DIRECT SHEAR TEST

GROUP 7/SEKSYEN 3

Figure 1 : Direct Shear Machine

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To determine the parameter of shear strength of soil, cohesion, c and angle of friction,

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment, students are able to: Determine the shear strength parameter of the soil Handle shear strength test, direct shear test

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3.0 THEORY The general relationship between maximum shearing resistance, f and normal stress, n for soils can be represented by the equation and known as Coulombs Law:

f c tan
where: c = cohesion, which is due to internal forces holding soil particles together in a solid mass = friction, which is due to the interlocking of the particles and the friction between them when subjected to normal stress

The friction components increase with increasing normal stress but the cohesion components remains constant. If there is no normal stress the friction disappears. This relationship shown in the graph below. This graph generally approximates to a straight line, its inclination to the horizontal axis being equal to the angle of shearing resistance of the soil, and its intercept on the vertical (shear stress) axis being the apparent cohesion, denoted by c.

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4.0 TEST EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS

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Figure 3 : Shear box carriage

Figure 4: Loading pad

Figure 5 : Perforated plate, Porous plate, Retaining plate and vernier caliper

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5.0 PROCEDURES

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1. Verify internal measurement using vernier calipers. The length of the sides, L and the overall depth, B.

2. Fix base plate inside the shear box. Then put porous plate on the base plate. Fit perforated grid plate over porous so that the grid plates should be at right angles to the direction shear.

3. Fix two halves of the shear box by means of fixing screws 4. For cohesive soils, transfer the soil sample from square specimen cutter to the shearbox by pressing down on the top grid plate. For sandy soil, compact soil in layers to the required density in shear box 5. Mount the shear box assembly on the loading frame.

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6. Set the dial of the proving ring to zero

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7. Place the loading yoke on the loading pad and carefully lift the hanger onto the top of the loading yoke. 8. Apply the correct loading to the hanger pad.

9. Carefully remove the screws clamping the upper half to the lower half 10. Conduct the test by applying horizontal shear load to failure. Rate strain should be 0.2mm/min 11. Record readings of horizontal and force dial gauges at regular intervals.

12. Conduct test on three identical soil samples under different vertical compressive strsses, 1.75kg, 2.5kg and 3.2kg

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6.0 RESULT

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Result Sample 1 Loading : 1.75 kg

Displacement Dail Gauge 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 L (mm) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Proving Ring Dail Gauge 101 209 308 377 423 448 467 472 Load, P (kN) 0.8838 1.8288 2.6950 3.2988 3.7013 3.9200 4.0863 4.1300

Shear Stress, (kN/mm2)

Strain, (kN/mm2)

24.55 50.80 74.86 91.63 102.81 108.89 113.51 114.72

0.0017 0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0083 0.0100 0.0117 0.0133

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Result Sample 2 Loading : 2.5 kg Displacement Dail Gauge 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 L (mm) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Proving Ring Dail Gauge 77 97 140 197 261 323 366 408 440 457 Load, P (kN) 0.6738 0.8488 1.2250 1.7238 2.2838 2.8263 3.2025 3.5700 3.8500 3.9988 18.72 23.58 34.03 47.88 63.44 78.51 88.96 99.17 106.94 111.08 0.0017 0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0083 0.0100 0.0117 0.0133 0.0150 0.0167 Shear Stress, (kN/mm2) Strain, (kN/mm2)

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Result Sample 3 Loading : 3.25 kg

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Displacement Dail Gauge 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 L (mm) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Proving Ring Dail Gauge 54 84 111 151 188 222 245 270 288 300 307 Load, P (kN) 0.4725 0.7350 0.9713 1.3213 1.6450 1.9425 2.1438 2.3625 2.5200 2.6250 2.6863

Shear Stress, (kN/mm2)

Strain, (kN/mm2)

13.13 20.42 26.98 36.70 45.69 53.96 59.55 65.63 70.00 72.92 74.62

0.0017 0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0083 0.0100 0.0117 0.0133 0.0150 0.0167 0.0183

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Data Analysis and Calculation 1. Shear stress ( 50mm dial gauge reading )

= P/A = [(Dial gauge x 0.00875) / Area]

2. Strain ( 50mm dial gauge reading )

= [ ( Dail Gauge x 0.002) / Total Length ]

The example calculation to find shear stress and strain a) Specimen 1 Proving Ring Dial gauge reading Area = = 50 0.06 x 0.06 = 0.0036 m2

Shear stress, Load = =

{101 X 0.00875}/(0.06

X 0.06)

24.55 kN/ m2

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Displacement Dial gauge Length = = 50 60mm

Strain, = = (50 x 0.002) / 60 0.0017

b) Specimen 2 Dial gauge reading Area = = 77 0.06 x 0.06 = 0.0036 m2

Shear stress, Load = Displacement Dial gauge Length = = 50 60mm =

{77 X 0.00875}/(0.06

X 0.06)

18.72kN/m2

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Strain, = = (50 x 0.002) / 60 0.0017

c) Specimen 3 Dial gauge reading Area Shear stress Load = =

{54 X 0.00875}/(0.06

= =

54 0.06 x 0.06 = 0.0036 m2

X 0.06)

