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ni/jh g[;se feT[A<

(G{ f wek)

Xkowe ftneshnK (ny"sh) ns/ Xkowe ndkfonK ftu


ofje/ brgr g?Ash e[ ;kb se, fJjBK dh ekoi ;ab
? h, B/fVU t/yD
goyD dk w"ek fwfbnk. T[wo d/ gfjb/ gVk s/ fJe yk; soQK d/
gfjokt/ ftu ;i/ ftnesh B{z, “Xowh g[oy” wzB bJhdk ;h. T[uh
nktki ftu e{e oj/ ;gheoK ftu gVh ik ojh pkDh B{z “Xow gquko”
;wM bJhdk ;h. nkgD/ xoK ftu r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp b? nkT[Dk, T[;
d[nkb/ d' uko xzN/ GhVK fJeZmhnK eo b?DhnK. ;tkdh ykD/ yk b?D/ ,
w/bk r/bk eo b?Dk. ;kfonK obe/ gqtko tkfbnK B{z “Xowh gqtko”
wzB b?Dk. tZv/ S'N/ i'V w/fbnK s/ tZvhnK GhVK i[VhnK t/yDhnK.
okrhnK YkvhnK tZbA' nkek;a r[ikT[ ntkiK ;[De/ ;wM b?Dk fe
r[opkDh ns/ fJfsjk; okjhA, “Xow d/ n;{b” fdqV eotkJ/ ik oj/
jB. Bro ehosBK ns/ soQK soQK d/ ykb;k wkouK, u/sBk wkouK ftu
jikoK ftneshnK B{z g;hB' g;hBk j[zd/ t/ye/ wfj;{; eoBk fJj b'e
pj[s “Xow” ewk oj/ jB. v/fonK, mkmK, Ne;kbK dh tZv/ “ftdtkBK”
tb'A ns/ T[u/ o[sp/ tkb/ B/sktK tb'A ehsh iKdh gq;;
z k ;[De/ wfj;{;
eoBk fe fJj d't/A fXoK iao{o jh “Xowh” j'DrhnK. pkpk BkBe ih
d/ Bkw s/ ub oj/, ;e{bK ekbiK tZb t/ye/, Xotk; fwbdk ;h fe fJE/
io{o jh “Xow ftfdnk” fdZsh ik ojh j't/rh. nyzv gkmK dhnK
bVhnK, fJe'sohnK j[zdhnK t/ye/, “Xow eow” j' oj/ dk Xotk;
fwbdk ;h. “;zsK, wjKg[oyK, pqjw frnkBhnK dh r[o{nK Bkb'A tZX
j[zdh gq;z;k ;[De/ fJT[ brdk ;h “Xow” fJjBK d/ ;jko/ jh pfunk
j'fJnk j?. Bkw f;woD, r[owzso nfGnk;, nzfwqs t/b/ ikre/ xzfNnK
pZXh Bkw dk yzvk yVedk t/y ;[De/, fJjBK ;iDK B{z jh “Xosh j/mb/
pbd” ;theko eo b?DkHHHH.
T[wo tXdh rJh, siofpnK ftu tkXk j[zdk frnk, d/;
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ftd/;a ftub/ b/yeK dhnK fizBhnK feskpK jZE nkJhnK, gVdk frnk.
bzw/ ;coK ftu jh, fizdrh dk pj[sk fjZ;k phsdk frnk. Xow ftfdnk
gVB dk P"e T[sgzB j'fJnk. fJ; ftu brksko tkXk jz[dk frnk.
brgr ;ko/ Bkwh fJfsjk;ekoK tb'A fbfynk r[o fJfsjk;, ns/ f;Zy
fJfsjk; gfVnk. seohpB ;ko/ NhekekoK tb'A, r[opkDh d/ ehs/ rJ/
Nhe/ gV/. nkb/ d[nkb/ tos oj/ tosko/ B{z, r[opkDh d/ n;{bK Bkb
w/b e/ t/yD dh e'f;a;a ehsh. f;Zy Xow gqsh ft;atk;a oZyD tkb/ b'eK
dk ihtB, r[opkDh T[gd/;Ka s'A T[bN fd;ak tZb ik fojk gqsy
Z Bio
nkfJnk.
bzw/ siop/ ns/ nfXn?B s'A pknd j'o ;G tosko/ pkps sK
;wM nk rJh fe fJj “Xow” BjhA j?, j'o i' woih fgnk j't/. go
“Bkw f;woD” dh r[zMb Bk y[Zbh. feT[Afe r[opkDh ftu “Bkw, ig,
f;owD” tor/ ;apd nDfrDs tkoh fby/ fwbd/ jB. “yzv/ eh gkj[b”
d/D tkb/ fgnko/ Gh “r[o wzso” dh pyf;a;a eod/ jB. f;Zy ofjs
wfonkdk ftu Gh j[ew fdsk frnk j? fe “f;Zy gfjo oks ofjzdh ikr/
, s/ tkfjr[o{ wzso dk f;woD eo/.” id'Afe r[opkDh fe;/ ;w/A B{z uzrk
iK wzdk BjhA wzBdh. r[opkDh ftu fe;/ “wzso ikg” dh e'Jh wjkBsk
BjhA j?. ihtB d/ ;opgZyh ftek; (T[gd/;) B{z fyV/ wZE/ gotkB eoBk
j?, s/ ihtB B{z r[DtkB pDkT[Dk j?.
Bkw f;woD d/ “r'oy Xzd/” B{z ;wMD tk;s/, bzwh s/
fBozso, w/jBs eoBh gJh. i' “wjKg[oy, Bkw nfGnk;h” Bkw
f;woB d/ dwri/ wkod/ ;B, T[jBK d/ ihtB B{z gVu'bth nZy Bkb
gofynk. nkw f;Zy ftu fJzBhnK ewi'ohnK ;akfJd BK j'D,
fizBhnK “Bkw f;woD” dk Y'b tikT[D tkfbnK ftu jB. nkw
ftnesh Bkb'A tZX b'G bkbu, eq'X, Jhoyk, jzeko, eoweKvh
ihtB fJjBK dk t/fynk ik ;edk j?. w/jBs ns/ f;nkDg Bk
tos e/, “Bkw f;woD” d/ eokwksh n;o Bkb, ;ko/ ekoi ;zto
ikD dh e{Vh nk; bkJh p?m/ jB. f;Zy gzE jo w[jki s/ jko
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u[fenk j?, p/gs j' u[fenk j?. nkoEe gZy'A dtkbhnk j' frnk j?.
nfrnkBsk s/ nDgVsk d/ nzXeko ftu v[Zp frnk j?. f;Zy Xow
d/ w[yh e[okj/ g? u[e/ jB. f;Zy oki;h B/sk gzE dh e'Jh wzr g{oh
eotkDh sK d{o ojh, ;r'A pVh p/ofjwh Bkb f;Zy B"i[nkBK d/ w"o
e[NtkT[Ad/ oj/ jB, s/ w"s d/ w{zj tZb XZed/ oj/ jB. ;kok “f;Zy
gzE”, b[N/o/ v/o/dkoK d/ uoBK s/ bzwk g? u[fenk j?. rZdhnK dh
bkb;k oZyD tkb/, nkgDh iwho wkoe/, okiBhse bhvoK nZr/
frVfrVkT[Ad/, gosZy t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. nfij/ wzd/ jkbks ftu
“Bkw f;woD eoB tkbhnK gftZso o{jK B/” i' gzE dk e[M BK
;ztkfonk fco “ftnkj wro'A b{zrh c[eDh j?< iK fco “Bkw
orVe/ c'V/ s/ bkT[Dk j?.<”
24^9^2006 Bz{ e?B/vk d/ fJe r[od[nko/ d/ nzdo, r[o{ rqzE
;kfjp dh gktB ji{oh ftu, “Bkw f;woD dk BkNe” eoB tkfbnK
w?Bz{ eEk eoB s'A o'eD tk;s/, i' GZdk ftjko ehsk, T[j J/jBK d/
nzdob/ “Bkw” B{z e[Zb b'ekJh ftu gqrN eo frnk. T[; T[gZdo dh
thvhU fcbw dk; e'b t/yh ik ;edh j? iK Singh Sabha Canada.com
and Fateh Publications.com s'A t/yh ik ;edh j?.
1^10^2006 B{z GkJh oDXho f;zx d/ iZE/ tkb/ ns/ Ne;kb
tkfbnK B/, ftuko uouk eoB dh fJZSk gqrN ehsh. n;hA fJ; ;aos
s/ ;fjwsh fdsh fe rbpks w?A fJeZbk eoKrk. uko f;zx Bkb j'o
j'Dr/. s[jkv/ tb'A fJe f;zx rb eo/ s/ uko j'o e'b p?m ;ed/ jB.
id'A n;hA fwZE/ ;w/A s/ (NoKN' e?B/vk ftu) rbpks eoB bJh gj[zu/,
fJjBK B/ shj pzd/ nzdo fpmkJ/ j'J/ ;B. fszB c[ZNhnK feogkBK nZr/
oZyhnK j'JhnK. fJe GkJh B/ rzvk;k ;kjwD/ cfVnk j'fJnk. eJhnK
B/ nkgD/ jZEK ftu feb' feb' d/, w'N/ eV/ gfjB/ j'J/ ;B. sK fe bVkJh
j'D s/ efVnK B{z jfEnko d/ s"o s/ tofsnk ik ;e/. w/o/ pko pko
efjD d/ pkti{d, T[; B[es/ pko/ rbpks eoB bJh fsnko Bk j'J/.
fe nro w/ohnK feskpK ftu e'Jh nD;[ykthA rb j? sK w?A feskp dh
nrbh Skg ftu'A eZY fdnKrk. p;os/ fe frnkBh r[opuB f;zx

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Ne;kbhJ/ ns/ GkJh oDXho f;zx tb'A r[owfs fto'Xh fbysK B{z T[jBK
dhnK feskpK ftu'A eYtk ;e'r<
/ fJ; ;tkb dk fJjBK B/ e'Jh i[nkp
Bk fdsk. fszB e[ xzN/ “pfj;” (ftuko tNKdok BjhA ;h) j[zdh ojh.
fJjBK Bkw f;woD tkfbnK d/ ;zrh ;kEh, fJB;kBh ;bhe/ Bkb rb
eoB dh EKt/ ;fGnksk jhD rZbK eoB se Gh ub/ rJ/. fit/A “fJj
b'e nkoHn?;Hn?;H d/ J/izN jB. Gkos ;oeko s'A eo'VK o[g? b?Ad/
jB.” rbpks dh ;kv/ pzfdnK B/ thvhU fcbw pDk bJh s/ T[jBK B/
Gh pDk bJh. ;kvh j?okBh dh jZd Bk ojh id'A T[jBK B/ ;kB{z fpBK g[S
Z /
eJh EkJhA eZN tZY eoe/, thvhU fcbw fJzNoB?N s/ gk fdsh. nkfvN
fJ; Yzr Bkb ehsh fe fJzdo f;zx xZrk s/, ;kEhnK B{z ngwkBs ehsk
ikt/. fJj toskok fJB;kBh edoK ehwsK s'A T[bN ;h.
e[M ;wK phsD s/ fJjBK b'eK B/ ;ahbsk d/ ;ko/ g?wkB/
s'Ve/, gzE gqf;ZX ftdtkB gq'H do;aB f;zx B{z “gzE bJh ifjoh ;Zg j?”
dk ekoN{B pDk e/ fJzNoB?N s/ gkfJnk. dk; (b/ye) frL irsko
f;zx ikue, frL ;[oihs f;zx fw;aBoh, ;qH i'frzdo f;zx ;g'e;w?B
ns/ ;H r[opy;a f;zx ekbk ncrkBk d/ ekoN{B pDk e/ fJzNoB?N s/
gkJ/. fJj j? fJjBK “;[nk; ;[nk; Bkw f;woD” eoB tkfbnK dk
eo{g feodko. fJjBK d/ pzd/ w?B{z c'B s/ wkoB dhnK XwehnK d/ oj/
jB. ;fGnsk jhD p'bh p'b oj/ jB. gziK eekoK d/ XkoBh j' e/ T[AR
“Bkw” pVk igd/ jB.
nfij/ Y"Arh b'eK dk n;bh fujok Bzrk eoB tk;s/, fJj g[;se
fbyh rJh j? fe Xkowe u'fbnK ftu fbgN/ “tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o”{ igD tkb/
nzdo'A fej' fij/ fJybke d/ wkbe jB. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ nfij/
b'eK dk godk uke eoB bJh jh, nfij/ ;apd T[ukoD ehs/ ;BL
“ckjh ;[ofs wb{eh t/;[.. jT[ mrtkVk mrh d/;[..”
yok f;nkDk pj[sk Gko [.. XkDe o{fg ojk eosko.. (24)
Gko
pj[s b'e jB fiBQK d/ gfjokt/ (u'b/) fb;ed/, nsh ehwsh
Xkowe pDso tkb/ jB. nzdo'A wB d{finK B{z b[N
Z D bJh, esb eoB
4
bJh ske bkJh oydk j?. Xow ;EkBK ftu, tZv^
/ tZv/ u'o mZr S[g/ p?m/
jB. ;wki d/ tZv/ fj;/ B{z b[ZN e/ yk oj/ jB. us[okJhnK tos e/
f;nkD/ j'D dk Sbktk eod/ jB. n;b ftu Xow dh nkV b? e/ Xow
s'A T[bN ftjko eod/ jB. fJ; soQK gkgK dk Gko nkgD/ T[go bZd
oj/ j[zd/ jB. fJj nsh BhthA fposh tkb/ b'e jB.”
r[opkDh ftu “okw” 2100 tkoh nkfJnk j?.
“jfo, joh” r[opkDh ftu 9288 tkoh fbfynk j'fJnk j?.
“tkfjr[o{” wzso dk ikg eoB tkb/ ;aoXkb{ ;G s''A tZX tkoh
fby/ (9288) wzso dk ikg feT[A BjhA eod/<
d{ih Ekt/A “okw” i' 2100 tkoh nkfJnk j?, fJ; B{z feT[A SZv
rJ/< “tkfjr[o{” fe;/ r[o ftnesh B/ (r[opkDh ftu) fbfynk jh
BjhA. GkJh r[odk; dk fbfynk “tkfjr[o{ wzso” eh r[opkDh Bkb'A
T[sw doik oydk j?< fBozeko d/ n;zy BktK ftu'A “tkfjr[o{” e/tb
fJe Bkw j?. ikg eoB, wzso f;woD, iK ;wkXhnK bke/ “r[owzso”
igD/, fe;/ b/y/ ftu BjhA. wzsoK d[nkok BK gfjbK e[M ;ztfonk j?,
BK nZr'A e[M Gbk j'Dk j?. ihtB ftu' p[okJhnK d{o eoBhnK nsh
io{oh jB. frnkBtkB pDBk ;[yh ihtB bJh pj[s nfjw j?.
nzX/ nebh pkjo/, w{oy nzX frnkB[..
BkBe Bdoh pkjo/, epfj B gktfj wkB[.. (790)
“Bkw f;woD” pko/ gqubs otkfJs s'A tZyo/ ftuko gVQe/
fiBQK “PoXkb{nK” d/ wBK ftu p/u?Bh j'Jh j?, T[jBK ;kfonK s'A dk;
w[nkcah ukj[zdk j?. r[opkDh d/ gowkDK ;fjs, ftfrnkBe BiaohJ/ s/
yo/ T[soB tkb/ ;[MktK dh w?A T[vhe eoKrk.
r[o{ xo dk ;/te
ngqb
? 2008 fJzdo f;zx xZrk
O9855151699, 9914461699
Email : infofatehpublications.com
web: www.fatehpublications.com

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fiBQk Bkw ifgnk, fsBQK, s/r tkjh
(pj[ ft;sko)

id'A s'A wB[Zy B/ j';a ;zGkbh j?, sd'A s'A jh T[j ftek; dhnK
g"VhnK T[sKj uVQB bJh isB;ahb j?. w[Yb/ ;fwnK ftu, wB[Zy B/
ephb/dkoh ftu ofjDk P[o{ ehsk sK fe T[j nkgDh ;KMh ;aesh d[nkok
fto'XhnK s'A pu ;e/. ephb/ d/ b'eK B{z ;zrms oZyD bJh, e[M fuzB
(fB;kBhnK) XkoB eotkJ/ rJ/. fit/A fe;/ yk; fe;w dhnK jZvhnK
dh wkbk gfjBDh. gzShnK d/ yzG ;oho Bkb pzBD/, fe;/ u'Dt/A gFP{ dh
yZb ;oho d[nkb/ bg/NDh nkfd. fJzi eoe/ nkg' nkgD/ ephb/ dh
tZyoh gSkD pDh ofjzdh. nZr/ ik e/ fJjBK fdBK fsT[jkoK, d/th d/
ts/, g{ik ftXhnK nkfd dk ftek; eow ubdk fojk. fJjBK ephfbnK
dh p'bh, gfjoktk s/ ;fGnsk Gh nZv^
' nZvo/ jkbks ftu fte;s j[d
z h
ojh. g[okD/ tesK d/ ephbk w[yhnK B{z jh, gow ;aeshtkB wzB e/,
T[;dk ;fseko eoB s'A nZr/ tXdh j'Jh T[;dh g{ik dk o{g XkoB
eodh rJh. g{ik dhnK ftXhnK pDBhnK gqubs j'D bZrhnK. fJjBK
B{z “f;nkDg” Bkb w[ezwb eokT[D bJh, fJe “f;nkDk” (g[ikoh)
spek fte;s j' frnk. p'bh, fbgh wkBsktK, gfjokt/, fsT[jko, d/
ts/ ns/ “Xow” gZe/ g?ohA j[zd/ ub/ rJ/. gfjbK gfjb “Bkw eoD”
dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'Jh. gP{nK gzShnK dhnK nktkiK ;[De/ T[jBK d/
Bkw oZy/ ikD br/. eK, rK, wkD' (fwnkT{A) nkfde T[jBK d/ p'bK B{z
;[De/ oZy/ rJ/ “Bkw” jB. fJT[A wzB bU fe id'A fJj iht p'bd/ jB,
sK nkgDk jh “Bkw” T[ukoD eod/ jB. ;Zg (;og) ;B/e (snake)
;o;o eoe/ uZbD s/ jh BkweoD j'fJnk j?.
fco ephfbnK d/ Bkw, ephbk w[yhnK d/ Bkw, nkw b'eK d/
Bkw, xoK, o[ZyK s/ ca;bk nkfde d/ Bkw oyfdnK wB[y B/ uzd ;{oi,
Xosh ns/ skfonK d/ Bkw oZy bJ/. iBw b?D s'A pknd pZu/ B{z s[ozs
y[oke dh b'V g?Adh j?. i' puB gfjbh tko fJB;kBh pZu/ d/ w{zj'
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fBefbnk, T[j iBw d/D tkbh iBDh (iBkBh fJ;/ s'A pfDnk j?) B/
;[fDnk. pZu/ B/ fejk wK, iBDh B/ ;[fDnk wK. fJ;/ s'A wK ;apd gqubs
j'fJnk wzfBnk frnk j?. d[BhnK dhnK nbZr^nbZr d{o t;dhnK
e"wK ftu, wB[Zy tb'A f;oi/ w[Yb/ ;apd nZi sZe ;wkBsk ;w'Jh p?m/
jB. fit/ A gz i kph^wK, wksk, ;z ; feq s ^wks/ , noph^wkdo,
fJzrfb;a^wdo, v[u (iowB) wks[oHHH.
fgT[ bJhl gzikph^fgT[, gkgk, ;z;feqs^fgso, noph^gkdo,
fJzrfbP^ckdoHHHnkfd. Gok bJhl gzikph^Gok, ;z;feqs^pokdo,
noph^fpokdo, fJzrfbP^pokdoHHHnkfd. p/N/ bJh gzikph^g[s
Z , ;z;feqs
g{so, noph^fg;oHHHnkfd.
fit/A fit/A wB[y
Z dh ;'u fte;s j[d
z h rJh, T[;B{z nkb/^d[nkb/
tos oj/ tosko/ B/ gqGkts ehsk. fes/ y[Ph fes/ d[y iK vo, wB
ftu'A T[sgzB j'D bZr./ Xosh T[s/ tos oj/ tosko/ ftu ;G s'A fiandk
:'rdkB ;{oi dk j?. go fJj “;fji” fefonk ftu j?. fJe dw
pdbdk BjhA j"bh^j"bh n;o nzdki jz[dk j?. ;akfJd fJ;/ ekoB
Xkowe ;kfjs ftu fJ; dk fiaeo xZN fwbdk j?. r[opkDh ftu fJ;B{z
oZp dk dhge (fuokr) nkfynk j?. nkek;a ftu sgdk j'fJnk, rowh
;[Ndk Gh fbfynk j?. r[o{ B{z ;{oi Bkb tfvnkfJnk j?. fco Gh ;{oi
dk T[sBk T[by
/ r[opkDh ftu BjhA j'fJnk, fizBh fe Xosh ftub/ ihtK
bJh fJ; dh d/D j?. g[oksB XowK ftu nZr dh g{ik ;{oi Bkb'A
fiankdk j[zdh ojh j? feT[Afe nZr B/V/ j? ;{oi d{o. nZr e'f;a;a eoB
s/ ukBD eodh j?, ;{oi fpBK e'f;a;a s'A nkgD/ nkg ukBD eo fojk
j?. nZr b'V w[skpe ;/e fdzdh j?, ;{oi fJ; soQK BjhA eodk. nZi
eZb ;kfJz; B/ ;{oih X[Zg s'A pj[s ;kohnK ;j{bsK tkbhnK ekYK eZY
bJhnK jB. nZr u[Zb/ u'e/ ftu dkyb j' e/ pV/ ezw ;[nkodh j?. ;{oi
o'NhnK gekT[D s'A fJBekoh j?. nZr p/ ekp{ j' ikt/ sK fGnkBe
spkjh eo iKdh j?. fJ; rb'A ;{oi pVk “;kT{” j?. fJjBK ekoBK
eoe/ (vo ns/ ;[y) nrBh dh g{ik nZi se fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu
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j' ojh j?. ftukok ;{oi nZr dk tZvk tv/ok j'D d/ pkti{d, fgZS/ ubk
frnk j?. p/b'Vk fijk p[ZYk, s/ p;. xoK ftu, Xow n;EkBK ftu
“i'sK” irk e/ ni/ se ;aoXk ;fjs nZr dh g{ik j' ojh j?. ;{oi B{z
sK gkDh d/ e/ mzYk eoB dh e'f;a;a ehsh iKdh j?. g{ik eokT[D d/ wkwb/
ftu nrBh ;{oi B{z wks d/ rJh. d/th pDe/ G/NktK gqkgs eoB br
gJh. go ;{oi d{o pj[s d{o p?mk t/ydk jh ofj frnk.
fJ;/ soQK jtk B{z fJe d/tsk o{g ftu ebfgnk frnk. gkDh
Gh d/tsk pDk Xfonk. iBw d/D bJh pqjwk B{z fwE fbnk. gkbD
g';D eoB bJh ft;aBz{ ih fpmk fds/. ihtK B{z wkoB tk;s/ f;at ih d/
jZE e[jkVk cVk fdsk. uzr/ wzd/ ezwK s/ nXkos fJe “Xowoki” Bkw
dh “p/ b'Vh fijh uhia” b/yk i'yk eoB s/ bk fdsh rJh. rZb eh Xosh
d/ ;ko/ iht, gP{ gzSh o[y
Z fpoy, ehV/ we"V,/ g{iD i'r Ekg fds/ rJ/.
Xosh dh g{ik Gh nB/e YzrK Bkb ehsh ikD bZrh. fBozeko dh “P'w
q Dh
feos” wB[Zy B{z eZy'A j"bh pDk Xfonk. fwZNh xZN/ o'b fdZsk. ;kfonK
dk ;odko jo Ekt/A bzwk gk fdsk frnk. wkw{bh X{V d/ feDe/ tork.
fwZNh dhnK Y/ohnK nZr/ BZe orVB bk fdsk. gZEo d/ GrtkBK nZr/
bzw/ g? e/, wB[y
Z ;Ksh dh Gkb eoB bZr./ gzfvs ih (g[ikoh) B{z ;G e[M
nogD eoe/, “nrb/ ijkB” ftubk ;tor yqhdD br gJ/. ;w'jB
nt;Ek ftu gkT[D bJh g[ikohnK B/, ;/teK B{z brksko oNd/
ofjD bJh, eJh soQK d/ wzso fsnko eoe/ fds/. w[esh wzso,
t;h eoD wzso, ekbh dk wzso, G?oT[ dk wzso, ro[V wzso, ;Zg
dk wzso, fpZS{ dk wzso, o'r Bftsoh dk wzso, T[wo bzwh eoB
dk wzso, g[Zso g?dk eoB dk wzso. wzso fby e/ sths pDk e/
rb ftu, pKj Bkb iK bZe Bkb pzB d/D tkbk wzso. fby e/ gkDh
ftu x'b e/ fgbk d/D bJh ik ykD/ ftu fwbk e/ y[nk d/D bJh
wzso. foXhnK f;XhnK gqkgs eo d/D tkb/ wzso. d[PwDK B{z wko
d/D tkb/ wzso. fJe bZs d/ Gko yb' e/, g[Zm/ bNe e/ wzso ikg.
gkDh ftu yb' e/ p?m e/ iK jB/ohnK r[cktK ftu tVe/ gV/ ikD tkb/
8
wzso. fto'XhT[A e' “G;w” eo d/D tkb/ wzso, rohp'A e' wkbk
wkb eoB/ e/ bhJ/ wzso. t/d wzso, rhsk wzso, okwkfJD wzso,
jB{wkB wzso, ;aBhd/t wzrb d/t wzso, nrBh t;h eoD wzso,
gtD gkDh dk wzsoHHH. wzso ` wzso`` wzsoHHH``` fJ; Gkos
d/P s/ iotkD/ uVQe/ nkT[Ad/ oj/. XB d"bs b[Nd/ oj/, ;z[do
w[fNnkoK dhnK fJZiasK o'bd/ oj/, w{oshnK B{z u{o u{o eod/
oj/, izi{ T[skod/ oj/, ipoh w[;bwkB pDkJ/ iKd/ oj/. b'eh wzso
gVQd/ oj/HHHH.
fJjBK wzsoK B/, ikgK gkmK B/, ozr pozr/ ;kXK ;zsK B/,
f;woD ftXhnK B/ wB[ysk dk e'Jh gk;k BjhA EzfwnK. i/ wzsoK ikgK
Bkb efbnkD j' ;edk sK T[j “wjK wzso, wjK gkm, wjK f;owD”
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ eo b?Dk ;h. eh b'V ;h pkpo d/ fto[X o'j gqrN
eoB dh< n?wBkpkd ftu, izsk dh i' esb/nkw pkpo dh c"i B/ ehsh,
jiakoK b'eK B{z w"s d/ xkN T[skfonk, XhnK G?DK B{z p/gs ehsk frnk,
T[j feT[A j'D fdsk frnk< i/ j'o fe;/ ;kX dk wzso ekoro BjhA ;h,
sK r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dk wzso sK pj[s ;aesh;akbh j'Dk ukjhdk ;h.
“f;woD” eoe/ T[jBK B/ sK nkgDk sg s/i pj[s tXk b?Dk ;h. T[j
sK ;G s'A tZv/ wjKg[oy ;B. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ sK “f;woD”
okjhA nEkj ;aeshnK, foXhnK f;XhnK gqkgs ehshnK j'JhnK j'DrhnK.
nkgD/ fBZi tk;s/ BK ;jh, d/P tk;hnK d/ ;[yK tk;s/, d[y dod d{o
eoB bJh, nkgDh “f;woD ;aesh” B{z tos b?Ad/.
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ;r'A nkgDh pkDh ftu fJT[ ;ukJh fpnkB
eo oj/ jBL
e'Nh j{ gho tofi ojkJ/ ik who[ ;[fDnk XkfJnk..
EkB w[ekw ib/ fpi wzdo w[fS w[fS e[fJo o[bkfJnk..
e'Jh w[rb[ B j'nk nzXk feB? B gouk bkfJnk..(417)
j/ GkJh` id'A ypo fwbh fe pkpo Gkoh c"i Bkb fjzd s/ Xktk
p'bD tkbk j?, sd'A d/P d/ nk:k; s/ Bk ;wM jkewK B/, pqjwDK,
9
w"bthnK, caehoK B{z fJeZm/ eoe/ g[fSnk` dZ;' wjkswk ih` wko' wko
eodh c"i B{z o'eD dk e'Jh T[gkT{. ftykU e'Jh eokwks, ubkT[ e'Jh
ikd{ wzso, eo fdU ;kfonk B{z nzB/.s[;hA pV/ Xowh g[oy j'. nZi se
;oekoh yiakB/ ftu'A p/nzs XB b? e/ tos u[e/ j'. s[;hA ;ko/ GiB
pzdrh s/ f;woB dh pVh wjkBsk d;d/ oj/ j'. b'eK d/ efbnkD bJh
ftyk fdU “f;woB” dh n;hw ;aesh. jwbkto ;kv/ d/P ftu dkyb
Bk j' ;eD.
;ko/ ghoK cehoK B/ pVh dhox ftuko s'A wro'A ;op;zwsh
Bkb ;ko/ c"ihnK tk;s/, wzso fby e/ sthsK ftu gk e/, rbK ftu gk
fdZs,/ v'fbnK Bkb pzB fds/. fjZe m'e e/ ft;atk; d[nkfJnk fe fJjBK
wzsoK dh nb"fee ;aesh okjh, s[jkvh fiZs ntZ;a j't/rh. w[rb
f;gkjh s[jkv/ s/ tko eoB s'A gfjbK jh nzB/ j' ikDr/. jkewK B/ g{oh
fsnkoh Bk eoe/, fJjBK gkyzvh ;kXK s/ :ehB eo fbnk.
e[M jh fdBK wro'A pkpo dh c"i xNktK pDe/ uVQ nkJh.
fgzvK PfjoK B{z b[Ndh, T[ikVdh p/gs eodh c"i J/wBkpkd ftu dkyb
j' rJh. ;ko/ pzB/ b'EK d/ Y/o br rJ/. nwhoK tihoK B{z e?d eo fbnk
frnk. jiko tko sob/ eoB s'A pkd, o'Nh iK gkDh fdsk frnk.
fiBQK nwhoikdhnK dk fe;/ B/ fJe nzr se BjhA t/fynk ;h T[j p/
gs ehshnK rJhnK. go fJjBK cehoK tb'A fsnko ehs/ sths, rbK
ftu gkJ/ wzso, fe;/ ezw Bk nkJ/. fJBK dh “wz s o ;a e sh” B/ fe;/
dk tkb Gh ftzrk Bk ehsk. w?A (r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp) t/y fojk jK fe uko/
gk;/ b'EK d/ Y/o bZr/ gJ/ jB. i' pu rJ/ ftbe oj/ jB. fJe d{i/ B{z
g[ZS oj/ jB, fe s[jkv/ fezB/ ihn wko/ rJ/, fezB/ pu rJ/< fJj
fGnkBe jko feT[A j'Jh< ;w/A d/ jkewK B/ izr tk;s/ fsnkoh BjhA
ehsh. c"ihnK B{z uzrh f;ybkJh ns/ uzr/ jfEnko BjhA fdZs/. T[jBK
nzdo nkgD/ d/;a gqsh tckdkoh g?dk Bk ehsh. oki/ y[d n?P gq;sh
ftu roe j' rJ/. wzso f;woB eoB tkb/ nkgD/ b'eK Bz{ BjhA puk
;e/. fJjBK wzsoK gkmK ikgK s/ ft;atk;a Bk eo eo b?Dk. jEhA ezw
10
eoBk j?. fJ; goEkJ/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih d/ nw[Zb/ fJfsjk;e
ftuko ikBD bJh r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp d/ gzBk 360, 417 s/ 723 s'A gVQ
;ed/ j'. fiE/ pj[s jh Gktg{os ;apdK okjhA, nZyhA t/y/ spkjh tkb/
fdq;aK B{z, p/pkeh Bkb nkyD dh db/oh ehsh. pkpo d/ pko/ i/ ;jh
s;tho fe;/ B/ fJzBh ;g;aNsk Bkb, b'eK ;kjwD/ oZyh j?, sK T[j e/
tb r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ oZyh j?. Gkos d/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ sK
fJjBK ;apdK B{z nDt/fynk ehsk jh j?. gzikp d/ fJfsjk;ekoK B/ Gh
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ ;ukJh Gog{o nZyh t/y e/ fby/ jkbks B{z g{oh
soQK ft;ko fdsk j?. noph cko;h nzri
/q ah nkfd feskpK d/ gowkD sK
pV/ d/ d/Dr/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp tb'A fby/ (r[opkDh ftub/) fJfsjk;
s' w{zj w'V fbnk.
nkgD/ nkg B{z tZv/ Xowh wjKg[oy ns/ i'rh fo;ah nytkT[D
tkb/ ;fsr[o{ dh Biao ftu eT[vh w[b
Z d/ BjhA. y[d sK okj' x[E
Z / jh ;B,
;r'A b'eK B{z Gh e[okj/ gk oj/ ;B.
f;Xk ;/tfB f;X gho wkrfj fofX f;fX..
w?A fJe[ Bkw[ B th;o? ;ku/ r[o p[fX..
i'rh G'rh ekgVh, fenk Gtfj fd;zso..
r[o ek ;pd B uhBjh, ss[ ;ko[ fBozso..
gzfvs gkX/ i'fJ;h, fBs gVfj g[okDk..
nzsfo t;s[ B ikDBh, xN pqjw[ b[ekDk..
fJfe sg;h pB wfj sg[ eofj, fBs shoE tk;k..
nkg[ B uhBfj skw;h, ekj/ GJ/ T[dk;k..
fJfe fpzd[ isB efo okyd/, ;/ ish ejktfj..
fpB[ r[o ;pd B S{Njh, Gqfw nktfj iktfj..
fJfe frojh ;/te ;kfXek, r[owsh bkr/..
Bkw[ dkB[ fJ;BkB[ fdqV, jfo Grfs ;[ ikr/..
r[o s/ do[ xo[ ikDhn?, ;' ikfJ f;RkD?..
BkBe Bkw[ B th;o?, ;ku/ wB[ wkB?.. (418)
11
thuko L j/ GkJh ` soQK soQK d/ G/y tkb/ i'rh, nkgD/ tZv/
i'rhnK tkbh wfonkdk gkbd/ j'J/, nk;K bkJh p?m/ jB fe foXhnK
f;XhnK dh gqkgsh j't/rh. w?B{z (BkBe B{z) fJe ;uk Bkw fuZs ftu
pf;nk oj/, r[o{ fBozeko s'A fJjh p[ZXh gqkgs j'Jh j?. i'rh fsnkrh
ns/ G'r G'rD tkb/, bhoK (cN/ egV/) d/ egV/ gfjBD tkb/. d/; ftd/
;a nB/e EktK x[zwd/ ofjD tkb/, eh yZN b?Dr/< e[M Gh Bjh. fJj Bk
;wM b'e, r[o{ d/ ;apd B{z wzBd/ ;wMd/ BjhA. fJjBK dh fizadrh fJ;/
soQK GNeDk ftu phs iKdh j?. gzfvs i's;h nkfde t/d g[okDk d/ pV/
gkm eod/ jB. pV/ wzso gVQd/ jB. go fJjBK Bk ;wM b'eK B{z, sZs[
t;s{ BjhA bZGh. pqjw sK nzdo fjod/ ftu jh j?, j'o feE/ bZGD ikDk
j?< eJh ;ko/ ;kX izrbK ftu ik e/ sgZf;nk eod/ jB. eJh j'o
gkyzvh shoEK s/ fJ;aBkB eoB iKd/ jB. eJh shoEK s/ jh ik e/ p;
iKd/ jB. fJsBk B{z eoweKv eoe/ Gh nkgD/ nkg/ dh ns/ fBozeko
dh ;'Mh Bk nkJh. xo fsnkr e/ feT[A T[dk;h pD/ ;h< j'o pj[s ;ko/
;kX e'f;a;a eoe/, thoi o'ee/, oyd/ jB. ish nytkD ftu cyao
wfj;{; eod/ jB. ftnkj BjhA eotkT[Ad/. fJj Gh w{oyK tkb/ okj
g? rJ/. r[o{ d/ ;apd dh ;jh f;Zfynk bJ/ fpBK, fJjBK B{z ;wM BjhA
nk ;edh, ;dk GNeDk pDh ofjzdh j?.
j'o fezB/ ;ko/ frq;sh jB go Bkb jh ;[Zuh feos eod/ jB.
r[o{ dh wZs XkoB eoe/, fteko fsnkr fds/. T[jBK B/ gqtko ftu
ofjzfdnK jh, nkgD/ nkg B{z ;kX (ekp{ ftu) fbnk. gow/;o B{z :kd
oyd/ jB. nkgDh feos ftu'A b'VtzdK dh ;jkfJsk eod/ jB.
fJPBkB ojh ;kca ;[Eo/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK T[j joh d/ Grs pD
rJ/. T[jBK dk nfrnkB yasw j' frnk. frnkB dk ukBD j' frnk,
wkB' BhAd ftu'A ikr gJ/. r[o{ nfijk ;woE frnkBtkB j?, fe nzdo
dhnK ;[shnK ebK irk fdzdk j?. wB[y B{z nkgD/ ihtB dh ;jh ;wM
nk iKdh j?. fJ;/ bJh, j/ BkBe` ;Zu/ gow/;o dh :kd edh wB ftu'A
ft;o Bk ikt/. ;Zu/ wkbe dk Bkw ige/, ;Zu/ r[o{ dh f;fynk b? e/,
12
;ukJh tkb/ okj s/ ubdk oj[. T[go tofDs ;ko/ gkyzv eow fsnkr
d/ j .
fJ; ;apd ftu fit/A ;fsr[o{ ih B/ gkyzv ezwK d/ goyu/ T[vkJ/
jB, eh ;kv/ dkjVh e/;K tkb/, rkso/ feogkBK tkb/, r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp
dk fBZs^fBZs gkm eoB tkb/, T[jh ezw BjhA eo oj/< T[jh Xkowe
gfjokt/, shoE fJ;BkB, ftnkj Bk eokT[Dk, fizw/tkohnK s'A GZi e/
;kX pD ikDk. fit/A pqkjwD nkgD/ rqE
z K dk gkm eod/ ;h, f;ZyK B/
T[jh sohek cV fbnk. fiazdrh ftu spdhbh e'Jh BjhA. wzd/ ezw
fsnkrD/ BjhA, p; gkm eoh ikDk. izrbK ftu ik e/ sg eoBk,
f;woB eoBk, fejVh pjkdoh j?< d/;a r[bkw j't/ uko/ gk;/ I[bw dh
jB/oh tr ojh j't/. s[jkvk f;woB orV e/ c'V/ s/ bkT[Dk j?< eh
;ztkfonk j? nfij/ ftjbVg[D/ tkb/ “f;woB” B/<
w"i{dk ;w/A ftu jo fJe v/o/dko nkgDk J/H;hH tkbk “sg
n;EkB” pDkJh p?mk j?. nzdo ;kX mzY/ mko nkbh;akB ewo/ ftu u/
bhnK s'A wkb;K eotk fojk j[zdk j?. b'VtzdK B{z g[ZsoK dhnK “dksK”
d/ fojk j[zdk j?. pkjo yVk poS/tkbk gfjo/dko nkJ/ b'eK B{z efj
fojk j[zdk j?, “pkpk ih ;wkXh ftu jB.” ikg eo oj/ jB. Gkt/A
;kX “x'V/ t/ue/ ;[Zsk j't/.”
fBozeko dk eo'VK tkoh P[eokBk j? fe ;koh skes M'e
d/D d/ pkti{d Gh ;kyheko r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B{,z sg eoB bJh
X{DhnK sgk e/ ftukeko BjhA fpmk ;e/. ibXko/ BjhA eotk ;e/,
G[y
Z D GkD/ oZye/, ;oho B{z ;[edk BjhA ftyk ;e/, g[m
Z k BjhA bNek ;e/, Bzr
w[Bzrk BjhA eo ;e/. gqtko s'A pkrh, ftnkj s'A fJBekoh ish ;sh
s/ pkb pqkjwukoh BjhA pDk ;e/. jK fgSb/ iBw ftu iBe oki/ dk
ntsko pDkT[D dh e[u/;Nk eJh EkJh io{o ehsh rJh j?, go
ekw:kph BjhA fwbh. e[M ;wK fpwkoh tkbh ejkDh xVe/, nzdo bzw/
sK r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B{z gk jh fbnk ;h. ny/ ih T[j gq/;akB ;B, t?d
p[bkfJnk. fco Gh puk j' frnk. fJ; s'A wro'A “s/ok s/ok” nkye/
13
yikBk b[NkT[Ad/ oj/. fszB fdBK se t/Jh Bdh ftu “v[Zp/” oj/. t/Jh
ftu'A fBebe/ fes/ T[go “;Zu yzv” ftu ik fpoki/. fBozeko B/ pzfdnK
tKr r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp Bkb rZbK ehshnK. “nzfwqs” dk eN'ok Goe/
fdsk. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ “nzfwqs Sfenk”. fco GkJh r[odk; ih
dh gzesh B{z rbs ozr d/ e/, gqukfonk frnk fe ;fsr[o{ ih B/ o/s
ykXk. nZeK dhnK yyVhnK ykXhnK. o'VK B{z fp;so/ dh EKt/A ftSke/
, T[go bzw/ g? iKd/ oj/. fJE/ r[od[nkok “o'Vh ;kfjp” skwho eotk
fdsk frnk. jkbKfe ;fsr[o{ ih nfij/ rbs ezw BjhA eod/ ;B.
