International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND 6340(Print),

, ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), pp. 653-664 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.8071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJMET
IAEME

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SINGLE CYLINDER, FOUR STROKE, DIESEL ENGINE, USING DIESEL, BLENDED WITH MAIZE OIL
A. P. PATIL1, H.M.DANGE2 P. V. P. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Budhgaon, (Sangli),Tal: Miraj, Dist: Sangli,Pin: 416304 (M.S.) INDIA E. mail:- ashustdm@gmail.com
ABSTRACT

Alternative fuels have become a hot topic in the news as the cost of oil remains volatile, question of whether acquiring alternative fuels are worth the cost, logistics, and political implications are being asked. By using the maize oil in the I.C. engine, we can reduce the demand of the diesel and help the economy. Only a few investigators paid attention on blends of diesel and vegetables oils. Hence the present engine with maize oil and diesel blends is made.
Key-Words: - Bio fuels, maize oil fuel , A/F ratio , Break power, Break specific fuel consumption. INTRODUCTION Diesel engines have been in use since the late 18th century. The first diesel engine was developed to run on a peanut oil .Once the technology becomes widely known in the 1900's, the abundance and low cost of fossil fuels, caused a paradigm shift away from vegetable based fuels. At the turn of current century, the same paradigm was beginning to shift back, due to rising fuel costs, the environmental impact and an abundance of waste feedstock available. In India, most of the heavy transportation plants, agricultural plants and power generation plants are powered by diesel engines. Thus there is a demand to find alternative fuels for diesel engines. It is thus very essential to make all possible efforts to search for alternative fuel oils. A number of renewable energy sources, have been considered to achieve the above objectives. Some of them are Biogas, Alcohol, Hydrogen and vegetable oils. Particularly in tropical countries like India, oil seeds are produced by cultivation. Therefore vegetable oils are more dependable, sources of energy. In the present conditions, even though the use of diesel is less expensive in engine in course of time, the natural sources will be exhausted and hence its price is bound to increased, then it would be appropriate to use vegetable oils as fuel oils. If vegetable oils are used as fuel oil, there is wide scope for, huge production of oil

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
seeds. Hence cost of vegetable oil automatically will come down. In the present work, a study of the performance of C.I. Engines with maize oil and diesel blends, as fuels are made. The most serious drawbacks for vegetable oils, however is, its very high viscosity, thus making is very difficult to inject into the cylinder and higher carbon residue, which makes, exhaust smoker than diesel oil. In this paper, To study the performance characteristics, the experimental setup consists of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine, coupled to eddy current dynamometer. To find out the performance

characteristics of 100%diesel, 80%diesel-20% maize oil, 60%diesel-40% maize oil , 40% diesel-60% maize oil, 20%diesel-80% maize oil, 100% maize oil blend is taken. After the performance of the above blend following result and conclusion are drawn

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

FIG:-1 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

NOMENCLATURE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. N Speed (Rpm) W Load(Kg) 14. K 15. % 16. H 17. S 18. Jw 20. 21. @ 22. Cv 23. H 24. R Light Absorption Coefficient Opacity (Percentage of smoke) Mano. Deflection(Mm) Fuel Flow (Secs / 10ml.) Jacket Water Flow

Od Orifice Diameter (M) D Ld Cd T T1 Cylinder Diameter (M) Dynamometer Arm length

Ls Stroke(M) Coeff Of Discharge For orifice Ambient Temperature (DegC) Water In Temp. (Deg C) Water Out Temp. (Deg C)

19. Cw Calorimeter Water Flow Fuel Density(Kg/M3) Air Density(Kg/M3) Fuel Calorific Value (Kj/Kg) Specific Heat Of Exhaust(Kj/Kg0k) No. Of Rev./Cycle

