Calculus 081

Unit 2

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS AND SUBSTITUTIONS This unit corresponds to Sections 7.2 and 7.3 of Stewarts textbook.
Copyright c 2002 by the Department of Mathematics, University of Western Ontario.

A wide variety of trigonometric integrals arise in practice. In this unit, we apply substitution and integration by parts to a few typical examples of such integrals. We also consider useful substitutions that transform certain common integrals containing the expression a2 x2 into trigonometric integrals. Here, it is important to remember the basic trigonometric identities. Examples of trigonometric integrals. (1) First let us note that the identities
1 sin2 x = 2 (1 cos 2x), 1 cos2 x = 2 (1 + cos 2x),

give
1 sin2 xdx = 2 x 1 sin 2x + C, 4

cos2 xdx = 1 x + 1 sin 2x + C. 2 4

(2) Let us compute sin3 xdx. The trick is to split o sin x and express the rest in terms of cos x: sin3 xdx = sin x sin2 xdx = sin x(1 cos2 x)dx.

Now we use the substitution u = cos x, du = sin xdx: sin3 xdx = sin x(1 cos2 x)dx = (1 u2 )du

= 1 u3 u + C = 1 cos3 x cos x + C. 3 3 (3) The integral sin6 x cos3 xdx is treated similarly: cos x is raised to an odd power, so we split o cos x and express the rest in terms of sin x: sin6 x cos3 xdx = sin6 x cos2 x cos xdx = sin6 x(1 sin2 x) cos xdx.
1 7

You should now apply the substitution u = sin x. (The answer is 1 sin9 x + C.) 9 1

sin7 x

(4) The strategy used in Examples 2 and 3 doesnt work for the integral sin2 x cos2 xdx because both sin x and cos x are raised to an even power. Instead, we use double-angle identities (see Example 1) to go from powers to multiple angles. We get
1 sin2 x cos2 x = 1 (1cos 2x)(1+cos 2x) = 4 (1cos2 2x) = 1 (1 1 (1+cos 4x)), 4 4 2

so sin2 x cos2 xdx =

1 8

(1 cos 4x)dx = 1 x 8

1 32

sin 4x + C.

(5) We have just considered integrals of products of powers of sine and cosine. A similar approach applies to products of powers of tangent and secant, due to the identities tan = sec2 , Consider for instance sec = sec tan, sec2 tan2 = 1.

tan5 xdx. Splitting o tan x, we get

tan5 = tan tan4 = tan(sec2 1)2 = tan sec4 2 tan sec2 + tan . Each of these three terms can be integrated by substitution. For tan sec4 = (tan sec) sec3 , we take u = sec x, du = tan x sec xdx. For tan sec2 , we take u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx. Finally, for tan = sin / cos, we take u = cos x, du = sin xdx. We leave it to you to complete the calculation. (The answer is 1 sec4 x tan2 x + ln | sec x| + C.) 4 (6) For another example in a similar vein, consider tan2 x sec xdx. Integrating by parts, we get tan2 sec = sec tan tan = sec tan
f g f g

sec sec2 = sec tan

sec3 .

Expressing tan2 in terms of sec, we get tan2 sec = (sec2 1) sec = sec3 sec, so sec3 = tan2 sec + sec and tan2 sec = sec tan Hence, tan2 sec = 1 sec tan 1 2 2 2 sec . tan2 sec sec .

You should know that sec = ln | sec + tan | + C (or you can verify it by dierentiating the right hand side). Hence, tan2 x sec xdx = 1 sec x tan x 1 ln | sec x + tan x| + C. 2 2 (7) Finally, suppose we want to integrate sin 3x cos x. Recalling the formula 1 sin A cos B = 2 sin(A B) + sin(A + B) , we obtain
1 sin 3x cos x = 2 (sin 2x + sin 4x),

and the antiderivative of the right hand side is easily seen to be 1 cos 2x 4 1 cos 4x + C. 8 Trigonometric substitutions. To integrate expressions involving a2 x2 , where a > 0, it is often useful to set x = a sin with /2 /2. This is called inverse substitution. Then a2 x2 = a2 a2 sin2 = a 1 sin2 = a cos , dx = a cos d, and = sin1 (x/a). Example. Let us integrate 1 x2 . Setting x = sin , so dx = cos d and = sin1 x, and using the double-angle formula for cosine, we get 1 x2 dx = 1 sin2 cos d = cos2 d =
1 2

(cos 2 + 1)d

1 = 2 ( 1 sin 2 + ) + C = 1 sin cos + 1 + C 2 2 2 1 2 + 1 sin1 x + C. = 2x 1 x 2

Note that this is not always the best way to integrate expressions involving a2 x2 : to integrate x 1 x2 , for instance, we simply use the substitution u = 1 x2 ! To integrate expressions involving a2 + x2 , where a > 0, it often helps to set x = a tan with /2 < < /2, and use the formula 1+tan2 = sec2 , which gives a2 + x2 = a sec . 3

Also, dx = a sec2 d and = tan1 (x/a). dt . We start by completing the Example. Let us calculate 2 6t + 13 t square: t2 6t + 13 = (t 3)2 + 4. The substitution x = t 3 with dx = dt gives dx dt = . 2 6t + 13 t x2 + 4 Now we set x = 2 tan , so dx = 2 sec2 d, and dx = x2 + 4 2 sec2 d = 2 sec sec d = ln | sec + tan | + C.

To back-substitute, we use the identities tan = x/2 = (t 3)/2 and sec = 1 + tan2 = 1 + x2 /4 = 1 t2 6t + 13. 2 We get t2 dt = ln | sec + tan | + C 6t + 13 1 = ln | 1 (t 3) + 2 t2 6t + 13| + C 2 = ln |t 3 + t2 6t + 13| + C

1 (where the third C is the second C plus ln 2 ). Finally, let us consider integrals containing x2 a2 , where a > 0. Here it is often useful to set x = a sec , where either 0 < /2 so x a, or < 3/2 so x a. The formula sec2 1 = tan2 gives x2 a2 = a tan .

Also, dx = a sec tan d and = sec1 (x/a). (The inverse secant sec1 is dened for |x| 1 and has range [0, /2) [, 3/2).) Example. Let us integrate x2 9/x. Setting x = 3 sec , we get dx = 3 sec tan d and x2 9 3 tan dx = 3 sec tan d = 3 tan2 d = 3 (sec2 1)d x 3 sec x = 3 tan 3 + C = x2 9 3 sec1 + C. 3 4