GkJh r[odk; ih B/ ;ys w/jBs eoB dh rtkjh Goh j?. o[Zyh ;[Zyh
yk e/ Gh r[ikok eo b?D dk ;ze/s fdsk j?. fBwosk XkoB eoe/ b'eK
dk Gbk eoB tb uZb gJ/. ;koh fsnkoh pko/ ;wMkfJnk j?. gT[Vh
fJT[A j? L^
gfjbk pkp/ gkfJnk py;[ dfo, fgS' d/ fcfo xkfb ewkJh..
o/s[ ne[ nkjko[ efo, o'VK dh r[o eoh ftSkJh..
Gkoh eoh sgf;nk, tv/ Gkr[ jfo f;T[ pD nkJh..
pkpk g?Xk ;u yzfv, BT[ fBfX Bkw rohph gkJh..
pkpk d/y? fXnkB Xfo, ibsh ;fG fgqEth fdf; nkJh..
pkMj[ r[o{ r[pkfo j?, j? j? eodh ;[Dh b[ekJh..HHH
ufVnk ;'XfD Xofs b[ekJh.. (23^1)
pkpk cohd ih B{z ;kyhekoK B/ pkoK ;kb se izrbK ftu
GNedk ftykfJnk. bZeVhdh o'Nh pDtke/, fYZv Bkb pzBe/, pkoK ;kb
G[y
Z k wodk Gh fby Xfonk. pkoK ;kb y{j ftu bNe e/ sgZf;nk eod/
fybD' Gh ;aow Bk ehsh. r[o{ nwodk; ih feZbh cVe/, yV/ j' e/,
“Grsh” eoB bk fds/. id'A feZbh cVfdnK jZE EZe iKd/, sd'A nkgD/
f;o d/ tkb feZbh Bkb pzB b?Ad/, s/ “f;woB” eod/ ofjzd/. pj[s tiB
g? ikD s/, fJe fdB e/; g[ZN/ rJ/. T[j e/; r'fJzdtkb ;ah;a/ ftu wVe/
, nZi skJh oZy/ j'J/ j'D dk e[co s'fbnk iKdk j?. id'A fe ;fsr[o{ ih,
nfij/ g[Zm/ ezw eo jh BjhA ;ed/. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ nwodk; ih, r[o{
14
nzrd ;kfjp d/ g[s
Z o dks{ s'A e[N
Z yk e/, e'm/ ftu tVe/ dotki/ pzd
eoe/, nzdo b[e rJ/. nzdo p?m/ “GiB f;woB” eod/ oj/. Bkb jh
fJj j[ew Gh eo rJ/ fe w?Bz{ bZGD e'Jh Bk nkt/. nkgD/ fgzv pk;oe/, fJe
e'm/ ftu tVe/ nzdo' e[zvh bk bJh. dotki/ s/ fbye/ p'ov bk fdZsk.
“fJ; dotki/ B{z y'jb e/ nzdo nkT[D tkbk w/ok f;Zy BjhA j't/rk.”
Gbk j't/ pkpk p[Y
Z k ih dk, fi;B/ bk fw;kb f;nkDg ftykT[AfdnK, e'm/
dh ezX ftu gkV gk fbnk. r[o{ d/ uoBK s/ wZEk N/fenk. ;zrsK B{z
do;aB d/D dh p/Bsh ehsh. r[o{ ih pj[s y[P j'J/, pkjo nke/ ;zrsK
B{z feoskoE ehsk. fJE/ r[od[nkok “;zBQ ;kfjp” pfDnk j'fJnk j?.
“f;woD” iK wzso dh ;aesh Bkb r[o{ nwodk; ih B/
s/JhJ/ skg B{z geV e/, fgzio/ ftu gk fbnk ns/ “todkB” fdsk fe
nZr/ s'A fe;/ wK dk itkB g[Zso BjhA wo/rk. go d{i/ EK T[jh r[o{
nwodk; ih phph GkBh dh ;/tk s'A y[;a j' e/ “todkB o{gh ;okg” d/
e/ nky oj/ jB fe rZdh sK xo ftu ofj ikt/rh. go w"sK (;ajhdhnK
fet/A nky ;ed/ jK<) pj[s j'DrhnK. fco r[o{ ih B/ r[orZdh xo ftu
ofjD dk “to” d/ fdsk. “f;owD wzso” dh n;hw ;aesh d[nkok
r[o{ noiD ;kfjp ih B/ ;[bjh ykB B{z uko/ ykB/ fuZs eo fdZsk. fi;
;apd dk fJ; goEkJ/ gowkD fdsk iKdk j?, gfjbk T[j gVQ bJhJ/ ^
gqEw/ wsk fi gsqh ubktT[..
d[shJ/ wsk d[fJ wkB[y gj[uktT[..
fsqshJ/ wsk feS[ eoT[ T[gkfJnk..
w?A ;G[ feS[ S'fv gqG s[jh fXnkfJnk..
wjk nBzd nfuzs ;jikfJnk..
d[ ; wB d{ s w[ J / ;[ y [ gkfJnk.. ojkT[ . .
;fsr[fo w'eT[ dhnk T[gd/;[..
ihT[ fgzv[ ;G[ jfo ek d/;[..
i' feS[ eoh ;[ s/ok skD[..
s{z w/oh UN s{z j? dhpkD[..
15
s[XB' S'fv ikJhn? gqG e? Xfo..
nkB B phnk s/ o h ;w;fo..
s/o/ ;/te eT[ fe;eh ekfD..
;kes[ G{bk fco? p/pkfD..
s/oh tfvnkJh ejh B ikfJ..
ij ej okfy b?fj rfb bkfJ..
BkBe dk; s/oh ;oDkJh..
gqfG okyh g?i tih tkXkJh.. (371)
ftuko L j/ GkJh ` wB nsh y[;ah tkbh nt;Ek ftu g[Zi frnk j?.
g{oB fNekT[ s ;aKsh gqkgs j' rJh j?. ojkT[. w[;feb tes wB[y
pVhnK soehpK ;'udk j?. ny/ e'Jh f;cko;h ys jh fbytk bJhJ/.
edh c[oB/ T[md/ jB fe e'Jh ngDk ikD{z pzdk fwb gt/. i' n"y/ t/b
wdd eo d/t/.
fco fynkb nkT[Adk fe e[m Bk e[M T[gk eoBk ukjhdk j?.
j/ fBozeko ih ` n;hA sK e/tb s/ok nk;ok sZfenk j?. j'o ;ko/ nk;o/
goB/ fsnkr fdZs/ jB. w?B[z sK w/o/ r[o{ B/ T[gd/P d/ fdzsk j? fe GkJh
fJj s/ok Poho joh dk nkgDk wjb j?. oZp s/o/ nzdo fpokiwkB j?,
fco xpokjtN feT[A< fJ;/ bJh w?a sK i' e[M eodk jK, s/ok ;jkok
sZe e/ jh eodk jK. s{z jh fBozeko ih w/oh UN s/ skes j/. s{z jh
w/oh ;Zuh ndkbs j?l fiE'A ;Zuk Bp/Vk j'Dk j?. s?B{z Sv e/ j'o feE/
ikJhJ/, feT[afe s/o/ tork fBoTGT[ fBot?o j'o e'Jh j? jh BjhA.
fJ; bJh s/o/ ;/te B{z fe;/ dh w[Ekih BjhA ofjzdh. ;kesK w{oyK
d/ N'b/ G[Zb/ j'J/ e[okj/ g? rJ/ jB. feT[Afe r[o{ dh wZs BjhA b?Ad/. j/
fBozeko s/oh tfvnkJh fpnkB s'A pkjoh j? s{z jo n"y/ tes ihtK
dk ;jkJh j[zdk j?. fJ;/ bJh BkBe dk; s/oh PoD ftu nkfJnk j?.
gqG{ B/ fJZis oZy bJh. wB nzdo y[Ph dh bfjo ub gJh.
“wsk” Ppd tos e/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ eJh tkoh nkgD/ ftuko
gqrN ehs/ jB. ;kB{z G[b
Z V ihtK B{z okj gkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. gVQ^
'
16
“wsk” eo? gSw e? skJh, g{op jh b? iks]
fyB wfj Ekfg T[EkgBjkok, nkgB jkfE wsks] (496)
wB[y
Z gSw tkb/ gk;/ ikD bJh fsnkoh eodk j?, go
jkbks dh wip{oh ekoB ;kok gq'rokw pdb e/, g{op tkb/ gk;/ ikDk
g? iKdk j?. gb fyB ftu fBozeko e[S s/ e[S eo fdzdk j?. ;koh skes
T[[;/d/ jZE ftu j?. j'o gVQ' ^
“wsk” w;{ofs nto f;nkBg, iB eT[ eS{ B nkfJU]
ij nT[;o[ nkfJ pfBU j?, sjk sjk jfo fXnkfJU ] (498)
j/ GkJh ` w?A j'o ;jko/ BjhA sedk (w;{os fe;/ s'A ;bkj
b?Dh) w?A fe;/ dh neb fgZS/ BjhA ubdk. nfijhnK ubkehnK w?B{z
eoBhnK BjhA nkT[AdhnK. id'A ed/ GhV pDh j? p; fBozeko B{z :kd
eohdk j? .
fJe gowkD j'o gVQ' ^
“wsk” w;{ofs sK feS[ ehi?, i/ feS[ j't? jfo pkjfo]
i' feS[ eo? ;'Jh Gb j';h, jfo fXnktj[ nBfdB[ Bkw[ w[okfo] (1135)
j/ GkJh pzfdnK Bkb ;bkj w;to/ sd'A eohJ/, i/ joh d/ j[ew s'a
e[M pkjo j' fojk j't/. ;G e[M T[; dh oik ftu jh j?. i' e[M j' fojk
j? Gbk j' fojk j?. p; s[;ha fBozeko B{z :kd oy'. T[;d/ ekfJd/ ekB{zB
B{ z ;wM' .
r[o{ ih B/ ;op;KM/ T[gd/P okjh, xNhnk ;bkjK d/D tkb/ b'eK
s'A ;[u/s ehsk j?. ;bkj r[o{ s'A b?Dh j?, oZp s/ Go';k oZyDkj?. i/ ws/
eoe/, wzso gVe/ “f;woD” eoe/ ;[bjh ykB iK ;[bGh ykB wkfonk
ik ;edk ;h ijKrho i' ;ko/ g[nkV/ dh iV ;h, wzso Pesh Bkb T[;B{z
feT[A Bk ysw eo fdZsk<
“ws/” pko/ sK ;fsr[o{ ih fJT[A Gh ;/X d/ oj/ jB^
“wsk eoT[ ;' gefB B d/Jh] ;hb ;ziw e? fBefN yb'Jh]”(371)
j/ GkJh ` fJj wkfJnk fJsBh pbtko j?, e'Jh fJokdk g[ok
BjhA j'D fdzdh. soQK soQK dhnK o[ektNK fizdrh d/ o;s/ ftu nk
17
iKdhnK jB. wB[Zy v'b iKdk j?. B/eh d/ okj uZbD bJh fit/A gfjbK
;bkjK eodk j?. e[M jh ;w/A wro'A T[jBK B{z ft;ko fdzdk j?.
gkme iB ;wM ;ed/ jB fe “wsk” Ppd r[opkDh ftu pj[s
tkoh nkfJnk j?. ;[bjh ykB pko/ i' ;kyh xV e/, fJ; Ppd Bkb i'Vh
rJh j?, T[j p/wkfJB/ j?. fiBQK j'o Ppdk ftu “wsk iK w;{os”
nkfJnk j? eh T[jBK Bkb Gh ;kyhnK i'VBhnK g?DrhnK<
w/jBs B{z fsbKibh d/ e/, jZv jokwh pDB tkb/ b'e Gkos ftu
nDfrds jB. gzikp edh r[o{ do;kJ/ wkor s/ uZbe/ Xkowe
nkoEe s/ okiBhse y/so ftu ;G B{z fgS/ SZv frnk ;h. j[D T[;
gzikp dk “Gkosh eoD” j' frnk j?. f;zyh dk “pqkjwDh eoB” j'
u[Zfenk j?. fit/A fjzd{nK bJh t/d nkfde e/tb wzso gVb bJh jB.
e[M o;wK ohsK fBGkT[D bJh jB. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ rqzE;kfjp Gh e[M
o;wK ohsK se ;hws eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB. id'A fe T[; ftu doi pkDh
fJjBK o;wK ohsK s/ eowK eKvK dk uzrk tYKrk eodh j?. fit/A
{ K ftu bZyK jh t/jbV ;kX, “Bkw f;woD s/ wzso ikg” eoe/
fjzdn
d/; B{z skoB (n;b ftu v'pD tkb/) d/ d;ri/ wko oj/ jB. T[;/ soi
d/ ;kX gzikp ftu, f;Zyh G/y tkb/, gzikp B{z wzsoikg ns/ f;woD
d[nkok wkbkwkb eoB tor/ co/p eo oj/ jB) f;zyK dh jo/e ;N/i
s'A nzfwqs t/b/ ikrDk s/ Bkw igDk” dk gquko fBsfdB ;[DB B{z fwbdk
j?. fij/ fijhnK gqkgshnK frDkJhnK ik ojhnK jB, T[j gzikp
(f;ZyK) B{z fwbdhnK feT[A BjhA< fJj “f;woD o{gh nw'r pkD” fco
ed'A ezw nkt/rk<
r[o{ noiD ;kfjp B{z fGnkBe s;hj/ MZbD/ gJ/. ikbw b'eK ftu'A
fe;/ dk tkb ftzrk se BjhA j'fJnk. r[o{ ih Bkb'A tZX “f;woB” e"D
eo ;edk j?< S/tA/ ;fsr[oK B{z yzvK geV e/ w?dkB ftu e[d
Z Dk fgnk.
wip{s i[;
Z / tkb/ B"in
[ kBK dh c"i fsnko eoBh gJh. d[PwD Bkb y{B
v'jbthnK izrK bVBhnK gJhnK. e/tb “wzsoOfw;oD” Bkb w;b/
jZb BjhA j'J./ fJ; s'A pkd tkbk ;{owrsh Bkb Gog{o fJfsjk; rtkj
18
j?, fe r[o{ ;kfjpkB tb'A i' e;N ;j/ rJ/, T[jBK dh fw;kb fwbDh
n"yh j?. T[jBK dh wZs (T[gd/P) b?e/ fiBQK f;zxK f;zxDhnK B/ r"otPkbh
fJfsjk; dh f;oiDk ehsh, T[j fpnkB s'A pkjoh j?. f;ZyK B{z pkrh
nkye/ fPeko ehsk frnk. f;oK d/ w[Zb gkJ/ rJ/. xo iwhBK ips
ehs/ rJ/. ftneshrs esbK s'A b?e,/ g{oh e"w B{z ysw eoB tk;s/,
fszB “xb{xko/” toskJ/. (pzdk f;zx pjkdo dh frqcskoh Pjhdh ns/
gzikp ftu'A f;zyKk d/ yksw/ tkbk gfjbk xb{xkok ft;ko fdZsk frnk
j?) d{ik xb{xkok ;h ekjB{t
z kb dk (;zB 1746) s/ shik ;h wb/oe'Nb/
B/V/, fgzv e[Zg o'jhV/ fty/. ;zB 1762 ftu bZrgr shj jiko f;zx
f;zxDhnK Pjhd j' rJ/. fJzBk e[ ft;Eko fJ; bJh fdZsk frnk j? sK
fe gkmeK B{z ;N/ih eEkeko ns/ b/ye “Bkw f;woD” d/ uzeoftT{
ftu Bk c;k ;eD. nro “ig iK Bkw” ftu dZzf;nK iKdhnK
PeshnK j[zdhnK jB. fco T[jBK nb"feee skesK B/ wo oj/ s;hj/
MZb oj/ w[;hpsK ftu c;/, f;ZyK dh ;jkfJsk feT[ Bk ehsh< d;w
gkfsPkj ;koh T[wo izr bVd/ oj/. nBzdg[o dh nkyoh bVkJh
(d;zpo 1705) ftu jikoK f;Zy b/y/ bzr rJ/. nBzdg[o T[ZiV frnk.
gotko ftZSV frnk. uko/ ;kfjpikd/, wksk r[ioh ih ns/ nDfrDs
f;Zy pjkdo ikBK tko rJ/. Bkd/V fty/ X'y/pki pzfdnK B/ r[o{ ih s/
yzio dk tko eoe/ wko fdZsk. “f;woD” dh nb'eko Pesh nDtosh
feT[A gJhojh< c"iK, x'V,/ jkEh, jfEnko s/ feb/ nkfd ;kwkB fJeZmk
eoB dh eh b'V ;h< pzd/ wotk b?D/ s;hj/ Mbd/ ofjdk r[o{ ;kfjp dk
e'Jh P"e ;h< “Bkw” dk dksk ;fsr[o{ y[d w"i{d j't/ s/ T[j “Bkw dh
Pesh” foiop jh oZyh oZy/< go fJjBK PeshnK dh tos'A wB[ysk d/
Gb/ bJh BjhA ehsh< feT[Afe n;bhns jh fJj j? fe “Bkw O
f;woD” dk wsbp j? r[o{ tb'A dZ;h rJh ihtB iku, r[o{ dk j[ew.
Bkw sK Pqh uzd Gh igdk ;h, nkgD/ u/fbnK B{z gh igkT[Adk ;h. go
r[o{ j[ewK s'A pkrh ;h, nkeh ;h. Bkw sK fgoEh uzd Gh pj[s igdk
;h. fJ;/ ekoD T[j r[o{ pDB dk gqw[Zy dkt/dko ;h. go r[o{ dh
19
nkfrnk (j[ew) wzBD s'A Bkpo ;h. ;r'A nkgD/ nkg B{z r[o{ Bkb'A Gh
f;nkDk j'D dk Gow gkbdk fojk. r[o{ xo tb'A f;Zy ;zrsK tb'A T[;B{z
nzi sZe fcNekoK g?AdhnK nk ojhnK jB. ;qh uzd Gh f;Zy gzE nzdo
nkgDk ;fseko rztk u[Zfenk j?.Xho wb r[o{ jfor'fpzd ;kfjp ih dk
g'sok ;h. pkpk r[ofdZsk ih dk g[Zso (1627^1677) ;h. pVk “Bkw
f;woD” eodk ;h. fJj Gh r[o{ pDB bJh fe;/ Gh jd se ikD bJh
fsnko ;h. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih B{z, fJ; B/ r'bh wkoe/ ysw eoB dk
n;cb isB Gh ehsk ;h. f;Zy gzu tb'A fJ; B{z ;dk bkjDsk g?AdhnK
ojhnK. nZi se Gh fJ; B{z gzE e'b'A w[nkch BjhA fwbh.
pVh rfjoh ;kfi; sfjs “f;woD Grsh” eoB bJh f;ZyK d/
;kyhekoK B/ SZph ;kb G'o/ ftu fpmk fdZsk pkpk s/rk ih B{.z dotki/
s/ gfjodko fpmk fdsh, wksk r[ioh ih. nbQV T[wo id'A e/tb s/oK
u"dK ;kb d/ ;B. fgsk r[o{ s'A f;Zfynk ns/ EkgVk b? e/ s/r ;zGkb e/, d[;wD
Bkb ;kjwD/ wZE/ bVd/ iok BjhA xopkJ/. fco gsk BjhA feXo'A “p/
okr” g/dk j' frnk fe G'o/ ftu dV tZNe/ p?m rJ/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp
s'A b? e/ nZmt/A ;fsr[o{ se, fe;/ B/ nfijh sgZf;nk BjhA ehsh.
r[opkDh T[gd/PK okjhA nfijh sgZf;nk B[z w{oyK tkbh fefonk df;nk
frnk j?. sgZf;nk Grsh pko/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp sK fJT[A ;wMkT[Ad/
jB ^
r[o ;/tk sgK f;fo sg[ ;ko[]
jfo ihT[ wfB t;? ;G d{y ft;koDjko[]
dfo ;ku? dh;? ;funko[]
r[o ;/tk s/ fsqGtD ;'Mh j'fJ] nkg[ gSkfD jfo gkt? ;'fJ]
;kuh pkDh wjb[ gokgfs j'fJ] BkBe ;ku[ ej? thuko[]
jfo ek Bkw[ oyj[ T[foXkfo] jfo Grsh oks/ w'y d[nko[ ] (423)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dk j[ew wzB e/ ezw eoB/, ;ko/ sgK s'A T[go
sg j?. r[o{ fJj ;wMk fdzdk j? fe d[yK s/ ekp{ gk b?D tkbk fBozeko
fjod/ ftu jh fpokiwkB j?. ;u/ wkor s/ ubD tkb/ jh, ;funko/ d/
20
n;bh ;/te jB. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB s/, wkB' sq/b'eh dk
frnkB fwb iKdk j?. nkgD/ nkg dh, fBozeko Bkb ;zpXK dh ;'Mh r[o{
s'A j[zdh j?. ;fsr[o{ d/ ;Zu/ T[gd/P d[nkok GNeDk ysw j' ikdh j?.
fNekT[ nk iKdk j?. BkBe ;uh rb g{oh ;wM thuko Bkb nky fojk
j?. e/tb joh dk Bkw :kd oZy.' fJ; soQK joh dh Grsh ftu ozr/ b'e
pzXBk s'A w[es j' iKd/ jB. j'o gV'^
ig[ sg[ ;ziw[ j'o[ e'Jh Bkjh ] ip br[ r[oek ;pd[ Bk ewkjh ]
r[o{ e? ;pfd fwfbnk ;u[ gkfJnk, ;u/ ;fu ;wkfJdk] (1060)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh pkDh (f;fynk) jh n;bh ig j?, j'o e'Jh
BjhA. sg[ eoB/ ;oho B{z p/b'V/ e;N d/D/, fe;/ ezw BjhA. r[o{ ws b?
e/, ;wki ;/tk eoBh jh ;jh sg j?. ish ofjDk, tos oZyD/, BrB
x[w
z Dk, w'Bh pD ikDk, Bzr/ g?ohA ofjD tor/ BfyX ezw eoB dh e'Jh
io{os BjhA j?. fJ; dh EKt/A r[o{ dh wZs b? e/, ;ziw tkbk ihtB pshs
eoBk ujhdk j?. r[o{ d/ Ppd okjhA, jo gZy dh ;wM nk iKdh j?.
fBozeko pko/ frnkB r[o{ d/ Ppd (T[gd/P) okjhA fwfbnk. fJ; bJh
w?A ;ukJh tkb/ okj uZb fgnk jK. fJ; soQK ;funkok wB[Zy ;Zu/ oZp
dk jh o{g j' iKdk j?.
nfij/ nB/eK c[owkB pkpk s/r pjkdo d/ ;Bw[y j'D. r[opkDh
nfijh Grsh sgZf;nk B{z vze/ dh u'N Bkb oZd eodh j't/. fco Gh
r[o{ ek p/Nk, r[ows B{z ikBD tkbk, ;zGkth s"o s/ r[o{ pDB tkbk,
T[j y[d jh r[ows fto[ZX sgZf;nk eoB bJh, SZph ;kb G'o/ ftu dV
tZNh p?m/ oj/, ;zGt jh BjhA j?. T[jBK dh fizdrh dk fJe fJe ;fezN,
pVk ehwsh ;h. T[j SZph ;kb n?t/ r[nk d/D. e[M Bk ;wM b/ye s/
gqukoe fJj efjzd/ cV/ rJ/ jB, fe pkpk s/r pjkdo i[bw Bkb
NZeo b?d bJh, nkgD/ nkg B{z fsnko eo oj/ ;h. fco g[ZSDk pDdk
j? fe fJjBK s'A gfjb/ nZm r[o ftneshnK B/, feZE/ sgZf;nk ehsh
;h. fJjBK Bkb uKdBh u"e ftu Pjhd j'D tkb/, GkJh wsh dk;,
GkJh ;sh dk; GkJh fdnkb dk; ih B/ wB wip{s eoB bJh, fe;
21
G'o/ ftu sgZf;nk ehsh ;h< fjzd';skB Go ftu, jikoK bZyK p{pB/
;kX Grsh sgZf;nk s/ f;woD dk Y"Ar oukJh p?m/ ;B. T[jbK ftu'A
fe;/ B/ i[bw Bkb NZeo BjhA bJh, i[pkB se BjhA y'jbh.
“f;woD” dh skes d[nkok pkpk s/r pjkdo B/ GkJh wZyD Pkj
b[pkD/ dk v[pdk ijki feBko/ s/ bk fdZsk. pkp/ pekb/ s'A G/o' ftu'A jh
nkgDk ;oho (iK pKj) T[E/ gj[u
z k fbnk. ijki B{z w'Yk bkfJnk. w'Y/
ftu feZb y[ZG rJ/, bj{ f;wdk GkJh wyD Pkj B{z ftykfJnk. i/ fJj
ejkDh ;Zu j? sK r[o{ s/r pjkdo ih gzikp ftu p?fmnk jh pV/
nkokw Bkb, n"ozri/p B{z ysw eo ;ed/ ;B. i/ wzB bJhJ/ fe fJ;
soQK fe;/ B[z wkoBk uzrk BjhA j[zdk sK “ikDh ikD r[o{” fJj Gh sK
ikDd/ j'Dr/ fe n"or
z i/p B/ fezB/ p/dP
' / b'eK B{z esb eoBk j?. T[jBK
esbK B{z o'eD tk;s/, n"ozr/ dk woBk io{oh ;h. ub' i/ wkoBk uzrk
BjhA sK T[;dk wB jh pdb fdzd/. nZr/ s'A n"ozri/p i[bw eoB' o[e
iKdk j?. fco SZph ;kb “f;woD” ehsk fe; ezw nkfJnk< Pjhdh
sK pr?o “f;owB” tkb/ Gh gk rJ/.
d;w gkfsPkj d/ nDfrDs ekoi t/yfdnK b/ye s/ gqukoe
T[jBK s'A fJ; iBw ftu sK “f;woD” BjhA eotk ;e/. fgSb/ iBwK
Bkb ejkDhnK BZEh eoe/, fe;/ d[PN dwB Bkwh coih ftnesh B{z,
fjwkbk s/ N[r
z fdZsk. fi; gjkV s/ BK nzB Bk gkDh, Bk xo Bk ihtB
dhnK j'o b'VK g{ohnK eoB tkbk ;kwkB. pfuZso BkNe dh pfuso
ejkDh w[skpe sK n"ozri/p Gh T[E/ jh (j/we[zN) s/ sgZf;nk eodk
;h. T[E/ jh fJe pqkjwD sgZ;th, w"i{d ;h. fi;B/ P/o dh yZb ftu'A
ykb;k (ny"sh d[PN dwB) eZfYnk. T[/E/ jh fJe “d/th” fJPBkB
eoB nkJh. BQkT[Adh sZe e/ n"ozri/p dh nZy (fgSb/ iBw ftu) d/th
s/ w?bh j' rJh. d[PN dwB B/ d/th dh gs pukJh. d/th B/ y[P j'e/
d[PN dwB B{z “;dk i/s{ oj'” d/ todkB fdZs/ ns/ fJe feogkB
py;hHHH.
wjKgoT[gekoh r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dk d;tK ikwk r[o{ r'fpzd
22
f;zx wjkoki. fgSb/ iBwK ftu “f;woD Grsh sgZf;nk” eotk e/
T[jBK B{z y{p ibhb ehsk frnk j?. T[jBK d/ iBwfdB s/, fJ; iBw
ftu ehs/ rJ/ pjkdoh Go/ ekoBkw/ xZN jh ;[DB B{z fwbd/ jB.
pj[shnK sK pfuZso BkNe dhnK e[co eEktK jh ;[DhdhnK jB. id'A
;ko/ r[od[nkfonK ftu nfijk wzdGkrk gquko j't/. fco ;[Xko dh
fet/A nk; ehsh ik ;edh j?< ;[D oj/ ;o's/ j"bh j"bh pjkdoh tkb/ gZy
s'A ;ZyD/ j' iKd/ jB. e/tb wkbk, f;woB, wzso ikg nyzv gkmK dhnK
fJe'sohnK nkfd eoe/ “ekoi f;Xh” dh e{Vh nk; ftu fizdrh
popkd eo b?Ad/ jB.
fJe w'N/ fij/ nzdki/ w[skpe d[BhnK ftu fszB jiko p'bhnK
jB. T[jBK B{z p'bD tkb/ b'eK d/ nkg' nkgD/ “Xow” jB. ihtB
ftXhnK g{ik eoB d/ s"o sohe/ jB. ;kfonK d/ nkg' nkgD/ “GrtkB”
jB. T[jBK GrtkBK d/ nkgDh b'V w[skpe Bkw oZy/ j'J/ jB. T[jBk
tZy' tZyo/ BktK d[nkok T[j b'e Gh, nky' nkgD/ sohe/ “Bkw f;woD”
eod/ jB. T[jBK B{z Gh “Bkw” s'A eJh soQK dhnK “ftP/P gqkgshnK”
j[zdhnK jB. fco f;ZyK ftu jmh spek fJj fet/A dkjtk eo ;edk
j? fe oZp dk Bkw e/tb “tkfjr[o{” jh j?. id'A fe r[opkDh fJ; dh
g[PNh BjhA eodh. “f;woD” d/ Gkt noE Gh r[opkDh ftu'A gfVnK
“fJe ihtB i[rsh” gqsZy fd; nkT[Ad/ jB. r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ y[d
uzr/ok ihtB fiT[A e/ ftykfJnk. T[jBK d/ j[ew B{z ;[DB s/ wzBD
tkb/ f;ZyK B/ n"y/ ;"y/ jo ;w/A ftu, T[; ihtB i[rsh B{z fBGkfJnk.
go nZi d/ “Bkw o;hJ/”, frnkB s'A ;ZyD/, u'eV/ wkoe/, nZyK
whNe/ , f;woD eoB bZr gJ/. r[DK Gog{o ihtB PkfJd jh fes/
bZ G / . fJjBK “Bkw igD” tkb/ Xowh f;z x K” B/ , gz E B{ z e' J h p" f Xe
nrtkJh BjhA fdZsh. gzE bJh pj[gZyh nrtkJh tkbk, e'Jh ekoi
BjhA T[bhe ;e/. e'Jh ;e{b ekbi ns/ :{Bhtof;NhnK ;Ekgs
BjhA eo ;e/. feZsk w[yh f;Zfynk e/Ado y'jbD s'A feBkok eo rJ/.
gzikph ;fGnkuko s/ f;Zy ;fGnkuko B{z B"i[nkBk bJh fyZu dk
23
e/Ado BjhA pDk ;e/. jo soqK dhnK y/YK ftu'A f;Zy B'in
[ kB gSV
u[e/ jB, fJjbK dh ikD/ pbk. BfPnK d/ ;w[zdo ftu f;Zy rGo{
i[nkBhnK rkb oj/ jB, fJjBK “;[nk; ;[nk; Bkw igD tkb/”
r[ow[yK B{z Bio jh BjhA nkT[Ad/. j'o “Bkw f;woD, j'o Ppd dh
ewkJh, j'o ibdh ikrDk, j'o ;'jD/ p;so s/ PPso ;ikT[D/, j'o
bzw/ o?D ;pkJh ehosB, j'o ;[nkdb/ bzroHHH s/ p;.
i/ fes/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB u"AeV/ wkoe/ pfj ikd/. “nZyK pzd” eoe/,
“Bkw f;woD” eod/ ofjzd/, sK fJ; d/P dh r[bkwh d/ ;zrb ed/ BjhA
N[N
Z D/ ;B. i/ f;Zy :'X/ o?D ;pkJh ehosBK ns/ gkmK dhnK fJe'sohnK
eokT[D bZr g?Ad/ sK npdkbh s/ d[okBh ;kjwD/ d' Xko/ yzv/ cVe/ y{B
dhnK BdhnK Bk pjkT[Ad/. i/ ;qL oDihs f;zx (wjkokik) tkfjr[o{
wzso ikg d// uZeo ftu g? ikdk, sK f;Zy oki d/ Mzv/, fdZbh s'A b/ e/
ncrkfB;skB sZe, bjhA M[b
Z ;eD/ ;B. ;zskbh tkbh nkIkdh ftu
f;ZyK B/ brGr 80# s;hj/ MZb/, e?dK eZNhnK cK;h uV rJ/. go eh
T[j ;ko/ pjkdo f;Zy, nZi tkb/ sohfenK Bkb “Bkw f;woD” eod/
;B<
(1) fJj Bkw f;woD dh ni'eh fgos GkJh oDXho f;zx B/ s'oh
j?. Gkt/A fe nzrq/i ;oeko tb'A fsnko eoe/, v/o/ ;Ekgs eoe/, pj[s
;ko/ ‘c"ih ;zs gzikp ftu f;ZyK B{z “f;woD,gkm” ikg d/ okj gkT[D
dh wjkB ;/tk” eoB bZr gJ/ ;B. GkJh oDXho f;zx B/ fJ; ftu j'o
tkXk ehsk.
uVdh i[nkBh ftu GkJh oDXho f;zx B{z d/P nkIkd eokT[D
tk;s/ jfEnkoK dh b'V wfj;{; j'Jh. c"ih S"DhnK Bkb ;zgoe ehsk
frnk. fdB sohe fBPfus j' rJh. fJ; fdB c"ih itkBK B{z ftPtk;
ftu b? e/, jfEnko b[ZzN/ ikDr/. fJjBK jh pzd{eK s'gK, roB/vK Bkb
r'fonK B[z wkfonk ikt/rk. nzri
q/ K d/ jwkfJshnK B{z eokoh ;ik fdZsh
ikt/rh. d/P nkIkd eotkfJnk ikt/rk. go fe;/ rdko tb'A w[ypoh
ehs/ ikD ekoB, ;ehw f;o/ Bk uV ;eh. fJe fdB gfjbK jh ;ko/
24
rdoh cV bJ/ rJ/. fJjBK T[s/ i' w[edwk doi j'fJnk, T[; ftu
fJjbK d/ e[M ;kEhnK B{z ;ikJ/ w"s dh ;ik fdZsh rJh. fJjBK ftu
;qL eosko f;zx ;okGk Gh ;h. j'o eJh (30^03^1916) ;kEhnK ;w/
s GkJh oDXho f;zx B{z T[wo e?d j' rJh. fJjBK B{z eohp u"dK ;kb
i/jb ftu pzd ofjDk fgnk.
fJjBK dhnK nkgDhnK fbysK w[skpe i/jb ftu eJh tkoh G[y
Z
jVskb ehsh. w[PebK MZbhnK. Bkb fJj Gh doi j? fe tZv/ nzrq/i
nc;o i/jb ftu GkJh ih B[z fwbD nkT[Ad/ oj/. fJ;kJhnK d/ Xow
gqukoe (gkdoh) Gh i/jb ftu nke/ ftuko uouk eod/ oj/. GkJh ih
B{z nkgDk ykDk e?dhnK Bkb'A nbZr pDke/ ykD dh fJikis Gh fwb
rJh. rKXh B/ (;oekoh fJikis b? e/) Bkb pZeoh oZyh j'Jh ;h. GkJh
oDXho f;zx B{z i/jb ftu d[X
Z ghD bJh wZM oZyD dh fJikis fwb
rJh. i/jb ftu jh feskpK fbyD bJh t/jb ns/ ;kXB gqkgs j' rJ/.
e?dhnK Bkb obe/, “;'Bk pdkT[D dhnK ftXhnK” Gh f;ZyD dk w"ek
fwbdk frnk. uko nes{po 1930 fojkJh s'A b? e/, 1947 se, GkJh
oDXho f;zx dh fJe' fJe ;orowh gVB ;[DB B[z fwbdh j?. “Bkw
f;woD s/ o?D ;pkJh ehosB” r'oh ;oeko fto[ZX ;skoK ;kbK ftu,
edh fJe fpnkB se BjhA nkfJnk, frqcskoh d/Dh sK d{o dh rZb.
“gqsZy B{z gqwkD dh b'V BjhA”, nykD w[skpe gkme iB t/y
;ed/ jB i' GkJh oDXho f;zx “Bkw f;woB” BjhA eodk ;h, T[j
pjkdo ;h. d/P B{z nkikd eokT[D bJh fe;/ Gh w[;hps B{z gqtkB eoB
bJh fsnko ;h. go i/jb ftu ePN MbfdnK, wb{e fizd v'b rJh.
w[V ;oeko Bkb NZeo b?D s'A s'pk eo bJh.“Bkw dh skes” okjhA
y[d B{z iwhB s'A T[ve/, SZs Bkb brdk fpnkB ehsk. d[PwD dk ykswk
oki dh gqkgsh “Bkw” okjh j' ikt/rh. oks d/ fJe iK d' ti/ ;[Zs/ T[m
gU. ;D/ e/;h fJ;BkB eo' fco “Ppd dk yzvk” yVekT[.“Bkw
f;woD” eo'. fBsB/w dk gkm eo'. (fdB/ Gkt/A ;[Zs/ oj'<) feT[Afe
oks B{z ikrD tkbk Bhd g{oh eoB bJh fdB/ io{oh ;ztr
/ k. r[opkDh
25
d/ noE eoB/ ;wMD/, pzd eo fds/ . ehosB eofdnK fiE/ “Bkw”
fbfynk j'fJnk nk ikt/, T[;/ EK r[opkDh rkT[Dh o'e e/, “tkfjr[o{
tkfjr[o{” p'bDk P[o{ eo fdZsk ikt/. fJjBK d/ eJh ;ko/ ;zrh ;kEh sK
“Bkw” igd/ j'J/ G[Ved/ jB. eJh ;ko/ uheK wkod/ jB. ;koh oks
ikrk eoB tkb/ PkfJd jh fe;/ Ppd d/ noE ikDd/ j'D. f;ZyK d/ fJe
tZvh frDsh ftub/ spe/ B{z f;nkDg ns/ fjzws eoB' o'e e/, “Bkw
f;woD” d/ nfij/ jzeko ftu rbskB eo fdZsk fe fJj b'e, pkeh
f;ZyK B{z f;Zy wzBD' jh fJBekoh jB. “;[uw” d/ wkwb/ ftu, pqkjwDk
B{z fgSKj SZv rJ/ jB. nzfwqs Gh fJjBK dk nkgDk j' frnk j?. r[o{
;kfjp B/ neb tkb/ B{z fpp/eh nkfynk ;h. fJjBK d/ iE/ ftu Pkwb
j'D dh d/o j? fe fpp/eh dk fyskp MZN pyP fdzd/ jB. fJjBK ftu
T[j ;kohnK ewi'ohnK nkw t/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB, i' pkeh fJB;kBK
ftu jB. T[AR fJj “Bkw f;woD” pj[s eod/ jB. fizdrh d/ ftjko
ftu'A “Bkw” dk e'Jh Mbekok BjhA fd;dk.