10. T2

11. T3 Calorimeter Water Out DegC) 12. T4 Ex. Temp. Engine (Deg C)

13. T5 Ex.Temp. Calorimeter(Deg C)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

RESULT AND GRAPHS

Table 1:- 100% Diesel
BP (kW) 0.00 1.17 2.32 3.46 4.56 5.61 BMEP (BAR) 0.00 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90
6 5 Brake power (kW) 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 1.1 Brake power Vs Load graph

BSFC kg/kW h 0.00 0.48 0.33 0.28 0.26 0.26

BTh.e ff. (%) 0.00 16.42 24.27 28.55 30.15 30.93

Air flow (kg/h) 29.75 29.40 29.57 29.75 30.63 30.28

Fuel flow (kg/h) 0.39 0.56 0.76 0.96 1.20 1.44

Vol eff (%) 82.67 82.59 83.80 84.86 88.22 88.58

A/F Ratio 76.45 52.06 39.02 30.99 25.52 21.03

1.0 0.8 BSFC (kg/kWh) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 4 12 16 20 Load (kg) 1. 2 BSFC Vs Load graph 8 24

50 40 B.Th.Effi.(%) 30 20 10 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 1.3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Load 8

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

100 Volumetric Effn (%)

90

80 0 4 8 12 16 Load (kg) 20 24

1.4 Volumetric Effn. Vs Load graph

37 36 35
Opacity (%)

34 33 32 31 30 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Load (kg) 1.5 Opacity Vs Load graph

Table 2 :- 20%Maize oil and 80% Diesel

BP (kW) 0.00 1.16 2.31 3.45 4.55 5.60 BMEP (BAR) 0.00 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90
6 5 Brake power (kW) 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 2.1Brake power Vs Load graph

BSFC kg/kW h 0.00 0.50 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.26

BTh. eff. (%) 0.00 16.25 24.54 28.95 35.62 31.31

Air flow (kg/h) 29.75 29.75 29.04 28.67 28.49 27.93

Fuel flow (kg/h) 0.38 0.58 0.76 0.96 1.03 1.45

Vol eff (%) 83.21 84.03 82.54 81.82 82.22 81.86

A/F Ratio 79.15 51.40 38.12 29.72 27.56 19.30

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
1.0 0.8 BSFC (kg/kWh) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 4 8 12 16 Load (kg) 20 24

2.2 BSFC Vs Load graph 50 40 B.Th.Effi.(%) 30 20 10 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 2.3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Load 8

100 90 Volumetric Effn (%) 80 70 60 0 4 8 12 Load (kg) 16 20 24

2.4 Volumetric Effn. Vs Load graph

47 46 45
Opacity (%)

44 43 42 41 40 0 4 8
Load (kg)

12

16

20

24

2.5 Opacity. Vs Load graph

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME Table 3:- 40%Maize oil and 60% Diesel
BP (kW) 0.00 1.16 2.32 3.43 4.53 5.59 BMEP (BAR) 0.00 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90 BSFC kg/kWh 0.00 0.51 0.33 0.28 0.26 0.27
6 5 Brake power (kW) 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 3.1 Brake power Vs Load graph 8

BTh.eff. (%) 0.00 16.17 24.97 29.20 32.13 30.11

Air flow (kg/h) 29.75 29.75 29.22 28.67 27.93 27.16

Fuel flow (kg/h) 0.36 0.59 0.77 0.97 1.16 1.53

Vol eff (%) 83.37 83.97 82.84 82.31 80.98 79.83

A/F Ratio 82.85 50.12 38.17 29.57 24.00 17.74

1.0 0.8 BSFC (kg/kWh) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 4 12 16 20 Load (kg) 3.2 BSFC Vs Load graph 8 24

50 40 B.Th.Effi.(%) 30 20 10 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 3.3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Load 8

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
100 Volumetric Effn (%) 90 80 70 60 0 4 8 12 16 Load (kg) 20 24

3.4Volumetric Effn. Vs Load graph

59 58 57
Opacity(%)

56 55 54 53 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Load (kg) 3.5 Opacity Vs Load graph

