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Greenhouse effect
Submitted to:
Monjur Morshed Senior Lecturer Faculty of Business Asa University Bangladesh

Submitted by:
Foysal Ahmed ID: 071-12-107 1st Batch
BBA Department ASA UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Date of Submission: 18 Aug,2009

Greenhouse
A greenhouse is a structure with a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants, soil, and other things inside the building faster than heat can escape the structure. Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. These structures range in size from small sheds to very large buildings. Greenhouses can be divided into glass greenhouses and plastic greenhouses.

Figur: Green houses

Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. The Earths atmosphere is all around us. It is the air that we breathe. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere behave much like the glass panes in a greenhouse. Sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, passing through the blanket of greenhouse gases. As it reaches the Earth's surface, land, water, and biosphere absorb the sunlights energy. Once absorbed, this energy is sent back into the atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into space, but much of it remains trapped in the atmosphere by the greenhouse gases, causing our world to heat up.

History of Greenhouses
The Romans are commonly credited with inception of the greenhouse. As early as 30 A.D., they had the idea to grow plants in climate controlled environments. At that time, glass was not available, so the Romans used extremely thin sheets of mica, a translucent type of rock material. It is said that the Roman emperor, Tiberius, took a liking to a certain type of vegetable, similar to a cucumber, so much so that he wanted to eat one every day

Figure: The greenhouse In the 13th century, Italians began building more modern versions of greenhouses. They did so in order to cultivate the tropical plants that explorers of that time brought back from overseas. A French botanist named Jules Charles is typically credited with building the first modern and practical greenhouse in the city of Leiden in The Netherlands. This greenhouse was erected in 1599 for the purpose of growing medicinal plants, but Charles' fellow Frenchmen quickly adapted his new greenhouse model for other purposes. The Europeans continued to experiment and refine their methods of building greenhouses during the 17th and 18th centuries. The first American greenhouse was built in Boston in 1737 by a rich merchant of the time, a Mr. Andrew Faneuil. The concept caught on quickly in the U.S., and by the 19th century, greenhouses were quite common. Today greenhouses are used all over the world for growing plants and flowers. Many large commercial faming operations rely on greenhouses for growing produce. Small greenhouses used by families are common as well, and greenhouse kits and supplies can be easily purchased online.

Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect often gets a bad rap because of its association with global warming, but the truth is we couldnt live without it. The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, first reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896

The greenhouse effect is the heating of the surface of a planet or moon due to the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation. Thus, greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system. Life on earth depends on energy from the sun. About 30 percent of the sunlight that beams toward Earth is deflected by the outer atmosphere and scattered back into space. The rest reaches the planets surface and is reflected upward again as a type of slow-moving energy called infrared radiation. As it rises, infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane, which slows its escape from the atmosphere. Although greenhouse gases make up only about 1 percent of the Earths atmosphere, they regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it in a kind of warmair blanket that surrounds the planet. This phenomenon is what scientists call the "greenhouse effect."

Global warming
Global warming is the observed and projected increases in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Climate change is any substantial change in Earths climate that lasts for an extended period of time. Global warming refers to climate change that causes an increase in the average temperature of the lower atmosphere. Global warming can have many different causes, but it is most commonly associated with human interference, specifically the release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases. The Earth's average temperature rose about 0.6 Celsius (1.1 Fahrenheit) in the 20th century, see temperature graphs below

Main effects of global warming

There are two major effects of global warming: Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3 to 5 C (5.4 to 9 Fahrenheit) by the year 2100. Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100.

Environmental Changes
Environment of earth includes the whole of atmosphere, hydrosphere as related to biosphere. Therefore, environment includes nature, composition of air, characters of hydrological parameters, sunshine, air pressure, temperature, water resources - their storage and flow and all other physical parameters of earth and its atmosphere. In a broader time of scale of millions of years, many changes in these environmental parameters could be expected to have changed. But, in a start cycle 100-200 years, following changes in environment can be noticed. Change in rainfall pattern - including the time and extent of rainfall in different parts of world. Change in temperature within say 10-20 km height from earth's surface. Changes in composition of air. Changes in water resources. Changes in quality / quantity of sunshine falling on earth.