(2) fe;/ ;w/A d/P dh nkIkdh tk;s/ ikBK e[opkB eoB tkb/,
f;Zyh d/ n;{bK bJh wo fwND tkb/, Ppd B{z nkgDk r[o{ wzBD tkb/,
“tkfjr[o{ wzso” dk ikg eoB tkb/ “BkwXkoh” T[oc “e{e/” nZi
f;Zyh wzvb ftu'A pj[s d{o ub/ rJ/ jB. pkpk okw f;zx B/ f;ZyK ftu
nk u[ZehnK ewi'ohnK B{z d{o eoB d/ Gog{o T[gokb/ ehs/. T[jB/ d/
ftS'V/ s'A e[M jh ;w/A nzdo, Bkw XkohnK dh Bth “r[o{ gqBkbh” uZb
gJh. r[o{ (Ppd r[o{ dh Ekt/ d/jXkoh gqEk uZb gJh) pdb frnk.
fBsB/w dhnK pkDhnK pdb rJhnK. jtB j'D bZr gJ/. nrBh dh
g{ik gqubs j' rJh. nBzd ekoi ;w/A nrBh d[nkb/ gqeowk eoB bZr/
gJ/. T[B
Z dh wkbk rb/ dk f;zrko pD rJh. rT{ B{z fJjBK nkgDh wksk
;theko eo fbnk. rT{nK pukT[D fjs pzd/ esb eo fdZs/ . fJ;/
ekoB uko e{e/ cK;h uV rJ/. eJhnK B{z ekb/ gkDh dh ;ik j' rJh.
pkd ftu wb/oe'Nb/ (18 iBtoh 1872) 66 e{fenK B{z s'gK Bkb T[vk
fdZsk frnk. fgZS/ tZvk ekoB fJjh ;h rT{ jZfsnk o'eD bJh p[ZuVK
26
B{z esb eoBk. ;oekoh dfjPs ekoB e{fenK B/ feogkB Gh fsnkr
fdsh. f;oc ezx/ ftubh fBPkBh B{z feogkB wzB fbnk. d;sko dk
Yzr ns/ ozr pdb fbnk. sB d/ egfVnK dk Bhbk nkfd ozr fsnkr
fdZsk. nwB dk gqshe ;c/d pkDk XkoB eo fbnk. i?ekok rikT[Dk
fsnkr fdZsk. oki eo/rk ykb;k d'jok G[bk fdZsk. “tkfjr[o{ wzso”
Gh T{uh BjhA T[ukoBk. dzd Ghu e/ fJzBh wZXw nktki ftu tkfjr[o{
p'bDk j? fe Bkb yb's/ pzd/ B{z Gh ;[DkJh Bk d/t./
e{fenK (BkwXkohnK) d/ gfjb/ w[yh GkJh pkbe f;zx B/
nkgD/ u/fbnK B{z fJj T[gd/P fdZsk ^ “pfjzd/ T[md/, ;"d/ ikrd/,
tkfjr[o{ dk GiB efonk eo'. nZmK gfjboK (u"th xzfNnK ftu) fszB
tkoh fJ;BkB efonk eo'. uwV/ d/ v'b (p'eK) dk gkDh Bk ghU.
nkgD/ r[o GkJhnK (e{fenK) s'A fpBK fe;/ j'o d/ jZEK dk pfDnk
gq;kdk Bk Se'. wk; Bk ykU, Pokp Bk ghU, szpke{ Bk tos'. fGy
Bk wzr' feos eo'. M{m Bk p'b', ftGuko Bk eo'HH nkfd.”
BkwXkohnK B/ pBko; (ek;h) ftu vkH ;zgo{ B Bzd :{Bhtof;Nh
ftu “;fsr[o{” okw f;zx u/no, ns/ r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp :{Bhtof;Nh
nzfwqs;o ftu “;fsr[o{” okw f;zx u/no ;Ekgs eotk bJh j?.
eKro; ;oeko s/ gkoNh Bkb obe/ ubfdnK, fJjBK B/ nkgDh
;zgodk tk;s/ pj[s ;kohnK ;[Zy ;j{bsK gqkgs eo bJhnK jB. f;ZyK
s/ GhVK g?D, f;Zy esb j'D, dopko ;kfjp s/ c"i uV nkt/, gzikp d/
;kXB y'j bJ/ ikDHHH. fJjBK B{z e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA. fJj sK p;
“f;woB” eod/ jB, wkbk c/od/ jB. “gqb'e” ;ztkod/ jB. fdB oks
fJjBK d/ ;do w[ekw s/ wzso ikg gkm j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB.
(3) fJe j'o “wjKg[oy” ;B pkpk pho f;zx B"ozrkpkd tkb/.
fJjBK dk iBw fgzv rZrp
' n
{ k fibQk nzfwqs;o fty/, 1768 B{z j'fJnk.
fJe tko wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki tes g;"Ao d/ B/V/, d[PwDK
Bkb izr bVfdnK pho f;zx dk yzvk N[ZN frnk. fe;/ sohe/ x/o/
ftu'A pue/ sK fBeb nkJ/, go w[V c"i tb w{zj Bk ehsk. xo
27
fsnkr e/ ;kXK Bkb ob rJ/. gfjbK fJe ;kX GkJh Gkr f;zx d/
gqGkt ftu nkJ/. fco pkpk ;kfjp f;zx p/dh dh ;/tk ftu jkio
j' J / . ;q H d;"A XK f;zx dh gq/oBk s/ B"ozrkpkd ftu nkgD/ v/o/ dh
;EkgBk ehsh. fJE/ nkJ/ PoXkb{nK B{z “Bkw igD” dh f;fynk
ns/ gq/oBk fdZsh ikD bZrh. fJ; d/ v/o/ ftu fszB jiko x'V ;tko
B"itkB s/ fJe jIko pzd{euh rGo{ “w[ekpb/ bJh fsnko” ofjzd/
;B. fJ;/ v/o/ ftu wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ d' g[Zso ezto fgP"o k
f;zx s/ ezto ePwhok f;zx Gh PoD b? e/ p?m rJ/. feT[Afe jhok
f;zx v'ro/ B/, f;Zy ;odkoK B[z ;kfi;K sfjs wotkD, s/ p/gs
eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk ;h. fJE/ jh ;qH joh fz;zx Bbt/ dk p/Nk ;qH
itkjo f;zx, dhtkB ft;kyk f;zx, ns/ ;qH nso f;zx ;zXktkbhnk
Gh ;oekoh efjo d/ ;skJ/, fJE/ fNe/ j'J/ ;B. fJ; v/o/ “;zsg[ok”
ftu brgr thj jiko f;Zy w"i{d ;B fJjBK ftu'A pj[s/ B"i[nkB
;B. jfEnkoK d/ wkfjo ;B. T[ X o jhok f;z x v' r o/ B/ fJ; v/ o /
s/ jwbk eotk fdZsk. v/o/ nzdo fxo/ f;ZyK B/ “;zs” ih s'A w[ekpbk
eoB dh fJikis wzrh. go fJikis BjhA fdZsh rJh. c"i B/ s'gK
pzd{eK Bkb jwbk eoe/ brgr u"dK jiko f;Zy w"s d/ xkN T[sko
fds/. i/ fJj f;zx w[ekpbk eod/ sK Bshik j'o dk j'o j'Dk ;h. go
“;zs” ih sK fszB ;kb wjkokik oDihs f;zx dh c"i ftu B'e oh
eoe/, izr ftu yzvk N[ZND s'A nfij/ xpokJ/ fe c"i jh SZv fdZsh.
“Bkw f;woD” d/ okj g? rJ/. nkgD/ v/o/ ftu i[V pm/ thj jiko
pzfdnK B[z Gh “Bkw” igkT[Ad/ oj/. v'rok c"i B/, jwbk eoe/ u"dK
jiko pzd/ wko fdZs/. tkj pkpk ih tkj. fJj “wzso ikg” f;ZyK B{z
Bk puk ;e/, d[;wD c"i dk tkb ftzrk Bk eo ;e/. pkehnK d/ Bkb
jh pkpk pho f;zx Gh wkfonk frnk. wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ d't/
p/N/ ;qH joh f;zx Bb{J/ dk g[Zso ns/ pkeh ;odko “okwBkw” igd/
j'J/ “okw;s” j' rJ/ . u"dK jiko jfEnko pzd bVke{ :'X/, v'roK
rodh ekoB r[;/ Bkb Go/ j'J/, p/fJZish tkb/ ihtB Bkb'A d[;wD Bkb
28
d' jZE eoB bJh T[sktfbnK B[z fJ; “;zs” ih B/ ;fsBkw tkfjr[o{
dk “ikg” eofdnK, Gzr d/ GkV/ wotk fdZsk.
(4) ;zB 1849 ftu wjkokik oDihs f;zx dk oki fiZse/ nzrq/iK
B/ gzikp s/ w[ezwb epik iwk fbnk. nDfrDs f;Zy nfij/ pkeh
;B, fiBQK B/ y{B v'jbthnKizrK bVe/ ykb;k oki ekfJw ehsk ;h.
fiBK f;Zy oki dh PkB' ;"es dk ;{oi f;yobh nt;Ek ftu t/fynk
;h. d[BhnK Go dhnK ;oekoK d/ ;cho f;ZyK Bkb d';sh gkT[D
bJh fBs fdB jkio j[zd/ ofjzd/ ;B. jo e'Jh f;ZyK dh phosk d/
r[D rkT[dk ;h. f;Zy oki ;kfi;K dh G/N uV frnk. r[bkwh rb
g? rJh. go ni/ f;Z y e"w g{oh soQK fB;Zb ik r?osjhD BjhA j'Jh.
fiE/ fes/ c"j g?Adk f;Zy r"fonK B{z NZeod/ ofjzd/ . nzr/qiK B/ f;Zy
fJfsjk; ns/ n;{bK pko/ ekch ;koh tkech gqkgs eo bJh ;h.
bzwh ;'u ftuko s'A pkd, fJjBK dh nDy tkbk yk;k ysw eoB
tk;s/, f;ZyK nzdo ;kX ;zs N'b/ dkyb eoe/, tfjwK GowK, gkmK,
nyzv gkmK, sgZf;nk, wzso ns/ f;woD nkfd dh ohs gqc[bs
ehsh ikt/.
(4) r'oh ;oeko B/ wkbt/ d/ oki/ sK gfjbK jh nkgD/ nXhB
eo bJ/ ;B. ;zB 1849 ftu ykb;k oki tkbk gzikp Gh r[[bkw pDk
fbnk. ;zB 1866 13 wkou B{z fgzv uhwk fibk ;zro{o fty/, fgsk
GkJh eow f;zx ns/ wksk G'bh d/ xo fi; pkbe B/ iBw fbnk,
T[;dk Bkw nso f;zx oZfynk frnk. ;skoK e[ ;kb dh T[wo ftu,
fJj B"i[nkB c"i ftu Gosh j' frnk. ;kY/ e[ fszB ;kb wro'A
T[gokw j'e/, Bkw eNtk fbnk. wro' ike/ u/fbnK B/ fJj ejkDh Gh
gqubs ehsh fe GkJh (f;Zyh otkfJs w[skpe b/ye, nso f;zx B{z
;zs BjhA, GkJh Ppd Bkb jh ;zp'XB eo/rk) nso f;zx GiB pzdrh
ftu i[V iKd/. T[jBK dh EKt/A fvT[Nh r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx ih fdzd/. T[j
GiB pzdrh ekoB, jkioh bZrD tes fes/ j'o j[zd/, nkg jh jkioh
bZr iKdh. id'A c"i ftu'A ub/ rJ/ nkgD/ nkg ;ko/ fes'A Bkw rkfJp
29
j' frnk.
fco GkJh nso f;zx B/ Bkd/V (ji{o ;kfjp) g[Zi e/ sgZf;nk
nkozG eo fdZsh. fij' fijh sgZf;nk pko/ GkJh s/ik f;zx n?wHJ/H B/
GkJh nso f;x dh ihtBh ftu fbfynk j? T[; dh r[opkDh ;ys By/
dh eodh j?. r[opkDh ftu EK go EK nfij/ T[gd/P fby/ j'J/ jB ^
sB[ p?;zsfo j'whn?, fJe osh s'fb eNkfJ]
sB[ wB[ ;wXk i/ eoh, nBfdB[ nr
nrffB ibkfJ]
jfo Bkw? s[fb B g[iJh ;G fvmh m'fe tikfJ](62)
j/ sg ;kXBk eoB tkb/ G[ZbV fJB;kB i/ s{z ;oho B{z fxT[ dh
Ekt/A nrBh ftu E'Vk E'Vk eoe/ gk d/t/A . i/ beVK dh Ekt/A ;oho
d/ jv ibk d/t/A, s/ jo o'i fJj eko eodk oj/. fJj Gko/ e;N
fBoheko d/ “Bkw” dh pq k poh BjhA eo ;ed/ .
sg[ eos/ sg;h G{bkJ/] gzfvs w ' j / b' f G ;pkJ/ ] (37)
j/ GkJh sg eoB tkb/ ;kX e[okj/ g? rJ/. gzfvs (ftdtkB)
b'e b'Gh j' rJ/, fJj Gh GNe rJ/.
sB[ B sgkfJ sB{o fiT[ pkbD[ jv B pkfb]
f;fo g?oh fenk c/fVnk nzdfo fgoh Pwkfb] (1411)
j/ GkJh ‘ sB B{z szdo{ tKr feT[A sgkT[Adk j?< jZvK B[z feT[ pkbD
tKr ;kVBk j?< f;o ns/ g?oK B/ eh p[ok ehsk j?< fJjBK B{z sebhc
feT[A d/ fojk j?< fBozeko s/o/ fjod/ ftu t;dk j?, s{z pkjo ekjd/
bJh Yzv
{ dk j?<
GkJh nso f;zx sB B{z sgkT[Adk fojk, jZvK B{z rkbdk fojk.
;oho B{z ;[ekT[dk fojk. ;/tk eoe/ BjhA, izr bVfdnK BjhA. sgZf;nk
eofdnK ;oho ;[ek fbnk. (fJ; dk ;p{s GkJh nso f;zx dh ihtBh
gzBk 82 s/ b/ye GkJh s/ik f;zx n?wHJ/H Skge ebrhXo NoZ;N,
r[od[nkok pV{ ;kfjp fibk f;ow'o, fjwkub gqd/;)
fJj Grsh sgZf;nk dk Sb BkNe nkw b'eK dk fXnkB fyZuD
tk;s/ ehsk ikdk j?. Bkb Bkb N[eVp'u u/b/ eokwksh ejkDhnK Gh
30
nkgD/ w[yh Bkb i'Vd/ gqukod/ ofjzd/ jB. fit/A^ bzro xZN ;h, ;/tk
dko vo rJ/. ;zrs pj[s j?. Bw';h j't/rh. GkJh nso f;zx gsk
brD s/ bzro d/ d/frnk e'b p?m frnk. Ppd gVBk P[o{ eo fdZsk^
fsuo[ w{fb B E[VhAd' fiuo[ nkfg feqgkb[]
;pd[ ny[N[ pkpk nBek ykfj yofu XB[ wkb[ ] (1426)
GkJh s[;h Gh fJjh Ppd gfVnk eo', ed/ s'N Bjh nkt/rh (T[jh
gzBk^83) gfjbK ukbh fdB sg ehsk, fco S/ wjhB/ sg ;kfXnk.
T[gqzs fJe ;kb brksko x'o sg ehsk. nb/ d[nkb/ ;ko/ ehosh c?b
rJh. (T[jh gzB/ 86^87) sg eoe/ gfjbh ft;ky B{z G'o/ ftu'A pkjo
nkT[Dk. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp d/ iBw Bkb w/bD dk b[etk sohek j?. ;/
te efj oj/ jB ^ “wjkoki s[;h sK ;koh f;q;Nh B{z EzwD bJh nkgD/
nkg B{z w[PebK ftu gkfJnk j?” (T[jh gzBk ^88) gfjbh tkoh GkJh
nso f;zx B/ jh eftsktK dk (euhnk XkoBktK) ehosB P[o{ eoB dh
rbs gogkNh gkJh j?. gfjbh gzesh fJj rkJh^
“e'Jh ftobk w'VB jkok wB dhnK tkrK B{z.
e'Jh ftobk w'oVB jkok wB dhnK tkrK” (gzBk 91)
GkJh nso f;zx d/ d'tK g?oK s/ gdw o/yk ;h. (T[jh gzBk^92)
gfjbK gq/wh f;ZyK d/ xo pZeo/ MNekJ/ iKd/ ;B, GkJh nso f;zx B/
MZNek eoBk, wk; ykDk wBk eo fdZsk (T[jh gzBk^93) GkJh nso
f;zx B{z r[o{ d/ pokpo (eJh tkoh T{uk) eoB dhnK pj[s ;kohnK
ejkDhnK xVhnK j'JhnK fJ; g[;se ftu doi jB. nZr/ fJe
ftbyD xNBk doi eoBh fdbu;gh s'A ykbh BjhA j'tr
/ h, i' fJT[A j?L^
fjzd';skB dh okiXkBh gfjbK ebeZsk (nZi eZb e'beZsk)
;h. 1911 ftu fdZbh spdhb ehsh rJh. okiXkBh dhnK T[dxkNBh
o;wK bJh fJzrb?Av d/ pkdPkj ikoi gzuw B/ nkT[Dk ;h. ikoi
d/ ;tkrs bJh ;koh Gkos ;oeko gZpK Gko j'Jh gJh ;h. r'fonK
d/ “tckdko” okfinK oJh;K B[z wjkoki/ dk ;[nkrs eoB bJh
gj[zuD tk;s/ ;Zdk gZso G/i/ rJ/. fJj ;ko/ wkbt/ d/ f;Zy oki/ ;B,
31
fiBQK B/ wjkokik oDihs f;zx Bkb'A s'V ftS'Vk eoe/ nzrq/ih
;oeko dh PoD bJh. f;Zy oki gqc[bs j[zdk uzrk Bk bZrk. pd/;h
;oeko dh r[bkwh uzrh bZrh. fBZih n?;gq;sh ftu roe j'Jh, fJ;
wkBf;esk tkb/ okfinK B{z r'oh ;oeko j'o tv/o/ fyskp d/ e/
nkgD/ tckdko s/ d/;tk;hnK bJh pfxnkV pDkT[dh ofjzdh ;h.
T[; t/b/ fdZs/ rJ/ okfinK d/ ;BwkB iK gdthnK nfijhnK j[zdh
;B^ “eoB?b, fjIjkJhB?Z;, coizd/ fdbpzd, o;{y[b, fJsekd,
d"bs/
bs/ fJzrfb;hnk, okikJ/ okirkB, wjkokik ;o, ;bkwh gzdooKK
s'gK.”
d/P Go ftu'A nfij/ fyskpK ftu tkX/ eokT[D tkb/ nwho
tiho nkJ/. ;tkb g?dk j[zdk j?, GkJh nso f;zx B{z fe; j?;hns
ftu ;Zdk gZso nkfJnk< i/ nso f;zx Xowh g[oy ;h sK fJjBK
e"wxksh b'eK Bkb edw fwbk e/ feT[A uZb fojk ;h< fdbh ftu
jkEh d/ j"d/ ftu p?me/, ikoi gzuw d/ ;tkrsh ib{; ftu feT[A
Pkwb j'fJnk ;h< r[opkDh ftu'A (XkoBk pDke/ PpdK dh soshp
s'Ve/) PfjBPkj dh gq;z; eod/ Ppd feT[A rkJ/ < fit/A ^ “g?i
oyh eosko/ iB eh g? i oyh.” nr/ j'o XkoBk gVh ^ “ebrh
tkb/ d/ dopko y[ P hnK fBs BthnK.” fJT[A efj bJhJ/ fe ikoi
gzuw B{z, GkJh nso f;zx B/ r[opkDh okjhA “ih nkfJnk B{z WELL
COME n;h ;ko/ s[jkv/ ;[nkrs ftu yV/ jK, ;kB{z s[jkv/ nkT[D
dh pj[s y[Ph j?, s[jkv/ oki ekoB ;kvh fJis tX rJh j?. ;kv/
r[ o { B/ fJj Ppd s[ j kvh gq ; z ; k bJh jh fby/ ;BHHH.”
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp p/y"c j'e/ pkpo B{z bbeko ;ed/ jB.
e?dh pD ;ed/ jB. e[b wB[ysk dk dod ebw okjh pVh p/pkeh
Bkb gqrN eo fdnK fbyd/ jB^ “;ueh pkDh BkBe[ nky? ;u[
;[ D kfJ;h ;u eh p/ b ] (723) r[o{ noiD ;kfjp je{ws nZr/ Bk
M[efdnK, s;hj/ gqtkB eo b?Ad/ jB. r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp fJ;/
fdbh ftu, ;Zu s/ gfjok d/fdnK, wB[Zyh nfXekoK ykso, ;h; se
32
eNtk b? A d/ jBHHH. ;w/ A dk f;sw t/ y ' `” sgZ ; th, ;z s , pq j w
frnkBh, wjkoki ih, ikDh ikD, f;q;Nh dk fB;skok eoB tkb/
(fit/A T[jBK dh ihtBh ftu fbfynk j'fJnk j?) Xowh g[oy,
pd/;h okfinK dh gq;z;k ftu fuwN/ Y'beK yVekT[D, r[opkDh PpdK
dh d[otos'A eoB dh fBtkD se ub/ rJ/.” PoXktkB b'eK B{z
r[opkDh d/ T[Zsw frnkB d[nkok i[bw fto[X bkwpzd eoB dh
Ekt/A, d/P d/ d[PwDk d/ jZe ftu i?eko/ brtkT[D bZr gJ/.
id'A PfjBPkj dk yk; sohe/ ;N/i s/ ;tkrs j'Dk ;h. tZv/
b"eK B/ nkgD/ s'A pj[s tZv/ dh gq;;
z k eoe/ tZv/ ;BwkB ns/ irhoK ftu
tkXk eotkT[Dk ;h. T[;/ gzvkb ftu “S'N/ b'eK” ftu GkJh nso f;zx
p?mk ;h. fJ;B{z p?mD bJh e[o;h gfjbh esko ftu BjhA fwbh d{ih
ftu fwbh. gfjbh esko ftu nkgD/ Bzpo dhnK e[o;hnK s/ p?m/ d'
f;Zy nc;oK B[z T[mk e/, nso f;zx B{z ;/te B/ nZr/ eoBk ukfjnk.
fJ; ekoB fJjBK f;Zy nc;oK s'A e"V/ puB Gh ;[DB/ gJ/. p?Av tZi,/ s'gK
dkrhnK, r'v ;/t dh fezr (God save the King) j/ GrtkB PfjBPkj
s/ w/jo oZyDh dh X[Bh i'o Bkb dopko ftu'A T[Zmh. ikoi gzitK,
tkfJ;okfJ, bkov, gkdoh, oki/ wjkoki/, ;odko dopkoh nB/eK jh
nkJ/HHH” (T[jh gzBk 253^258)
nrbh ftuko^ dZyD ;q'to d/ ezY/ fpqS j/mK ezpb d/
nk;D go n?B ;zrsK d/ ftueko” ;qh 108 gow gqP'sw gqXkB
g[oy ;qh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih dh fBozekoh i'fs ftu'A nkJh j'Jh
fBozekoh i's r[ow[y fgnko/, ;zs nso f;zx ih wjkoki, ;ekw
s/ fB;ekw wB' GktBktK g{ohnK eofdnK fpoki oj/ ;B.” (T[jh
gzBk ^ 262)
T[gobh N{e fJ; bJh fdZsh j? fe b/ye GkJh s/ik f;x, fJ;
feskp ftu nDfrDs eokwksh ;kyhnK GkJh nso f;zx Bkb BZEh
eodk nk fojk j?. fJE/ nk e/ T[;B/ fpBK fMie, fJ; ;kX B{z r[o{
BkBe dh i's, 108 ;zs, wjkoki nkfd dhnK r[o{ Bkb'A Gh tZvhnK
33
T[gkXhnK d/ fdZshnK. eh ni/ r[o{ vzw dh e'Jh e;o pkeh j?< fJjh
e[M nZi Gh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ji{oh ftu, f;ZyK d/ Got/ fJeZm ftu
fJj r[o{ vzw fBs gqukfonk ik fojk j?.
;zB 1914 ftu j'Jh f;Zy n?ie
{ P
/ B ekBcoz; dh gqXkBrh GkJh
nso f;zx B{z fdZsh rJh. ftdtkBK d/ T[; Got/A fJeZm ftu, GkJh
nso f;zx B/ fJj gqXkBrh Gk;D fdZsk^
1H ;kX ;zrs ih ‘ n;hA ;ko/ fJj' ukj[zd/ jK fe
ykb;k gzE fdB d{Dh oks u"Dh soZeh eo/. go gq/whU ‘ fJj
soZeh T[; fdB j't/rh id nzfwqs t/b/ ;tk gfjo d/ sVe/ (fszB
ti/) fgzv fgzv Bro Bro e;p/ e;p/ ns/ Pfjo Pfjo dhnK
y{jhnK ;kX ;zrs d/ v'b yVeDr/, ns/ ;fsBkw dh X[Bh T[m/rh.
2H fi; fdB ;ko/ r[o{ ykb;/ dk fJe' jh yikBk j't/rk,
ns/ r[o{ dhnK ;zrsK nkgD/ d;tzX ns/ eko G/N fJ; yikB/ ftu
iwk eokT[DrhnKHHH.
3H gzE d/ ;ko/ nzr Bkw igD ns/ joh ehosB B{z w[y
eko ;wMD. ngD/ ;ko/ eko'pko r[ow[yh nyoK d[nkok ubkT[D.”
(T[jh gzBk 265)
XzB;B T[j “ftdtkB” i' fJ; “ftdtsk Gog{o” b?euo B{z
u[gukg ;otD eod/ oj/.
ihtBh b/ye GkJh s/ik f;zx fiE/ r[opkDh dh fBokdoh eod/
j'J/ jo gzesh GkJh nso f;zx tk;s/ tosD' ;ze'u BjhA eod/, T[E/
pkDh dh ;[Xsk dk Gh e'Jh fynkb BjhA oyd/. fJjBK tb'A Sgh gzes
fJT[ j?^
pkozpko pko gqG[ ighn?]
gqkDh wkso nzfwqs[ fJj[ wB[ sB[ Xqghn?] (286)
n;bh gzesh “;[ywBh” ftu 286 gzB/ s/ fJT[A j?^
pkozpko pko gqG[ ighn? ]
gh nzfwqs fJj[ wB[ sB[ Xqghn?] (T[jh gzBk^266)
34
ihtBh b/ye GkJh s/ik f;zx B/ nBzs pDktNh ejkDhnK
fbye/, f;ZX/ ;kd/ f;Zy gq/whnK dk pj[s p[ok ehsk j?. eokwksh
ejkDhnK ftu, fjzd{ d/thnK d/tfsnK B{z Gh fgZS/ Sv fdZsk j?. ;Zg
uoBK ftu jkio j[zd/ jB. P/o nke/ Bw;ekoK eod/jB. fdbK dh
p[M
Z D tkb/ ikDh ikD jB. jo tes eokwks eokwks. ;oho fsnkrD
s'A wro'A Gh pj[s ;ko/ ;/teK B{z doPB d/ e/ fBjkb eod/ oj/.
“fJe fdB GkJh joBkw f;zx ih rzE
q h pV/ t?okr ftu nk rJ/
. noi ehsh, ;Zu/ gksPkj (GkJh nso f;zx uVkJh eo frnk
j? T[;B{z ;zp'XB eoe/) ji{o B/ pVk GkDk toskfJnk. T[; t/b/ ;zs
ih fsnko po fsnko ;kjwD/ Bio nkJ/. GkJh joBkw f;zx B{z
fdbk;k d/ e/ nkfynk,” “GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ ;Zu/gksPkj d/ xo dh
wfonkdk nB[;ko ;kB{z fJj y/b toskDh gJh. Xow dh jkBh d/y
e/ nekb g[oy d/ j[ew ftu “r[gs pbhdkB (Pjhdh) eoBk
fgnk. n;hA ;/teK d/ ;dk nzr;zr jK.” (T[jh gzBk^ 390)
;wMdko gkme ;fji/ jh nB[wkB bk ;ed/ jB fe b/ye B/
eh fbfynk j?. r[o{ d/ fJe f;Zy B{z r[o{ dh gdth d/ fdZsh rJh j?, fJ;
“ihtBh” ftu, fi;dk fbykoh GkJh (;zs<) s/ik f;x n?wHJ/H ;h.
okXk ;[nkwh, fBozekoh, ;"dk v/ok, nkfd dh fe;/ tXheh dk f;ZyK B{z
pVk r[;
Z k uVdk j?. T[jBK Bkb bVB woB bJh beho fyZu yb'Ad/ jB.
i' f;Zyh d/ G/y ftu, r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp dh nkV ftu, r[od[nko/ d/ nzdo,
ns/ f;Zy iB ;w{zj d/ wB w;se ftu v/o/dko ;kX p?m/ j'J/ jB, edh
T[;dh ypo Gh br/rh< pjkdoK dh f;Zy e"w B{z wzso ikgK, fpB ;wM/
d/ gkmK d/ okj N'o fdZsk j?. wjhfBnK pZXh ;kbK pZXh sgZf;nk eoBh
;oho B{z ;[ek b?Dk, go y/sh iK B'eoh eoB s'A fJBeko eo d//Dk.
phphnK s'A wkb;K se eotkT[DhnK, go frq;s ihtB s'A w{zj c/o
b?Dk. r[opkDh B{z fby/ w[skpe Bk rkT[Dk (ehosB) wBwoih d/ sohe/
GzB s'V eoe/ XkoBktK pDkT[DhnK. b'e ftykt/ bJh eZb
[ hnK Y[jk d/
DhnK, n?go eo'VK tkb/ “;Zu yzv” r[od[nko/, nzrhm/, wfjb T[;ko
35
b?D./ pkp{ s/ik f;zx, G;"V Bkb Gh o{g? d/ b?D d/D ekoB d{oh pDh ;h.
fJT[A gqshs j[zdk j? fe r'oh ;oeko B/, d/;h okfinK okjhA, f;ZyK dk
itK wodh tkbk eD (wodkT[gDk) ysw eoB bJh, c"i ftu'A ;zsrhoh
dh f;Zfynk d/ e/, eJh ;ko/ ftnesh gzikp ftu EkT[A EkJh ;?N ehs/.
f;ZyK B{z T[jBK d/ fgSbZr pDkfJnk. fJ;d/ tZN/ ftu “;zsK” B{z ;oeko/
dopko/ wkD fwfbnk. iwhBK w[oZp/ fwb/. n?p gq;sh d/ ;kXB fwb/HHH.
go r[o{ ek gzE jB/ohnK yZvK tb XZe fdZsk frnk. v/fonK dhnK
iwhBK ikfJdksK dh edh gVskb eo t/yDh. gzE dhnK p/VhnK ftu
tZN/ gkT[D tkbk, ;kok ;ki' ;kwkB, fJjBK EktK s'A fwb gt/rk. v/o/
dko nks/ okiBhse b'e, nzdo yks/ fxT{ fyuVh jB.
(5) okXk ;[nkwh v/ok ^ gzikp s'A nkrok (T[so gqd/P) ftu
ik p;/ GkJh fPt fdnkb f;zx B/, okXk ;[nkwh wZs dh P[o{nks ehsh
;h. fJjBK dk iBw wksk wjkwkfJnk s/ fgsk ;/m fdbtkbh f;zx d/
xo 25 nr;s 1818 B{z j'fJnk. ;zB 1861 ftu fJjBK B/ ;[ywBh
;kfjp dh eEk eoBh nkozG eo fdZsh. fJjBK dk wzBDk j? fe okXk
iht nkswk ns/ ;[nkwh gowkswk j?. gzikp ftu fJ; wZs dh P[on { ks
GkJh i?wsb f;zx s'A j'Jh j?. i' fe fPt fdnkb f;zx dk u/bk ;h. GkJh
i?wb f;zx dk iBw 1839 JhL B[z ;qH i'X f;zx s/ wksk dfJnk e"o d/
xo, fgzv x[wkD fibk r[odk;g[o ftu j'fJnk. GkJh i?wb f;zx f;Zy
gbND ftu (c"ih) Gosh j' rJ/. id'A xo S[N Z h nkT[Ad/ sK fJeKs ftu
“f;woB” eod/ ofjzd/. ;zB 1889 ftu c"i ftu'A g?A;B nke/, w"i{dk
okXk ;[nkwh v/o/ tkbh EK nkgDk fNekDk pDkfJnk, s/ nkgD/ gouko
d[nkok b'eK B{z “Bkw igD” dh gq/oBk d/D bZr gJ/.
fJj e/tb whN ns/ Pokp s'A wBkjh eod/ jB. pkeh fJjBK
dhnK e'Jh ;ys pzdPK BjhA jB. jo Pfjo s/ fgzv ftu fJjBK d/
v/o/ pD/ j'J/ jB. gzikp ftu fJjBK dh frDsh ;ko/ v/o/dkoK Bkb'A
finkdk j?. fJj Gh “nkbsh gkbsh” nk;D bke/, nZyK pzd eoe/,
w{zj f;o eZgV/ Bkb Yee/ “f;woB” eod/ jB. ;wkfie iK okiBhse
36
pdbkT[ tkbk fJjBK B{z e'Jh T[gd/P BjhA fdZsk iKdk. e[b
Z h r[b
Z h i[b
Z h
se ;hws ofje/ ihtB pshs eo'. Bkw ige/ “nrbk iBw” ;cbk
eo'. fJjBK dk Bkw wzso fJj j? ^ “i's fBoziB, Unzeko,
ooz e ko, ;' j z , ;fsBkw.” fJ; wzso B{z ige/ ifrnk;{ dh ;{osh
;j;db ftu' T[go T[m/rh. fsqe[Nh B{z gko eodh j'Jh, d;w d[nko
gj[zu/rh. nZr/ Gzto r[ck nkt/rh, T[j Gh gko eo b?Dh j?. nZr/ ;Zu
yzv ftu o{j B/ gj[zu ikDk j?. “f;woD eoB” s/ ;/teK B{z gfjbK xzN/
tid/ ;[DBr/. fco ;zy tZiD bZr g?Dr/. T[gs
zq fwqdr
z (Y'b) fco pZdbK
dh roi ;[DkJh d/t/rh. fJ; s'A nrbh nt;Ek fezroh iK ;kozrh dh
wX[o nktki ;[D'r/. fJ; s'A nZr/ pz;oh ti/rh. nyhobh wziB s/
gj[zue/ phB dk o; wkD'r/. fJjBK B/ e[ZM o'PBhnK Gh fB;fus
ehshnK jB. ny/ id'A Bkw nfGnk; eo'r/, gfjbK dht/ fizBK ukBD
gqshs j'tr
/ k. tXdk tXdk ;t/o/ d/ ;{oi tork ukBD wfj;{; j'tr
/ k.
fco jikoK ;{oiK dk ukBD gqrN j' ikt/rk. fJ; s'A wro'A fJjukB
g[fz Bnk d/ uzB tKr, mzve tkbk pD ikt/rk. d[pkok fco row j'e/ i/
m wjhB/ dh f;yo d[gfjo tork j' ikt/rk. ;fsg[oy (oZp) d/ o'w o'w
ftu'a eo'VK ;{oiK dk gqekP fBebdk j?.
ftuko/ f;X/ ;kd/ b'e fJ; “Bkw” d/ nfij/ x[w
z D x/o ftu g?Ad/
jB, fe T[wo Go “nZyK pzd eoe/” fe;/ pdbkT[ iK ;[Xko tZb nZy
g[Ne/ BjhA t/yd/. ;wki ftu i' T[gZdo n;Ksh, p/fJB;kch gJh j[zdh
oj/. fJjBK B/ fe;/ B{z wzdk BjhA efjDk, fto'X BjhA eoBk fBzdk BjhA
eoBh, p; “Bkw igDk”. fJjBK d/ wkbeK B{z nfij/ b'e jh ok; nk
;ed/ jB. ;oekoK Gh nkw wB[y
Z B{z G/vK jh pDk e/ oZyDk ukjz[dhnK
jB. i' ftnesh ysok BjhA ;j/VBk ukj[zdk, T[j fe;/ Gh v/o /dko
s'A wzso b? e/, f;woD ftXh okjhA ekoi ;cb/ eoB dh e{Vh nk;
ftu fizdrh r[iko d/t/rk. y[d ;[Xko tb fJe edw Gh g[ZND dh
fjzws BjhA eo ;e/rk. nfij/ b'e r[bkw wkBf;esk tkb/ j'fJnk
eod/ jB.nZr/ ik pqkpo T[j BjhA N[o ;ed/. y[d nkgDh fizdrh
37
pko/ c?;bk BjhA eo ;ed/. ngDh ehwsh fizdrh d{fink d/ jtkb/
eo fdnk eod/ jB. jZ E i[ V / j' J / , f;o M[ f enk j' f Jnk, nZ y K
BhthnK, w{zj ftu wzso. ysfonK Bkb i{MD dh f;oV s/ Pesh
ysw. p/ n z s f;ZyK B[z ngD/ g?o'eko pDk e/ fJjBK B/ “itK wodh”
tkbk sZs, brgr ysw jh eo fdZsk j?. nf;ZX/ Yzr Bkb fJBK B/
gfjbK nzrq/ih ;oeko dh y{p wdd ehsh. d/P nkikd j'D s'A
wro'A Gkosh j[ewokBK dh pj[s wds ehsh. f;ZyK dk fJe pj[s
tZvk fjZ;k, nkgD/ ;w{zj Bkb'A tZy j' frnk. f;Zy jZeK tk;s/ bVB'
fJBeko eo frnk. “Bkw” igdk fojk “gq b ' e ” ; z t kodk fojk.
fJ; b' e dk fceo w[ e k fdZ s k.
(6) okXk ;[nkwh v/o/ Bkb'A Bkoki j'e/ tZy j'fJnk fJe v/ok
f;o;k (jfonkDk) ftu ub fojk j?. fJ; v/o/ d/ gfjb/ w[yh Pkj
w;skBk dk iBw ;zB 1891 B{z fgzv e'Nbk, s;hb rS/V fibk e[b?s
(pb'u;skB) d/ ;qh ghbk wZb, wksk s[b;h pkJh dh e[Zy'A j'fJnk.
;zB 1947 d/ T[ikV/ tes fJj, gkfe;skB ftu'A T[me/, f;o;/ ftu
nk rJ/. fJE/ fJ; B/ nkgD/ v/o/ B{z b'eK ftu ekch wep{b eo
fbnk. Pkj w;skBk dk gow[y ;/te ;qh jopz; f;zx g[Zso ;qh
tfonkw f;zx. wksk dk Bkw nk; e"o ;h. fJ; dk iBw 25
iBtoh 1919 B{z fgzv ibkbnkDk s;hb vptkbh fibk f;o;k ftu
j'fJnk. ngq?b 18^1968 ftu Pkj w;skBk dh w"s j' rJh s/
nkgDh Ekt/A ;qh jopz; f;zx dk Bkw Pkj ;fsBkw f;zx oye/, rZdh
s/ fpmk fdsk. ;qh ;fsBkw f;zx B/ nkgD/ ;/teK dh frDsh ftu u"yk
tkXk ehsk. nzs 13 d;zpo 1991 B{z fJ; dk d/jKs j' frnk.
nkgDh EK fJ;B/ r[owhs f;zx Bkwh ftnesh B{z fizw/tkoh ;zGkb
fdsh. fi;B/ nkgDk Bkw r[owhs okw ojhw f;zx oZfynk j'fJnk
j?.
