

Lateral (branch) roots

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ROOT AND SHOOT

Roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system, and shoots rely on water and minerals absorbed by the root system Monocots and Eudicots are the two major groups of angiosperms

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Know the definitions and characteristics of: Monocots Eudicots Angiosperms Gymnosperms

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ROOTS

A root is an organ with important functions:

1. Anchoring the plant 2. Absorbing minerals and water 3. Storing carbohydrates

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ROOTS IN MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a taproot system, which consists of:
A taproot, the main vertical root Lateral roots, or branch roots, that arise from the taproot

Most monocots have a fibrous root system, which consists of:

Adventitious roots that arise from stems or leaves Lateral roots that arise from the adventitious roots

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Many plants have root adaptations with specialized functions

Strangling aerial roots

Storage roots Prop roots Buttress roots

Pneumatophores
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STEMS

A stem is an organ consisting of

An alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached Internodes, the stem segments between nodes
http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/glossary_for_trees01.htm

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STEMS

An axillary bud is a structure that lies at the junction of the stem and petiole of a plant and has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch An apical bud, or terminal bud, is located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot Apical dominance helps to maintain dormancy in most axillary buds

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Rhizomes

Many plants have modified stems (e.g., rhizomes, bulbs, stolons, tubers)

Rhizome Root Bulbs Storage leaves Stem Stolons Stolon

Tubers

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LEAVES
The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants Leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem Monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of leaves
Most monocots have parallel veins Most eudicots have branching veins

In classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may use leaf morphology as a criterion

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LEAVES :SIMPLE & COMPOUND

Simple leaf

Axillary bud Compound leaf Leaflet

Petiole Doubly compound leaf Petiole

Axillary bud

Petiole

Axillary bud

Leaflet

How would you differentiate between a leaf and a leaflet? 18

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Tendrils

Some plant species have evolved modified leaves that serve various functions

Spines

Storage leaves

Reproductive leaves

Bracts

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PLANT TISSUES

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DERMAL, VASCULAR AND GROUND TISSUES

Each plant organ has dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Each of these three categories forms a tissue system Each tissue system is continuous throughout the plant

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Three kinds of tissues

Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue

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DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis (an outer layer of tightly packed
cells)

A waxy outer coating called the cuticle helps prevent water loss from the epidermis In woody plants, protective tissues called periderm replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots Trichomes are outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense
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EXPERIMENT : Soybean pod trichomes protect against beetle damage

Very hairy pod (10 trichomes/ mm2) RESULTS

Slightly hairy pod Bald pod (2 trichomes/ (no trichomes) mm2)

Very hairy pod: Slightly hairy pod: 25% damage 10% damage

Bald pod: 40% damage

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VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

The vascular tissue system carries out longdistance transport of materials between roots and shoots The two vascular tissues are 1. Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots 2. Phloem transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

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VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the stele In angiosperms the stele of the root is a solid central vascular cylinder where as, the stele of stems and leaves is divided into strands of xylem and phloem

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GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are the ground tissue system Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is pith, ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is cortex Ground tissue includes cells specialized for storage, photosynthesis, and support

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PLANT CELLS

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COMMON TYPES OF PLANT CELLS

Like any multicellular organism, a plant is characterized by cellular differentiation, the specialization of cells in structure and function The major types of plant cells are:
1. Parenchyma 2. Collenchyma 3. Sclerenchyma 4. Water-conducting cells of the xylem 5. Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
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PARENCHYMA CELLS

Have thin and flexible primary walls Lack secondary walls Fleshy tissue of many fruits Perform the most metabolic functions Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
Parenchyma cells in Elodea leaf, with chloroplasts (LM)

60 m

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COLLENCHYMA CELLS

Are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot Have thicker and uneven primary cell walls Lack secondary walls Provide flexible support without restraining growth
Collenchyma cells 5 m (in Helianthus stem) (LM)

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SCLERENCHYMA CELLS Are the supporting elements in plants

Are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin Are dead at functional maturity (can not elongate) Secondary wall is produced before the protoplasm dies There are two types:
1. Sclereids are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls 2. Fibers are long and slender and arranged in threads
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5 m

Sclereid cells in pear (LM)

25 m

Cell wall

Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM)

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WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM

The two types of water-conducting cells are dead at maturity 1. Tracheids are found in the xylem of all vascular plants Thin cells with tapered ends Water moves from cell to cell through the pits 2. Vessel elements are common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms Vessel elements align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels End walls of vessel elements have perforation plates that enable water to flow freely
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Vessel

Tracheids

100 m

Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM) Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls

Pits

Tracheids

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SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM

Sieve-tube elements are cells that transport sugar in angiosperms Are alive at functional maturity, though they lack organelles Sieve plates are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube Each sieve-tube element has a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