Table 4:- 60% Maize oil and 40% Diesel

BP (kW) BMEP (BAR) BSFC kg/kW h 0.00 0.52 0.34 0.29 0.27 0.26 BTh.e ff. (%) 0.00 16.10 24.62 28.66 31.31 32.05 Air flow (kg/h) 30.10 29.57 29.22 28.11 27.16 26.57 Fuel flow (kg/h) 0.41 0.61 0.79 1.01 1.22 1.46 Vol eff (%) 84.19 83.41 83.05 80.72 78.76 78.43 A/F Ratio

0.00 1.16 2.31 3.43 4.53 5.57

0.00 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90

73.12 48.56 36.98 27.89 22.30 18.18

6 5 Brake power (kW) 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 4.1 Brake power Vs Load graph 8

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
1.0 0.8 BSFC (kg/kWh) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 4.2 BSFC Vs Load graph

50 40 B.Th.Effi.(%) 30 20 10 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 4.3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Load 8

100 Volumetric Effn (%) 90 80 70 60 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 4.4 Volumetric Effn. Vs Load graph 8

69 68 68 67 67 66 66 65 65 64 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 4.5Opacity Vs Load graph

Opacity (%)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME Table 5:- 80% Maize oil and 20% Diesel
BP (kW) BMEP (BAR) BSFC kg/kWh BTh.eff. (%) Air flow (kg/h) 30.63 29.75 29.04 28.30 27.55 26.77 Fuel flow (kg/h) 0.48 0.64 0.84 1.05 1.28 1.63 Vol eff (%) 84.56 83.81 82.38 81.20 79.51 78.79 A/F Ratio

0.00 1.17 2.32 3.44 4.55 5.58

0.00 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90

0.00 0.55 0.36 0.31 0.28 0.29

0.00 15.69 23.71 28.13 30.63 29.38

63.59 46.59 34.59 26.97 21.57 16.40

6 5 Brake power (kW) 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 5.1Brake power Vs Load graph

1.0 0.8 BSFC (kg/kWh) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 4 8 12 16 20 Load (kg) 5.2 BSFC Vs Load graph 24

50 40 B.Th.Effi.(%) 30 20 10 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 5.3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Load 8

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

100 Volumetric Effn (%) 90 80 70 60 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 5.4 Volumetric Effn. Vs Load graph 76 75 75 74 74 73 73 72 0 4 8 12 16 Load (kg) 20 24

Opacity (%)

5.5Opacity Vs Load graph

Table 6:- 100% Maize oil

BP (kW) 0.00 1.16 2.31 3.42 4.52 5.57 BMEP (BAR) 0.00 1.38 2.76 4.14 5.52 6.90 BSFC kg/kWh 0.00 0.53 0.36 0.31 0.30 0.29 BTh.eff. (%) 0.00 16.56 24.68 28.45 29.55 29.82 Air flow (kg/h) 29.57 29.57 29.04 28.49 28.11 29.04 Fuel flow (kg/h) 0.45 0.62 0.82 1.05 1.34 1.64 Vol eff (%) 82.77 83.69 82.70 82.11 81.75 85.58 A/F Ratio 66.12 48.09 35.41 27.02 20.95 17.70

6 5 Brake power (kW) 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 12 16 20 Load (kg) 6.1Brake power Vs Load graph 8 24

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME
1.0 0.8 BSFC (kg/kWh) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 4 12 16 20 Load (kg) 6.2 BSFC Vs Load graph 8 24

50 40 B.Th.Effi.(%) 30 20 10 0 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 6.3 Brake thermal efficiency Vs Load 8