Xow gquko tb'A bkgqtkj f;ZyK d/ w[yhnK B/ rcbs ftu
nkgDhnK fizw/tkohnK B{z ft;ko fdzsk. nB/e soQK dhnK ewi'ohnK,
38
f;Zy e"w ftu dkyb j' rJhnK. f;Zy nktkiko j'e/ v/fonK ;wkXK
epoK wVhnK s/ ghoK cehoK d/ tZb ikD bZr gJ/. f;ZyK ftub/
iZNtkd B/ T[jBK B{z j'o j";bk jhD eo fdZsk. pj[sh EkJhA T[jBK
d/ r[od[nko/ tZyo/ pD rJ/, s/ nDfrDs f;Zyh s'A ikBK tkoB tkb/
v/ok ;"dk d/ ;oXkb{ pD rJ/ . ” fJj v/ o / ne;o eKro; dk t'N p?Ae
wzB/ iKd/ jB. ;qh r[owhs f;zx (v/ok w[yh) B/ pfmzvk fib/ d/ fgzv
;bkps g[ok ftu, d;w/P fgsk dk “;[nKr” (Beb T[skoBh ^ oh;
eoBh) eofdnK, “ikw^J/^fJz;K” fsnko ehsk. fJ; G{so/ ;kX B/
r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx tZbA' ;ki/, gzi fgnkfonK dh EK d' edw nZr/ tXfdnK,
“;Zs fgnko/” fsnko ehs/. pj[s tZvk eVkjk fsnko eotkfJnk.
gkDh dZ[X ns/ o{j ncik fwbk e/, “ikw^J/^fJz;K” (nzfwqs) fsnko
ehsk. y[d ghsk s/ nkgD/ ;/teK B{z fgnkfJnk, ebrh bkJh. x'Vk Gh
pj[s ehwsh fsnko eotkfJnk ;h, go uVB dk w"ek BjhA fwfbnk,
gfjbK jh fttkd T[m fgnk.” (;g'e;w?B 14^5^2007)
nzdo d/ G/s gqrN eoB d/ wkfjo “sfjbek vkN ekw@ B/
nkgDh skik fog'oN ftu (fJzNoB?N okjhA) dZf;nk j? fe r[owhs
f;zzx rzrk Bro fib/ d/ fgzv r[o; wzvhnK dk iZNK dk w[zvk j?. fJe
gqf;ZX ykVe{ ;qH r[oizN f;zx oki;EkBh fJ; dk B/Vbk ;kEh fojk
j?. T[;/ d/ okjh gfjb/ rZdhdko, Pkj ;fsBkw f;zx B{z fotkbto
d[nkok G? Ghs eoe/, nkgD/ Bkb ;fjws ehsk frnk. fJ; fog'oN
s'A gfjbK (18^5^2007 B{z n?BHvhHNhHthH) ftuko uouk ftu fdbh
nekbh db (pkdb) dk w[yh ntsko f;zx fjZs Gh d; u[Zfenk ;h
fe ;kX B/ v/o/ dh wkbeh r[oizN f;zx oki;EkBh dh wZds Bkb
gqkgs ehsh ;h. fJ; v/o/ Bkb 700 J/eV s'A tZX iwhB j?. v/o/
ftu'A bktkfo; bk;K nkw jh fwbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. fJj ;kX d'
bVehnK fJe bVe/ dk pkg j?. bVek fJe eKro;h n?wHn?bHJ/H
(jofwzdo f;zx iZ;h) dh bVeh Bkb ftnkfjnk j'fJnk j?. fJe
bVeh pzrb"o ftnkjh j'Jh j?. ;zB 2002 f;o;/ d/ ;?;B iZi B/,
39
“;?e; eKv” dh gVskb eoB s'A BKj eofdnK, jkJh e'oN uzvhrVQ
B{z fbfynk ;h fe e'Jh Gh ftnesh pkp/ dh woih s'A pr?o gVskb
ftu ;jkfJsk BjhA eodk. fJ; bJh gVskb ;hHphHnkJhH B{z ;"Ag
fdZsh ikt/. (;g'e;w?B^28^5^207 gzBk 11)
vkH osB f;zx iZrh fbfys “f;Zy gzE ftPt e'P” ftu doi
j? fe fJ; v/o/ ;Zuk ;"dk ftu, jo ;w/A 350 ;kX{ ns/ 129 ;kXDhnK
ofje/, GiB pzdrh ns/ “Bkw f;zwoB” eod/ jB. (gzBk 883 Skg
2005)
wJh 2007 ftu ;w[u/ f;zy gzE B/ v/ok ;"dk d/ w[yh tb'A r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx dh Beb T[skoB B{z pj[s rzGhosk Bkb fbnk. ;w[Zuk
gzE r[Z;/ Bkb T[pb fgnk. eJh EkJhA y{Bh NeokT[ j'J/. nekb
sys d/ g[ikohnK B/, eJh soQK d/ ngk fto'Xh “j[ewBkw/” ikoh ehs/.
nkw f;Zy B{z d[fpXk ftu gkfJnk frnk. v/o/ pzd eokT[D dk j[ew Gh
fdZsk frnk. iE/dko y[d jh fgZS/ jNd/ oj/. cfsjrVQ s'A uzvhrVQ se,
o'; wkou eZYD dk n?bkB ehsk frnk. gzikp d/ rtoBo B{z o'; gZso
d/D dk c?;bk ehsk frnk. nc;'; fe rtoBo dk G/fink fJe
ftnesh, cfsjrVQ nk g[Zfink. “wjkB gdthnK s/ fpokiwkB” iZE/
dkoK B/, ;kT{ rT{ pDe/, ngD/ wzr gZso nkJ/ pzd/ d/ jtkb/ eo fdZsk.
edw edw s/ fJjBK iE/dkoK B/ e"w dh Bw'Ph eokJh j?. i/ nkgD/
Xow B{z f;Zy pukDk ukj[zd/ jB sK fJ; g[ikoh N'b/ B{z “okj f;o”
fbnkDk jh gt/rk.
fJ; ;"d/ v/o/ ftu nzB/ PoXkb{nK dhnK G/ihnK pZuhnK ;kX dh
;/tk eoe/, “Bkw f;woD” okjhA iBw ;cbk eo ojhnK jB. ipo
fiBkj dhnK fPeko e[M bVehnK B/ nzdo d/ r[gs G/d y'jbfdnK ;zB
2002 ftu d/; d/ gqXkB wzsoh, ok;Nogsh ;[gqhw e'oN d/ iZi, gzikp
ns/ jfonkDk jkJh e'oN d/ w[y
Z iZi B{z fuZmhnK G/ihnK. nypkoK ftu
w'NhnK ypoK bZrhnK. f;o;/ dk fJe db/o gZsoeko okwuzdo Ssogsh,
v/o/ tkfbnK d/ wzd eko/ fBZs bzr/ eodk ;h. e[M jh fdBK ftu T[;dk
40
esb eotk fdZsk frnk. ;"d/ tkb/ ;kX dk nfs Go';/:'r ;/te ;qh
oDihs f;zx dk Gh esb j' frnk. fJ; v/o/ dh ;hHphHnkJh B/ iKu
ehsh go oki;h gj[zu ekoB e'Jh Bshik Bk fBefbnk. r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx dk ;[nKr T[skoB dk w[edwk Gkt/A doi j' frnk j?. pV/ xN
ukB; jB fe fJ; B{z ;ik j't./ nekbh db d/ gqXkB, ns/ gzikp d/ w[y
z
wzsoh ;qh gqek; f;zx pkdb B/, fJ; ;kX B{z fJ; bJh gq/PkB ehsk j?
fe T[;B/ nkgD/ ;/teK s'A eKro; B{z t'N g[nk fdZsh. t?;/ ;qh pkdb
(tZvk S'Nk) ih sK y[d T[; ;kX B{z wZEk N/eD rJ/ ;h. fJj b'e pVk
“Bkw f;woD” eod/ jB. go nzdobh jkbs pko/ ;[De/ jZe/ pZe/ ofj
ikJhdk j/. j?B fJj ;ko/ Xow n;EkB<
fJj b'e nkgD/ ;/teK B{z i' Bkw fdzd/ jB, nkT[ T[;d/ dh doPB
eo bJhJ/^ “;fsg[oy, fBozeko, nekb w{os, npBk;h Ppd
;o{ g h okw” fJjBK d/ ;/te fJ; “Bkw dk y{p f;woD” eod/ jb.
T[AR nkgD/ jh GoktK B{z wkoB bJh Gh MZN fsnko j' g?Ad/ jB.
(7) “Bkw f;woD” eoB dk dkjt/dko fJe iEk wkB;k fib/ d/
e;pk d'dVk fty/ nkgDk ;do w[ekwh pDkJh p?mk j?. e[M e[ j'o EktK
s/ Gh fJjBK d/ “Bkw e/Ado” ns/ PoXkb{ w"i{d jB. fJjBK d/ ;/te
pkp{ ih (iK pkT{ ih) s'A “Bkw” fdqV eoB dhnK fpXhnK f;Zy e/
“nfGnk;” eod/ jB. ifrnk;{ nzdo “Bkw” ukb{ eoB bJh fJjBK
dk sohek pVk nb'eko j?. fi; ftnesh dk Bkw ukb{ eoBk j't/,
g[okDk Bkw nfGnk;h, T[; dh fJe T[Arb x[ZN e/ cV b?Adk j?.
o'jpdko nktki ftu p'bdk j? ^ p'b tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{HHH”
gzi ;s tkoh i'o niwkJh eoB s/ Gh, i/ “Bkw ukb{” Bk j't/, fco
r[N
Z s'A cVe/ MZNe/ wko/ iKd/ jB. tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ pkp pko p[bkfJnk
iKdk j?. i/ fco Gh “Bkw dk gqtkj” P[o{ Bk j't/, fco x[ZN e/ d't/
ftnesh iZch gk b?Ad/ jB. pkjtK dk tb/tK fYZbk eoBr/, fco fyZue/
Sksh Bkb bkT[Dr/. pko pko fJjh eow d[jokT[Dr/, “p'b tkfjr[o{
tkfjr[o{HHH.” dk; B/ fJjBK d/ ;/te nZr/ p/Bsh oZyh gJh i/ iZchnK
41
gke/ Gh Bkw nfVnk oj/ pkjo Bk fBeb/ fco nr'A eh eod/ j'<
“fco sK e[M BjhA eod/, ne;o Bkw ub jh g?Adk j?”
i/ o[ektN g? jh ikt/ sK nrbh soehp Gh edh siop/ ftu b?
nkT[Dh. eJhnK dk “Bkw” e[M finkdk jh nfVnk j'fJnk j[zdk j/.
fJT[a efonk eo', nfij/ pzd/ B{z wip{s oZ;k gke/ Nq?eNo d/ fgZS/ pzB
fbnk eo'. Nq?eNo B{z tkjDk ftu'A dh GikU. fJzi ehfsnK fezBk Gh
v{zxk cf;nk Bkw pkjo nk ikt/rk. o[fenk j'fJnk “Bkw” fco
okeN tKr ubdk ikt/rk, s[jkB{z o'eDk n"yk j' ikt/rk. “Bkw igD”
tkb/ fJ; iE/ dh gzE B{z nfrnkBsk ftu v'pD s'A f;tkJ/ j'o e'Jh yk;
d/D BjhA j?. nkb/ d[nkb/ i' i[bw gJ/ j[zd/ ofjD, p/ypo j'e/ “Bkw
f;woD” eod/ oj' .
(8) fJe j'o ;kX GkJh Bzd f;zx (eb/oK tkbk) dk iBw 28
nes{po 1872 B{z wksk ;dk e"o fgsk GkJh i? f;zx, fgzv P/og[o ebK
sfj;hb irokT[ fibk b[fXnkDk fty/ j'fJnk. fJ; B/ eJh ;ko/ ;kXK
B{z r[o{ XkoB ehsk. efjzd/ B/ fe fJ; B/ ji{o ;kfjp, jVZgk s/
bfjokykBk ftu, g{o/ pkoK ;kb “emB Bkw nfGnk;” ehsk. fJ;
d/ ;/teK B/ GkJh Bzd f;zx B{z, fJe “wjkB eokwksh” g[oy ti'A
gqukfonk j?. id'A fe n;bhns ftu fJj b'e “eoKshekoh”BK pD
;e/. eokwksh PeshnK d[nkok ;ko/ d[yV/ d{o eo d/D dk co/p eoB
br gJ/. d/; ftu nikdh dh bVkJh i'oK s/ uZb ojh ;h. jo d/P tk;h
T[; ftu :'r dkB gk fojk ;h. ;zB 1914 s'A b? e/ 1947 se nDfrDs
w'ou/ bZr/, ftdo'j j'J/. ekwkrkNk wko{ d[yKs, pZpo nekbh :'fXnK
tb'A r[ohbk izr, ;qH eosko f;zx ;okGk s/ ;qH Grs f;zx dhnK
PjhdhnK. ft;kyh tkb/ fdB 1919 ftu fifbnK tkb/ pkr ftu fBjZE/
;fjohnK dk esbkw. dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o, soB skoB nkfd
r[od[nkfonK ftu, wjzsK tb'A wBwkBhnK, BBekDk ;kfjp fty/ f;ZyK
s/ wjzsK tb'A efjo. r[o{ ek pkr w'ouk rzr;o i?s' ftu f;Zy ifEnK
s/ i[bw. d/; bJh ns/ r[od[nkfonK d/ gqpzX B{z ;[XkoB bJh, jikoK
42
f;ZyK B/ i/jbK d/ d[y MZb./ ;?A/ efVnK dh frDsh ftu cK;h uV rJ/,
r'bhnK dk fBPkBk pD/. pfbjko ikJhJ/ “wjKg[oy, ;zs pqjw
frnkBh” Bzd f;zx d/ i' fe;/ G'o/ ftu tVe/ “f;woD” eodk fojk.
nkgD/ ;/teK B{z r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu'A (coih) r[o{ BkBe d/ doPB
eokT[Adk fojk. (ny"sh s"o s/) r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B{z nkgD' e'b fpmk
e/, gqPkdk SekT[Adk fojk. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu pkeh, u"Ash wjKg[oy
Gkt/A G[Zy/ p?m/ ofjD< gkmK dhnK bVhnK, s/ “Bkw nfGnk;” ftu
T[bMkT[Adk fojk. f;o s/ fBeh fijh N'gh B[wk ;c/d d;sko, ;c/d
u'bk, bZsK BzrhnK, g?oK ftu yVktK tkbk t/; gfjBk e/ jikoK f;ZyK
B{z p[Mfdb s/ ekfJo pDk fdZsk frnk. frnkB ns/ ;{owrsh Bkb
fJjBK dk e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA j?. GkJh Bzd f;zx 30 nr;s 1943 B{z
wfonk ;h. nkyoh ;[nk;K se f;zyK B{z eoKshekoh ;[Gkn fsnkr
e/, nkgD/ tkV/ dhnK G/vK pDkT[Adk fojk. BkBe;o ;zgodk Bkb
;pzXs fe;/ fJe Gh ftnesh B/ edh pjkdoh tkbk gzEe ekoi BjhA
ehsk. jK ikfJdks tk;s/, r[od[nkfonK s/ epfinK tk;s/, fJj
pj[s tkoh r'bhnK d/ whAj tok u[Ze/ jB. esb eo u[Ze/ jB, eJhnK
s/ w[edw/ ubd/ oj/ jB. fJjBK v/fonK ftu S'Nh T[wo d/ w[zfvnK
Bkb pdc?bhnK (o/g) d/ feZ;/ pE/o/ ubd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj b'e wfjb
s/ wfjb T[;koh ik oj/ jB. b'eK B{z fsnkr dh gZNh gVkT[d/ jB.
y[d eo'VK ftu y/Yd/ jB. nkgDh wB woih d/ noE eoe/ ;jkok
r[opkDh dk jh b?Ad/ jB. ezw pj[s/ r[[ows (r[opkDh) s'A T[bN j[zd/
jB. jo fJe v/o/ dh nkg' nkgDh wfonkdk j?. nkg' nkgD/
“wjKg[oy” jB. r[og[op T[sB/ T[sPkj Bkb BjhA wBkT[Ad/, fizBh
PkB' P"es Bkb nkgD/ (ny"sh) wjKg[oyK d/ iBw fdB ns/ woB
fdB wBkT[Ad/ jB.
(9) gzikp ftu brgr 12500 fgzv jB. gzij jiko d/ eohp
;kXK dhnK XkVK fuwN/ Y'behnK u[Zeh, f;Zyh dk gquko eod/ t/y/ ik
;ed/ jB. gzi e[ ;zsK d/ fjZ;/ fJe fgzv nkT[Adk j?. eEk ehosB
43
;zfEnk, fJfsjk;, nkfde uko gzi pzd/ obe/ nkokw Bkb eo ;ed/
jB. i/ gfjbK y[d Xow ftfdnk gVh j't/. i/ roiK s'A T[go T[me/
Xow gqsh tckdkoh j't/. i/ ;kX g[Dk fsnkr e/ y[d f;Zy pD ikD.
i/ d/jXkoh r[o{ dh gqEk fsnkr e/, Ppd B{z ;jh wkfjfBnK ftu
;theko eo b?D. i/ ekfJosk tkbk ;[Gkn fsnkr e/, nzdo db/oh
g?dk eo b?D. i/ g{ik dk XkB ;hws b'eK fizBK tose/ pkeh Xow
noE you eoB br g?D. i/ eo'VK d/ wfjb T[;koB/ Sve/, ;kd/
fij/ sohe/ ;zrsK B{z w[yksp j'DHHH. fco pj[s s/ih Bkb jkbks ftu
spdhbh nk ;edh j?. gzij jiko d/ B/V/ gzikp ftu “;zs wzvbhnK”
j'D s/ nZ;h gqsh;s B"i[nkB e/; eNk d/D, d;skoK fsnkr d/D,
BfPnK ftu v[Zp ikD. fco g[ZSDk BjhA pDdk fe nkj p{pB/ ;kX
ekjd/ tk;s/ gkb/ j'J/ B/< pVk “Bkw” igkT[Ad/ B/. pj[s “f;woD”
eokT[Ad/ B/ pVhnK gkmK dhnK fJe'sohnK ubdhnK B/, e'Jh ckfJdk
j'fJnk < pV/ Bro ehosB, o?D ;pkJhnK j' ojhnK B/, gzE dh
jkbs j'o fBZxo ojh j?.
;q'wDh ew/Nh ftu sBykjdko w[bkiwK dk nzs gkoktko BjhA
j?. eo'VK o[g? jo wjhB/ sBykjK s/ jh T[v iKd/ jB. gqXkBK,
;eZsoK dhnK ekoK ;kok ;kok fdB, X{VK g[NdhnK jB. iE/dko (<)
edh fe;/ d/P ftu ;?o eo oj/ jB s/ edh d{i/ d/; ftu ikD bJh
ijki ftu ;tko jB. gzE dh ftrVh ;ztkoB tk;s/ fe;/ e'b ;'uD
dk ;wK jh BjhA. S'N/ nj[d/ s'A b? e/ f;ow"o nkj[d/ se d/, jo
ftnesh B/ wkfJnk s/ fBrkj fNekJh j'Jh j?. T[gd/P eod/ jB^
“Bkw f;woD efonk eo' GkJh ` Bkw okjh ;kohnK ofjwsK
poesK gqkgs j[zdhnK B/.” fJjBK b'eK d/ ig/ j'J/ “Bkw” Bkb Gh
;kvk e[M BjhA ;ztfonk.
“Bkw” igD pko/ ns/ igD dhnK ftXhnK pko/ ;fsr[o{ ih fJT[A
c[owkB eod/ jB^

44
g{ohnK yzvk f;fo eo/,fJe g?fo fXnkJ/]
gT[D[ wkfo wfB ig[ eo/ f;o[ w[zvh sb? d/fJ]
fe;[ T[gfo Uj[ fNe/ fNe?, fe; B' i'o[ eo/fJ]
fe;B' ejhn? BkBek, fe;B' eosk d/fJ]
j[efw ojkJ/ nkgD?, w{oy[ nkg[ rD/fJ] (1241)
j/ GkJh ` ;koh Xosh ns/ ;ko/ yzvkdh :ksok wB[y eo bt/ sK
eh j'fJnk< :ksok Gh g?oK s/ BjhA ;r'A f;o goB/ j'e/ wB[Zy eo/, e'Jh
ckfJdk BjhA. fJ; emB sohe/ ubdk fJe g?o s/ yb' e/ “Bkw
f;woD” eo/, e[M gqkgs BjhA j'D bZrk. jtk tor/ uzub wB B{z wB[Zy
PKs eo bt/ s/ fco wzso (Bkw) ikg eo/, f;o B{z M[ek e/ oZy/. fJj
;G nk;o/ s[ZS jB. fJjBK wzsoK ikgK Bkb wB mfjokT[ ftu BjhA
nkT[adk. fJj dZf;nk BjhA ik ;edk fe fBozeko fet/A feogk eodk
j?, s/ ed'A eodk j?. fBozeko nkgD/ nNZb fBnw ftu, ;ko/ ezw eo
fojk j?. w{oy fJB;kB nkgD/ nkg B{z tZvk tZvk eoe/ isbkJh iKdk
j?.
;zB 1947 ftu d/P tzv ;w/A d'tK d/PK dk T[ikVk j'fJnk. eohp
d; bZy fJB;kB w's dk rqk; pD rJ/. ;Zm bZy ftnesh xo'A p/ xo
j' rJ/. yopK dh ikfJdks spkj j' rJh. wktK B/ g[s
Z o ;[N
Z fdZs./ fgsk
B/ XhnK B{z nkgD/ jZEhA esb ehsk. Gok G?DK B{z SZv rJ/. g[Zso
wktK B{z, gsh gsBhnK B{z p/ gZs j'D' Bk puk ;e/. fjzd{ f;Zy s/
w[;bwkB, ;ko/ fJe d{i/ d/ y{B d/ fgnk;/ j' rJ/. fjzd{nK ftu
“Bkw” f;woD eoB tkb/ ;kXK dk nzs gkoktko BjhA. w[;bwkBK
ftu s;phnK c/oB tkfbnK BwkiK ndk eoB tkfbnK dk e'Jh
xkNk BjhA. f;ZyK ftu Gh pV/ pV/ Bkwh, “;zs wjKg[oy Bkw igD
tkb/” p/nzs ;B. fJjBK ;kfonK B/ nkgD/ Bkw dh n;hw Pesh
b[ek e/ feT[A oZyh< fJB;kBhns d/ Gb/ fjs, T[; “Bkw” d/ nw'x
pkD dk gq:'r feT[ Bk ehsk<
“Bkw” dh poes d[nkok, jfsnkfonK d/ wBK nzdo dfJnk
45
GktBk Go fdzd/. bZyK b'e w"s dk rqk; pDB' pu iKd/. Gkos
;oeko B/ nkikdh s'A gfjbK f;Zy w[yhnK Bkb pV/ b[GktD/ tkfJd/
ehs/ ;B. nkikdh fwbfdnK jh fjzd{ bhvo nZyK c/o rJ/. ng?qb
2008 se (id'A se fJj ;soK fbyhnK ik ojhnK ;B) f;ZyK B{z
brksko w'ou/ bkT[D/ gJ/. e?dK eZNDhnK gJhnK. jZv s[VtkT[aD/
gJ/, s;hj/ MZbD/ gJ/. fwfbnk fco Gh e[M BjhA. eh ;ko/ gzE ftu
e'Jh fJe Gh, GiB pzdrh tkbk wjKg[oy BjhA ;h< i/ j? ;h sK T[;
B/ nkgDh Bkw f;woD Pesh d[nkok f;ZyK dh spkjh j'D' feT[a Bk
pukJh < f;ZyK B{z nkgD/ pDd/ jZe feT[A Bk fwb/<
;zB 1978 dh ft;kyh, nzfwqs;o ftu fBozekoh N'b/ dk ;wkrw
j' fojk ;h. r[o{ ;fjpkB gqsh xNhnk Ppdktbh tosD s'A o'eD
bJh, f;Zy gqzgoktK dk ehsk ik fojk ngwkB pzd pokT[D bJh,
f;ZyK dk fJZe tZvk iEk PkswJh sohe/, ;fsBkw tkfjr[o{ dk ikg
eodk j'fJnk, fBozekohnK d/ gzvkb B/V/ g[Zfink sK T[jbK d/
rkovK B/ r'bh ubk fdZsh. cb ;o{g ;skoK pzd/ wko fdZs/. ;Zso
s'A tZX iywh j' rJ/. “Bkw igD tkb/ ;fsBkw tkfjr[o{ igd/”
wko/ rJ/. “Bkw” d/ fto'Xh wko Gh rJ/, pue/ fBeb Gh rJ/ s/
ndkbsK ftu'A poh Gh j' rJ/. fJj tZyoh rb j? fe pkd ftu
fBozekoh w[yh B{z ehs/ dh ;ik d/ fdZsh rJh. go “wzso ikg” B/
T[;dk e[M BjhA ftrkfVnk. T[;dh w"s r'bh Bkb j'Jh ;h.
fJ; y{Bh eKv s'A wro'A GkJh ioB?b f;zx fGzvoktkb/ dh uVQs
j'D bZr gJh. T[jBK d/ PoXkb{nK tb'A pj[s ;kohnK eokwksh
nDj'DhnK ejkDhnK i'VhnK rJhnK. g[ZSD s/ dZf;nk iKdk fe
“Bkw f;woD” eoB tkb/ ftu fJj PeshnK ;[s/ f;X jh nk
iKdhnK jB . fit/A fco'ig[o i/jb ftu'A, wBwoih Bkb ub/ ikDk,
nzfwqs;o doPB fJPBkB eoe/ fco tkg; i/jb ftu nk ikDk. i/
jb d/ skb/ nkgD/ nkg y[b
Z ikD/ s/ nkgD/ nkg pzd j' ikD/. jfonkD/
d/ fJe fgzv uzd' ebK ftu'A, g[fb; B{z Bio Bk nkT[ADk s/ ftu'A dh ;kc
46
pue/ fBeb ikDk. pzpJh s'A tkg; w[VfdnK o;s/ ftu nB/'e EkJh
g[fb; BkfenK s/ rZvhnK o'e e/ sbk;h bJh rJh. go pkpk ih g[fb;
B{z Bio jh Bk nkJ/, nkfd nkfd. nfrnkBsk Goh PoXk t; fJjBK
d/ ;/te, GkJh ioB?b f;zx Bkb fJzB/ ;ko/ gkm eoB/ i'V fdzd/ ;B. fJj
Gh G[b
Z[ iKd/ ;B fe fJzB/ xzN/ sK g{o/ fdB oks i'Ve/ Gh BjhA pDd/. fw;kb
d/ s"o s/ 108 ig[ih gkm, 51 ;[ywBh gkm, 51 u"gkJh gkm ns/ ;[nk;
;[nk; f;woDHHH.” id'A fe ;[ywBh dk gkm eoB br/ v/Y xzNk brdk
j?. ig[ih B{z gzdoK e[ fwzN ukjhd/ jB. u"gkJh B{z Gh ;Zs e[ fwzN bZr
iKd/ jB. ;kfonK dk i'V gkme eo b?D, Bshi/ t/ye/, ;ukJh nkgD/
nkg ;kjwD/ nk ikt/rh.
“Bkw f;woD” okjhA i' nb"fee PeshnK gqkgs j' ikDhnK
gqukohnK ik ojhnK jB, iok fdb seVk eoe/ gVBk, feT[Afe fJ;
fbys okjh fdb B{z pj[s eokok MNek tZi ;edk j?. nfrnkBsk
tkbh PoXk d/ uhEV/ T[v ;ed/ jB.w/o/ bJh “Bk;se j? ekwo/v j?”
d/ ntki/ Gh e;/ ik ;ed/ jB. bU gV' ^ dopko ;kfjp fiE/ r[o{
BkBe ;kfjp d/ w[pkoe uoB gJ/. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp s/ r[o{ nwodk;
;kfjp Gh fJE/ gXko/. r[o{ okw dk; ;kfjp B/, fJ; Broh B{z pj[s
;ztkfonk pDkfJnk. r[o{ noiD ;kfjp ih B/, ihn ikB Bkb fJE/
fNe e/ ezw ehsk. g'Eh ;kfjp dk gfjbk gqekP fJE/ jh j'fJnk.
iks gks B{z fwNkT[D bJh, ftPkb ;q'to ;KM/ fJPBkB bJh fJE/ jh
pfDnk. tZvh gZXo s/ bzro Gh fJE/ ubd/ oj/ jB. B"t/A ;fsr[o{ Gh
fJE/ gXko/ ;B. ehosB eEk d/ fJE/ gqtkj ubd/ oj/ jB. jo tes
fJE/ gkm s/ “f;woD” Gh ;dk j[zd/ oj/ jB. f;ZyK dh okiBhsh (i/
e'Jh j? sK) ns/ Xow dk e/Adoh Xok Gh fJj' n;EkB fojk j?. f;Zy
ihtB dk e/Ado fpzd{ dopko ;kfjp pD frnk. f;ZyK d/ ;ko/ tZv/
c?;b/ fJE'A j'D br gJ/.
;zB 1740 ftu fJ;/ “gftZso” n;EkB dopko ;kfjp ftu, wZ;/
ozxV B/ wzik vkj fbnk. szpke{ Bkb s{V e/ jZ[ek ;[brk fbnk. Pokp
47
d/ d"o uZbD bZr/. ozvhnK d/ w[io/ j'D bZr gJ/. pdwkPK d/ N'b/ nzdo
pkjo uko/ pzB/, ekpi j' rJ/. jo fJB;kB sqkj sqkj eo T[fmnk.
“Bkw f;woB” dk gkyzv eoB tkb/ pV/ ;kX ;B. G/vK tKr fJZiV s[o/
fcod/ ;B ;kXK ;zsK d/. BK sK dopko ;kfjp B/ e'Jh eokwks
toskJh. Bk fe;/ “o'w o'w” jfo fXnkT[D tkb/ B/ wZ;/ dh ;zxh BZgh.
;?AeV/ whb d{o izrbh ihtB pshs eo oj/, p/nzs w[Pebk podkPs
eo oj/, r[of;ZyK (GkJh ;[Zyk f;zx, GkJh wfjskp f;zx) B/ fJj wzd
eos{s ;[Dh, s[ozs nzfwqs;o B{z ukb/ gk fdZs/. pDkJh ;ehw w[skpe
wZ;/ ozxV B{z ehs/ gkg dh eokoh ;ik fdZsh. fJj d't/A ;{ow/ “Bkw
f;woB” dk y/yD BjhA eod/ ;B. ;r'A “Bkw” dh ftXh w[skpe
ihtB fiT[A oj/ ;B.
;zB 1757 ftu nfjwdPkj d/ fJe ioB?b B/ dopko ;kfjp s/
epik eo fbnk. f;Zy gqzgoktK ns/ phVK dh p/ndph ehsh. fJ;
gkg e[eow dk gsk, id'A pkpk dhg f;zx B{z bZfrnk sK T[j nkgD/
;kEh f;zxK ;w/s, wko' wko eodk nzfwqs;o B{z uZb fgnk . nzfwqs;o
d/ pkjo ijkB ykB nkgDh c"i ;w/s, f;zxK Bkb izr bJh fsnko
p?mk ;h. d't/A pzfBnK s'A xw;kD dh bVkJh j'Jh, p/nzs f;gkjh wko/
rJ/. 11 Btzpo 1757 B{z pkpk dhg f;zx Pjhd j' rJ/. wkbk c/oB
tkb/, nzfwqs t/b/ fJe d' ti/ ikrD tkb/, “Bkw f;woB” dhnK
SfjpoK bkT[D tkb/, T[; ;w/A gzikp ftu pj[s ;B. dopko ;kfjp
dh fBZs j' ojh p/ndph t/y ;[D e/, fe;/ dk y{B Bk y"fbnk. fe;/
B"i[nkB d/ v"b/ Bk coe/. nkgD/ Xow gqsh fgnko Bk T[wfVnk.
p; “Bkw igd/” oj/. fi; ;{ow/ B{z “Bkw” dh ;wM nk rJh ;h, T[j
w?dkB ftu fBsfonk. “Bkw igD” tkb/ T[;d/ ;kEh, nZr/ tZX e/ bV/
s/ PjhdhnK gk rJ/. d[;awDK d/ nkj{ bkj rJ?.
5 cotoh 1762 B{z nfjwdPkj d[okBh dhnK c"iK Bkb f;Zy
:'fXnK dh fGnkBe izr j'Jh. e[Zg o'jhV/ fgzv d/ bkr/, d; pkoK whb
ftu fybo/ j'J/ f;ZyK B/, bk;kBh ;{owrsh dk ;p{s fdZsk. pZu/
48
phphnK pi[or, iywh fpwko, b'Vhdk ;wkB, NZgoh tk;K tKr Bkb
jh ;h. y{B Bkb Xosh ozr d/D tkbh izr, nkek; r[zikT{ i?ekfonK,
X"f;nK dh xBx'o, x'fVnK dk fjDeDk, pjkdoK d/ fb;ed/ jfEnkoK
dk NeokT[Dk ;fjed/ dw s'Vd/, sVcd/ f;gkjhnK dh e[obkjN,
pZfunK phphnK dhnK fGnkBe uheKHHH. fJzBh y{zyko izr npdkbh
ns/ f;ZyK B{z GftZy dh oDBhsh fB;fus eoB ftu c?;bk e[B ;pe
;h. fJ; fdB f;Zy :'fXnK B/ ;{owrsh d/ Bt/A ehoshwkkB ;Ekgs
ehs/. f;Zy dbK d/ w[yh ;odko ikBK j{b e/ bV/. ;qH uVs f;zx (wL
oDihs f;zx dk dkdk) B{z nmkoK iyw bZr/. ;qH iZ;k f;zx okw
rVhnk B{z Gh eJh cZN bZr/. ;qH iZ;k f;zx nkjb{tkbhnK B{z pkJh
iyw bZr/ ;B. fJ; fdB w'N/ fij/ nzdki/ w[skpe 30000 f;Zy wkJh
GkJh ikBK e[opkB eo rJ?. f;Zy dbK dh e[b frDsh eohp 60000
;h. fJjBK ftu ;/tk eoB tkb/ Gh ;B. gke ihtB tkb/ Gh ;B.
d/; Xow pdb/ ;G e[M b[Nk d/D tkb/ Gh ;B. fJe wB fJe fus
“Bkw f;woB” eoB tkb/ Gh ;B. nfijh e'Jh nb'eko xNBk BjhA
tkgoh, d[PwD dhnK c"iK nzBhnK BjhA j'JhnK. j";bkjhD BjhA
j'JhnK. w?dkB SZve/ BZ;hnK BjhA. e'Jh y[dkJh efjo T[jBK s/
Bkib BjhA j'fJnk. ;r'A “Bkw igD” tkfbnK s/ tZvh w[;hps nkJh.
fjzd';skB ftu “Bkw f;woB” dk gkyzv eoB tkb/, T[; tes
bZyK ;kX ;B. “gob'e” d/ ;[y gqkgs eoB dh M{mh nk; ftu ngDk
“b'e” cBkj eo b?Ad/ ;B. wB[Zyk d/jh B{z “x'o sgZf;nk” ftu popkd
eo b?Ad/ ;B. fJ; soQK d/P B{z T[ikVB ftu ngDk pDdk fjZ;k gk oj/
;B. ;kjwD/ wZE/ j'e,/ d/P s/ uVe/ nkJ/ d[:wD Bkb d' jZE eoB bJh
fsnko BjhA ;B. nfij/ gkyzvh fjzd{nK ftu j'D pj[sk nc;'; BjhA,
feT[Afe T[jBK d/ Xow rqE
z K ftu fJjh e[M fbfynk gVB B{z fwbdk j?.
nfsnzs d[ydkJh gfjb{ fJj j? fe r[opkDh ftu fJjBK gkyzvK d/ uzr/
pyhJ/ T[XV
/ / gJ/ jB. nfij/ ftjbVK ekfJoK Xow d/ BK s/ b{N
Z e/ ykD
tkfbnK w[cs y'fonK B{z, uzrhnK bkjDsk gkJhnK jB. fco th f;ZyK
49
ftu nfij/ “Bkw igD” dk gkyzv eoB tkb/, E'e ftu g?dk j' u[Ze/
jB. ;r'A t/jbVK dh gq;z;k, T[jBK d/ N[ZeVp'u u/b/, f;Zy ;N/iK s/ p/
y"c eo oj/ jB. ny/ “wjK g[oy pkpk ih” fJzBh wkbk c/od/ jB.
fJzB/ ig[ih d/ gkm, ;[ywBh d/ gkm eod/ jB. o'w o'w ftu tkfjr[o{
Bkw dh nktki ;[DkJh fdzdh j?HHH ”.
nkU tkg; i{B 1984 d/ xb{xko/ s/ fJe Bio wko bJhJ/. fJE/
“f;Zy e"w B{z ;pe f;ykT[D bJh” s'gK N?eK ns/ tZv/ c"ih b;eo Bkb,
jwbk ehsk frnk. pZfunK phphnK pi[orK se B{z pVh p/ ofjwh Bkb
wkfonk frnk. w[ZS c[ZN rGo{nK B{z eskoK ftu ybko e/, pzp ;[ZNe/
T[vk fdZsk frnk. jikoK dh skdkd ftu, p/ e;{o PoXkb{nK B{z, e'j
e'j e/ wkfonK frnk. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dhnK phVK B{z o'b fdZsk frnk.
nZrK bkJhnK rJhnK. nekb sys wbp/ dk Y/o pDk fdZsk frnk.
GkJh ;[p/r f;zx, GkJh nwqhe f;zx s/ GkJh ioB?b f;zx ;w/s, pj[s
;ko/ B"in
[ kB bVd/ j'J/ ikBK tko rJ/. gqeowk bk;K ns/ y{B Bkb Go
rJhnK. Gkosh c"ih jbe/ e[ZfsnK tKr, fBjZE/ f;ZyK B{z B'u oj/ ;B.
xoK ftu'A ehwsh ;kwkB b[ZN oj/ ;B, fJZisK b[ZN oj/ ;BHHH. n?fBnK
ftu'A e'Jh “Bkw igD” tkbk BjhA ;h< fi;dh xkb ewkJh ;dek
dopko ;kfjp s/ jwbk jh Bk j[d
z k. c"ihnK d/ wBK ftu dfJnk GktBk
Go iKdh. fJzdok rKXh d/ gZEo fdb B{z Bow eo d/Ad/. “Bkw igD”
tkb/ B"in
[ kB f;zxK B{z nzso nksw/ frnkB j' iKdk fe Gkosh c"i jo
jhb/ dopko ;kfjp ftu dkyb j't/rh. T[j y[d jh pkjo fBebe/
frqcskoh d/ fdzd./ “Bkw” dh pd"bs ykVe{nK B{z gsk br ikDk ukjhdk
;h fe fJj y{Bh d"o ni/ w[Zfenk BjhA. nr'A j'o i[bw j'D tkb/ jB.