All these changes could be attributed to many natural reasons as well as man-made reasons causing two major processes called Green house effect Depletion of ozone layer around earth.

Cause and Reason of Greenhouse Effect

The atmosphere of earth protects us from a number of things, including extreme cold. It acts like a woolen coat, which helps the world keep warm and above the freezing point. The heat from sun passes through the atmosphere before reaching the interiors of the earth. Some of this heat is trapped by the atmosphere, while the rest escapes into space. Greenhouse effect is the case in which the atmosphere traps more of the heat than what it normally does. The result of this effect is increase in the temperatures on earth. If you want to know what the reasons for the greenhouse effect are, go through the following lines.

The main reason for greenhouse effect is the emission of gases like nitrous-oxide, carbon-di-oxide, methane, ozone and water vapor. The causes of these emissions have been listed below.

Figure: The greenhouse effect.

Deforestation

One of the major reasons for the greenhouse effect is deforestation. With the increase in population, more and more forests are being cut to provide accommodation and other amenities to people. This has led to an increase in the amount of carbon di-oxide in the atmosphere. Add to this, burning of forests, for the purpose of deforestation, and we know why the carbon di-oxide has increased to such enormous levels.

Burning of Fossil Fuels

We all know that burning of fossil fuels, like petroleum and oil, wood and gas results in release of pollutants into the atmosphere. With time, the consumption of fossil fuels, be it for industrial purposes or consumer purposes, has increased and with it, the pollution levels in the world. Electrical Appliances

Electrical appliances are amongst the major contributors to the green house effect. Refrigerators, air conditions or some other electric appliances emit gases, known as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have added to the greenhouse effect. Industries

Most of the industries today add to the pollution levels and in turn, lead to the greenhouse effect. Aerosol cans, some foaming agents used in the packaging industry, fire extinguisher chemicals and cleaners used in the electronic industry contribute to this. Even some processes of the cement manufacturing industries can be counted amongst the culprits.

Automobiles

Automobiles, whether they run on petrol or diesel, create pollution and release harmful gases into the atmosphere. These gases, in turn, create the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere. The forever-increasing use of automobiles has only added to the problem.

Population Growth The high rate of population growth has been indirectly responsible for the greenhouse effect. With the increase in the number of people, the need for things like accommodation, clothes, cars, ACs, etc has increased. The result is more industries, more cars, more deforestation, and so on. The ultimate consequence is greenhouse effect

Greenhouse Gases
Carbon dioxide ( ) is one of the greenhouse gases. It consists of one carbon atom with an oxygen

atom bonded to each side. When its atoms are bonded tightly together, the carbon dioxide molecule can absorb infrared radiation and the molecule starts to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating molecule will emit the radiation again, and it will likely be absorbed by yet another greenhouse gas molecule. This absorption-emission-absorption cycle serves to keep the heat near the surface, effectively insulating the surface from the cold of space.

o o o o

Carbon dioxide, Water vapor ( Methane ( ), ), ),

Nitrous oxide (

Real Climate ranks by their contribution to the greenhouse effect Water vapor, which contributes 3670% Carbon dioxide, which contributes 926% Methane, which contributes 49% Ozone, which contributes 37%

And a few other gases are greenhouse gases. They all are molecules composed of more than two component atoms, bound loosely enough together to be able to vibrate with the absorption of heat. The major components of the atmosphere ( and ) are two-atom molecules too tightly bound together to vibrate and thus they do not absorb heat and contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Advantages of Greenhouse Effect

The presence of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere produces the greenhouse effect, which keeps the atmosphere warm. The warm atmosphere is very essential for the survival of life on Earth in the following ways: Precipitation of water, formation of clouds, rainfall etc. life in the biosphere depend on these resources. The warm atmosphere helps in the growth of vegetation and forest etc. These are sources of food, shelter etc.

This effect helps in rapid bio-degradation of dead plants and animals.

