ME353

HEATTRANSFER1

LectureNotes

Prof.MetinRenksizbulut
MechanicalEngineering
Fouriers Law
and the
Heat Equation
Chapter Two
1
Arate equation that allows determination of the conduction heat flux
from knowledge of the temperature distribution in a medium
Fouriers Law
Its most general (vector) form for multidimensional conduction is:
q k T

'' = V
Implications:
Heat transfer is in the direction of decreasing temperature
(basis for minus sign).
Direction of heat transfer is perpendicular to lines of constant
temperature (isotherms).
Heat flux vector may be resolved into orthogonal components.
Fouriers Law serves to define the thermal conductivity of the
medium / k q T

| |
'' V
|
\ .
2
Phenomenological Law
Heat Flux Components
T T T
q k i k j k k
r r z |

c c c
'' =
c c c
r
q''
q
|
''
z
q''
Cylindrical Coordinates:
( ) , , T r z |
sin
T T T
q k i k j k k
r r r u u |

c c c
'' =
c c c
r
q'' q
u
''
q
|
''
Spherical Coordinates: ( ) , , T r | u
Cartesian Coordinates: ( ) , , T x y z
T T T
q k i k j k k
x y z

c c c
'' =
c c c
x
q''
y
q''
z
q''
3
4
The Heat Equation
Adifferential equation whose solution provides the temperature distribution in a
stationary medium.
Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume
through which energy transfer is exclusively by conduction.
Cartesian Coordinates:
Net transfer of thermal energy into the
control volume (inflow-outflow)
p
T T T T
k k k q c
x x y y z z t

| | c c c c c c c
| | | |
+ + + =
| | |
c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
\ .

Thermal energy
generation
Change in thermal
energy storage
5

THE CONDUCTION EQUATION
Energy balance:
Inflow - Outflow + Generation = Accumulation
6
7
One-Dimensional Conduction in a Planar Medium with Constant Properties
and No Generation
2
2
1 T T
t
x
o
c c
=
c
c
2
thermal diffusivit of the medium m y /s
p
k
c
o

(


p
T T
k c
x x t

c c c
| |
=
|
c c c
\ .
becomes
8
Heat Equation (Radial Systems)
2
1 1
p
T T T T
kr k k q c
r r r z z t
r

| |
| | c c c c c c c
| | | |
+ + + =
| | |
c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
\ .

Spherical Coordinates:
Cylindrical Coordinates:
2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
sin
sin sin
p
T T T T
kr k k q c
r r t
r r r
u
| | u u
u u
| | c c c c c c c
| | | |
+ + + =
| | |
c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
\ .

9
10

THERMALCONDUCTIVITY

11
12
Boundary and Initial Conditions
For transient conduction, heat equation is first order in time, requiring
specification of an initial temperature distribution: ( ) ( )
0
0
t=
T x,t =T x,
Since heat equation is second order in space, two boundary conditions
must be specified. Some common cases:
Constant Surface Temperature:
( ) 0
s
T ,t =T
Constant Heat Flux:
0 x= s
T
-k | = q
x
c
''
c
Applied Flux Insulated Surface
0
0
x=
T
| =
x
c
c
Convection:
( )
0
0
x=
T
-k | = h T - T ,t
x

c
(

c
13
14
Note that the temperature profile
varies with time but the surface
temperature remains constant.
Note that the surface temperature varies with time.
15
Problem: Thermal Response of Plane Wall
Problem 2.57 Thermal response of a plane wall to convection heat transfer.
KNOWN: Plane wall, initially at a uniform temperature, is suddenly exposed to convective heating.
FIND: (a) Differential equation and initial and boundary conditions which may be used to find the
temperature distribution, T(x,t); (b) Sketch T(x,t) for the following conditions: initial (t s 0), steady-
state (t ), and two intermediate times; (c) Sketch heat fluxes as a function of time at the two
surfaces; (d) Expression for total energy transferred to wall
16
Problem: Thermal Response (cont).
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) No internal
heat generation.
ANALYSIS: (a) For one-dimensional conduction with constant properties, the heat equation has the
form,
2
2
T 1 T
=
a t
x
c c
c
c
( )
0
Initial: 0 0 uniform temperature
Boundaries: 0 0 adiabatic surface
i
t T x, =T
x = T / x =
x = L
<
c c
( ) surface convection
L
- k T / x =h T L,t - T

c c (

and the
conditions are:
Note that the gradient at x = 0 is always zero, since this boundary is adiabatic. Note also that the
gradient at x = L decreases with time.
<
<
17

Important:
In an exam, you will be asked to derive these from first principles
by applying an energy balance to an appropriate CV.
conv
0
in s
E = q A dt

''
}
d) The total energy transferred to the wall may be expressed as
( ) ( )
in s
0
E = hA T - T L,t dt

}
18
= ?
19
20