GkJh p/ns
z f;zx s/ ;stzs f;zx B/ fJzdoK rKXh B{z ehs/ gkg dh
eokoh ;ik d/ fdZsh. T[j d't/A sK u"AeV/ wkoe/, nZyK pzd eoe/ oksh
fJe d' ti/ T[me/ “Bkw igD” tkb/ BjhA ;B. ;r'A dopko ;kfjp s/
j'J/ jwb/ wro'A jh yzv/ eh tkj[b bJh ;h. fco Gkosh c"i d/ w[yh,
ioBb t?fdnk B{z Boerkwh pDkT[D tkb/, ;[y
Z k fizdk B/ sK e/; Gh
50
eNtkJ/ j'J/ ;B. “Bkw f;woD” dhnK ftXhnK jkbh T[jB f;ZyhnK
jh BjhA ;B. GkJh fdbkto f;zx B/, gzikp d/ Ieohnk ykB (p/nzs
f;zx w[Zy wzsoh) B{z nkgD/ ;oho dh nj{sh d/ e/, gko p[bkfJnk. j'o
fezB/ jh f;Zy pjkdo j' u[e/ jB. fiBK B/ ftXhnK w[skpe “Bkw
f;woD” sK BjhA ehsk, go r[opkDh ftu do;kJ/, nBw'b yk;/ B{z
;wM fbnk. r[opkDh d/ gowkD gzeshnK gVe/ sK GKt/ Bk d/ ;eD.
go nkgD/ y{B B{z r[o j[ewK s'A tkoe/, ihtB ;cbk eo rJ/. “b'e
gqbe
' d/ ueoftT{ ftu sK T[j BjhA T[bM/ go gzE dk Gfty T[ibk
eoB tk;s/ nkgDk pDdk ;odk :'rdkB gk rJ/. f;ZyK dhnK ;N/iK
s/ “Bkw f;woD” dk nfijk jtkJh wfjb T[;kfonk iKdk j? fe ;o'sk
bZy isB eoB d/ pkti{d Gh, fe;/ feBko/ BjhA brdk. i' ftnesh
;N/i s/ “Bkw” dh ftnkfynk eo fojk j[zdk j?, i/ T[; B{[z Bkw pko/
e'Jh ;[nkb g[ZS fbnk ikt/, v"o G"o fijk j'fJnk e"V wZM tKr t/ydk
j?. ;jh i[nkp Bk d/ , gZbk MkVdk j'fJnk fJj puB T[ukodk N[odk
brdk j?. “s[;hA sK GkJh Bk;se j', Bkw dhnK owiK poesK B{z
s[;hA BjhA ikD ;ed/. s[;hA sK PoXk ofjs j' rJ/ j'.”
;qL eosko f;zx ;okGk (1896^1915) fJe j'Djko, ;wMdko
ns/ db/o B"i[nkB, thj ;kb s'A xZN T[wo ftu nfij/ tZv/ ezw eo
frnk j? fe T[;B[z ;dk :kd oZfynk ikt/rk. ;qL Grs f;zx
(1907^23wkou 1931) sK nkgD/ nkg B{z Bk;se efjzdk ;h. T[;B/
Pjhdh gkJh, fJj fe; “Bkw f;woD” eoe/ ;h< o{; uhB (fiE/ bzw/
;w/A se Xow s/ jh gkpzXh bZrh ojh) ftu Gh pjkdo ns/ f;nkD/ b'e
p/nzs jB. “Bkw” ;h fJe ;[uZih ihtB iku f;nkD/ nkr{ (f;ZyK bJh
r[o{ dk frnkB) d/ d;/ o;s/ s/ ubfdnK nkgDh fizdrh pshs eoBh.
n"rD
[ K B{z fsnkr d/Dk, ns/ r[DtkB pD ikDk. r[opkDh ftu do;kJ/
T[gd/PK B{z y[d fizdrh ftu T[skoBk s/ j'o gqkDh wkso se fJjBK B{z
g[ukT[Dk.
nkU nrb/ gzfBnK s/ r[opkDh d/ gqwkDK okjh ;wMD dk isB
51
eohJ/ fe “Bkw” feBK feBK noE GktK ftu nkfJnk j?^
(T) “Bkw” b?s wB[ gorN[ GfJnk ]
“Bkw[ b?s nm;fm wi BkfJnk] (140) ”
j/ GkJh ` Bkw (T[gd/P) okjhA wB{Zy f;nkDk j' iKdk j?.
;kfonK ftu T[;dk ;fseko j[zdk j?. BKw okjh (r[oT[gd/P) wB[Zy p[o/
ezwK s'A pu iKdk j?. ;kfonK B{z jh Bkw gftZso (B/e) pDk fdzdk j?.
Bkw okjhA wB s' a n"r[D ysw j' rJ/. nfrnkBh b'e shoEK s/
fJ;BkB eoe/ gftZso j'D dk Gow gkbd/ jB. xo p?fmnK Bkw d/
okjhA fJj ;fji/ jh j' frnk.
(fJ; gzesh ftu “Bkw f;woD” BjhA tofsnk frnk “Bkw
b?s” Ppd gq:'r ehsk frnk j?)
(n) Bkw e/ Xko/ ;rb/ izs] Bkw e/ Xko/ yzv pqjwzv]HHH
Bkw e/ Xko/ nkrk; gkskb] Bkw e/ Xko/ ;rb nkeko] (284)
j/ GkJh ` Bkw (Pesh^e[dos dk ekB{zB) d/ nk;o/ ;ko/ ihtK
B/ ;oho XkoB ehsk j?. Bkw d/ (oZph fBnw) ;kjo/ yzv pqjwzv pD/
jB. Bkw d/ fBnw ftu jh, gskb s'A b? e/ nkeP se, jo e'Jh
pZfMnk j'fJnk j?. fizB/ nkeko, fd;dhnK t;s{nK jB, ;G “Bkw”
d/ ftXkB ftu ezw eo ojhnK jB. (B'N^ fJjBK gzeshnK ftu “Bkw
e/ Xko/ ” Ppd dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?)
(J) i/sk ehsk s/sk BkT[] ftD[ Bkt? Bkjh e' EkT[] ( 4 )
j/ GkJh ` i' e[M Gh fd;dk nDfd;dk fes/ j?, fJj ;kok “Bkw
jh Bkw” j?. Bkw d/ ftXkB s'A pkjo e'Jh j' jh BjhA ;edk.
(;) s/o/ “Bkw” nB/ek o{g nBzsk ] efjD B ikJh s/o/ r[D e/s./ (358)
j/ fBozeko ` s/o/ “Bkw” nDfrDs jB. e'Jh fJB;kB frD
jh Bjh ;edk. s/o/ o{g (Gkt ;or[D o{g) Gh nB/eK jB, fizB/ iht
jB fJj ;G pdbthnK PebK ekoB tZyo/ fd;d/ jB. fJjBK ftu s{z
jh tf;nk j'fJnk j?.
(j) s/o/ “Bkw” nB/e ehwfs BjhA gkJh]
52
“;u[ Bkw[ ” jfo fjod? t;kJh]
ehwfs eT[D eo/ gqG s/oh s{ nkg/ ;jfi ;wkfJnk] (1067)
j/ oZp ih ` s/o/ Bkw s/ ezw (PeshnK) nDfrDs jB . s/
o/ ;G e[M ikD b?D dk dkjtk e'Jh BjhA eo ;edk. s{z feogk
eoe/ nkgDk ;Zuk Bkw (frnkB) ihtK d/ fjod/ ftu fNek d/thA.
s/ok nzs gkoktko e'Jh BjhA gk ;edk. s{z nkg/ nkg jh jo EK
;wkfJnk (c? f bnk) j' f Jnk j? .
(e) BkBe t/ukok fenk ej?] ;G[ b'e[ ;bkj/ J/e ;?]
f;o[ BkBe b'ek gkt j?] pfbjkoh ikT[ i/s/ s/o/ “Bkw” j?] (1168)
gkt
j/ GkJh ` w?A fBwkDk BkBe fJsBh wjkB j;sh pko/ eh nkyK <
;ko/ jh ;z;ko d/ b'e T[;/ fJe B{z fXnkT[Ad/ jB. T[;/ d/ ubkJ/ ubd/
jB. oZp pko/ ikBD tkb/ (frnkBtkB) b'eK d/ uoBK s/ w/oh Bw;eko
j?. w?A s/o/ ;ko/ “BktK” s'A ;de/ iKdk jK.
(y) gkopqjw e/ ;rb/ mkT[A]
fis[ fis xfo oky? s?;k fsB “BkT[]” (275)
j/ GkJh ` ;koh ekfJBks ftu fBozeko (sZsK ns/ i's okjh)
y[d gf;onk j'fJnk j?. jo EK T[;dk tk;k j?. fd;dh t;s{ dk
pkjoh nkeko t/y e/, T[; soQK dk T[;dk BkT[ oZy fbnk iKdk j?. fit/
A wB[y, jtk, gkDh, Xosh nkfd ;G T[;/ dk gqrNkn j?.
(r) r[gsk Bkw[ tos? ftfu efbi[fr
r,, xfN xfN jfo Gog{fo ofjnk](1334)
j/ GkJh ` “Bkw” e'Jh fd;dh t;s{ BjhA j?. oZph ekB{zB sK
ikBD s/ ;wMD tkbh uhi j?. jo fJe EK T[j y[d jh Gog{o j?.
nkgDh f;q;Nh s'A feXo/ tZy BjhA p?mk j'fJnk.
(x) BT[ fBfX nzfwqs[ gqG ek “Bkw”] d/jh wfj fJ;ek fp;qkw[] (293)
j/ GkJh ` ;kohnK poesK d/D tkbk “Bkw”, feXo/ pkjo
BjhA j?. w"s dk G? ysw eo d/D tkbk, nzfwqs ib (Bkw) d/jh d/ ftu
jh j?. ;oho ftubhnK PeshnK tosD dh iku f;ZyDh j?.
(C) ;[ywBh ;[y nzfwqs gqG “Bkw” ] Brfs iBk e? wfB fp;qkw[ ] (293)
53
j/ GkJh ` ;[yK dh wDh oZp ih dh :kd ftu j?. T[; dk frnkB
gqkgs j' ikDk jh n;bh nzfwqs j? . fijV/ gqG{ fgnko tkb/, fJ; okj
s/ ubd/ jB, T[jBK dk wB fNekT[ ftu nk iKdk j?. GNeDk ysw j'
iKdh j?.
(u) ;' nzsfo ;' pkjfo nBzs] xfN xfN fpnkfg ofjnk Grtzs] (293)
j/ GkJh ` T[;/ fBozeko dh ;Zfsnk iht d/ nzdo tos ojh j?.
T[jh nfdy ;fsnk pkjo tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ ;koh f;q;Nh B{z ubk ojh j?.
io/ io/ ftu jo ;oho ftu, T[jh fB:w ezw eo fojk j?.
(S) “Bkw” s/ok ;G e'Jh b/s j?, i/sh nktD ikDh]
ik s[X[ Gkt? sk r[ow[fy p{M,/ j'o wBw[y fco? fJnkDh] (423)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko dk j[ew (Bkw) sK ;kfonK s/ bkr{ jzd
[ k j?.
eh n;hA jtk nZr gkDh Xosh y[oke dh tos'A pr?o fiT[ ;ed/ jK<
ih Bjh, fJjh nNb ekB{zB j? fe ;kfonK B{z T[; dhnK dksK dh b'V
g?Adh j?/. i' iht iBwdk j?, ;wK g{ok eoe/ ftdk j' iKdk j?.T[jBK dk
nkT[D ikDk Gh s/o/ j[ew (Bkw) ftu j?. i/ s?Bz{ gqtkB j't/ sK fJ;
emB ekB{zB dh r[o{ B{z ;wM nk iKdh j?. j'o wBw[y b'eh, nDikD
g[D/ ftu, ;wK ftnoE r[nk e/ ub/ iKd/ jB.
(i) ig sg ;ziw eow Bk ikDk, “Bkw[” igh gqG[ s/ok]
r[o[ gow/;o[ BkBe G/fNU, ;ku? “;pfd” fBp/ok] (878)
j/ GkJh ` ;z;ko d/ Bk ;wM b'e, pV/ ig eod/ jB (eJh
sohfenk dk ikg) f;woD) ;oho B{z eJh gqeko d/ e;N fdzd/ jB.
nkgD/ eow fJzdfonK B{z o'e e/ oyd/ jB. (fit/A ^ftnkj Bk
eokT[Dk, w'B XkoB eoBk, fJe' Ekt/A gZEo tKr p?m/ ofjDk, nzB dk
fsnkr eo d/Dk nkfd) Xow d/ BK s/, e'Jh eow eKv (ftykt/ tkb/
ezw) eoB dh b'V BjhA. e/tb fBozeko dh fwZmh :kd fjod/ ftu
t;kJhdh j?. w?B{z fBozeko r[o{ fwb frnk j?. T[;B/ ;Zu/ Ppd d[nkok
fJzBk frnkB pyP fdZsk j? fe ;ko/ gkyzvK s'A w[es eo fdZsk j?.
(M) fiBh fJe wB “Bkw” fXnkfJnk, r[owsh thukfo]
54
fsB e/ w[y ;d T[ib/, fss[ ;u? dopkfo]
T[fJ nzfwqs ghtfj ;dk ;dk, ;u? “Bkw” fgnkfo] (28)
j/ GkJh ` fiBK B/ fJe wB fJe fus r[o{ dh f;fynk
(T[gd/P) B{z ;theko eofbnk. r[o{ ws B{z ftuko e/ T[; w[skpe
ihtB Ykb fbnk T[jBK B{z (nkgD/ r[DK ekoB) ;dk ;fseko fwb/rk.
T[jBK B{z nkgDk w{zj S[gkDk BjhA gt/rk. fiE/ Gh ;Zu/ Xowh b'e
i[VBr/ . ;Zu s/ nXkos Xow tkbk c?;bk eoBr/. T[E/ jh nfij/ B/
e fJB;kB B{z ftP/P ;fseko fdZsk ikt/rk. nfij/ eoBh tkb/ wB[Zy,
;dk nzfwqs (nzfwqs wJh gftZso ihtB) ghAd/ jB. feT[Afe T[jBK B{z
r[o{ d/ ;Zu/ T[gd/P okjhA n;bhns ;wM g? rJh j?
(R) fiBh n?;k jfo “Bkw[” B u/fsU, ;/ ekj/ ifr nkJ/ okw oki/]
fJj[ wkD; iBw[ d[bG
z j?, “Bkw” fpBk fpoE k ;G[ ikJ/]
fpoE
j[fD ts? jfo “Bkw[” phfiU, nr? G[yk fenk ykJ/]
wBw[yk B' fcfo iBw[ j?, BkBe jfo GkJ/ ] (450)
j/ GkJh ` fiBK ftneshnK B/ “Bkw[” (r[o{ dk T[gd/P) u/s/
BjhA ehsk, T[j ;z;ko ftu ekjd/ bJh nkJ/ jB< T[jBK dk iZr ftu
nkT[Dk, ftnoE ubk frnk. (r[o{ ;wMkT[Adk j?) fe fJj wB[Zyk iBw
pVk ehwsh j?. r[o{ tb' py;/ frnkB s'A pr?o (o;K e;K ftu) n?t/
A phs frnk. fJ;/ iBw ftu ;fsr[o{ dh ws XkoB eo b? (;[G ezw
eoB/ nkozG eod/) sK nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A ftu s?Bz{ d[y
Z G[y
Z dk ;kjwDk
BK eoBk gt/. j[D/ fJ;/ tes ;ko/ pzXB s'VB dh iku f;Zy b?. i'
wBw[Zy fJB;kB, r[o{ dh P[ZG f;fynk BjhA wzBd/, BjhA ;[Dd/, T[jBK
dhnK nkT[D tkbhnK e[bK Gh w[;hpsK ftu T[bM ikDrhnK. ghjVh
do ghjVh r[bkwh, fpwkoh, nDgVsk, G[ywoh ;dk ubdh oj/rh.
(N) w{oy nzX/ sq? r[D ;/tfj, wkfJnk e? fpT[jkoh..
nzdo[ egN[ T[do[ GoD e? skJh gkm gVfj rktkoh..
;fsr[o ;/t/ ;' ;[y[ gkJ/ fiB jT[w? ftuj[ wkoh..
BkBe gVBk r[DBk fJe BkT[ j? p{M? e' phukoh..(1246)
55
j/ GkJh ` w{oy b'e nfrnkBsk ftu nzB/ jB. oi'r[D, sw'
r[D, ;s' r[D, nkw wB[y
Z fJjBK d[fBnkth gdkoEK ftu rbskB j' e/,
ihtB rztk b?Adk j?. fjod/ ftu X'yk j?, co/p j? p/JhwkBh j?. fe;
tk;s/ fJj eg Goh fizdrh ub ojh j?< fYZv GoB tk;s/ ihG d/ ;[nkd
tk;s/. T[AM b'e ftykt/ bJh, gkm (Xow ftfdnk, Xow g'EhnK) pj[s
ehsk ik fojk j?. Xow rzqEK d/ gowkD pV/ fdZs/ ik oj/ jB. go
nwb e'Jh BjhA, fJj sK w{oyK tkbk toskT[ j?. i/ e'Jh wB[Zy nkgDh
neb fsnkr e/, ;fsr[o{ dh nkyh rb wzB bt/. T[j ;[yh j' ikt/rk.
fJE/ fJj Io{oh j? fe nkgDh jT[w? B{z g{oB s"o s/ fsnkr d/t/. j/
BkBe` nky, n;bh gVBk r[DtkB pDBk jh n;b ftu “BkT{A” j?.
r[o{ dk T[gd/; jh “Bkw” j?. fJ; B{z ftuko eoe/, uzrh soQK ;wM
bt'. j'o e'Jh tZyok ‘‘Bkw f;woD’’ BjhA j?.
(m) joDK pkiK s? f;edkoK, J/Bk, gfVnk BkT[A..
cKXh brh ikfs ckjkfJfB, nr? Bkjh EkT[A.. (1238)
j/ GkJh ` fjoD nkgD/ wkbe d/ f;ykJ/ e[M sohe/ f;Zy b?Adk
j?. fco nkgD/ wkbe tk;s/, nkgD/ iks Gok fjoDk B{z x/o e/ ikb
ftu fbnk c;kT[Adk j?. fJ;/ soQK f;ykfJnk j'fJnk pki, nkgD/
wkbe bJh gzShnK ƒ wko e/ iK x/o e/ fbnkT[Adk j?. T[jBK ƒ w"s
d/ w{zj ftu XZe fdzdk j?. fJ;/ soQK d/;a dk jkew (okik Btkp nkfd)
e[M bkbu d/ e/ y[droi ftnesh B{z nkgD/ tZb eo b?Adk j?. T[j
iwho c'o'; ftnesh okjhA ;ko/ G/d gqkgs eodk j?. Ugo/ d/; d/ b'eK
s/ nkgDh skp/dkoh j'o wIp{s fet/A ehsh ik ;edh j?. d/;a Xqj
' s/ e"w
Xq'j d/ fJj fxB"D/ ezw ;oeko dk jZe m'ek ftnesh eodk j?. :kd
oZyDk, fjoD B/ Gh BkT[A ifgnk (gfVnk) ;h. nkgD/ jh ;zrh ;kEh
fjoDk ƒ wotk d/D tkbk ‘‘BkT[’’ ` pki B/ Gh ‘‘Bkw ’’. ifgnk
(gfVnk) ;h. nkgD/ jh ;kEh gzShnK B{z e'j e'j e/ wotkT[D tkbk
“Bkw”. fJ;/ soQK wB[y
Z Gh pj[s ‘‘Bkw igd/’’ (gVQd)/ jB. nfij/
e"w xksh b'e, fBih roiK bJh nkgD/ jh GoktK dk xkD eotk fdzd/
56
jB. nkgD/ b'eK ƒ e[okj/ gkT[Dk, vokT[Dk, nDgV oZyDk, tfjwK
GowK ftu gk d/D tor/ nDfrDs rdkoh tkb/ ezw eod/ jB. fJjBK
B/ ‘‘Bkw ifgnk f;woD ehsk’’, nkgD/ wkbe dhtckdkoh dk. nkgDh
e"w ƒ r[bkwh tb XZe d/D dk. fBih ;[y^;[nkdK bJh.
;' gfVnk ;' gzfvs[ phB fiBh ewkDk ‘‘BkT[A’’..
gfjb' d/ iV nzdfo izw?, sK T[gfo j't? SkT[A..(1288)
j/ GkJh ` n;bh gfVnk T[; ƒ ;wMDk ukjhdk j?, i' ‘‘Bkw’’
(r[o{ T[gd/; nB[;koh ihtB) dh ewkJh eod/ jB. T[j wB[Zy jh
d{o^nzd/; jB. id'A wB[Zy nzdo'A frnkBtkb j' iKdk j? sk T[; d/
nkuko ftjko okjhA T[; dk ;[Gk gqrN j' fojk j[zdk j/. fit/A o[Zy dh
gfjbk iV fwZNh ftu X;dh j?. y[oke gqkgs eodh j?, sK fes/ o[Zy
T[go ƒ tXDk P[o{ eodk j?.
oki/ ;hj w[edw e[s/.. ikfJ irkfJfB p?m/ ;[Zs/
ukeo Bjdk gkfJfB xkT[. os[ fgs[ e[fsj' ufN ikj[..(1288)
j/ GkJh ` fJj ‘‘Bkw f;woD’’ tkb/ pV/ jh ;wMdko (<)
jB. go oki/ gkVykD/ P/oK dk o{g XkoB eo u[Ze/ jB. fJjBK d/
‘‘Bkw’’ dk oND eoB tkb/ r[bkw nc;o, e[fZ snK, dk jh d{ik o{g
jB. e'Jh dhB fJwkB Pow jfJnk so; dfJnk, fJjBK d/ B/V/ s/V/
Gh BjhA j?. fJj e[fZ snk tKr ‘‘fPeko’’ ƒ x/o e/ fbnkT[Ad/ jB, sK
fe wkbe gfjbK oZs gh bt/. pfunk j'fJnk wk; fJj e[ZfsnK tKr
B'ud/ ofjD. S'N/ ukeo (B'eo) Gh Bj[zdoK wko e/ v{zx/ iyw eo fdzd/
jB. Gkt S'N/ w[bkiw Gh e'Jh xZN BjhA jB. ;ko/ ob e/ nkw izsK
dk y{B vhed/ jB. wk; yKd/ jB s/ jZvhnK sZe uZp iKd/ jB. T[AM fJj
fBwkiK pVhnK gVd/ jB. s;ph (wkbk) pVh x[wkT[Ad/ jB. fJ;/ soQK
fJjBK d/ ;fj:'rh fjzd{ w[bkiw, pV/ wzso gVQd/ jB. w{oshnK dh g{ik
pj[s eod/ jB. NZbhnK y{p yVekT[Ad/ jB. ‘‘Bkw’’ (Bkw dk y/yD)
pVk f;wod/ jB, go i[bw eoB' osk wk;k Pow BjhA eod/.
fiE? ihnK j';h ;ko.. Beh tYh bkfJspko.. (1288)
57
j/ GkJh ` id'A d[fynko/ ihtK dh ;zGkb eoB tkbk fJB;kBh
iipk g?dk j' frnk. fi; tes ewi'oK rohpK dh ;zGkb eoB tkb/
;{ow/ g?dk j' rJ/. id'A Xosh T[s/, ;Zuk fJB;kc eoB tkbk oki
ekfJw j' frnk. T[; ;w/A ikbw okfinK, gZEo fdb nc;oK s/ p/
ofjw w[bkiwK dk BZe tfYnk ikt/rk. fJjBK ƒ pj[s Bw';h MZbDh
gt/rh. feT[Afe fJjBK ƒ tZvhnK fizw/tkohnK fwbhnK ;B. fJjBK B/
oZp Bkb s/ oZp d/ pzfdnK Bkb ftPtk;xks ehsk j?. ehs / gkg dh
;ik sK G[rsDh jh gt/rh.
(v) uj[ fdf; ‘‘j[ew[’’ tos? gqG[ s/ok, uj[ fdf; ‘‘Bkw[’’ gskbz..
;G wfj ;pd[ tos? gqG ;kuk
uk,, eofw fwb? p?nkbz..(1275)
;kuk
j/ fBozeko ih` ;koh f;q;aNh T[go s/ok j[ew (Bkw) tos
fojk j?. uko/ fd;ktK ftu Gh s/oh jh ;Zfsnk tos ojh j?. nekP
s'A b? e/ gkskb se s/ok ‘‘j[ew’’ (Bkw) uZb fojk j?. jo fJe iht
ftu ‘‘Ppd’’ o{g (Bkw^Pesh, ;Zfsnk, i's) s{z nkg jh p?mk j'fJnk
j?A . ehs/ ezwK w[skpe nZr/ Bshik fBebdk ofjzdk j?. fBozeko dk
n;{b nNZb j?, ;fEo j?.
gkme iB' ` fgSb/ gzfBnK s/ ‘‘Bkw’’ d/ tZy^' tZyo/ o{g s/
noE t/y bJ/ jB. brgr ;skJh gqwkD r[opkDh ftu'A d/ e/ df;nk
ik u[fenk j? fe nbZr nbZr rb ;wMkT[D d/ sohe/ jB. o"uesk
g?dk eoB tk;s/, r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ pj[s Yzr ngDkJ/ jB. T[dkjoDK
p/nzs fdZshnK jB. n;b e/Ado fpzd{ j? ‘‘r[o{ dk j[ew’’. fJ;/ B{z
‘‘Bkw, j[ew, f;woD, ig, ;[DBk, wzBDk, rkT[Dk, fXnkT[Dk,
ubDk, nkokXDk, ;kyh, f;fynk, ;pd, puB, T[gd/;, frnkB,
pZM
[ Dk, thukoBk, y'iDk, r[ows, r[owzso, r[opkDh’’ nkfd nky
e/ tfvnkfJnk frnk j?. n;b w[Zdk j? i' r[o{ ih j[ew eod/ jB,
gfjbk T[; ƒ fXnkB Bkb gVBk ik ;[DBk j?. fco T[; ƒ rfjokJh
Bkb ;wMDk j?. T[gs
zq nkgDh fizdrh T[; T[gd/;a w[skpe pDkT[D bJh
tkj bk d/Dh j?. j' frnk fJj fe ;wMD iK wzBD dh Io{os BjhA j?.
58
gkm eoh ikT[, wzso gVh ikT, ikg eoh ikT[ ‘‘Bkw f;woD’’ iK
‘‘tkfjr[o{ wzso’’ igh ikT[. ;ko/ ezw oZp ih nkg/ ;ztko d/Dr/. “ny/
oZp ih ;kv/ eke/ dk g/N d[ydk j?, s[;hA mhe eo fdU. ;kvh wZM d[ZX
d/D s'A fJBekoh j?, wZM w/b fdT[. ;kB{z tgko ftu'A xkNk g? frnk,
w[Bkck eotk fdT[. pZuh bJh uzrk foPsk BjhA bGdk, bZG fdT[.
rtKYh gq/;kB eodk j? fJjdh p'bsh pzd eo fdTHHH.” fJj trkoK
eoB tkbk e'Jh Gzrh j?, iK vzv/ tkbk g[bh; w?B j?. fo;s/ eokT[D
s[VkT[D tkbk ftu'bk j?. wZMK ƒ gZm/ gkT[D tkbk B"eo j?. oZp eh ;wM
oZfynk j?< d/; d/ ok;aNogsh B/ nk e/ ;kvh w'Noeko w[ozws BjhA
eoBh, u"Ae ftu yb' e/ f;gkjh tKr rZvhnK ƒ fJPko/ BjhA eoB/.
eke/ B/ e'Jh rbs uhi yk bJh j'Dh j? sK fYZv d[yD bZr fgnk j?.
nfij/ rJ/ r[Io/ ezw ok;aNogsh BjhA efonk eodk. fit/A ok;aNogsh
tZv/ ezw dodk j?, fJ;/ soQK fBozeko ih pj[s tZv/ tZv/ ezw eod/ jB.
Xosh ƒ ezNo'b ftu oZyDk. ;{oi dh sg;a ns/ xz[wDk fB;afus
eoBk. jtk dk trd/ ofjDk. gkDh dk whAj okjhA iK BdhnK, BkfbnK
okjhA, gqpzX eod/ ofjDk. pqfjwzv ftu sko/ f;sko/ okj f;o oZyD/.
iht izs[ gP{ gzShnK ƒ fe;/ pZMt/ fBnw ftu'A g?dk eobk, tXkT[Dk s/
ysw eotk d/Dk. jo iht d/ nzdo ;oho dk fJe bkfw;kb gqpzX
T[;ko d/Dk. nkgD/ nkg nzdo w[ozws se dk ezw j'Jh ikDkHHH. fJj
tZv/ ekoi jB fBozeko d/. fJjBK ftu wB[Zy d/ o'J/ s'A, ftbe/ s'
nodk;K eoB s'A, d/rK eokT[D s'A ‘‘Bkw f;woD’’ s'A tkfjr[o{ ikg
eoB s'A e'Jh spdhbh BjhA nkT[D bZrh. i/ oZp ;kfonK dhnK
i'dVhnK ;[DB br gt/ sK fJe' fdB ftu gkrb j' ikt/rk.
(Y) j[D fJj Gh ftuko eo bJhJ/ fe r[opkDh ftu oZp dk ;o{g
eh do;kfJnk j?< eh oZp e'Jh okik j? gJh so; eoe/, e[M dkB d/
d/tr
/ k< oZp e'Jh fGykoh j?, fe ;kv/ fds/ dkB Bkb gq;B
z j' ikt/rk<
oZp e'Jh wZmkXkoh ;kX j? i' G/NK d/D Bkb n;h;K dhnK MVhnK bk d/
t/rk< oZp fej' fijk j?, feE/ p?mk j?<
59
;'ofm wjkb ñ gzBk^ 597
nby ngko nrzw nr'uo Bk fs;[ ekb[ B eowk..
ikfs nikfs ni'Bh ;zGT[ Bk fs;[ GkT[ B Gowk..
;ku/ ;funko ftNj[ e[opkD[..
Bk fs;[ o{g toB BjhA o/fynk, ;ku? ;pfd Bh;kD[..ojkT[..
Bk fs;[ wks fgsk ;[s pzXg, Bk fs;[ ekw[ Bk Bkoh..
ne[b fBoziB ngo gozgo[, ;rbh i'fs s[wkoh..
xN xN nzsfo pqjw[ b[ekfJnk, xfN xfN i'fs ;pkJh..
pio egkN w[es/ r[owsh, fBoG? skVh bkJh..
izs T[gkfJ ekb f;fo izsk, t;rfs i[rfs ;pkJh..
;fsr[o{ ;/ft gdkoE[ gktfj S{Nfj ;pd[ ewkJh..
;{u? GKv? ;ku[ ;wkt? ftob/ ;{uk ukoh ..
szs? eT[ gow szs[ fwbkfJnk BkBe ;ofD s[wkoh..(597)
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o pko/ g{oh soQK dZf;nk ikDk ;zGt BjhA j?.
T[j wB[Zyh ;wM s'A pj[s T[s/ j?.wB[Zy dk fdwkr fJe ;hws jZd se
jh ;'u ;edk j?. pkeh ihtK tKr fBozeko ƒ w"s BjhA nkT[Adh. (;w/
A dk goGkt BjhA g?Adk) fBozeko fe;/ ftP/P iht iK iksh Bkb ;zpX
z s
BjhA j?. T[; T[s/ ehs/ eowk (ezwK) dk e'Jh n;o BjhA j?. Gkt T[j
;G e[M eodk j'fJnk Gh gkg g[zB s'A fBob/g j?. T[j j?jh ni'Bh
(iBw ofjs) j'o fe;/ d[nkok (wksk fgsk) T[; dk iBw BjhA
j'fJnk. fBozeko nkgD/ nkgD s'A j?. (;zGTO;t?, ngD/ nkg) fJ;
bJh T[; ƒ fe;/ dk vo BjhA, e'Jh Gow BjhA j?. nfijh ;ukJh dh
;kyPks w{os s'A w?A pfbjko iktk, e[opkB iktK. oZp ih dk e'Jh
;ohoe (fujok iK ;[zdosk) BjhA j?. T[j fe;/ (uko toDk) toD
ftu'A BjhA j?. e/tb r[o{ d/ Ppd okjhA T[; dk frnkB j[zdk j?.
fBozeko d/ wksk fgsk BjhA jB. T[; d/ ;zpzXs foPs/dko Gh BjhA
jB. T[; ƒ ekw tk;Bk BjhA T[gidh, fJ; bJh gsBh T[; dh e'Jh
BjhA j?. T[AM e{bK s'A ofjs, go/ s'A go/ (tZvk) j?. fBozeko dh ngDh
60
jh i's jo iht ftu tos ojh j?. jo fJe io/ ftu, T[;/ dh i's r[gs
o{g ftu tos ojh j?. fJ; gZEo fdwkr wB[Zy ƒ, r[o{ dh ;wM pVh
w[Peb Bkb nkT[Adh j?. i/ wB[Zy fJe wB fJe fus nv'b nt;Ek
ftu, r[o{ T[gd/P ƒ ;[D/, ;wM/ s/ wzB bt/ sK fIzdrh ftu fJBebkp
tkgo ;edk j?. fBozeko B/ iht g?dk eo fds/, go ;kfonK B/ fJe
fBPfus ;w/A pkd ysw j' ikDk j?. fJj ihtB s/ w"s dh i[rsh
gow/;o d/ jZE ftu j?. ;fsr[o{ dh f;Zfynk gqkgs eoe/, ihtB dk
ojZ; ;wM nkT[Adk j?. fJjBK ;ko/ pzXBK Gow G[b/fynK s'A, fJB;kB
g{oh soQK w[es j' iKdk j?. i/ wB[Zy d/ fjod/ o{gh GKv/ ftu, fBozeko
dk ;uk ‘‘Bkw@ (r[o{ frnkB) t; ikt/, sK ftekoK Bkb rzdk j'fJnk
wB o{gh GKvk, gftZso j' iKdk j?. nfij/ wB[Zy ftob/ jB, i' r[o{ dh
wZs b? e/ ;ukJh (B/eh) d/ wkor s/ ubfdnK, ;G e[M e[opkB eoB
dh jZd sZe ub/ iKd/ jB. nfij/ T[Fs
Z w ihtB tkb/ gqkDh, fBozeko dk
jh o{g j[zd/ jB. feoD s/ ;{oi, gkDh s/ p[bp[bk i's s/ i'sh nkgD/
w{b ekoB fJe jh jB. fJ; v{zxh owi ƒ i/ ;wM bJhJ/ sK ‘‘g{ik,
ikg Bkw f;woD@ fe;dk eoKr/<
nkU fJe j'o gZy s'A ftuko eohJ/^;z;ko ftu brgr 3000
p'bhnK jB. jo fJe p'bh p'bD tkfbnK dh nkg' nkgDh ;fGnsk j?,
o;w' fotki jB. jo fJe d/ ‘‘oZp’’ Gh tZy' tZyo/ jB. T[jBK ‘‘oZpK@
d/ Bkw Gh nZv' nZv soQK d/ jB. Gkos ftu jh fezBhnK ;kohnK
GkPktK jB. dZyDh ;{fpnk (skfwb Bkv{, e/obk, nKdok gqd/P) d/ d/
ts/ ns/ ‘‘GrtkB@ nbZr fe;w d/ jB. T[soh Gkos tkb/ ;{fpnK d/
(pqjwk, ftPƒ, fPt, okw feqPB nkfd) j'o jB. pzrkb ftu d[ork
ns/ ekbh d/th dh gqXkBsk j?. pzpJh s/ r[ioks ftu rD/P pkih wko
frnk. fJjBK jh ;{fpnK ftu fJ;/ d/P ftu ofjzd/ j'J/ w[;bwkB,
fJjBK d/tfsnK, ntskoK ƒ fNZu eoe/ ikDd/ jB. fJ;kJh b'e Gh
fJjBK s'A p/bkr jB. t/uko/ ;{doK ƒ fJjBK GrtkBK d/ B/V/ se BjhA
cNeD fdsk iKdk. d[BhnK Go ftu oZp dk ;o{g ns/ ezw fpbe[b
61
tZy'^tZyo/ ebg/ rJ/ jB. fJjBK jIkoK ‘‘oZpK@ ftu'A e'Jh ;wMdko
ftnesh, n;bh gow/;o bZG ;edk j?< e/tb r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih
B/ feogk ehsh j? fe T[; dk nkeko XkoB eoBk jh oZd eo fdsk.
(D) fJ; s'A wro'A tkoh nkT[Adh j? oZp d/ BktK dh. r[opkDh B/
eosko dk e'Jh fJe Bkw fBPfus BjhA ehsk. fit/A Gh e'Jh T[; ƒ
:kd eoBk ukj/ eo ;edk j?. fgnko p'bh dk w[Eki BjhA j'fJnk
eodk. pr?o p'fbnK Gh fgnko ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJT[A ;'u e/ t/y'
fe gow/Po ƒ fszB jIko p'bhnK f;ZyDhnK g?DrhnK. feT[Afe fJzBhnK
e[ p'bhnK d[BhnK ftu gqubs jB. oZp d/ BktK dk nzs gkoktko e'Jh
BjhA. r[o{ ;kfjp B/ r[opkDh ftu gqubs ;ko/ Bkw fpBK ;ze'u tos/
jB. go tos'A tZyo/ noEK ftu ehsh j?. w[;bwkBK ftu wep{b ;ko/
Bkw r[opkDh ftu fby/ fwbd/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ Bkw ;fsr[o{ ;kfjp ih
B/ y[d xV/ jB. fit/A ‘‘eosk g[oy, eosko, nekb, nekb w{os@
nkfd. r[opkDh ftu fJj Gh ;g;N j? fe fJj ;ko/ Bkw oZp dh feos
(ezw^ft;/;sk) t/ye/ xV/ rJ/ jB. n;bh BK fJjBK ftu e'Jh BjhA
j?. fJj ;ko/ gqwkD nZr/ ik e/ fds/ ik oj/ jB. j[D id'A gqwkswk
iao/ iao/ ftu j?. gP{ gzSh ftu j?, xN xN ftu j?, w/o/ ftu j?,
s[jkv/ ftu j? sK dZ;' fe;dk ‘‘Bkw f;wohJ/@< i/ oZp ih wB[Zy
ftu jB sK oZp wB[Zy pD frnk. i/ oZph i's gP{ irs ftu j?
sK oZp gP{ pD frnk. f;woD w?A nkgD/ nkg dk eoK, iK
r[nkYhnK dk eoK< gzShnK dk eoK iK e[ZfsnK, fpZfbnK, wZMK,
rktK dk eoK< nZr jtk gkDh oZph i's ;kfonK ftu j?. fJjBK
;kfonK dk ‘‘f;woD@ eoBk ukjhdk j?< gV' r[opkDh gowkD^
JhG? phmb[ T{G? phmb[ phmb fpB[ ;z;ko[ BjhA..
EkB EBzsfo Bkwk gqDt?, g{fo ofjU s{z ;op wjh..(485)
j/ GkJh ` fJE/ UE/ jo EK fBozeko dk tk;k j?. oZp ih s'A pr?o ;z;ko
j' jh BjhA ;edk. go jo EK ftu r[gs tos oj/ gqG{ ƒ Bkw d/t
Bw;eko eodk j?. j/ gow/;o jo EK ;G ftu s{z jh fpokiwkB j?A.
62
;G[ r'fpzd[ j? ;G[ r'fpzd[ j?.. r'fpzd fpB BjhA e'Jh..(485)
j/ GkJh` jo EK r'fpzd jh r'fpzd j? T[; fBozeko s'A fpBk e'Jh
j' jh BjhA ;edk. r[gs o{g ftu io/ io/ ftu ;wkfJnk j'fJnk j?.
xfN xfN J/e[ tosdk ifb Efb wjhnkfb g{o/.. (133)
j/ GkJh ` eD eD ftu fBozeko dk fBtk; j?. ib Xosh s/ nek;K
ftu Gh T[j nkg jh ;wkfJnk j'fJnk j?. fco gkme iB' fJekrofus
;'u' fe ‘‘Bkw f;woD@ fe;dk ns/ fe; Bkw d[nkok ehsk ikt/<
feT[Afe oZp ih d/ fizB/ Gh Bkw gqubs jB. wB[ZyK B/ oZy/ jB. nkg
jh Bkw eoB eoe/ nkg jh ‘‘f;woD@ P[o{ eo fdsk. oZp ƒ fJ;
‘‘f;woD@ Bkb e'Jh Bck iK B[e;kB BjhA j?. wB[y
Z d/ ‘‘Bkw igD@
Bkb fBozeko B/ nkgDk e'Jh n;{b BjhA pdb b?Dk. e'Jh jZ;/ e'Jh
ftbe/, fe;/ ƒ xkNk gt/ fe;/ ƒ w[Bkck j't/, e'Jh wo/ e'Jh iht/ ‘‘oZp
dh ;/js@ s/ e'Jh n;o BjhA j'Dk. T[; d/ fBnwK ftu e[dos B/, fJe
o; nv'b brksko ubd/ ikDk j?.