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3 m

Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view (LM)

Sieve plate Sieve-tube element (left) Companion and companion cell: cells cross section (TEM) Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate Nucleus of companion cell 15 m Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (LM)
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30 m

MERISTEMS GENERATE CELLS FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROWTH

A plant can grow throughout its life; this is called indeterminate growth Some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size; this is called determinate growth Plants are capable of Indeterminate growth because of the presence of Meristems Meristems are perpetually embryonic tissue that divide when conditions permit.
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MERISTEMS ARE OF TWO TYPES :

1. Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots Apical meristems elongate roots and shoots, a process called primary growth 2. Lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth There are two lateral meristems a) vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem b) cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
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Primary growth in stems Epidermis Cortex Shoot tip (shoot apical meristem and young leaves) Primary phloem Primary xylem Pith Vascular cambium Secondary growth in stems Lateral Cork meristems cambium Cork cambium Periderm Cortex Primary phloem Root apical meristems Pith Primary xylem Secondary phloem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium
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Axillary bud meristem

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Flowering plants can be categorized based on the length of their life cycle
1. Annuals complete their life cycle in a year or less. E.g. cereals, legumes and wild flowers 2. Biennials require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle. E.g. turnips 3. Perennials live for many years. E.g shrubs and grass. (Buffalo grass in N.America
plains had sprouted att he end of last ice age and are 10000 years old today)

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PRIMARY GROWTH LENGTHENS ROOTS AND SHOOTS

Primary growth lengthens the parts of the root and shoot systems produced by apical meristems

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PRIMARY GROWTH OF ROOTS

The root tip is covered by a root cap, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in three zones of cells:
1. Zone of cell division 2. Zone of elongation 3. Zone of differentiation, or maturation

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Cortex Epidermis

Vascular cylinder

Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular

Root hair

Zone of differentiation

Zone of elongation

Zone of cell division (including apical meristem) Root cap

Mitotic cells

100 m
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The primary growth of roots produces the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue In angiosperm roots, the stele is a vascular cylinder o In most eudicots, the xylem is starlike in appearance with phloem between the arms o In many monocots, a core of parenchyma cells is surrounded by rings of xylem then phloem

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Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pericycle Core of parenchyma cells Xylem 100 m (a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots) 50 m Phloem 100 m (b) Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of monocots) Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular

Endodermis Pericycle Xylem Phloem

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The ground tissue, mostly parenchyma cells, fills the cortex, the region between the vascular cylinder and epidermis The innermost layer of the cortex is called the endodermis The endodermis regulates passage of substances from the soil into the vascular cylinder

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Lateral roots arise from within the pericycle, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder
Emerging lateral root Cortex Vascular cylinder 1 100 m Epidermis Lateral root

Pericycle 2 3

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PRIMARY GROWTH OF SHOOTS

A shoot apical meristem is a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip Leaves develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem Axillary buds develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

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Shoot apical meristem

Leaf primordia

Young leaf

Developing vascular strand

Axillary bud meristems

0.25 mm

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TISSUE ORGANIZATION OF STEMS

Lateral shoots develop from axillary buds on the stems surface and disrupt no other tissues In most eudicots, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles arranged in a ring In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring

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Phloem Sclerenchyma (fiber cells)

Xylem Ground tissue connecting pith to cortex Ground tissue

Pith Epidermis Vascular bundle Cortex 1 mm

Epidermis Key to labels Vascular bundles

(a) Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots)

Dermal 1 mm Ground Vascular (b) Cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles (typical of monocots)

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TISSUE ORGANIZATION OF LEAVES

The epidermis in leaves is interrupted by stomata, which allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf Each stomatal pore is flanked by two guard cells, which regulate its opening and closing The ground tissue in a leaf, called mesophyll, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

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TISSUE ORGANIZATION OF LEAVES

The mesophyll of eudicots has two layers:

1. The palisade mesophyll in the upper part of the leaf 2. The spongy mesophyll in the lower part of the leaf; the loose arrangement allows for gas exchange

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FIGURE 35.18

Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Cuticle Sclerenchyma fibers Stoma

Guard cells 50 m (b) Surface view of a spiderwort (Tradescantia) leaf (LM) 100 m
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Stomatal pore Epidermal cell

Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Bundlesheath cell

Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Xylem Vein Cuticle Guard cells Phloem Guard Vein Air spaces cells (c) Cross section of a lilac (a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues (Syringa) leaf (LM)

TISSUE ORGANIZATION OF LEAVES

The vascular tissue of each leaf is continuous with the vascular tissue of the stem Veins are the leafs vascular bundles and function as the leafs skeleton Each vein in a leaf is enclosed by a protective bundle sheath

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