100 Volumetric Effn (%)

90

80 0 4 12 16 20 24 Load (kg) 6.4Volumetric Effn. Vs Load graph 8

82 81 81 opACITY.(%) 80 80 79 79 0 4 12 16 Load (kg) 6.5 OpacityVs Load 8 20 24

CONCLUSIONS 1. Specific fuel consumption for maize oil is greater than diesel. For example, 100% diesel and 20 kg load Break specific fuel consumption is 0.26 kg/kwh. It is increase to 0.29 kg/ kwh for 100%maize and 20 kg load. 2. Brake thermal efficiency of engine using maize oil is far better comparing to diesel oil. For example, 100% diesel and 20 kg load Break thermal efficiency is 30.93%. It is decrease to 29.82%for 100%maize and 20 kg load. 3. Break Power is slightly decreased. For example, 100% diesel and 20 kg load BP is 5.61kw. It is decrease to5.57kw for 100%maize and 20 kg load.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME 4. Volumetric efficiency is slightly decreased. For example, 100% diesel and 20 kg load volumetric efficiency is 88.58%. It is decrease to 85.58%for 100%maize and 20 kg load. 5. Knocking of the I.C. Engine during its performance using Maize oil is much lesser than blends & diesel oil. 6. Hence finally we are concluding that the best and suitable alternating Fuel for I.C. Engines. Except its consumption and smoke characteristic. 7. It has higher smoke. Further 100% maize oil carbon residue emission also by 78%. 8. It is biodegradable. It has been found that its degradation rate is four times that of conventional diesel fuel. Practically it means that is case of a spill over and the cleanup would easier. 9.Air to fuel ratio also decreased. For example, 100% diesel and 20 kg load Air to fuel ratio is 21.03. It is decrease to 17.70 for 100%maize and 20 kg load. 10.Biodiesel also assist in the process of engine lubrication acting as solvent, it helps to loosen deposits from the inside of the engine that could have clogged the lubrication oil passages. On its own pure biodiesel does not leave any deposits. Thus it results in longer engine life. 11.It is also safer and non-toxic having higher flash point than conventional diesel oil, accidental fibers are less likely. Thus makes it easier to store and transfer. 12.Because of acting as solvent in diesel engine it loose deposits from engine and it may clog the fuel filter. REFERENCES [1].G. Venkata Subbaiah, K. Raja Gopal and Syed Altaf Hussain, The Effect Of Biodiesel And Bioethanol Blended Diesel Fuel On The Performance And Emission Characteristics Of A Direct Injection Diesel Engine'' Published by Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 1 (3): 211-221, 2010. [2].Charalampos Arapatsakos, Dimitrios Christoforidis, Anastasios Karkanis (2008), Soy Oil As Fuel In A Four Stroke Engine, Wseas Transactions On Environment And Development , Issue 10, Volume 4, October 2008. [3].Charalampos Arapatsakos, (2009), " Application Of Diesel - Ethanol Mixtures In Tractor Engine ", International Journal Of Energy And Environment, pp 77-84. [4]. Charalampos Arapatsakos, Dimitrios Christoforidis, Anastasios Karkanis (2008), Fuel Of Diesel-Olive Seed Oil Mixtures International Journal Of Energy, Issue 3, Vol. 2, pp 35-42. [5].Dutra, L. M., Teixeira, C. V., Colao, M. J., Alves, L. S. B.,Caldeira, A. B. (2009),Comparative Analysis Of Performance And Emissions Of An Engine Operating With Palm Oil Methyl And Ethyl Esters And Their Blends With Diesel, 20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, November 15-20, 2009, Gramado, RS, Brazil. [6].Charalampos Arapatsakos, Dimitrios Christoforidis, Georgios Sarantitis, Dimitrios Giannopoulos (2008), " The Exhaust Gas Emissions Quality When Used As Fuel Mixtures Of Diesel-Maize Oil", 2nd WSEAS/IASME International Conference On Renewable Energy Sources ,October 26-28, 2008 [7].Charalampos Arapatsakos, Dimitrios Christoforidis, Georgios Sarantitis, Dimitrios Giannopoulos (2008), Fuel mixtures of diesel-maize oil , International Journal Of Energy, Issue 3, Vol. 2, pp 4350.

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