XzBsk d/ :'r jB u'Dt/A fJB;kB i' wB[y
Z sk d/ Gb/ bJh ;[y
;j{bsK g?dk eod/ jB. ;wki ƒ o'r ofjs pDkT[D ftu fiBK
ftfrnkBhnK s/ vkeNoK B/, nkgD/ ;[y nkokw G[bk e/ b'e efbnkD
bJh fIzdrhnK b/y/ bk fdshnK. fGnkBe wjKwkohnK ;wki ftu c?b
iKdhnK ;B. fgzv Pfjo nkpkdh gZy'A ykbQh j' ikfJnk eod/ ;B. gb/
r j?ik s/ u/ue nkfd ƒ w?vheb ;kfJz; B/ BZE gk bJh j?. g'bhU
NhHphH, wb/ohnk nkfd nkyoh ;[nk; b? fojk j?. gqDkw j? fJ;
goT[gekoh GktBk Bkb ezw eodh w?vheb ;kfJz; ƒ.
d{ih soQK d/ ftfrnkBhnK B/ e[b
Z wB[y
Z sk tk;s/ ;[yK d/ nzpko
bk fds/ jB. fJe fBeh ;{Jh Gh xo ftu pDkT[Dh gt/. n;hA BjhA
pDk ;eKr/. ftfrnkBhnK B/ nfijhnK wPhBK fsnko eoe/ fJB;kB
dh ;/tk ftu jkio eo fdshnK jB. ;'u e/ T[jBK wjkB b'eK nZr/
;h; M[edk j?. i/ nZi nuBu/sh ;kE'A fJj ;kohnK ;j{bsK y'j bJhnK
ikD< fej' fijh j' ikt/ ;kvh fizdrh< ;kJheb dh ;tkoh s'A b? e/
63
jtkJh ijki dh T[vkD se . r[bb
/ iK sho ewkD s'A b? e/ fow'N
ezNo'b wikfJbK se. jZEK Bkb gZm/ e[soB tkbh dksoh s'A b? e/,
jkot?;N ezpkJhB se. rowh s'A S[Nekok gkT[D bJh, jZE ftu cV/
wkw{bh gZy/ s'A b? e/, J/H;hH se. bZeVh dh g"Vh s'A b? e/, nZy d/ gbeko/
ftu ;" ;" wzfibK s'A j/mK T[go G/i d/D tkbhnK fbcNK se. M[rehnK
M"AgVhnK s'A b? e/ nkbhFkB wfjbK se. gZfsnK iK iBtoK dhnK yZbK
gfjBD s'A b? e/, ;[d
z o gfjokt/ ;{N^p{N se. G{w nk;D s'A b? e/ p?Fv
Z K
rZfdnK se. Bzpodkoh tkbh w'jo iK r[mk bkT[D dh jZd se nDgVsk
s'A b? e/ ;e{bK, ekbiK, :{Bhtof;NhnK dh T[sw ftfdnk se. ep{soK
okjhA ys G/iD dh fefonk s'A b? e/ ezfgT{No d[nkok nZy d/ gbeko/
fizB/ ;w/A ftu ikDekoh gqkgs eoB se. e'N e'N gqDkw j?, T[jBK
wjkB ftfrnkBhnK ƒ fiBK B/ fizdrh ƒ nDfrDs ;[y gqdkB ehs/
jB. T[jBK B/ ed/ nkgDh g{ik BjhA eotkJhA edh nkgDk Bkw BjhA
igkfJnk. edh nkgD/ nkg ƒ ‘‘eokwksh wjKg[oy@ j'D dk Yzv'ok
BjhA fgZfNnk.edh fbPed/ fuZN/ u'b/ gfjB e/, nkgD/ nkg ƒ b'eK Bkb'A
T{uk BjhA ehsk.
d{i/ gk;/ fXnkB Bkb goy eoe/ t/y'. (ny"sh) ;zs dk ykDk
ftfrnkBe sohe/ fsnko j[d
z k j?. sB d/ ;ko/ p;so ftfrnkB dh d/
D j?. jZE s/ xVh tki/ Y'behnK, ;gheo ;kfJz; dh d/D j?. eko o/
b ijki ;kfJz; B/ fdsh j?. e'mh, nzdo N?bhftiB, J/H;hH c'B nkfd
;G ftfrnkBhnK d/ pDkJ/ ;kX tos fojk j?. fe;/ ;kX B/ b'eK tk;s/
nZi se e'Jh BthA ekY BjhA eZYh. ;r'A ftfrnkBhnK dhnK ;j{bsK
tosfdnK T[jBK ƒ jh wkfJnk ftu roe/ j'J/, nkswe ;[y s'A tKM/
nky e/, Gzfvnk iKdk j?. n;bh ;[Zy sK GkJh okw Bkw ig e/ jh
fwbdk j?, ;z;koh gdkoEK ftu ;[y feE/< nfijk nfeqsxD PkfJd jh
j'o e'Jh j't/, fizB/ fJj ;kX ;zs nfeqsxD jB. ftfrnkB dhnK jo
soQK dhnK ;j{bsK dk fdB oks ;[y G'rd/ jB . ftfrnkBhnK ƒ
nkgDhnK ;N/iK s'A Gzvd/ jB. i/ fes/ vkeNo fJzihBhno Gh fJjBK
64
t/jbV ;kXK tKr u"eV/ wkoe/ p?m ikD. ‘‘Bkw f;woD@ eofdnK jh
T[wo fpsk d/D sK fJ; Xosh dh wB[ysk, gZEo i[r tb tkg; ubh
ikt/rh. fJj ‘‘Bkw igD@ tkb/ d/P d/ b'eK B/, d[BhnK ftu'A ;G s'A
fInkdk ;wK r[bkwh dh ijkbs G'rh j?. fJZIsK fwZNh ftu o[bdhnK
ojhnK B/ . wzdo ƒ Y?j Y/oh ehsk iKdk fojk j?. ;kv/ d/P d/ ‘‘;zs
wjKg[oy pqjwfrnkBh” Bkw f;woD dk SDeDk jZE ftu b? e/, r[cktK
ftu ik b[e/. d/;a T[iVdk fojk s/ “;zs” ih Bkw f;woD eod/ oj/.
fJ; b'e B{z popkd eo fdsk frnk, “wjkswk” ih gqb'e ;ztkod/
oj/. “o'w ;Vdk fojk Bho' pz;oh tikT[Adk fojk.”
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp tb'A fi; soQK dk “Bkw f;woD” (r[o{ ih
dk j[ew) nkgD/ g[ZsoK B{z fdsk frnk ;h. T[jBK B/ T[j Bkw BjhA
ifgnk. nkgDh woih tkb/ okj g? rJ/. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ T[jBK B{z bKG/
eo fdsk. ;jh “Bkw igD” (j[ew wzBD) tkfbnK B{z B/V/ fbnKdk.
GkJh bfjDk ih B{z r[o{ BkBe tb'A pyf;a;a ehs/ “Bkw” dh uzrh soQK
;wM nk rJh. T[jBK B{z jh r[orZdh s/ fpoki e/ ;zrsK dk Gbk eoB
dk nt;o fwfbnk. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp ih tb'A pyf;a;a ehsk Bkw pkpk
nwodk; ih d/ ;wM nk frnk. r[o{ nzrd ;kfjp d/ g[ZsoK d/ ykB/
ftu BK fgnk. fJjBK B/ r[o{ nwodk; ;kfjp B{z r[orZdh fwbD ekoB
r[Z;/ ftu nk e/ p[oh soQK wkfonk. r[o{ nwodk; ;kfjp d/ g[ZsoK B{z
“Bkw f;woD” dh ;koh T[wo ;wM Bk nkJh. GkJh i/mk (r[o{ okwdk;
ih) ih dh vNe/ fto'Xsk eod/ oj/. r[o{ nwodk; dk fJe g[Zso
w'joh, r'fJzdtkb fty/ fJe u[pko/ ftu pokpo rZdh bk e/ p?m frnk.
i/ “Bkw” ;wM nkfJnk sK r[o{ okwdk; ih B{z.
fgsk r[o{ ;koh T[wo fgqEh uzd s/ wjKd/t B{z “Bkw f;woD”
pko/ ;wMkT[Ad/ oj/. r[o{ ih dk fJe g[Zso wjKd/t sK “f;woD” eodk
;G e[M Sv Svk e/, bzr'Nk bk e/ ;[nkj wbe/, ;kX pD p?mk. d{i/
g[Zso fgqEh uzd B{z “Bkw f;owD” ftu wkfJnk B/ gkrb eo fdsk.
T[jd/ tk;s/ g?;k s/ nj[dk gqkgs eoBk jh Xow ;h. d'tK B{z bKG/ eoe/
65
r[o{ okwdk; ih B/ nkgDh EK r[o{ noiD ;kfjp B{z u[D fbnk feT[Afe
fJjBK B{z r[ows nB[;koh “Bkw” dh ;wM nk rJh ;h. fJ;/ soQk fJj
f;b;bk nZr/ s'A nZr/ fBozso ubdk fojk. fiBK ƒ ‘‘Bkw@ (r[o{
j[ew) ;wM nk frnk, T[jBK B/ ;G ;[y fsnkr e/, f;oK s/ yZcD
pzBQ bJ/. j' oj/ I[bw ƒ w/ND tk;s/ yv
z / jZEK cVe/ fjZeK skDe/,
p/y"c w?dkB ftu e[Zd gJ/. ;wki ftu'A jo soQK d/ d[Zy dod iV'A
ysw eoB tk;s/ N[o gJ/. fiBk XowhnK B/ ‘‘Bkw ifgnk@,
T[jBK B/ jh tzv e/ Sfenk. T[jBK B/ jh d/r ubkJh, T[jBK B/ jh
s/r tkjh. T[jBK d/ pzd^pzd eZN/ rJ/, y'gohnK T[so rJhnK,
uoyVhnK s/ uV rJ/. wksktK B/ pZfunK d/ N[eV/ M'bhnK ftu
g[nk bJ/. fJjh ;B n;bh ‘‘Bkw igD tkb/@. nZi d/ ‘‘Bkw
f;woB@ tkb/ y[d, ekfJosk tkbk ihtB pshs eo oj/ jB. gzE
ƒ fJBebkph eD ysw eoe/, p[Mfdb pDk oj/ jB.
d;w/; fgsk d/ bkvb/ nZyK d/ sko/ firo d/ N[eV/, wksk ;[d
z oh
ih dhnK fgnko b'ohnK ftu gb/, dkdh wK s'A P[G f;fynktK gqkgs
eoB tkb/ ‘‘fBZehnK fizdK@, (S'N/ ;kfjpikd/) tZvk ;kek toskT[D
tes, e/tb ;s ;kb s/ B" ;kb d/ ;B. fJzB/ S'N/ pkbeK B/ fe; fpXh
Bkb ‘‘Bkw ifgnk@ ;h< jo o'i fezB/ gfjo ‘‘f;woB@ eod/ ;B<
;t/o/ d' ti/ ikrd/ ;B fe fszB ti/< u"eVk wko e/ nZyK pzd eoe/
fezBk tes ‘‘wzso ikg@ eod/ ;B< n;b s/ w[Ybh rb fJj j? fe
T[jBK ƒ r[o{ xo d/ T[u/ ;[u/ n;{bK dh ;wM nk rJh. ikB Gkt/A ubh
ikt/, f;Zyh f;de ekfJw ofj ikt/. GkJh ;[p/r f;zx dk p/Nk, Pkjpki
f;zx pkoK s/ok e[ ;kb dk ;h. ikbw jkewK B/ uoyVh s/ ukjV e/,
n;fj ePN d/ e/ Pjhd ehsk ;h. fJ; db/o pkbe B/ u"eV/ wko e/
r[o wzso dk wPhBh Bkw BjhA ifgnk. jK fJ; ƒ wksk fgsk s'A f;Zyh
d/ gktB n;{bK dh ;wM nk rJh ;h. fJ;/ ekoB nv'b ofj e/ f;Zyh
B{z ;[nk;K s'A fgnkoh ikfDnk. fJjBK jh ;fwnK ftu, fJe nZbV
T[wo dk w[ZS c[ZN rZGo{ GkJh jehes okJ/ ;h. ;"jok gotko f;Zyh ftu
66
Usg's ;h. wksk fgsk Gh r[o{ fgnko tkb/ ;B. Gkt/A jkbh ‘‘f;zx
o{g@ BjhA XkoB ehsk ;h. go nzdo f;zxkT[g[Dk gqrN j' u[fenk ;h.
wkw{bh fij/ pjkB/ xVe/, fJ; ƒ w"s dk cstk d/ fdsk. i/ nkgDk
Xow fsnkr e/, fJ;bkw XkoB eo bt/ sK ikB pyPh ik ;edh j?.
fJ; nZbV fij/ B"i[nkB B/, fyV/ wZE/ w"s ƒ rbteVh gk bJh. ikB
fgnkoh Bk ehsh. Xow ;q'wDh ikfDnk fJ; B/ fe; fpXh d[nkok
‘‘Bkw’’ ifgnk ;h< e'Jh d; ;e/rk<
d{i/ pzB/ ‘‘Bkw igD@ dk BkNe eoB tkb/ fGnkBe o'rK Bkb
nZvhnK orVd/, sVc sVc e/ wo iKd/ jB. go wB[Zysk bJh, gzE dh
uVdh ebk bJh e'Jh fIeo:'r ezw BjhA eod/. gkmK dhnK bVhnK,
wzso ikg, nodk;K, dkB g[zB nkfd Bkb gzE dh fprVh ;ztko oj/
jB. eki{, pdkw, frohnK, d[ZX^wbkJhnK Se e/, E[Zb EZ[b eodhnK
r'rVK tXk e/, ‘‘f;woD@ eoe/ fJj ftjBV N'b,/ gzE dh uVdh ebk
eo oj/ jB, fe gzE dhnK p/VhnK ftu ;{oky eo oj/ jB< ;r'A nkgD/
v/fonK ftu r[bkw fposh tkb/ B"i[nkBK ƒ oZy e/, nkgDh M{mh gq;z;k
eotkT[Ad/ jB. nB?fse ezw eokT[Ad/ jB. t/jbVg[D/ ƒ T[sPkjs
eod/ jB. s/ B"itkBK dk GftZy popkd eod/ jB. pVk ‘‘Bkw@
igkT[Ad/ jB, fJ; soQK d/ YzrK Bkb, ftXhnK Bkb.
;fsr[o{ ih B/ eoKshekoh T[gd/P okjhA iV pD u[Ze/ b'eK ƒ
joes fdsh. gZEoK ƒ sok; e/ w{oshnK pDkfJnk. rz[frnK ƒ p'bDk
f;ykfJnk. fgzrfbnK ƒ N[oBk f;ykfJnk. nzfBnK ƒ ;kok ;z;ko t/
yD i'r/ pDkfJnk. gP{nK tor/ fJB;kBK ƒ ;jh noEK ftu wB[Zy
j'Dk ;wMkfJnk. nkT[ fJ; GktBk dk fJe Ppd gVhJ/^
fgzrb gops gkfo go/, yb us[o pehsk..
nzX[b/ fsqGtD ;{fMnk, r[o G/fN g[Bhsk..
wfjwk ;kX{ (r[o{) ;zr eh, ;[Bj[ w/o/ whsk..
w? b y' J h e' f N nx jo/ , fBowb GJ/ uhsk.. ojkT[ . .
n?;h Grfs r'ftzd eh, ehfN j;sh ihsk..
67
f;zx fpbkJh j'fJ rfJU, fsqD[ w/o[ fdyhsk..
;qw[ eos/ dw nkY eT[, s/ rBh XBhsk..
etB tvkJh efj ;eT[, p/nzs r[Bhsk..
efo feogk w[fj Bkw[ d/j[ BkBe do ;ohsk.. (809)
fJ; Ppd d/ Gkt T[s/ ;zyg
/ ftu fdZs/ ik u[e
Z / jB. Ppd noE
fJ;d/ i' eod/ jB, T[j rbs eod/ jB. fJe j'o Ppd ftu nZyK
y'jb e/ frnkBtkB pDe/, ihtB pshs eoB dk T[gd/P j?. id'A fe
;kv/ ‘‘Bkw ikghJ/@ nZyK pzd eotk oj/ jB. gV'^
nyh whfN ufbn nzfXnkok, do[ xo[ fd;? Bk GkJh..
iw dfo pkXk mT[o B gkt? ngBk ehnk ewkJh.. (596)
wkB[y[ fpB[ p{M/ fpoEk nkfJnk..
nfBe ;ki ;hrko pj[ eosk fiT[ fwose[ UYkfJnk.. (612)
Bkw^ d/y' nzri
/q h (NAME) BkT[A, ;zfrnk, fe;/ t;s{ dk p'X eokT[D
tkbk Ppd. fi; eoe/ noE ikfDnk ikt/ ;' Bkw j?. Bkw d/ w[y G/
d d' jB^ fJe, t;s{ tkue, i?;^
/ wB[y
Z , p?b, gjkV nkfd. d{ik^Gkt
tkue i?;/^ ;[zdosk, em'osk, GbwD;kT[, GoZgD nkfd. r[opkDh
ftu ‘‘Bkw@ eosko ns/ T[; dk j[ew p'Xe j?. :Ek Bkw e/ Xko/
;rb/ izs.. Bkw Xko/ yzv pqjwzv.. (285) ;woD, u/sk, gqf;Xh,
wPj{oh. (wjkB e'P, gzBk^ 697)
Ppd^ ;zfrnk^X[fB, nktki, ;[o (2) gd, bci, (3) r[csr{^ ;pd"
jh Grs ikgd/ fiB eh pkDh ;uh j'fJ.. (429) (4) r[oT[gd/P^Grib[
fpB[ ;pd? feT[ sohn?.. (G?oT[ wHñ^1125) (5) pqjw eosko^Ppd[
r[o{ ;[ofs X[fB u/bk.. (f;X r';fN wHñ^943) (6) Xow^wijp^i'r
;pdz frnkB ;pdz, p/d ;pdz pqkjwDj.. (tko nk;k^469)
(7) g?rkw^;[B/jk^XBtkYh fgo[ d/; fBtk;h, ;u/ r[o{ gfj ;pd[
gmkJh.. wbko wL ò^1273) (8) i?;/ s[ek okw, Bkwd/t nkfde
GrsK dh gd ouBk ‘‘nGzr@ j? ns/ ;{odk;, whoKpkJh nfde dh
ftPB[ gd gqf;X j?. s?;/ jh ;qh r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp Szd o{g tke:k
68
‘‘Ppd@ nkyhd/ jB. Ppd Szd dh yk; ikfs BjhA. nB/e SzdK dk o{g
PpdK ftu d/fynk iKdk j?. Ppd dk tku: noE, Ppd dk we;d^B
Ppd[ p{M? Bk ikD? pkDh.. (wjbk ó^665) (GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk,
wjkB e'P, gzBk^ 156)
T[go'es jtkb/ ftu gkmeK B/ t/y fbnk j? fe ‘‘Bkw iK
Ppd@ r[opkDh ftu feBK GktK ftu nkfJnk j?. fJjBK ojZ;wJh
r[M
z bdko noEK dk gsk Bk j'D eoe/ nkw fJB;kB ‘‘Bkw@ d/ ;hws
fij/ noE ikDdk j?, oZp dk igD tkbk ‘‘Bkw@. fJ;/ soQK Ppd pko/
G[b/yk fgnk j'fJnk j?. ‘‘Ppd@ ƒ r[opkDh ftu nB/e noEK okjhA
gqrNkfJnk frnk j?. nkw ifrnk;{ ‘‘Bkw Ppd@ fe;/ ;kX s'A r[o{ s'A
fwbD tkbh igD tkbh e'Jh uhi ;wM p?fmnk j?, id'A fe fJ; soQK
BjhA j?. nkT[ fJe j'o jtkbk vkH osB f;zx iZrh s'A g[ZS bJhJ/^
Bkw^ nfXnksfwe ;kXBk ftu ‘‘Bkw@ gow ;Zsk dk ;{ue j?. fJ;
okjhA Bkwh (oZp) sZe gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. Bkw ;kXBk fgZS/ nzP s'A
nzPh se gjzu
[ D dk f;XKs ezw eodk j?. fJj fJe N{Dk ftXh j?. N{Dk
ftXkB nB[;ko i/ fe;/ ftnesh dk BkT[A gsk j't/ sK T[; BT[ d[nkok
ojZ;kswe YzrK okjhA, Bkwh (ftnesh) ƒ t; ftu ehsk ik ;edk j?.
gqkuhB ekb ftu, eJh ephfbnK tkb/ nkgDk ‘‘w{b Bkw@ r[gs oyd/
;B. b'V tk;s/ ftjkoe BktK dh tos'A eod/ ;B. HHHHeJh Xkowe
;zgodktK ftu j[D Gh r[owzsq iK Bkw d/D t/b
/ / ‘‘Bkw@ ƒ r[gs oZyD
dh skehd ehsh iKdh j?. fJ; gqzgok ftu ‘‘f;woB@ dk nkXko Gh
Bkw okjhA Bkwh (oZp) se gjz[uD dh r[gs :ksok j?. (f;Zy gzE
ftPte'P^ 1024)
Bkw ;kXBk^ Bkw s'A Gkt j? T[j ;zfrnk fi; okjhA fe;/ t;s{ ;EkB
iK ftnesh dh ikDekoh fwb/. HHHHgowkswk bJh e'Jh ftP/P Bkw
okJh wk;k wjZssk BjhA oZydk. gowkswk nzso:kwh j?, T[j ;G d/
fjod/ dhnK owiK ikDdk j?. fJ; bJh T[; ƒ fe;/ GkPk iK gqshe
okjhA ;wMkT[D dh b'V BjhA j?. fJ; bJh f;Zy Xow d/ pkBh r[o{ BkBe
69
;kfjp B/ gowkswk dk e'Jh ftP/P Bkw BjhA dZf;nk. feT[Afe gqubs
j' u[e
Z / BktK dh frDsh eoBh jh n;zGt j?. ‘‘s/o/ Bkw nB/eK o{g
nBzsk, ejD[ B ikjh s/o/ r[D e/s/@..(358) gowkswk dk n;b Bkw
sK T[j j? fi; d[nkok T[; dh j'Ad dk p'X j[zdk j?. nfijk Bkw i/ e'Jh
j? sK T[j e/tb ‘‘;fs@ j?^ s/o/ ;u[ Bkw[ gow/;ok.. (1168) ihG
d[nkok ej/ (ig/) ikD tkb/ ;ko/ Bkw pDktNh jB. r[o{ noiD ;kfjp
nB[;ko^ feosw Bkw eE/ s/o/ fijpk.. ;fsBkw[ s/ok gok g{opbk..
(1083) (vkH osB f;zx iZrh^f;Zy gzE ftPt e'P, gzBk^ 1042)
fJj bzw/ jtkb/ d/D dk we;d ;h fe gkmeK ƒ s;Zbh j' ikt/
ns/ ‘‘Bkw@ d/ noE GktK pko/ e'Jh G[by
/ k Bk ofj ikt/. bzwh r[bkwh
ekoB rohph fpwkohnK s/ nfrnkBsk ekoB, Gkostk;h b'e fjzws
rtk p?m/ ;B. gjkVK s/ r[cktK ftu, v/fonK ftu, s/ Xow ;EkBK
ftu, ;G EKJh ‘‘wzso ikg@ E'e ftu j' oj/ ;B. jkfonk j'fJnk
;kj;sjhD j'fJnk wB[Zy, (;wki) wzso ig e/ oZp ƒ nkgD/ t; ftu
eoe/ T[; dh ;koh Pesh tos e/, ftrV/ ekoi ok; eoBk ukj[zdk j?.
BfPnK ftu roe j' ikDk iK i{nk y/v e/ oks'^oks pj[sk XB ewk
btK fe ;ko/ dfodo ysw j' ikD. nfijh fBZxoh j'Jh ;'u Gh fizdrh
d/ jo w?dkB ftu'A jko u[Ze/ b'eK nzdo v{zxh X; iKdh j?. ;wki d/
fijBK w[yhnK B/ b'eK ƒ frnkB d/Dk ;h. ;opgZyh nrtkJh d/Dh ;h.
r[bkwh ns/ gSV/t/A d/ w[Yb/ ekoB bG e/ T[jBK ƒ d{o eoB bJh
BhshnK xVe/, ;jh ;/X d/Dh ;h. nkgDh fizdrh ƒ fJe o'b wkvb
(Bw{B/ dk ;[uZik ihtB) pDk e/ g/;a eoBk ;h. bzwh r[bkwh ftu w[yh
Gh GNe iKd/ jB. nkgD/ b'eK ƒ y[d jh rbs okj gkT[D br g?Ad/
jB. fiBQK ezwK d/ eoB Bkb e"wh Gbk e'Jh BjhA s/ B[e;kB (fd;dk
iK nDfd;dk) pj[sk j't/, T[jh ezw pko^pko eotkJh iKd/ jB.
nfrnkBsk ftu v[p
Z / ns/ fjzws jko u[e
Z / ftnesh nkgDhnK w[;hpsK
ƒ ‘‘fe;ws ftu fJt/A jh fbfynk j'fJnk j?@ wzB e/, f;o ;[ZN e/
p?m iKd/ jB. nfij/ jko/ j'J/ b'e fco e/tb ‘‘wzso gVd/@ jB. fpBK
70
;wM/ ftuko/ ‘‘gkm@ eod/ jB. ;wkXhnK bkT[Ad/ jB. nzso fXnkB
j[zd/ jB. ‘‘f;woD@ eod/ jB, ‘‘Bkw igd/@ jB. d;w/ d[nko dh
:ksok eod/ jB. shik B/so y[ZbQD dh T[vhe eod/ jB. jkbks Bkb
‘‘d' jZE@ eoB tk;s/ neb ns/ fjzws dh tos'A eoB s'A w{j
z w'V b?Ad/
jB. w[;hpsK ftu j'o tkXk j[zdk iKdk j?. fJj popkdh dk f;bf;bk
nZr/ s'A nZr/ ubdk ofjzdk j?.
fJjBK ;soK d/ b/ye ƒ S/ e[ ;kb c"i ftu B"eoh eoB dk
;wK fwfbnk. fJe f;gkjh tk;s/ i' f;yDk Io{oh ;h ;G f;Zfynk.
e[M nc;oK Bkb B/Vsk j' rJh. w'ek ikD e/ fJe fdB nkgD/ nc;o
ƒ w?A g[ZfSnk, ‘‘;o fJj d;' fe c"ihnK B{z gq/v feT[A eotkJh iKdh
j?<
nc;o^ ;oho ƒ sz d o[ ; s oZ y D tk;s/ .
;tkb^ go ;/js bJh sK ghHNhH (ghHNhH fciheb N/qfBzr) eotkJh
iKdh j?<
nc;o^ (E'Vk fMie e/) don;b c"ih i[nkBK ƒ nkgD/ bhvo dk jo
j[ew fpBk fezs{ wzB b?D dh nkds gkT[D tk;s/ fJj gqv
/ (vfob)
eotkJh iKdh j?.
;tkb^ bhvo dk j[ew i/ rbs j't<
/
nc;o^ i[Bhno (S'N/ doi/ tkbk) dk coi j? fe T[j tZv/ dk jo j[ew
wzB./ i/ fJE/ fezs{ gqs
z { j'D bZr g?D sK izr ftu ikD s'A jo fJe f;gkjh
;tkb eo/rk fe T[; d/;a Bkb ;kvk eh cf;nk j?< T[jBK ;kvk eh
ftrkfVnk j?< ;kv/ pj[s ;ko/ c"ih wko/ ikDr/ nopK o[fgnk o[V ikt/
rk, ekjd/ tk;s/< fiZs e/ Gh ns/ jko e/ Gh w[V ;wM"sk eoe/ c"i fgZS/
jNkT[Dh gt/rh. fJbkek ykbh eoBk gt/rk, gfjbK bVkJh S/Vh jh
feT[A ikt/< fJ; bJh f;gkjh B/ ;'uDk BjhA e/tb ezw eoBk j?,
fit/A nc;o ej/. ;'uD tk;s/ nc;o i[ jB. Gkt/A fe ;ko/ c"ih ew
neb BjhA jB. ;wki ftu fco Gh fJj nykD gqubs j?, ‘‘c"i ftu
Gosh tes neb iwk eotk b?Ad/ jB, s/ okJhcb cVk fdzd/ jB.
71
B"eoh w[ek e/ xo nkT[D tes okJhcb Gh iwk eotk b?Ad/ jB.
Gkosh b'e (pj[frDsh tkbk ;BksBh spek) fJ; rZb dk pVk wkD
eod/ jB fe n;hA ‘‘0@ (Iho'^;{fB:) dh wjkB d/D rfDs ƒ fdZsh
j?. ;z;ko d/ b'e ;kvh fJ; d/D ekoB ;kvk ;fseko eod/ jB. tkj
w/o/ tk;hU pfbjko iktK. d[BhnK ƒ i/ e[M fdZsk Gh sK fdZsh Iho',
;{fB:. fJ; ‘‘f;co@ (0) dh nkgDh e'Jh ehws BjhA j?. fJe s'A b?
e/ Gkt/A jIkoK f;coK fby fdU, c[ZNh e"Vh ehws BjhA j?. fJ; dh i/
ehws g?Dh j? sK fJ; d/ yZp/ gk;/ (gfjbK) J/ek d{nk (1,2) nkfd nze
bkT[D/ g?Dr/ sK fJ; f;co dk w[b
Z gt/rk. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/
ngko feogk ehsh fe d[BhnK ƒ f;co BjhA fdZsh ‘‘J/ek@ (ñ)fdZsk
j?. gfjbK fJe (fJe fjzd;k ñ) fby e/ wro'A Gkt/A fizBhnK woih
f;coK jh bkJh uZb', T[jBK dh ehws ikt/rh. fJe fJe ‘‘0@ (Iho')
Bkb d; d; r[Dk w[b
Z tXdk ubk ikt/rk. fJekJh, djkJh, ;", jIko
s/ d; jIkoHHH. ‘‘;{fB:@ s/ wkD eoB tkfbnK dh ehws (fJZIs)
tXk fdZsh. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/, J/ek d/ e/, fJe Bkb i'fVnk
J/e/ ftu go'fJnk. J/esk eotk e/ wjkB skes py;a fdZsh. fJ;
‘‘J/e/@ s'A ;aesh ns/ nrtkJh b? e/, eJh f;Zy fJ; d/;a d/
pkd;akj pD rJ/ ;B. fit/A jh ‘‘J/ek@ wB' fBefbnk, f;Zy e"w
dk fdtkbk fBeb frnk.
fjzd{ Xow ;ak;soK B/ fJB;kB ƒ gow/;ao dh gqkgsh tk;s/
fiE/ j'o nB/e x[zwD x/ohnK ftu gkfJnk j?, T[E/ fJe gqw[Zy jB/oh
r[ck j? nkgD/ nkg B{z ;{fB: pDk b?Dk. ftnkj Bk eotkT[D ‘‘0@ j'
ikU. wksk^fgsk ƒ fsnkr fdU ‘‘0@ j' ikU. G?DK^GoktK Bkb e'Jh
foPsk Bk oZy' ‘‘0@ pD ikU. i/ gfjbK ftnkj j' frnk, pZu/ g?dk j'
rJ/, sK T[jBK d/ w'j pzXB ftu g? e/, (ftbefdnK ƒ XZek d/ e/) so;
eoe/, fes/ ihtB ‘‘popkd@ Bk eo b?Dk. ;ko/ pzXBK ƒ s'V e/, wB
ƒ seVk eoe/ ‘‘0@ j' ikU. uzrk ykDk, uzrk gfjBDk, uzrk xo
fp;sok fsnkr fdU s/ ;{fB: j' ikU. nZyK Bkb d[BhnK d/ ozr swkP/
72
Bk t/y' ‘‘0@ j' ikU. ezBK Bkb ;'jD/ rhs ;zrhs nktkiK Bk ;[D,' ezBK
B{z ;{fB: eo fdU. ihG dh tos'A Bk eo' j' ;e/ sK w'B tos XkoB
eo bU, ihG ;{fB: oy'. fJjBK jZEK Bkb e'Jh ezw Bk eo'. ;z;ko
fwZfEnk j? ehjd/ tk;s/ ezw eoBk j?< jZEK B{z ;{fB: eo fdU. g?oK
B{z joes ftu fbnkT[D dh Io{os BjhA. fJe' Ekt/A u"eVk wko e/ gZEo
tKr nfjb j' ikU. wB ftu T[m oj/ ;ko/ c[oB/ o'e fdU. wB B{z ;G
s'A tZvh ‘‘0@ (;{fB:) pDkT[. feT[Afe ;ko/ c[oB/ fJE'A jh P[o{ j[zd/ jB.
gotko wodk j? wo ikt/. d/; T[iVdk j? T[iV ikt/. s[;hA y[d Bzr/
j' G[y/ j' fceo Bk eo'. s[jkvhnK pj{ p/NhnK B{z e'Jh ipoh fjZe e/
b? ikt/, b? ikD fdU. s[jkv/ s/ e'Jh E[e
Z ,/ rkbQK eZY,/ iZs
[ hnK wko/,
trko eokt/, esb eo d/t/, p[ok BjhA wzBDk. fJj ;G s[jkv/
fJwfsnkB jB, fe ;kXe g{oh soQK ;{fB: j'fJnk j? fe BjhA . fJj
ihtB s/ fJj ;kok ;z;ko fwfEnk j?. fJ; B{z ‘‘;[gB/ eh fBnkJh@
ikD'. fco s[;hA ;jh ;kX{ j'. n;bh i'rh j'. n;bh wjkswk j'.
wjkB pqjw frnkBh j'. oZp dk o{g j'. s[;hA y[d jh GrtkB j'HHH.
fJjBK ‘‘wzso@ gVQB tkb/ ‘‘ikg@ eoB tkb/ ‘‘f;woD@
dhnK vhArK wkoB tkb/, gkyzvh (Xkowe fbpk; ftu) XowhnK B/ g{o/
d/;a B{z f;co pDk Xfonk. y/sh tgko B"eoh nkfde ftek; w[yh ;ko/
ezw fsnkr fdZs/. nkoEe gZy'A d/; tk;h G[Zy/ woB bZr/.. gfjoktk
e/tb bzrN
' h XkoB i'r/ ofj rJ/. Bzr/ j' e/ x[w
z D B{z fsnkr dk Pqw
' Dh
bkJh;?A; s/ ;zsrhoh dh f;yobh wzIb wzfBnk ikD bZrk. d{i/ gk;/ fJ;
fsnkrhnK pqjwukohnK d/ d/;a ftu pZu/ izwD dh do ;G s'A fInkdk
j?. pd/;a tZb G/iD bJh Gkos ;oeko e'b j'o Gkt/A e[M Gh BjhA j?,
go pzd/ pkjo G/iD bJh tkX{ w[ekfJnk BjhA w[ed/. fo;ahnK w[BhnK
d/tfsnK dh Xosh s/ rohph G[ywoh fJzBh fInkdk j? fe jo e'Jh fJE'A
BZ; ikD bJh ‘‘oZ;/ s[Vk@ fojk j?.
fJ;/ “;{fB:” tkb/ okj s/ f;ZyK ftub/ ‘‘Bkw f;woD eoB
tkb/ ;{ow/@ N[o oj/ jB. jo EK fJjh gqukfonk ik fojk j?, GkJh
73
fizBK Bkw ig bT[r/ UBk jh bkj/td
z k j?. pkeh Xzd/ sK ;G M{m/ B/. Bkw
ig e/ gob'e ;ztko bUHHH@. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fJ;// Xosh T[s/ iBw
fbnk. fJ;/ Xosh d/ b'eK B{z ;zp'XB ehsk. fJE/ jh i[bw eoB tkb/
okfinK BtkpK B{z fcNekoK gkJhnK. fJE/ d/ uzvkb fposh tkb/ jkewK
B/ ;fsr[o{ ;fjp Bkb ikbwkBK toskT[ ehsk. fJ;/ Xosh d/ b'e d[y
Z K
ftu sVgfdnK B{z ;fsr[o{ B/ Bkw (frnkB T[gd/;a) d/ e/, J/e/ d/ ;{so
ftu go' e/, wjkB f;oVh f;deh, s/r d/ XBh, i'X/ pDkfJnk. fJ;/
Xosh s/ jb/wh oki dh ;EkgBk eoB dk ftPtkP d[nkfJnk. f;zxK
B/ ;" ;kb se n;kthA izr bVe/, fJ;/ Xosh s/ nfijk oki ekfJw
ehsk, fiE/ ‘‘;[yh t;D fjzd{ w[;bwkB d't/@. (Pkj w[jzwd) fJj oki
wkbk c/o e/, nZyK whN e/ u"eV/ wko e/, nzfwqs t/b/ ikr e/, Bkw
f;woD eoe/ BjhA nkfJnk. fiBK pjkdoK d/ o'w o'w ftu y{B d/
eso/ eso/ ftu ;[nk; ;[nk; ftu ‘‘Bkw@ (r[o{ dh f;ZFynk) ofwnk
j'fJnk ;h. fJj nefj s/ n;fj e;N T[jBK B/ MZb/ jB. ‘‘Bkw
igD@ dk Yetzi eoB tkb/ d[X
Z ghD/ wiB{nK B/ sK r'rVk tXkJhnK
jB. f;ZX/ ;kd/ b'eK B{z e[okj/ gkfJnk j?, p/ofjwh Bkb b[ZNe/ ykXk j?.
pVk ‘‘Bkw@ igd/ jB fJj wjKg[oy.
nkgDh neb d/ ;dk dotki/ pzd oZyD tkb/ b'e, jw/PK
;[gfBnK dh d[BhnK ftu fiT[Ad/ jB. r[opkDh B{z ;wM ftuko e/ gVQB
Bkb, fe;/ G[by
/ / dh r[i
z kfJ; BjhA ofj iKdh. fiBQK pkDhnK B{z brgr
jo o'i gfVnk ik fojk j?, i/ T[jBK d/ jh noE ;wM bJh iKd/ sK
f;Zy e"w dh nkj jkbs ed/ Bk j[d
z h. ig[ih B{z fXnkB g{ope tkfunk
j[zdk. nBzd pkDh B{z ;wfMnk j[zdk. ;[ywBh B{z ;wM e/ fjod/ p;kfJnk
j[zdk. nk;k eh tko d/ d' uko ;b'e y'goh d/ fe;/ ykB/ ftu tV/ j[zd/.
sd fizdrh ftu fJe BtK fJBebkp nk ikDk ;h. i' fBZxoh j'Jh d;k
f;ZyK dh nZi Bio nk ojh j?, fco fJj BK j[zdh. iok ;'u'. ;kv/
;e{bK, ekbiK ftu gVQB tkb/ pZu/ ;ko/ ;b/p; ftu d' uko bkJhBK :kd
eoe/ T[jBK dh jh wkbk c/od/ ofjD, eh T[j nrbh iwks uVQ, ;eDr/<
74
edh BjhA. ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgDk ;b/p; gVBk gt/rk. i/ vkeNo
nkgD/ feZs/ ftu w[jkos jk;b eoB dh pikJ/, d' fszB nZyoK tkbk
e'Jh wzso gVB bZr gt/ sK eh T[j ekw:kp vkeNo pD ;e/rk< ih
BjhA. fJ;/ soQK tehb, fJziBhno, fe;kB, B"eoh eob tkb/ w[bkiw,
e'Jh ezw Bk eoB, p; wzso gVd/ ofjD. eh fJ; soQK eoB Bkb T[j
ekw:kp j' ;eDr/< nZi f;ZyK dh neb dk iBkik fBefbnk ;g;aN
t/fynk ik ;edk j?. id'A r[opkDh ;wM e/, T[; w[skpe nkgDk ihtB
pDkTD dh Ekt/A ‘‘tkfjr[o[ wzso@ d/ xokN ubkJ/ ik oj/ jB. nkU
iok ;[ywBh ftu'A Bkw f;woD pko/ gVQhJ/^
gqG e? f;wofB, fofX f;fX BT[ fBfX..
gqG e? f;wofB, frnkB[ fXnkB[ ss[ p[fX..
gqG e? f;wofB, ig sg g{ik..
gqG e? f;wofB, fpB;? d{ik..HHH (;[ywBh 262)
;/ f;wofj, fiB nkfg f;wokJ/.. BkBe sk e? bkrT[ gkfJ..