Humans Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect

while the greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life on Earth, there really can be too much of a good thing. The problems begin when human activities distort and accelerate the natural process by creating more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than are necessary to warm the planet to an ideal temperature.

Burning natural gas, coal and oil including gasoline for automobile enginesraises the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere . Some farming practices and land-use changes increase the levels of methane and nitrous oxide. Many factories produce long-lasting industrial gases that do not occur naturally, yet contribute significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming that is currently under way. Deforestation also contributes to global warming. Trees use carbon dioxide and give off oxygen in its place, which helps to create the optimal balance of gases in the atmosphere. As more forests are logged for timber or cut down to make way for farming, however, there are fewer trees to perform this critical function.

Population growth is another factor in global warming, because as more people use fossil fuels for heat, transportation and manufacturing the level of greenhouse gases continues to increase. As more farming occurs to feed millions of new people, more greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere.

Ultimately, more greenhouse gases means more infrared radiation trapped and held, which gradually increases the temperature of the Earths surface and the air in the lower atmosphere.

Impact of Green House Effect

Change in the composition of air due to several human activities has brought about green house effect. Green house effect has brought about following phenomenal changes. The severity of these changes will aggravate further in the next 10-20 years. By 2040, CO2 level in air is expected to reach a level of 450 ppm (0.04%).

Increase in mean air temperature during various parts of year is to the tune of 0.8oC to 1.02oC as compared to their normal temperature.

Increase in sea level is observed in some parts of world due to excess heating of air - which has caused large scale melting of ice covers.

Change in the rainfall patterns due to variations in the convectional current (both in time and direction) caused by difference in heating pattern of earth's air.

Change/shifts in seasons and seasonal characters through out the globe. These may even include shifts in classification of earth into temperate, subtropical and tropical climates.

Major changes in water resources of world due to disturbances in hydrological cycles.

Heavy rainfall tracts are gradually converted into low rainfall tracts, many humid areas being transformed into arid areas, ground water depletion is high and recharging is very low etc.

Shifts in disease/pest cycles of plants and animals. Many insignificant pests / diseases are attaining major proportions because composition of microbial population is affected by shift in temperature and hydrological cycles.

Reduced agricultural productivity and food shortage.

Increased water shortage throughout the globe

Desertification Shifting weather patterns mean some areas receive less rainfall; the ground becomes barren and unable to sustain crops. In many parts of the world the layer of topsoil is both very thin and very poor. The dry, dusty soil is readily blown away and the area becomes desert. African and Asian countries are particularly hard hit.

Agricultural Impact For the reasons mentioned above there will be a major impact on agriculture. Rising sea levels will result in the loss of large areas of agricultural land, the consequences of which will be population migration, famine and / or the need to import food from elsewhere. Again, it will be the African and Asian countries that are hardest hit with crop production falling by up to a third.

Rising Sea Levels Sea levels are rising faster now than at any time since the melting of the glaciers that marked the end of the last ice age. As the glaciers melted sea levels rose by some 120 meters (400 feet) but for the last few thousand years sea levels have been almost constant rising only 10 centimeters (4 inches) per thousand years.

Over the past 100 years, sea level has increases by 18 cm. Inter government a panel in climate change has suggested that sea level would rise upto 90cm by 2100. Testimonies to effects of sea level rise. If the sea level rises by 80-90 cm,

Since the onset of global warming the seas have risen much faster. A hundred years ago they were rising by 1mm a year, today they are rising by 3mm a year and indications are that they will rise much quicker in the future. Sea levels are rising 30 times faster now than they were before industrialization and the onset of global warming.

Population Migration For the reasons of Sea levels are rising faster, large numbers of people are going to find it increasingly difficult to remain in their present locations and in many cases it will be impossible. In Bangladesh some 13 million people will be forced to move if the sea level rises by just one meter and in the US tens of millions will be affected particularly along the north east coast, Florida, Louisiana and California. Globally it is expected that hundreds of millions of people will need to relocate or emigrate.