13.13 kN/ m2

Displacement Dial gauge Length = = 50 60mm

Strain, = = (50 x 0.002) / 60 0.0017

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Normal stress

1. Load = 1.75 kg P = 1.75 x 9.81 / 1000 = 0.0172 kN Normal stress = P/A = 0.0172 / 0.0036 = 4.78 kN/ m2

2. Load = 2.5 kg P = 2.5 x 9.81 /1000 = 0.0245 kN Normal stress = P/A = 0.0245 / 0.0036 = 6.81 kN/ m2

3. Load = 3.2kg P = 3.2 x 9.81 /1000 = 0.0314 kN Normal stress = P/A = 0.0314 / 0.0036 = 8.72 kN/ m2

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Shear strength

From graph, C = 0.33 = 20

f = c + tan 20

1. = 4.78 kN/m2 f = 0.005+ 4.78 tan 27 = 2.44 kN/m2

2. = 6.81 kN/m2 f = 0.005 + 6.81 tan 27 = 3.47 kN/m2

3. = 8.72 kN/m2 f = 0.005 + 8.72 tan 27 = 4.45kN/m2

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The graph of Shear stress () versus Strain () for specimen 1

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140 120 shear stress(kn/mm2) 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 strain,(kn/mm2) Shear Stress, (kN/mm2) Strain, (kN/mm2)

The graph of Shear stress () versus Strain () for specimen 2

0.018 0.016 shear stress(kn/mm2) 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 0 50 100 150 strain(kn/mm2) Strain, (kN/mm2)

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The graph of Shear stress () versus Strain () for specimen 3

0.02 0.018 shear stress (kn/mm2) 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0 0 20 40 strain(kn/mm2) 60 80 Strain, (kN/mm2)

The graph of Shear stress () versus normal stress ()

0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

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7.0 DISCUSSION

The experiment of the Direct Shear Stress is to determine the parameter of the shear strength of soil, to find the value of cohesion and also to find the angle of friction. By plotting the graph, which is the graph of shear stress versus strain, we can find for these values. (Refer to the graph)

Erratum often occurs while taking the readings of the data. As it happens, because the dial gauges have some technical problem So, the readings that we took may have differed from what we were supposed to have taken. Another reason is, it may also happen when the equipments were not fixed in properly enough hence the data obtained as the result may slightly run from the one that we were supposed to obtain. The equipment we used were not cleaned properly before it was used to undergo the experiment. Old particles of sand and soil from previous experiments were still stuck onto the bottom of some of the plates hence the result of the experiment may be affected a little by this incident

8.0 CONCLUSIOIN

As a conclusion, we can know that the objective of the experiment is to determine the parameter of shear strength of soil, cohesion and angle of friction was achieved. From the experiment that we have done, the value of cohesion, c is 0.005kN/m2 and the value of friction of angle is 27.

The direct shear test can be used to measure the effective stress parameters of any type of soil as long as the pore pressure induced by the normal force and the shear force can dissipate with time. For the experiment we use the clean sands as a sample, so there is no

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GROUP 7/SEKSYEN 3

problem as the pore pressure dissipates readily. However, in the case of highly plastic clays, it is merely necessary to have a suitable strain rate so that the pore pressure can dissipate with time.

Direct shear tests can be performed under several conditions. The sample is normally saturated before the test is run. The test can be run at the in-situ moisture content. Before we find the value of cohesion and friction angle, we must plot the graph from the data that we get from the experiment. The results of the tests on each specimen are plotted on a graph with the peak (or residual) stress on the x-axis and the confining stress on the y-axis. The y-intercept of the curve which fits the test results is the cohesion, and the slope of the line or curve is the friction angle. 9.0 QUESTIONS 1

a. Why perforated plate in this test with teeth?

The perforated plate in this test with teeth because by the teeth, the experiment can be produce a grip forces between the involved plate and the sand and can assists in distributing the shear stress. Perforated

Perforated

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b. What maximum value of displacement before stop the test? The maximum value of displacement before stop the test is when the values from dial gauge are constant at least three times continuously or no more increase data and also when the incline value suddenly dropped so we stop the test.

Question 2

a. What is the purpose of a direct shear test? Which soil properties does it measure? A direct shear test is a laboratory test used by geotechnical engineers to find the shear strength parameters of soil. The direct shear test measures the shear strength parameters which are the soil cohesion (c) and the angle of friction (). The results of the test are plotted on a graph with the peak stress on the x- axis and the confining stress on the y- axis. The y- intercept of the curve which fits the test results is the cohesion and the slope of the line or curve is the friction angle.

b) Why do we use fixing screw in this test? What happen if you do not removed them during test? We use fixing screw in this direct shear test because in order to avoid shear for happening before the experiment is carried out. If we do not remove them during the test, they will be no friction and the there will be no shear on the sample and thus the result will be not accurate.

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REFERENCE

GROUP 7/SEKSYEN 3

BOOK NAME AUTHOR PUBLISHER

: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, SOIL MECHANICS : JOHN N. CERNICA : JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC

BOOK NAME AUTHOR PUBLISHER

: FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING, FOURTH EDITION : BRAJA M.DAS : GLOBAL ENGINEERING: CHRISTOPHER M.SHORTT

BOOK NAME AUTHOR TRANSLATOR

: MEKANIK TANAH EDISI KE EMPART : R.F. CRAIG : AMINATON MARTO FATIMAH MOHD NOOR FAUZIAH KASIM

PUBLISHER

: UTM

BOOK NAME AUTHOR PUBLISHER

: BASIC SOIL MECHANICS : ROY WHITLOW : PRENTICE HALL

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