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko dh :kd (r[o{ d/ j[ew ftu) ftu jh ;kohnK
foXhnK f;XhnK jB. f;woB dk wsbp j?, fe ;/te frnkBtkB s/
T[uh p[ZXh tkbk j' iKdk j?. ig sg s/ (w{osh) g{ik dh EK fBozeko B{z
:kd oy'. fBozeko B{z fXnkT[D dk Bshik fJj fBebdk j? fe dt?s
Gkt ysw j' iKdk j?. nfijk ‘‘f;woB@ (r[o{ dk j[ew) T[j eod/
jB, fiBK B{z gow/;o nkg eotk bJ/. w/oh Bw;eko j? nfij/ B/e
ihtK B{z
gqG e? f;wofB fsq;Bk p[M? gqG e/ f;wofB ;G[ feS[ ;[M?..
gqG e? f;wofB Bkjh iw sqk;k.. gqG e? f;wofB g{oB nk;k..
gqG e? f;wofB wB eh wb[ ikfJ.. nzfwqs Bkw[ fod wkfj ;wkfJ..(262)
j/ GkJh ` ‘‘f;woB@ dk wsbp j? fe fJ; Bkb fsq;Bk ysw
j' ikt/ . ‘‘f;woB@ (r[o{ dk frnkB) Bkb ;G soQK dh ;{M ;wM nk
iKdh j?. ‘‘f;woB@ Bkb w"s dk G? w[e
Z iKdk j?. ‘‘f;woB@ Bkb
(frnkB) ;kohnK b'VK g{ohnK ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. ‘‘f;woB@
75
dk wsbp j?, fe wB nzdo'A ftekoK dh w?b eZY e/ ;[N
Z fdsh ikt/. fJj
joh Bkw (r[o{ dh wZs) fjod/ ftu t; ikt/.
gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ XBtzs/.. gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ gfstzs/..
gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ iB gotkB.. gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ g[oy goXkB..
gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ p/wj
[ ski/.. gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ ;op e/ oki/..
gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ ;[ytk;h.. gqG eT[ f;wofj ;dk nfpBk;h..HHH
gqG eT[ f;wofj ;/ goT[gekoh.. gqG eT[ f;wofj fsB ;dkpfbjkoh..
gqG eT[ f;wfoj ;/ w[y ;[jkt/.. gqG[ eT[ f;wofj fsB ;{fy fpjkt?..
gqG eT[ f;wofj fsB fBowb ohsk..
gqG eT[ f;wofj fsB nksw ihsk.. (;[ywBh^263)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko dk ‘‘f;woD@ (r[o{ dk frnkB) eoB tkb/,
nkeb gZy'A XBh j' iKd/ jB. f;woB eoB tkb/ jo EK ;'Gk gkT[Ad/
jB. feT[Afe T[j B/e fJB;kB j[zd/ jB. ‘‘f;woD@ eoB tkb/ jo EK
gqtkB (w'joh) ehs/ iKd/ jB. ‘‘f;woB@ tkb/ fJB;kB ;kfonK d/
nkr{ pDd/ jB. :kd oj/. fBozeko dk f;woB eoB tkb/ fe;/ d/
w[jski BjhA j[zd/. nfij/ T[FZsw wB[Zy sK wkB'A ;kfonK d/ oki/ j[zd/
jB. ‘‘f;woB@ eoB tkb/, ;dk ;[yh ofjzd/ jB. ‘‘f;woB@ eoB
tkb/ iht e/tb nfpBk;h dk G? wzBd/ jB, j'o fe;/ dk BjhA. ‘‘f;woB@
eoB tkb/ fBi s'A T[go T[m e/, d{finK dk Gbk eod/ jB. nfijk
‘‘f;woB@ eoB tkfbnK s'A w?A pfbjko iktK. fBozeko B{z :kd oZyD
tkb/ Sb egN s'A ofjs, ;'jD/ wB[Zy jB. ‘‘f;woB@ tkb/ fJ; soQK
ftekoK s'A pu e/ ;dk ;[yh ihtB pshs eod/ jB. fBozeko B{z
‘‘f;woB@ dk wsbp j? fe wB s/ ekp{ gk fbnk. gqG{ B{z f;woB
tkfbnK d/ ;ko/ ekoi, w?b ofjs, gkg ofjs, X'yk ofjs, j' iKd/
jB. T[jBK dh jo fJe ohsh (ihtB Yzr) ftekoK s'A ofjs j' iKdk
j?.
gkme iB'A ` fJj bzwh r[opkDh N{e jkbh fJE/ jh ysw BjhA
j'Jh. nZr/ ubdh ik ojh j?. j'o jIkoK gzeshnK w"i{d jB, i' wB[Zy
76
B{z p[o/ okj s'A toidhnK jB. B/eh d/ okj s/ N[oB dh I'odko gq/oBk
eodhnK jB. go f;ZyK ftub/ ‘‘feogkBXkoh pqkjwD@ f;Zy gzE B{z
r[opkDh d/ bk;kBh frnkB s'A j'V e/, ny"sh ‘‘f;woB@ d/ eow eKvh
ikb ftu T[bMk u[e
Z / jB. nkw f;Zy B{z d' gzeshnK r[opkDh :kd BjhA
j?. r[opkDh dh tfvnkJh, noE Gkt pj[gZyh frnkB, nkw wB[Zy sZe
g[ukfJnk jh BjhA j?. p; fJe' oNh oNkJh w{oysk tkbh rb ;[DB
B{z fwbdh j?, ‘‘Bkw ifgnk eo', f;woB eo', f;woB efonk eo',
fJjh ;G s'A T[sw ezw j?, fJjh Bkb fBG/rk GkJh.@
f;ZyK d/ fJeZmK ftu, r[od[nkfonK dhnK ;N/iK s/, Bkwh
ehosBhJ/, r[opkDh dk ehosB, ;[DkT[D dh Ekt/A, fezBk ;kok tes
‘‘tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ dk f;woB@ eokT[AfdnK nikJh r[nk fdzd/ jB.
;zrsK tb'A PoXk nXhB fdsh wkfJnk B{z gqpzXe ;ZiD pVh p/ofjwh
Bkb (nkgDk fjZ;k eZN e/) ‘‘okrhnK@ dh M'bh ftu gk fdzd/ jB.
p[bkTAd/ jB ehosB bJh pj[sk ;wk ;N/i s/ ‘‘f;woB@ iK gfjbK
foekov eotkJhnK nkgDhnK jh e?;NK ftu'A, Ppd iK fco eZuhnK
fgbhnK M{mhnK ejkDhnK ;[Dk e/, ;zrsK dh nkfrnkBsk ftu, Y/o
;kok tkXk eoe/ ubd/ pDd/ jB. ;kX bkDk sK r[opkDh dh j'o Gh
iZyDk g[ZNdk nk fojk j?. fit/A r[opkDh fbyh j'Jh j?, T[; soQK BjhA
rkT[Dh, s'V wo'V e/ T[; dh ‘‘XkoBk@ pDk e/, G[Ve G[Ve e/, pVk
;'jDk ‘‘ehosB@ eod/ jB. i' ftueko ;kyhnK ;[DkT[Ad/ jB, T[jBK
dk Bk f;o Bk g?o. fjzd{nK d/ ebgs d/th d/ts/, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih
ji{oh ftu, f;Zy ;zrsK d/ nzdo G[zB/ ik oj/ j[zd/ jB. iK nZXk e[ ;wK
;N/i s/ ‘‘f;woB@ dk gkyzv ehsk iKdk j?. r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ fJ; e{V
tosko/ B{z ‘‘f;woB@ fejk j?< r[opkDh fsnkr e/ i' j;o ni f;Zy
e"w dk j'fJnk j?, i' Bk ;zGb/ sK nkT[D tkb/ ;w/A nzdo j'o p[o/ fdB
t/yD bJh fsnko oj'.
w[;bwkB b'e nkgD/ Xow gqsh pj[s em'o jB. wkw{bh fijh
Xkowe T[bzxDk eoB s/ ;ys ;iktK d/ fdzd/ jB. fJe y{ph T[jBK
77
ftu j? T[; dk fIeo eoBk pVk Io{oh j?. T[j fJj j? fe nkgDh Xow
g[;se e[okB T[jBK B/ jofJe dh gjz[u ftu ehsh j'Jh j?. w;fidK
ftu w/i e[o;hnK s/ p?m e/, i[ZshnK gfjB e/, fit/A ;"y oj/, e[okB dk
gkm ehsk ik ;edk j?. eJh eJh g'EhnK T[jBK B/ gkmeK bJh oZyhnK
j[d
z hnK jB. d[BhnK dhnK ;kohnK p'bhnK ftu e[okB nB[tkd j' u[e
Z h
j?. fJ;/ ekoB (ns/ j'o eJh y{phnK ekoB) fJ;bkw Xow d[BhnK
dk ;G s'A tZvk, d{ik Xow j?. ;z;ko gZXo d/ Bkwh y/vkoh, w[;bwkB
pD iKd/ jB. fJzrb?Av dh wjkokDh vkfJBk, fJe w[;bwkb (v'vh)
dhnK fgnko ghxK M{Ndh Jh;kJh Xow B{z pkJ/ pkJ/ eoB jh tkbh ;h
fe r'fonK B/ nkgDh ‘‘fJZis@ dk s/ bZrh ikD e/, vkfJBk v'vh s'A
yfjVk S[vkDk jh p/jso ;wfMnk, s/ T[jBK d'tK dk ‘‘n?e;hv?AN@ j'
frnk d'tA/ wo rJ/. w[;bwkB B"in
[ kB ikBK s/ y/b e/, nkgD/ Xow dk
Bkw o"PB eod/ jB. (f;ZyK ftub/ pjkdo w[nkc eoB, T[jBK d/
:'rdkB B{z pokpo gqDkw j?). f;ZyK nzdo pj[ frDsh p[Mfdb, N'b/
nkgDh e"w B{z roe eoB tk;s/, u"eV/ wkoe/, nZyK pzd eoe/, ‘‘Bkw
f;woB@ eotk oj/ jB. o?D ;pkJh ehosB eotk oj/ jB. nyzvgkmK
dhnK e'sohnK ubk oj/ jB. Bro ehosB s/ u/sBk wkouK okjhA,
;VeK s/ d"VK brtk oj/ jB. fJjBK rbs ezwK Bkb nZi sZe i/ e'Jh
gqkgsh BjhA j'Jh, sK nZrA' fe; gqkgsh dh nk; ehsh ik ;edh j?< jK
e"wh ;owkfJnk ‘‘rohp dk w{zj r[o{ eh r'be@ B{z p/ofjwh Bkb
T[ikfVnk ik fojk j?. i/ ;fsr[o{ ikDh ikD jB, i/ ;fsr[o ;opebk
;woZE jB. fco f;ZyK d/ b'N{ N'fbnK B[z , r'beK feT[A b[ZND fdzd/ jB<
fJjBK B{z gzE d'yh ekotkJhnK feT[A eoB fdzd/ jB< ehs/ p[o/ ezwK dh
eokoh ;ik feT[A BjhA fdzd<
/ sK fe nZrA' bJh e'Jh ftnesh gkg eow
eoB dh fjzws Bk eo ;e/.<
r[opkDh sK fJj nkd/;a Gh d/ ojh j? fe n? ;z;ko d/ b'e/ `
gow/;o fe;/ B/ BjhA pDkfJnk. ;r'A fBozeko B/ y[d ;koh fd;dh,
nDfd; dh f;q;Nh pDkJh j?. oZp f;q;Nh pDB s'A gfjbK jh ;h, j[D
78
Gh j? s/ nZr'A Gh oj/rk. e[dos pkd ftu pDh j?. oZp B/ sK e[dos
ftub/ fe;/ iht, gP{^gzSh g"d/ iK wB[y
Z K dk Bkw eoB Gh BjhA ehsk.
jo iht dk ‘‘Bkw@ wB[Zy B/ ebfgnk s/ oZfynk j?. fJ;/ soQK oZp d/
Bkw fJe BjhA jIkoK dh frDsh ftu, wB[Zy B/ ebg/ iK oZy/ jB. i'
g?dk pkd ftu j'fJn, go fJzBk ‘‘f;nkDk@ pD p?mk fe nkgD/ iBw
d/D tkb/ dk Bkw XoB dh ‘‘r[;skyh@ se eoB br fgnk. fco
nkgD/ pDkJ/ coih ‘‘Bkw dk f;woD eoe/@ eJh ;kohnK gqkgshnK
dhnK vhArK se wkoB bZr fgnk. r[opkDh w[skpe oZp B/ nkgDk
‘‘Bkw@ nkg/ (y[d) oZfynk j?. fco T[; nkg/ oZy/ n;bh Bkw dk gsk
bkT[Dk gt/rk. wB[y
Z tZbA' oZy/ Bkw sK pDktNh jB. gVQ,' r[opkDh dk
c?;bk^
nkghB? nkg ;kfiU nkgh B? ofuU BkT[..
d[:h e[dofs ;kihn? efo nk;D[ fvm' ukT[.. (463)
r[opkDh d/ ;z[do T[gd/;a d[nkok, ;fsr[o{ p/nzs Yzr tose/,
wB[Zy B{z pdh tb'A w'V e/, B/eh d/ okj N'oBk ukj[zd/ jB. ;wki ftub/
nkw gqkDhnK Bkb', ;fsr[o{ eo'VK r[Dk f;nkD/ jB. T[jBK B/ nkgD/
nB[Gt okjhA wfj;{; eo fbnk fe fJE'A d/ ikBtoK tor/ wB[y
Z K B{z ;jh
fJB;kB pDk e/ ob fwbe/ Goksoh Gkt Bkb ofjD dh iku f;ykT[Dh
j?. ;G soQK dhnK ftZEk fwNk e/, fJe' fgsk d/ g[s
Z o XhnK ;e/ gqtkfoe
w?Apo j'D dk nfj;k; eokT[Dk j?. nkw wB[Zy jZE nZyK ihG ;oho
s/ wB dh rbs tos'A eodk nk fojk j?. fit/A ;oe; ftu oZy/
ftneshnK ns/ ikBtoK d/ nB'y/ eosp t/y e/, nkw fJB;kb tkj
tkj eodk w{j
z ftu T[rbK gk b?Adk j?. T[jBK B/ nfij/ e"se fet/A
f;Zy bJ/< f;nkD/ fozr wk;No (T[;skdO;fsr[o{) dh brksko dh
eoVh fBrokBh ns/ f;fynk. fJ;/ soQK uzrh y[oke ykD tkb/ B"itkB ,
siop/eko T[;skd s'A f;fynk Bkb b? e/, y/YK d/ pkd;akj pD iKd/
jB. b'ehA g?;/ you e/ fNeNK yohd e/, N"bhnK pzBQ e/, B"i[nkBk d/
eosp t/yD iKd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK nkw fJB;kB B{z brksko dh f;fynk
79
d/ e/, n"rD
[ eZY e/ r[Dk Bkb Goe/ r[o[ ik ykb;/ pDk e/, nfij/ p/iV
'
w[Zy ekoi eoB d/ ;woZE pDk fds/, fe d[BhnK dzr ofj rJh. tZv/
^tZv/ izrh ioB?b, nckrkfB;skB ns/ fdZbh d/ sys p/ nkpo{ eoB
tkb/ nkeV ykBk B{z, f;zxK B/ nfijh wko wkoh, w[V gzikp tZb nZy
g[ZNe/ t/yD dh fjzws Bk eo ;e/. eh fJj ;G “Bkw f;woD” Bkb
j'fJnk ;h< nZi d/ iE/ v/o/ Ne;kbK, ;kX ;zs, ;[nk; ;[nk; Bkw
igD dh pVh vhAr wkod/ jB. eh fJjBK ftu e'Jh nfijk j?, i' “Bkw
ig” e/ fw;bK d/ ;w/A d/ f;zxK tork pjkdo j't/< nfijk “Bkw” i'
nZi gqukfonk ik fojk j?, f;Zy gzE B{z j'o v{zx ykJh ftu roe eo/
rk. ;oho d/ nzrK B{z ;cb/ eoB tkb/, r[otkeK B{z e'D gVQr
/ k< e'D
;wM/rk<
;k o;Bk XB[ XzB[ j? w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, r[D rkt? jfo gqG e/o/ okw..
s/ ;qtB Gb/ ;'G Bhe jfj w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, jfo ehosB[ ;[Dfj jfo s/o/ okw..
;' ;h;[ Gbk gftsq gktB j? w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, i' ikfJ br? r[o g?o/ okw..
r[o ftNj[ BkBe tkfonk w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, fiB jfo jfo Bkw[ fus/o/ okw..
s/ B/sq Gb/ gotkD[ jfj w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, i' ;kX{ ;fsr[o{ d/yfj okw..
s/ j;s g[Bhs gftqs jfj w/oh fizdVhJ/, i' jfo i;[ jfo jfo b/yfj okw..
fs;[ iB e/ gr fBs g{ihnfj w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, i' wkor Xow ub/;fj okw..
BkBe[ fsB ftNj[ tkfonk w/oh fizdV
[ hJ/, jfo ;[fD jfo Bkw[ wB/;fj okw..
j/ GkJh` T[j ihG XzBsk i'r j?, i' ;dk gqG{ d/ r[D rkT[Adh j?.
T[j ezB Gb/, ;'Gk eoB i'r jB, i' fBozeko dk i; ;dk ;[Dd/ ofjzd/
jB. T[j f;o Gbk s/ gftZso j?, i' r[o{ d/ j[ew B{z fpBk j[i
Z s ehfsnk
fyV/ wZE/ gotkB eodk j?. BkBe T[jBK s'A pfbjko iKdk j?, i' jo
;w/A gow/;o dh :kd ftu i[V/ ofjd/ jB. T[j nZyK nsh gftZso jB,
i' ;fsr[o{ ih d/ do;aB (nZi pkDh gVe/) eodhnK jB. T[j jZE
gftZso jB i' fBzeko dk Bkw ;dk fbyd/ jB. (Gkt^jZEK Bkb Gb/ ezw
eod/ jB) T[jBK r[ow[y iBk dh ;koh eoDh (ihtB) g{iD:'r j?,
f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB i'r j?. i' r[o{ do;kJ/ Xow (B/eh) d/ okj s/
80
ubd/ jB. BkBe T[jBK s'A e[opkB iKdk j?, fiBK B/ joh dk Bkw (r[o{
dh f;Zfynk) ;[De/, ;wM e/ wzB fbnk, fizdrh ftu XkoB eo fbnk.
nkgDk ;kok ihtB r[o{ j[ewk ftu Ykb fbnk.
T[go fpnkB ehs/ rJ/ T[gd/; (Bkw) B{z gkyzvh b'e ;wMDk
;[DBk jh BjhA ukj[zDr/ feT[Afe fJj sK pj[s/ w;hBh fe;w dk “Bkw”
ig oj/ jB. fit/A N/g foekov s/ e?;N ukb{ eo d/JhJ/. e?;N ub/
rh, ;[DB tkbk ;[D/rk. N/g foekov B{z y[d e'Jh gsk BjhA fe eh ub
fojk j?< uzrk ubkT[ p[ok ubkT[, T[j nfGZi j?. pj[s/ “Bkw” igD
tkb/ b'e p; nfij/ jh fwbDr/. fBozeko ih ;G e[M nkg jh nkg
j?. f;woD ehjdk ehohJ/< feT[Afe T[; s'A fpBK j'o e[M j? jh BjhA.
ihtK wB[ZyK d/ nzdo T[j nkg jh j?. fco nkgD/ nkg dk f;woD
eohJ/< iK iht izsn
{ K dk, Xosh jtk gkDh dk<
nkfg wo? wko/ Gh nkfg. nkfg T[gkfJ Ekfg T[Ekfg..
f;q;fN T[gkJh i'sh s{z ikfs.. ;pd[ thukfo fwbD[ BjhA Gqkfs.. (413)
j/ GkJh iB'` ;G fBozeko jh fBozeko j?. T[j iBw Gh y[d
jh b?Adk j?. wodk Gh y[d jh j?, s/ wkoB tkbk Gh e'Jh tZyok BjhA
T[j y[d wkodk j?, y[d wodk j?. ;ko/ ihtK ftu y[d jh of;nk j'fJnk
j?. ;koh ekfJBks nzdo s{z jh i's o{g ftu w"i{d j?. ;pd d/ frnkB
okjh, T[; dh j;sh pko/ ;wM g?dh j?. fco ;dk fwbkg jh fwbkg j?.
e'Jh Gow G[b/yk BjhA oj/rk.
gkme B'N eod/ ikD fe “f;woB” eT[D eo/ s/ ehjdk
eo/< feT[Afe j? jh jo EK fBozeko, T[; s'A pr?o e'Jh BjhA j?.
fJe ;apd ftu r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp, g;{ gzSh j'Dk b'ud/ jB.
nkw r[opkDh ftu wB[y
Z B{z bkjDsk gkT[D tk;s/ gP{ tork nkfynk
j?. fJ; ;apd ftu ftuko fJT[A Gh fby/ jB ^
joDh j'tk pfB p;k, ezd w{b u[fD ykT[..
r[ogo;kdh w/ok ;j[ fwb?, tkfo tkfo jT[ ikT[ ihT[..H
e'feb j'tK nzfp p;k, ;jfi ;pd phuko[..
81
;jfi ;[GkfJ w/ok ;j[ fwb?, do;fB o{fg ngko[.
wS[bh j'tk ifb p;k, ihn izs ;fG ;kfo..
T[otkfo gkfo w/ok ;j[ t;?, jT[ fwbT[rh pkj g;kfo..
BkrfB j'tk Xo t;k, ;pd[ t;? GT[ ikfJ..
BkBe ;dk ;'jkrDh, fiB i'sh i'fs ;wkfJ.. (157)
j/ GkJh` fit/A fBoSb fjoDh pD ftu ofjzdh j'Jh, xkj gZs/
nkfd yk e/ r[ikok eodh j?, w?A T[j' fijk pDk iktk. G'bg
/ D ftu so[m
e/ w?B{z r[o{ dh feogk Bkb gqG{ gsh fwb ikt/. T[; s'A ;de/ iktk. w?A
i/ e'fJb pD iktk. o[Zy s/ p?m e/, fwZm/ nzp yktK s/ fwZmh p'bh p'bK.
fJ; soQK ;fji ftu, ihtB pshs eoK. ;fji Gk w/ok gqhsw fwb gt/
s/ w/oh fgnk; p[M ikt/. ek; fe w?A wSbh j'tK, s/ ib ftu tk;k eo
btK. fiE/ ihtK dh ;zGkb gow/;o nkg jh eodk j?. gkob/ pzB/ w/
ok gqhsw fgnkok j?, w?A pKj g;ko e/ T[;B{z S/sh fwb btK. i/ w?A
BkfrB pDk iktK, Xosh nzdo ofjD br gtK. r[o{ dk ;apd fjod/
ftu p; ikt/. j/ BkBe T[j iht fJ;sohnK ;dk gsh (gow/;ao) d/
;kE dk nBzd G'rdhnK jB, fijVhnK nkgD/ nkg B{z oZph i's Bkb
fJe fwe eo b?AdhnK jB.
iok fXnkB fdU` ;fsr[o{ ih nkgD/ nkg B{z fjoDh e'fJb,
wZSh s/ BkfrB pD e/ oZp dk f;woD eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. eh fJj ;zGt
j?< fJjBK gzShnK gP{nK Bkb'A sK wB[y
Z h ihtB pj[s T[uk j?. fco Bht/A
gZXo s/ ikD dh feT[A b'V gJh< gkme iB' r[opkDh eftsk ftu fbyh
j'Jh j?. fJ; ekfte ftXh ftu wkBf;e T[vkohnK bkJhnK ikDhnK
r?o w[Bk;p BjhA jB. r[opkDh ftu nB/e gqeko d/ Yzr sohe/ tose/,
wB[Zyh wB B{z r[o{ dh wZs nB[;koh pDkT[D dh e'f;a;a ehsh rJh j?.
fiBQK b'eK B{z ;fsr[o{ dk we;d ;wM nk frnk, T[jBK dk gfjbK tkbk
xNhnK ihtB pdbDk P[o{ j' frnk. T[j b'e ;oho d/ ;[nkdK s'A T[go
T[m rJ/. fBZi ;[nkoEK s'A w[es j' rJ/. nkgD/ fBZih d[yK dk o'Dk
SZve/ wB[ysk d/ ;KM/ dod B{z ;hB/ ftu fNek fbnk. ;G soQK d/
82
gqtkfoe w'j n?;a nkokw fsnkr e/, w"s se dk y"c wB ftu'A G[bk e/, g{oh
soQK ;'u ;wMe/, pdh s/ fiZs jk;b eoe/ B/eh dk Mzvk T[uk eoB bJh
w?dkB ftu e[Zd gJ/. fJj ;h n;bh “f;woB”.
izrbK ftu, gjkVK dhnK r[cktK ftu, wzdoK d/ sfjykfBnK
ftu (nZi eZb v/fonK mkmK d/ tksnBe{b G'fonK ftu) “Bkw f;woB”
eoB dk gZi b?e/, XkVK dhnK XkVK ;kX x[zw oj/ ;B. y[d Xosh s/
Gko pD/ j'J/ jB. b'eK B{z gkgK d/ Gko s'A ;[oyo{ eoB d/ dwri/ wkod/
jB. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ fJjBK B{z ;wMkT[D dhnK pVhnK e'f;a;aK
ehshnK. w[yhnK B{z fwbe/ d/;a dh fBZxoh j'Jh jkbs ;kjwD/ oZyh.
Go/ fJeZmk ftu pfj;K eoe/, fJjBK dh uzrh y[zp mZgh. ;cao dhnK
n"eVK gko eoe/, gjkVK ftu fJjBK d/ fmekfDnk se gjz[u/. jo
sohek tos e/ T[jBK B{z co/p tkb/ “Bkw f;woB” s'A w'V e/,
“fJB;kBhns dh GbkJh tkbk Bkw f;woB” ob fwb e/ eoB dh gq/
oBk ehsh. T[j gZEo j' u[e/ i'rh, NZ; s'A wZ; Bk j'J/. nkyo ;fsr[o{
ih B{z e'Vhnk e[;?bhnK efjD s/ wiap{o j'Dk fgnk.
;sh gkg[ efo ;s[ ewkfj.. r[o dhfynk xfo d/tD ikfj..
fJ;soh g[oy? yfNn? GkT[.. Gkt? nktT[ Gkt? ikT[..
;k;s[ p/d[ B wkB? e'fJ.. nkg' nkg? g{ik j'fJ..
ekih j' fJe? pj? fBnkfJ.. c/ o / s;ph eo/ y[ d kfJ..
tYh b? e/ je[ rtkJ/.. i/ e' g[S/ sk gfV ;[DkJ/..
s[oe whsq efB fod? ;wkfj.. b'e w[jktfj ukVh ykfj..
uT[ek d/ e? ;[uk j'fJ.. n?;k fjzd{ t/yj[ e'fJ..
i'rh frojh iNk fpG{s.. nkr? gkS/ o'tfj g{s..
i'r[ B gkfJnk i[rfs rtkJh. fes[ ekofD f;fo SkJh gkJh..
BkBe efb ek J/j[ gotkD[.. nkg/ nkyD[ nkg/ ikD[.. (951)
j/ GkJh ` (nkT[ s[jkB{z Gkosh b'eK dk gkyzv ftyktk) dkBh
b'e gfjbK X'y/, wekohnK s/ p/JhwkBhnK Bkb g?;k fJeZmk eod/ jB.
fco T[; ftu'A dkB eoe/ tZv/ (jzekoh) dkBh nytkT[Ad/ jB. M{m/ r[o{
83
xo xo ik e/ (u/b/ pDkT[D bJh) dhfynk wzso d/ oj/ jB. fJ;soh
s/ g[oy p; g?;/ fgS/ gkrb j'J/ fd;d/ jB. fJjBK B{z e'Jh bZik BjhA
ojh. g?;/ ekoB fizBk woih wzdk ezw eotk bT[. Xow rqzEK d/ jtkb/
pV/ fds/ iKd/ jB. T[jBK ftubh fbys B{z e'Jh BjhA wzBdk. Xow dh
nkV ftu, y[d Xow r[o{ pDe/, nkgDh fBZih g{ik eotkJh ik oj/
jB. ekih (iZi) fJB;kc dh e[o;h s/ p?m e/, Xow rzqE dh e;w yk
e/, ;Zu s/ gfjok d/D dk tuB b?Adk j?. oZp B{z jkio Bkio d;dk j?.
wkbk pVh c/odk j?. go Gkoh fo;ats b? e/ r[BkjkrkoK B{z poh eo
fdzdk j?. ewi'o p/d'f;anK B{z ;ys ;iktK ;[Dk fdzdk j?. i/ e'Jh
“fJB;kc” s/ fJsoki eo/, sK nkgDh woih tkbk e[okB dk e'Jh
;b'e gVQ e/ ;[Dk fdzdk j?. fe t/y' ih w?A sK fJj ;aokQ d/ w[skpe c?;bk
ehsk j?. fjzd{ b'e fiBK w[;bwkBK B{z p[o/ efjzd/ jB. T[jBK d/ Xow
;k;so nzdo tVe/ gVd/ jB. b'eK s'A dkB o{g ftu XBb? e/ b[ZN e/
yk oj/ jB. j'o t/y'` fwZNh ns/ r'j/ Bkb fbZg e/ u"Aek gftZso eoB
dk gkyzv eod/ jB. nkgDk ihtB xNhnk s/ ngftZso j?. eh ckfJdk
u"Aek fds/ dk< i'rh pD rJ/ frq;s fsnkr rJ/, iNK tXk bJhnK,
;oho s/ ;[nkj wb bJh. fJjBK w{oyK B/ ;'funk jh BjhA fe gotko
dh, XhnK g[s
Z oK dh ;zGkb e'D eo/rk. ftbefdnK B{z SZv e/, izrbK B{z
ub/ iKd/ jB. oZp Bkb fwbkg sK eh j'Dk ;h, ;r'A fizdrh popkd eo
bJh, e[okj/ g? rJ/. w{oyK tKr f;o ftu ;[nkj feT[ gk bJh< j/
BkBe` J/j j? ebi[r dh ;jh gSkD. fiE/ nfij/ rJ/ r[io/ ezw j'Dr/.
Xow w[yh jh e[okj/ g? e/ b'eK B{z popkd eoBr/, ;wM' T[E/ jh efbi[r
j?. jo e'Jh nkgD/ nkg B{z jh y[dk wzBh p?mk j?. fBozeko sK fJjBK
G[bk jh fdsk j?.
bSwD dk; Bkw dk fJe B"in
[ kB, S'Nh T[wo ftu pV/ T[s;akj
Bkb b'Vhd/ ezw f;Zydk fojk. y/sh d/ ezw, ;a;aso ubkT[D s/ f;aeko
S/sh jh f;Zy frnk. fJj pjkdo w[zvk d/; Xow bJh e[M eoBK ukj[zdk
;h. n"xV BkE Bkwh ;kX B/ nfijh g[Zmh wZs fdsh, fe xo'A fBeb
84
frnk, ;kX pD frnk. “nfjz;k go;' Xow” dh wkbk c/oB br
fgnk. ;kok d/; r[bkw j?, Xow n;EkB Ykj/ ik oj/ jB. B"i[nkBk
B{z r[bkw pDkfJnk ik foj?. i/ e'Jh jhb j[Zis eo/, esb ehsk iKdk
j?. XhnK G?DK dhnK fJZisK eZy'A j'bhnk ehshnk ik ojhnK jB. jo
gk;/ t?D ;[DkJh d/ oj/ jB. wkX'dk; ih nkgD/ wZm ftu, u/fbnk u/
bhnK s'A wkb;K eotkT[Ad/ jB. d[ZX wbkJhnK Sed/ jB. ;wkXhnK
bkT[Ad/ B. g[ZsoK dhnK dksK py;ad/ jB. todkB d/ e/ nzB XzB d/
Gzvko/ Go oj/ jB. eokwksh ;aeshnK p; ftu j'D dhnK vhrK wkod/
jB. ;[oshnK uVkT[d/ jB. ;[oshnK T[skod/ jB. “ Bkw igd/,
f;woD eokT[ A d/ jB.”
d;w gkfs;akj ji{o f;zxK ;{ofwnK ;w/s, d/;tk;hnK dh
r[bkwh eZND bJh, bkfw;kb pjkdoh Bkb izrK bVd/ oj/ jB. nDfrDs
w[;hpsK f;o s/ nkJhnK t/y e/ Gh v'bd/ BjhA, j';bK BjhA Svd/. j'o
skesto pDe/ j'o c"iK b? e/, j'o :[X
Z Bhsh tkb/ dkT[ g/u b? e/, w?dkB
ftu d[;w
a DK B{z ehs/ dh ;ik d/ oj/ jB. wzso BjhA gV oj/, wkbk BjhA
c/o oj/. u'eVk wkoe/ nZyK pzd eoe/, ;wkXh ;fEs BjhA j[zd/. ;r'A
s/rK ;{se/, i?eko/ rikT[d/, oD sZs/ ftu T[sod/ jB. T[wo Go
n;kthA izr bVfdnK, ;fsr[o{ B/ jko BjhA wzBh. Gkt/A ;kok gqtko
;ajhd j' frnk. f;zx ;ajhd j' rJ/. nBzdg[o T[ZiV frnk. go j";bk
ni/ T[;/ soQK poeoko ;h. nfijk pj[s e[ZM tkgoB s'A wro'A,
;fsr[o{ ih Bkd/V gj[zu rJ/. wkX'dk; Bkwh ;kX dh e[Nhnk ftu.
g[S
Z D s/ wkX'dk; B/ dZf;nk fe n;hA sK GiB pzdrh ftu ihtB ;[oyo{
eoB bZr/ j'J/ jK. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ wkX'dk; B{z pzdrh d/ noE ;wMkJ/.
wB[y
Z sk dk d[y d{o eoBk jh n;b f;woD j?. r[bkwh rb' T[skoe/, b'eK
B{z nkikd ihtB dhnK y[;hnK py; e/ jh s[;hA efj ;ed/ j' fe “Bkw
f;woD” ehsk j?. d/;a dk jo Bkrfoe r[bkwh ekoB ghVs j?.
rohph j?, fpwkohnK jB, nfrnkBsk j?. d/; tk;h jo gZy'A nPKs
jB. s{z ;wkXh ;fEs j' e/, wzso gVe/, “f;woD” eoe/, ;aKsh Gkb
85
fojk j?< s/o/ j'; jtk; fNekD/ j?r/ B?< fe; w{oysk Go/ okj uZb
fojk j? < j' ; a eo j' ; a ” H HHH.
wkX' dk; ;fsr[o{ ih d/ uoBK s/ Y?j fgnk. ;koh j'Jh phsh
fXnkBg{ote ;[Dh. ;ko/ tkgo/ y{Bh eKv f;zxK B/ ;[DkJ/. d;w
gkfs;akj B{z p/Bsh eoe/, yzv/ eh gkj[b bJh. ;fsr[o[ { B/ gzE dk ioB?b
Ekge/, gzikp tb e{u eoB dh nkfrnk ehsh sK fe gzikp ftu i[bkw
dh iV g[N
Z h ik ;e/. i' nd[s
Z h ekoi pzdk f;zx pjkdo B/, nZm e[ ;kb
d/ E'V/ ;w/a ftu eo ftykJ/, T[j f;ZyK bJh cayaoi'r dks;t/i jB.
fJe “Bkw igD” tkb/ B{,z r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx B/ “f;woB” eoB s'A
o'e fdsk. sbtko jZE ftu cVk fdZsh. fJj eh ehsk ;fsr[o{ B/< ih
jK` nfij/ b'e ;wki gqsh fizw/tkohnK s'A Gr"V/ jB. v/fonK r[cktK
G'fonK ftu tVe/, fdB eNh eo oj/ j[zd/ jB. Y"Ar “Bkw f;woD”
eoB dk eod/ jB.
gzikp ftu ub/ y{Bh d"o ftu nekbhnK B/ nkgD/ sohe/
(PKswJh) w"ou/ bkJ/. ykVe{nK B/ nkgD/ sohe/ r[ohbk izr bVh.
gzdoK ;kb se uZb/, fJ; wko{ ;zxo;a ftu e'Jh “Bkw o;hnk”, ;zs
wjzs Biao BjhA nkfJnk. fJjBK ;ko/ v/fonK s/ g[fb; dh
w/jopkBh Goh fBrkj ojh j?. fe;/ “;zs” B{z e[ZN BjhA gJh, jZv BjhA
s'V./ fe;/ ;kX dk w[ekpbk BjhA pfDnk ;r'A Go';:
/ r
' fog'oNk sK fJj
jB, fe v/fonK ftu nkJ/ ykVe{nK dh y{p yksodkoh ehsh iKdh. jo
gqeko dhnK b'VK g{ohnK ehshnK iKdhnK. wzr w[skpe Brd ok;ah Gh
d/ fdsh iKdh. ykVe{nK d/ ub/ ikD s/ T[jBK pko/ ;koh ikDekoh g[fb;
B{z g[uk fdsh iKdh. nkgDh fJZSk w[skpe g[fb; tkb/ dZ;h fB;akBd/jh
s/ ik e/ “ykVe{nK dk w[ekpbk” pDk e/ ysw eo fdzd/. “;zs” ih fco
nkgD/ “Xow n;EkB” ftu p?me/ “Bkw f;woD eofdnK nBzd
wkDd/ H HH.”
;oeko B/ gzikp ftu “g{oB ;aKsh” pjkb eo fdsh. T[; s'A
wro'A, :'r nrtkJh dh xkN ekoB, f;Zy B"in
[ kB (;oekoh dwB ns/
86
dfj;as ekoB) y[d jh dkjVh e/; eNkT[D bZr gJ/. GftZy X[d
z bk j'D
ekoB, wk:{:h ftu r's/ yKfdnK B{z “j";bk” d/D tk;s/, gzikp ftu
Bf;anK d/ Gzvko y'jb fdZs/. B;a/ ekoB iwhB t/u' xo t/u', iawho t/
u', i[nkBh dkn s/ bkT[, wVhnK d/ okj N[o gT[. f;ZyK d/ Xow w[yh
pV/ nokw Bkb “oki eo oj/ jB, Xow ewk oj/ jB, f;woD eo
o j / j B . ” nfij/ G? Ghs jkbks ftu'A prkts c[N
Z D d/ ukB;, wkw{bh
ofj iKd/ jB. jK d[yK eb/;K finkdshnK, p/fJB;kchnK dk gq/;akB
ehsk wB[Zy nkyoh jfEnko ti'A “nksw jZfsnk” eoB i'rk ofj
iKdk j?. f;ZyK s'A ftfdnk y'j bJh, o'irkko y'j fbnk, gkDh y'j
fbnk, gzikph p'bh y'j bJh, okiXkBh s/ gzikph p'bd/ fJbke/ y'j bJ/.