Melting Of Ice Caps The Arctic ice cap is floating; if it were to melt entirely there would be no change in sea levels. However, Antarctica is a continent, a land mass, it isnt floating and any melting here adds to the sea level as does melting of ice sheets and glaciers in places such as Greenland. The edges of the Antarctic Ice Sheet are breaking off and collapsing into the sea. One of the biggest breaks occurred in 2002 when the Larsen B Ice Shelf broke off. This huge mass of ice covered 3250 square kilometers and weighed half a trillion tons.

 Effects on Weather An increase in the amount of precipitation. Although rainfall overall will increase there are some parts of the world that are already receiving less rainfall and this trend is likely to continue. Hurricanes and storms will become more frequent, widespread and severe, in the last 30 years the proportion of category 4 and 5 hurricanes has almost doubled. Once exclusively confined to the northern hemisphere there have recently been hurricanes in the southern hemisphere, most notably in Brazil

Increase in Air temperature Increase in air temperature - popularly called as global warming - refers to mean temperature of entire globe averaged over all months and all places. Hence, the change in temperature at a place, in a particular month, may or may not match closely with change in temperature of globe. An increase in air temperature of this magnitude is not substantial enough to result in any changes as per the microclimatic experience. Because, over months, variations of temperature occur from 10o to 35oC. Between places the variation of mean annual temperature or seasonal temperature vary from 11-20oC. In this background most people may conclude that a change in air temperature to the tune of 0.88 to 1.02oC is not significant. Health and Disease Global warming will be both beneficial and detrimental to people's health. There will be fewer deaths from cold related conditions but more deaths from heat related conditions. Globally there are more heat related deaths than cold related deaths so the net impact will be a loss of life. Warmer temperatures lead to an increase in air and water pollution thus increasing the risk to humans from infection and respiratory conditions such as asthma. Warmer temperatures are conducive to the breeding and spread of rats, mice, other rodents, ticks, mosquitoes and other vectors for disease. This will lead to an increase in the number of people affected and an expansion into previously unaffected areas.

 Water Scarcity Rising sea levels lead to the contamination of groundwater rendering it undrinkable whilst at the same time higher temperatures lead to greater evaporation of fresh water from reservoirs. This will impact on the human population as well as plants, animals and agriculture. Higher temperatures and changing climate patterns mean that some areas will receive less rainfall, in other areas when the rain does fall it is likely to do so on hard, sun-baked ground which is unable to absorb it. Instead of replenishing groundwater supplies the water will run off causing flash flooding and a lowering of the water table. Economy Increased adverse weather in itself could cost 1% of the worldwide GDP and a temperature rise of 2 or 3C would reduce global economic output by 3%. In percentage terms these arent very big numbers but in terms of dollars the cost runs into trillions. Insurance premiums are rising in line with the increased number of claims. The Association of British Insurers notes a 100% rise in weather related claims in recent years and states that climate change is already seriously impacting on the insurance industry. Other Effects Some of the other impacts of global warming include:

Arctic warming, Increased power outages, Marine food chain disruption, Changes to bird migration patterns, More wildfires, Erosion, Desertification, Disappearing beaches, Damage to tundra regions, Impact on ozone layer, Insect infestation, Threat to boreal forests,

Coastal erosion, Threat to mountain environments, Loss of wetland and marshland habitats, Decline in bird population, Thawing of permafrost, Increased acidity of oceans, Release of further greenhouse gases, Increased allergens (asthma etc), Coral destruction and bleaching,

Prevention of greenhouse Effect

We can reduce from greenhouse effect if we control t our greenhouse gas. They have some way to control our environment from greenhouse effect such as. Increase awareness of people Improve tree plantation program Controlling use of gas Reduce use of (CFC) Reduce use of(CO2)

Conclusion and Recommendation

After completing this assignment I can say that the enhancement of this effect. By increasing greenhouse gases associated with man-made activities is the reason for concern about climate change. The greenhouse effect occurs because the atmosphere is relatively transparent to the wavelengths of solar radiation, while it absorbs infrared radiation. . Carbon-dioxide is the main factor to cases of green house effect. For reducing carbon-dioxide in the earth, we have to increase forestry as well as have to concern about the global warming. For protecting our world all over the world has to work to together as like a motto together we save our world