;t?wkD y'j fbnk, fJZias nkpo{ y'j bJh. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh T[sw
thukoXkok y'j bJh. T[; d/ EK pfuZso BkNe T[Gko e/ f;ZyK d/ g/N/
gkfJnk ik fojk j?. pkeh ;G e[M y[; frnk, go “;kX ;zs
pq j wfrnkBh” jikoK dh skdkd ftu f;Zy e"w B{z py; fds/. fJjBK
pVh eogk ehsh gzE s/ “Bkw f;woD dk ppb rzw” f;Zy e"w d/ w{zj
ftu gk fdsk. opV d/ N[eV/ B{z upd/ ikT[ upd/ ikT[, fYZv GoB bJh
T[; ftu'A e[M BjhA bZG/rk. f;ZyK dhnK iE/pzdhnK ns/ ehosBhJ/ Gh
fJ;/ jBQ/oh ftu o[V rJ/. r[opkDh dk T[gd/;a SZve/, “Bkw f;woD,
wzso ikg, tkfjr[o{ ikg” jh uko/ gk;/ ;[DkJh d/ fojk j?. g{oh e"w
nzXeko ftu v'p fdsh j?.
nrb/ fjZ;/ ftu n;hA r[opkDh d/ T[jBK ;apdK, gqwkDK dh
thuko eoKr/, fiBQK ftu “Bkw” d/ ;wnoEh j'o ;apd tos/ rJ/ jB.
Gkt fe fJe' rb B{z efjD iK ;wMkT[D d/ sohe/ tZy^tZy ngDkJ/ rJ/
jB. r[opkDh ftu Bkw, Bkw[, Bkw' nkfd o{gK ftu 5234 tkoh
nkfJnk j? .
000

87
1H igOigDk (Bkw)
jfo ifg gVhn? r[o ;apd thukfo.. jfo ifg gVhn? jT[w? wkfo..
jfo ifg gVhn? GkfJ ;fu fgnkfo.. BkBe Bkw[ r[owfs T[oXkfo.. (423)
GkfJ
j/ GkJh` joh (fBozeko) dk igDk eh j?< joh dk gVBk eh
j?< r[o{ d/ ;apd dh thuko eoBh, ;wMDk joh dk igDk j? fe jzeko
nkfd dh fposh yasw j' ikt/. joh dk igDk eh j? ;Zu d/ wkor s/
uZb g?Dk. ;ukJh tkb/ ;ko/ ekoi uzr/ bZrD/. GkJh fBu'V dh ;jh rZb
fJj j? fe r[o{ dh wZs (f;Zfynk^T[gd/;a) B{z XkoB eo'. fJjh j? ;jh
Bkw igDk.
ik;[ igs wB ;hsb j't?.. ik;[ igs wb[ ;rbh y't?..
nyzv ehosB[ fsfB G'iB u{ok.. ej{ BkBe fi;[ ;fsr[o g{ok..(237)
j/ GkJh` fi; gow/;o dk “Bkw igD” Bkb wB ftu mzY g?Adh
j?. fi;dk “Bkw igD” Bkb ftekoK dh w?b T[so iKdh j?. nkswe
y[oke (;dk nrtkJh) bJh gow/;o dk Bkw o{g u{owk j't/. fJj ;G
T[jBK B{z gqkgs jzd
[ k j?, fijBK B/ g{o/ ;fsr[o{ dh nrtkJh ep{b ehsh
j?. fJE/ ehosB ns/ igDk fJe' noEK ftu j?. Gkt fe r[o{ dh wZs.
ifg wB ;fsBkw[ ;dk ;fsBkw[..
jbs gbs w[y T{ib j'Jh j? fBs fXnkXhn? jfo g[oy fBoziBk..(670)
j/ w/o/ wB` ;fsBkw[ B{z igdk oj[. ;dk jh ;fsBkw B{z :kd
oZy (i' ;u j?, fBo'b ;ukJh j?) toswkB ns/ GftZy ftu s{z ;dk fJZis
Bkb ihtB pshs eo ;e/rK. fJ;/ bJh fBs fBs joh g[oy Bz{
fXnkT[dk ojhA. (Gkt fe r[o{ dh f;fynk s/ ubdk oj[).
;' ig[ ;' sg[ fi ;fsr[o Gkt?.. ;fsr[o e? GkD? tfvnkJh gkt?..
BkBe nkg[ S'fv r[o wkfj ;wkt?.. (509)
j/ GkJh` ;fsr[o{ d/ dZ;/ okj s/ uZb g?Dk jh n;bh ig j?,
n;bh sg j?. (j'o tZyok e'Jh ig sg BjhA j?) ;fsr[o{ d/ j[ew ftu
ubfdnK s{z tfvnkJh dk gkso pD/rk. (feT[Afe r[o{ s?B{z B/e okj
N'o/rk) nkgD/ nkg/ B{z (w? w/oh B{z) fsnkr, fBwosk ftu ofj e/ r[o{
88
s'A frnkB gqkgs eoe/, r[o{ dhnK BioK ftu gqtkB j' ikt/rk.
fBs ighn? ;kf; frokf; BkT[ gotfdrko dk..
fi;B' eo/ ojzw fs;[ B ft;kodk.. (518)
j/ GkJh ` fBs fdB ;[nk; ;[nk; gotfdrko dk BkT[ igd/
ojhJ/. fi; s/ gow/;o nkg ofjw eo/ (iht B{z fJ; gk;/ bk d/t/) T[jh
wB[Zy oZp B{z ;dk :kd oZydk j?. (Gkt fe fBozeko dh G? GktBh ftu
ofje/ uzr/ ezw eoB/ jB).
ekw[ eq'X b'G[ S'vhn?, dhi? nrfB ibkfJ..
ihtfdnk fBs ikghn?, BkBe ;uk BkT[.. (519)
j/ GkJh` ekw tk;Bk s/ ekp{ oZy'. eo'X B{z p/ekp{ Bk j'D
fdU. b'G fposh B{z Gko{ Bk j'D fdU. nro fJj p/ekp{ j' rJ/ sK s?Bz{
;kV e/ ;[nkj eo d/Dr/. nkgD/ nkg B{z ;jh wfjfBnk ftu ihts
oZyD bJh ;Zu/ Bkw (;Zu Xow dk okj) Bkb i[fVnk oj?.
;' ihts fij ihts ifgnk.. gqrN GJ/ BkBe Bj Sfgnk.. (253)
j/ GkJh` fBozeko ;dk ihts j?. T[;s/ ed/ ;w/A iK ekb dk
n;o BjhA jz[dk. T[; ihts fBozeko B{z :kd oZy, sK jh s{z ihts
nytk ;edk j?. s/o/ oZph r[Dk (B/eh tkb/) ekoB s?B{z ;G EK ;fseko
fwb/rk. nkgD/ goT[gekoK ekoB s{z S[fgnk ofj jh BjhA ;edk.
(ig[, ig[, ifg, igDk, ighn?, igj[ nkfd 1150 tkoh tofsnk j?)
000
2H f;woB (Bkw)
o;Bk Bkw[ eoB ;[FfD iht?..
gq G f;wfo f;wfo nwo fEo[ Eht? . .
rzrk ib[ r[o r'fpzd Bkw..
i' f;wo? fs;eh rfs j't,? ghts pj[fV B i'fB Gqwkw.. (1137)
j/ GkJh` ihG d[nkok nekb g[oy dk “Bkw” igd/ oj'. ezBk
Bkb T[;dk Bkw ;[Dd/ oj'. fJ; soQK wB[Zy B{z ihts wzfBn ik ;edk
j?. b'eh rzrk d/ gkDh B{z gftZso wzBh ik oj/ jB. n;b ftu fBozeko
89
dk “Bkw” jh n;bh rzrk ib j?. nfijk “Bkw ib” i' fJB;kB “ght/
rk” T[j w[es (pzXB w[es) j' ikt/rk. T[;dh nB/e gqekoh GNeDk
w[Ze ikt/rh. (Gkt r[o{ d/ frnkB d[nkok).
jfo iB f;woj[ fjod? okw..
jfo iB eT[ ngdk fBefN nkt? g{oB dk; e/ ekw..(702)
j/ joh d/ ;/te iB'` fBozeko B{z ftykt/ wkso BjhA, fjod/
ftu'A :kd eo'. i/ s[;hA fjod/ ftu joh dk tk;k eo fbnk, c/o s[jkv/
s/ ftekoK dk jwbk BjhA j' ;e/rk. (nv'b fizdrh pshs eo'r/).
g{o/ r[oek ;[fB T[gd/;[] gko pqjw[ fBefN efo g/y[]
;kf; ;kf; f;woj[ r'fpzd ] wB nzso eh T[so? fuzd]
j/ GkJh ` g{o/ r[o{ dk T[gd/P fXnkB Bkb (s/ wzB) ;[D.
gowkswk s?ƒ B/V/ s'A B/V/ r[o{ ftyk d/t/rk. ;k; ;k; brksko eosko
ih ƒ :kd oZy'. fJ; soQK eoB Bkb wB dhnK fuzsktK ;G ysw j'
ikDrhnK. (f;woB Ppd f;fwqsh s'A pfDnk j?, fi;dk noE j? L ;dk
:kd eoBk) T[j sohek tos e/ ;fsr[o{ ih wB[Zy ƒ r[D Gog{o
pDkT[Dk ukj[d
z / jB.
Bdfo eo/ sK f;wfonk ikfJ] nkswk dqt
? ? oj? fbt bkfJ] (661)
j/ GkJh ` i/ eosk g[oy w/jotkB j't/, sK wB[Zy T[;dh :kd
ftu i[Vdk j?. (Gkt r[o{ dh f;Zfynk b? e/ B/e fJB;kB pD ikDk)
nkswk nzdo fBwosk Gkt g?dk j' ikt/. jT{w? jzeko ƒ d{o eo d/t/.
r[o e/ gr f;woT[ fdB oksh wfB jfo jfo, jfo pf;nk]
jfo jfo jfo ehofs ifr ;koh xf; uzdB[ i;[ xf;nk](1319)
j/ GkJh ` w?A sK r[o{ d/ uoB fdB oks f;wodk jK. (Gkt r[o{
dk T[gd/P ;[De/ ;hteko eodk jK.) fJ;/ bJh w/o/ fjod/ ftu joh
uzrh soQK p; frnk j?. joh dh tfvnkJh ;ko/ ;z;ko d/ XB gdkoEK
s'A T[sw j?. fit/A uzdB ƒ f;b gZEo s/ x;k e/, ;[rzX uko/ gk;/ c?b
iKdh j?. fJ;/ soQK joh d/ r[D id'A nzdo ;wk ikD, T[j wB[y
Z ;ko/ fes/
;'Gk gkT[Adk j?.
90
f;wo? Xosh no[ nkek;k] f;wofj uzd ;{oi r[D sk;k]
gT[D gkDh p?;zsq f;wofj, f;wo? ;rb T[gkoiBk]
f;wofj g;{ gzyh ;fG G{sk] f;wofj pB gops nT[X{sk]
bsk pbh ;ky ;G f;wofj, oft ofjnk ;[nkwh ;G wBk]
f;wofj E{b ;{yw ;fG izsk] f;wofj f;X ;kfXe jfo wzsk]
r[gs gqrN f;wofj gqG w/o/, ;rb GtB ek gqG XBk](1079)
j/ GkJh ` nekb g[oy ƒ Xosh f;wodh j?. nek; Gh f;woD
eodk j?. uzd ;{oi Gh gqG{ ƒ r[DtkB ikDe/ f;wod/ jB. jtk s/ gkDh
Gh gqG{ dk f;woD eod/ jB. nrBh Gh T[;/ dk f;woD eodh j?. ;ko/
i' g?dk j'J/ jB, oZp ih ƒ f;wo oj/ jB. oZp dk f;woD gP{ gzSh
fd;d/ nD fd;d/, ;G eod/ jB. pB izrb gops ;G T[;/ dk f;woB
eod/ jB. p/bK NfjDhnK c[Zb nkfd fBozeko dk f;woB eo oj/ jB.
feT[Afe i"s o{g ftu gqG{ ;kfonK ftu w"id
{ j?. ;{yw s/ ;E{b j'o iht
izs ;G f;woB eod/ jB. f;X i'rh ;kXBK eoB tkb/ joh dk wzso
f;wo oj/ jB. e'Jh r[gs jB, e'Jh fd;d/ jB, go fJe rb ;Zu j?
fe “f;woB” ;ko/ jh eo oj/ jB.
gkme iB' ` fJ; gowkD ftub/ “f;owB” Ppd ƒ fXnkB
Bkb t/yDk. e"D e"D f;woB eod/ frDkJ/ jB, d[pkok gV t/yDk. w/
o/ ehs/ noEK s/ ;azek j't/ sK gq'L ;kfjp f;zx tkbk dogD t/y ;ed/
j'. ;q'wDh ew/Nh tkb/ PpdkoE gV ;ed/ j'. fJ;dk noE fJjh ehsk
frnk j? fe fJj t;s{nK, PeshnK fBozeko d/ pDkJ/ nNZb fB:w ftu
uZb ojhnK jB. T[; d/ j[ew ftu ofj e/ eko eoBh fJjh fJjBK dk
“f;woB” j?. nkgD/ fizw/ brh fvT{Nh Xosh nZr jtk, gkDh ;ko/
fBGk oj/ jB. id'A wB[Zy r?o e[dosh ezw eodk j?. T[;dh p[ZXh fGqPN
j' iKdh j?, e[okj/ g? e/ pj[s ;ko/ T[gZdo eodk j?. T[; jkbs ftu
r[o{ “f;woB” eoB bJh j[ew eodk j? feT[Afe f;woD dk wsbp jh
nNZb j[ew ftu ihtB fpskT[Dk j?. wB[Zy ƒ ;ziw ftu oZyD bJh r[o{
B/ e[ZM n;{b ;wMkJ/ jB r[opkDh ftu. f;Zy g{ikohnK ns/ j'o BK
91
;wM N'fbnK B/, r[opkDh ƒ wzso pDk Xfonk. fe;/ wzso dk ikg P[o{
eok fdZsk. fJ; soQK eh fwb/rk< nZr/ eh fwb frnk j?< ;'u'.
wks roG wfj nkgB? “f;woB[” d/ sj, s[w okyB jko/]
gkte ;kro nEkj bjfo wfj, skoj[ skoB jko/] (613)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko wksk d/ roG ftu f;woB okjhA okyh
eodk j?. nZr dk ;w[zdo j? uko/ gk;/ nZrdhnK bfjoK (bkNK) G;w
eoB bJh bgN ojhnK jB. j/ fBozeko, nfijh w[Peb ftu Gh s{z
puk ;edk j?. fJjh s/oh tfvnkJh j?.
gkme iB ;'u ;ed/ jB fe wksk d/ g/N ftu, joes s'A
ofjs, ;'Mh s'A ofjs, pZuk fet/A f;woB eo ;edk j?< fJ;dk wsbp
j? fe 'e[dos d/ ekƒB w[skpe ;zGkb j'' ojh j?. tkfjr[o{ iK okw okw
dk T[E/ e'Jh wzso BjhA ifgnk ik fojk.
T{v/ T{fv nkt? ;? e';k fs;[ gkS? puo/ Sfonk]
fsB etD[ ybkt? etD[ u[rkt? wB wfj f;woB
f;woB[[ efonk] (10)
j/ GkJh ` w";w pdbD Bkb eJh gzSh, nkgDk fNekDk pdb
b?Ad/ jB. ;?AeV/ whbK dk ;co eoe/ d{o d/ fJbkfenK tZb ub/ iKd/
jB. fiE/ uzrh y[oke fwb ;edh j't/. fJj gzSh (e{ziK nkfd) nkgD/
nzv/ fgZS/ nkbQfDnK ftu SZv nkT[Ad/ jB. fgZS/ nzfvnK dh ;zGkb e"D
eodk j?< pZfunK ƒ e"D u'rk u[rkT[Adk j?< T[; gqG{ dk “f;woB”
(e[dosh ekƒB) jh T[jBK ƒ gkbdk j?. :kd oj/ jIkoK ftu'A ;?AeV/
pZu/ jh i[nkB j[zd/ jB. pj[s ;ko/ pugB ftu jh wo iKd/ jB.
wk;kjkoh ikBto fJjBK ƒ yk iKd/ jB. fJE/ Gh f;woB oZph fB:w
ƒ fejk frnk j?. j'o e{ziK iK T[jBK d/ pZu/ fejV/ Xow ƒ wzBd/ jB<
fejV/ Xow w[yh s'A r[o wzso b? e/ nkJ/ jB< fJj dbhbK wB[Zyh wB
ƒ wIp{ s eoB bJh jB.
r[o{ rzE
q ;kfjp ftu f;woB^f;woB[^f;wofB^f;wo?^f;wofj,
fJjBK ;ko/ o{gK ftu “f;woB” Ppd 736 tkoh tofsnk frnk j?.
000
92
3H Ppd (Bkw)
r[opkDh ;koh Ppd o{g ftu T[ukoB ehsh rJh j?. d;w
gkfsPkj ji{o B/ uzrh soQK goy s'A pknd, f;Zy gzE ƒ Ppd ’s'A
nrtkJh b?D dk j[ew eo fdZsk. fJjh Ppd ;zrqfj f;ZyK dk r[o{, r[o{
rzzqE ;kfjp d/ o{g ftu ;Ekgs j?. nkgD/ wB'GktK d{i/ se gj[zukT[D
d/ wkfXnw (iK ;kXB) B{z Ppd fejk iKdk j?. S'N/ pZu/, id'A p'bDk
BjhA f;Zy/ j[d
z ,/ T[jBK dhnK joesK, o'DK iK jZ;Dk wK bJh ;wMD dk
iohnk j?. T[; ;w/A T[jh Ppd jB. n;hA wB[Zy d/ fujo/ s'A, pj[s e[M
gsk bk b?Ad/ jK, fpBK p'bD d/. nZyK Gh nfijk e[M fpnkB eo
iKdhnK jB fe ;wMD tkbk ;G e[M ;wM iKdk j?. nZyK okjhA gqrN
ehs/ rJ/ PpdK (wB' nt;Ek) B{z GkJh r[odk; ih B/ pj[s y{p;{os
sohe/ Bkb g/P ehsk j?. gV' ^
J/Jh nyhnK i[ g/fy gqEw nB{g o{g, ekwBk g{oB efo ;ji ;wkBh j?]
J/Jh nyhnK i[ bhbk bkbB eh fJe Ne, nfs n;ooi j[fJ j
j//os
os fjokBh j?]
J/Jh nyhnK i[ fpS[os fgqn gqkBgfs, fpoj fp:'r o'r ghok e? fgokBh j?]
Bk;ek ;qtB o;Bk w? nrqGkrj[sh, J/Jh nyhnK ;rb nzr w? fpokBh j?]
(GkJh r[o dk; ^ efps BzL 669)
j/ GkJh iB' ` fJjh nZyK jB i' ;G s'A gfjbK fe;/ dk o{g
sedhnK jB. wB g;zd ozr o{g t/y e/ s;Zbh eodhnK jB. d{y iK
;[Zy dk gfjbk nB[Gt nZyK d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. fJjh nZyK jB i'
fBozeko dh bhbk (e[dos d/ ft;wkJh BIko/) ƒ t/y e/ fJe NZe j?okB
j' iKdhnK jB. e[dos dk ;kok fuZso fdwkr sZe gj[u
z k fdzdhnK jB.
J/jh nZyK jB id'A gqhsw ƒ ftSVdk t/ydhnK jB sK ftnke[b j'
T[mdhnK jB. p?okr ftu e[obk T[mdhnK jB. v{zxh ghV dk nB[Gt
eok fdzdhnK jB. o' o' e/ jkb'A p/jkb j' iKdhnK jB. nZyK pj[s d{o'A
fdqP t/y b?A/ dhnK jB, BZe T[sBk ;ztd
/ BPhb BjhA j[d
z k. ezB fgZS/ ub/
rJ/, nZyK nr/ nk rJhnK. nktkI ;[DBh Gkt/A pVh uzrh brdh j? go
fdqP t/yDk j'o Gh tX uzrk bZrdk j?. ihG ƒ sK ;[nkd dk sd'A jh gsk
93
bZr/rk, id'A gdkoE yk e/ t/fynk. go nZyK t/y e/ jh w{zj ftu ;[nkd
Go fdzdhnK jB. fJj nZyhnK jo ezw ftu nZr/ ofjzdhnK jB. pkeh
;ko/ nzr fgZS/ ;B. gqhsw d/ ftS'V/ dk dod ezBK ƒ wfj;{; BjhA
j'fJnk. BZe B/ e'Jh d[Zy wfj;{; Bk ehsk. ihG ƒ e'Jh coe Bk
fgnk. p; fJj nZyK jh jB i' fgnko/ d/ ftS'V/ ftu p/jkb j' rJhnK
jB. p/rkBrh dk nfj;k; nZyK ftu'A gosZy t/fynk ik ;edk j?.
pkeh nzrK ftu'A BjhA. nZyK fdb fdwkr dk PhPk jB.
u[okj/ (u"Ae) ftu yzG/ s/ bZrh pZsh p/i[kB j[zdh j'Jh Gh fdB
oks i[pkB tkfbnK ƒ okj f;o oZyD tk;s/ ezw eodh j?. i' T[; p/
i[pkB d/ ;ze/s ƒ Bk ;wfMnk ikt/ sK, ntZP jh NZeo j' ikt/rh. T[;
pZsh dk ;ze/s jh Ppd j?. ;VeK d/ w'VK s/, u'okfjnK s/ fe;/ Pfjo
dk Bkw fby e/, sho dk fBPkB bk fdZsk iKdk j?. w[;kfcok fpBK o[e/
gVQe,/ sho dk fBPkB t/y e/, MZNgZN nkgDh wzfib tZb nZr/ tZX iKd/
jB. fJE/ ;[zBh ;Ve s/ fe; B/ okj dZf;nk< Ppd B/. r[zrk wB[Zy
fJPkfonK Bkb jh ;koh rZb pks eo b?Adk j?. ikBto nkgDhnK
joesK s/ nzrK d/ fJ;kfonK Bkb pj[s e[M ;wMk fdzd/ jB. p'bD
bZfrnK ftPokw feZE/ ehsk j?< fe; p'b s/ fInkdk dpkU gkfJnk
frnk j?. PpdK dh u'D fet/A ehsh rJh j?< ;wK s/ ;EkB fej' fijk
j?< nZr'A ;[DB (iK gVQB) tkb/ dk wkBf;e gZXo fezBk e[ j?. fJ; ;G
dk id'A skbw/b p?m ikt/. fco Ppd j;kT[Ad/ jB, Ppd o[nkT[Ad/ jB.
Ppd p/u?B eod/ jB, Ppd Xotk; fdzd/ jB. Ppd e'qX Bkb bkb eo
;ed/ jB. Ppd jh ;;so ;ik e/, w?dkB ftu ik e/, ikBK tkoB bJh
j'A;bk Go fdzd/ jB jK s/ BKj, Xh ns/ wK, d[PwD ns/ d';s', fJj ;ko/
Ppd wB[Zyh wB s/ tZy'A tZyo/ soQK dk yk; n;o gkT[Ad/ jB. fgnko
ftu nky/ rJ/ d' Ppd fe;/ dh fIzdrh pdb fdzd/ jB. e[Vs
Z D Go/ Ppd
f;o tZYt/ t?o g[nk fdzd/ jB, ;{bh uVQk ;ed/ jB. fJ; goEkJ/ GkJh
r[odk; ih B/ pkewkb fbfynk j?. nkU gVQhJ/ ^

94
i?;/ br wksojhB, gVs nT[oB eT[ nT[o, fgsk g{s, g{s fgsk, ;w;fo ikBhn?]
;[os fpj{B i?;/ pkto' pykBhns, nT[o ej? nT[o eS, fjod? w? nkBhn?]
i?;/ r[r
z ;Gk wfX efj B ;es pks, p'bs j;kfJ j'fJ, puB fpXkBhn?]
r[ow[fy wkor w?, wBw[y Ees j'fJ, brB ;rB wkB?, e?;/ wB wkBhn?]
(GkJh r[odk; ^ efpZs BzL 264)
j/ GkJh ` nDgV ftnesh fi; ƒ Ppd dh pDso pko/
frnkB jh BjhA j?. T[j j'o dk j'o (T[bN g[bN ) jh gVh iKdk j?.
g[Zso ƒ fgsk pDk fdzdk j?, s/ fgsk ƒ g[Zso p'b iKdk j?. frnkB s'A
;ZyD/ wB[Zy ƒ gkrb jh nkyhdk j?. T[j sK efjDk e[M j'o j[zdk j?,
nkyh j'o iKdk j?. p'bD s'A jh neb dk nzdkIk bZr iKdk j?. i/
f;nkfDnK dh ;Gk ftu r[r
z / ftnesh ƒ p'bD bJh yVk eo d/JhJ/ eh
j't/rk< r[zrk wB dh rb efj jh BjhA ;e/rk. i/ p'bD dh e'fPP eo/
Gh sK (rbs p'bD eoe/) ;kfonK bJh jk;/ dk ekoB pD/rk. fJ;/
soQK r[ow[yK tkb/ Gb/ okj s/ ubD', wBw[y fJBekoh j' iKd/ jB.
T[jBK ƒ B/e ekoi Gh p[o/ brd/ jB. nfij/ w{oy b'e, brB PrB
i'fsP N/tk sK pVk wzBd/ jB. go r[o{ dh nkyh rb (Ppd) BjhA wzBd/.
r[opkDh nkgD/ nkg ftu wjkB ftukoXkok j?. fJ; ƒ
;wMD tk;s/ Gh frnkB dh b'V j?. nr'A frnkB dk ftek; j[d
z k
ikt/rk.
gP{nK e'b wB[y
Z tKr p'bh BjhA j?. wB[y
Z p'bh ekoB ;G ihtK
s'A nZr/ fBeb frnk. fco nZyoK dk ftek; j'fJnk, nkgDhnK bZGsK
ns/ y'iK ƒ fJB;kB B/ nrbh ghVQh tk;s/ fbye/ ;KGDk P[o{ eo fdZsk.
fJ; soQK wB[y
Z brksko wzfIbK wkodk, nZr/ tZXdk frnk. i/ nZyo Bk
j[d
z / sK r[o{ ;kfjpkB dk wjkB Ppd (frnkB) ;kv/ sZe BjhA g[i
Z Dk
;h. nc;'; fe nZi d/ pj[frDh f;ZyK B/ sK fJ; frnkB (Ppd r[o{)
ƒ gVQB ftukoB s/ ;wMD dh Gh y/ub BjhA ehsh. i/ ;e{b gVQd/
ftfdnkoEh T{Vk^T{m nkVk nZy jh gVQd/ p'bd/ ofjD sK T[jBK dk
;wM' ftek; BjhA j' fojk. nfij/ pZu/ T[gobh ebk; ftu BjhA fpmkJ/
95
iKd/ ;r'A w[V T[;/ gfjbh ebk; ftu fpmk fdZs/ iKd/ jB. d' fszB ;kb
sZe, nro T[j nrbh gVkJh Bk f;Zy ;eD sK T[jBK ƒ wzd p[X
[ h (ew
neb) tkb/ ikDe/ ;{eb ftu'a ftjb/ eo fdZsk iKdk j?. sK fe T[j
pkeh ;wMdko ftfdnkoEhnK dk ns/ nfXnkgeK dk ;wK popkd Bk
eoB. Bkw f;woD d/ pjkB/ ;kj j/mK T[s/ eoB tkb/, f;o x[zwkT[D
tkb/, uheK wkoB tkb/ noVkN gkT[D tkb/, eh fJBQK ƒ f;nkD/ wzfBnk
ikt/< pkeh ;zrs ns/ ;wki dk ehwsh ;wk popkd eoB tkb/, wzd
pZX
[ h tkb/ feT[ Bk wzfBnk ikt/< nkgD/ xoK nzdo i' woIh gJ/ eoB,
go ;KMhnK Xkofwe ;N/iK s/ fJjBK wzd p[ZXh b'eK ƒ ;wK feT[A fdZsk
ikt/< e[M fJe wjkB okrhnK (<) B/ sK xzN/ Go dhnK tkfjr[o{ wzso
dk rkfJB eoe/ e?;NK Gh foekov eotk fdZshnK jB. dk; jo o'I
;t/o/ / t/b/ ibdh T[m e/, fJ;BkB nkfd eoB tes, r[opkDh ehosB
;[DB dh fJZSk Bkb o/vhU ukb{ eo b?Adk j?. dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o
tkb/ gzi ti/ s'A b? e/ S/ ti/ sZe gqP
/ kB pVk eod/ jB go Ppd ehosB
BjhA ;[DkT[Ad/. gfjbK gkbeh fbnkT[D ;w/A ;sBkw tkfjr[o{ dk
;w{je ikg fco ;tJhJ/. T[; s'A wro'A pV/ fBt/eb/ nzdkI ftu j[ew
fbnk iKdk j?. ehosBhnK B/ jkbh fJe Ppd jh gfVnk j[zdk j? fe
nodk; dk tes j' iKdk j?. g{ok fJe xzNk wfonkdk d/ b/y/ bZr iKdk
j?. fJ;/ ezw dh d[jokJh bzw/ ;w/A s'A jo o'I j[zdh nk ojh j?. f;ZyK
B{z neb frnkB fco feE'A fwbDk j'fJnk< w?A jko jzG e/ nkgD/
g;zdhdk okrhnK dhnK piko'A ;hvhia fbnKdhnK. T[jBK ftu'A edh
edkJh e'Jh f;ZyD ƒ BtK Ppd ;[DB ƒ fwb iKdk j?. toBk gkm dh
e?;N jh p/jso j?. d' uko Bt/A Ppd ;[De/ frnkB ftu tkXk j' iKdk
j?. nkU nZr'A r[opkDh gowkDk okjh Ppd pko/ ftuko eohJ/.
fpB[ Ppd? nzsfo nkB/ok] B t;s[ bj? B u{e? c/ok]
;fsr[o jfE e[i
z h j'os[ do[ y[b? Bkjh, r[o g{o? Gkfr fwbktfDnk] (124)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ d/ Ppd okjhA i/ frnkB gqkgs Bk ehsk sK
ihtB nzXeko ftu v[Zp ikt/rk. fit/A nB/o/ ftu e[M fdZ;dk BjhA,
96
w{oy m'eoK yKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ d/ pyf;; ehs/ frnkB s'A pr?o,
ihtB pshs eoB dh ;wM BjhA nkT[Adh. ehwsh ;wK p/eko r[io
ikt/rk. ihtB d/ r[gs G/sK ƒ ;wMD bJh, frnkB o{gh ukph r[o{ d/
Ppd ftu j?. nfrnkBsk dk pzd dotkik, r[o{ d/ Ppd (frnB T[gd/
P) okjhA y[Zb/rk. i/ r[o{ dh nkyh f;Zfynk (Ppd okjhA) gqtkB eo bt/
sK s/oh fe;ws gbN ;edh j?. s{z g{o/ GkrK tkbk pD ;edk j?.
xx? xkb ;/te[ i/ xkb?, ;pfd r[o{ e? bkfr oj?]
p[ok Gbk i/ ;w efo ikD?, fJB fpfX ;kfjp[ ows oj? ] (432)
j/ GkJh ` (gZNh nk;k ftu'A T s'A V dh soshp ftu T[ukoh
pkDh okjhA) xZr/ nZyo okjhA fJj T[gd/P j? fe ;/te r[o{ d/ Ppd okjhA
ihtB ƒ fteko ofjs pDk bt/. T[;dh fJj B/eBhsh j't/rh fe p[o/
tes iK uzr/ tes fJe;ko nv'b ftuo/. d[y
Z ;[y
Z dh nt;Ek s'A T[go
T[m e/, uVQdhebk tkb/ ekoi eodk oj/. fJzi ehfsnK jh ;/te
fBozeko dh BIo ftu gqtkB uV/rk.
rrBzsfo tkf;nk r[D gorkf;nk, r[D wfj frnkB fXnkBz]
Bkw[ wfB Gkt? ej? ejkt?, ss' ss[ tykBz]
;pd[ r[o ghok, rfjo rzGhok, fpB Ppd?, ir[ pT[okBz] (635)
j/ GkJh ` i' fJB;kB r[o{ d/ Ppd (frnkB okjhA) d[nkokws
T{uh eo b?Adk j?, T[; d/ wB d/ ;wM' pzd dotki/ y[Zb iKd/ jB. r[o[{
dh f;Zfynk okjhA wB[Zy r[DtkB j' iKdk j?. pkeh j'o ;kohnK y{phnK
r[DK ftu jh jB. frnkB fXnkB ckfJdk jh sK j? i/ wB[y
Z n'rD
[
fsnkr d/t/. Bkw (r[o{ dk j[ew) wB ƒ uzrk bZdk j?. fco wB[Zy i'
p'bdk j?, e' ezw eodk j?, T[j ;Zu s/ nkXkos j[zdk j?. fJjh j? nkyoh
fBo'V dh rZb. Ppd jh n;b ftu r[o{ j? (;oho BjhA) Ppd okjhA
pV/ rfjo/ G/d (frnkB) gqkgs j[zd/ jB. Ppd (r[o{ dk frnkB) s'A
pr?o ;kok ;z;ko gkrbK tKr x[zw fojk j?.
jw ;pfd w{J/ ;pfd wkfo ihtkb/ GkJh, ;pd/ jh w[efs gkJh]
;pd/ wB[ sB[ fBowb[ j'nk jfo tf;nk wfB nkJh]HHHH
97
;pd[ B ikDfj ;/ nzB/ p'b/, fes[ nkJ/ ;z;kok]
jfo o;[ B gkfJnk, ffpo
po Ek iBw[ rtkfJnk izwfj tko' tkok] (601)
poEk
j/ GkJh ` n;hA “Ppd” (r[o{ dh wZs) d[nkok nkgk Gkt
(fteko) wko fbnk. n'r[DK tb'A woe/, BtK ihtB fwb frnk.
r[DtkB pDe/ jh n;b fiT[AfdnK ftu Pkwb j'J/ jK. fJj 'Ppd' jh
j? i' pzXBK s'A w[es eo fdzdk j?. “Ppd”(r[o{ dh wZs) d[nkok jh wB
ftu'A fteko eYhd/ jB. Ppd okjhA joh pko/ ;'Mh nkT[Adh j?. i' wB[Zy
“Ppd” (frnkB) ƒ BjhA ;wMd/ T[j sK wkB' nzB/ jB, p'b/ Gh jB.
T[jBK dk ;z;ko ftu nkT[Dk jh p/eko ubk frnk. wB eoe/ T[j eJh
tkoh wod/ jB eJh tkoh ihts j[zd/ jB. T[jBK dk wB ed/ ;fEo
BjhA j[zdk. ;dk GNeDk ftu gJ/ ofjzd/ jB.
;pd/ jh BkT[ T[gi?, ;pd/ w/fb fwbkfJnk]
fpB[ ;pd? ;G[ ir[ pT[okBk, fpoEk iBw[ rtkfJnk
nzfwqs[ J/e' ;pd[ j? BkBe r[ow[fy gkfJnk] (644)
j/ GkJh ` Ppd d/ frnkB okjhA fBozeko dh ;wM g?Adh j?.
fJj Ppd dk frnkB jh wB[Zy ƒ gow/Po Bkb fJe fwe eodk j?.
(r[o){ Ppd okjhA fwbD tkb/ frnkB s'A fpBK ;kok, ;z;ko nfrnkBsk
ekoD ewbk j'fJnk fcodk j?. frnkB s'A ;ZyD/ wB[ZyK dk iBw n?t/
p/eko ubk frnk. r[o{ dk Ppd n;bh fJe', nksfwe ihtB d/D tkbk
nzfwqs j?. r[ow[fy (r[o{) B/ fBozeko s'A gqkgs ehsk j? s/ nr'A ihtK
ƒ tosk fojk j? .
;G ;kbkj/ nkg[ eT[ tvj[ tv/oh j'fJ]
r[o fpB[ nkg[ B uhBhn? ej/ ;[D/ fenk j'fJ]
BkBe ;pfd gSkDhn?, jT{w? eo? B e'fJ](58)
j/ GkJh ` nkgD/ w{zj'A jo e'Jh nkgD/ nkg ƒ uzrk nkyh ik
fojk j?. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk s'A pr?o nkgD/ n;b/ dh ;wM BjhA g?Adh.
goT[geko tkbk ihtB BjhA pDdk. r[o{ do;kJ/ okj s/ uZbD tkbk
pj[shnK ;/yhnK BjhA wkodk. j/ BkBe ` Ppd (r[o{ dh f;Zfynk) dh
98
gSkD eo, jT{w? fsnkr d/. fBwosk ftu ihtB pshs eo.
BT[ dotki/ ekfJnk e'N[ j?, d;t? r[gs[ oyhi?]
pio egkN B y[bBh, r[o ;pfd y[bhi?]
nBjd tki/ X[fB tid/ r[o “;pfd” ;[Dhi?] (954)
j/ GkJh ` fJ; d/jh d/ pkjoh BT[ dotki/ jB. fJe j'o d;tK
d[nko (wB iK fdwkr) r[gs j?. fJj' dZ;tK pzd dotkik wB dk j?.
fJjh y'jbDk n"yk j?. pkeh B" dotki/ sK e[dosh sohe/ Bkb nkgD/
nkg y[Zb iKd/ jB. i/ fdwkr mhe ezw eoB br gt/, sK pkjob/ B'
dotki/ Gh nkgD/ nkg fNekD/ f;o nk iKd/ jB. fJ; wB d/ pzd
r/N ƒ r[o{ dk Ppd (frnkB) y'b ;edk j?. fPqPNh ftu ti fojk
wjkBkd iK nBjd Bkd Gh r[o{ d/ Ppd d[nkok jh ;[fDnk ik ;edk
j?.
ukj[ fdf; j[ew[ tos? gqG s/ok, uj[ fdf; Bkw[ gskbz]
;G wfj “;pd” tos? gqG[ ;kuk, eofw fwb? p?nkbz] (1274
j/ GkJh ` eosko dk jo EK ;koh ekfJBks ftu j[ew
(fB:w) fJe;ko uZb fojk j?. e'Jh T[; s'A Bkpo BjhA j' ;edk.
gskb s'A b? e/ nkekP sZe ;G s/o/ ;{so ftu phB/ j'J/ eko ewk oj/
jB. ;ko/ ihtK ftu Gh s/ok jh (e[dosh n;{b) Ppd tos fojk j?.
s/oh pyf;; Bkb ;dk fEo nv'b nt;Ek gqkgs j' ;edh j?.
(Ppd feBk feBk noEK ftu nkfJnk j? gkmeK B/ bzwhnK N{eK ns/
jtkfbnK okjhA gV fbnk j?. r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu, Ppd, ;pd[,
;pfd, ;pd/, ;pd?, ;pdKj 2045 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000

4H j[ew (Bkw)
fit/A fgSb/ fjZ;/ ftu n;hA “Ppd” pko/ ftuko ehsk j? nkU
j[ew pko/ th e[M
Z ikD bJhJ/. nkw p'bukb dh GkPk ftu fbys ftuko
ƒ “Ppd” nky fdZsk iKdk j?. ipkB Bkb T[uko e/ ehs/ rJ/ T[gd/P
99
ƒ puB iK j[ew fejk iKdk j?. GktBk d'jK dh fJe' j?. Gkt fbysh
iK ipkBh r[o{ tZb'A fdZsk frnk j[ew. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ f;qPNh dh ouBk
pko/ ig pkDh d/ P[o{ (d{ih gT[Vh) ftu jh, nekb d/ j[ew d[nkok
fdZ;dk g;kok g;o ikD pko/ fbfynk fwbdk j?.
j[ewh j'tfB nkeko, j[ew[ B efjnk ikJh]
j[ewh j'tfB ihn, j[efw fwb? tfvnkJh]
j[ew? nzdfo ;G[ e', pkjfo j[ew B e'Jh]
BkBe j[ew? i/ p[M? s jT{w? ej? B e'fJ ] (ig ^ gzBk 1)
j/ GkJh ` nekb d/ j[ew w[skpe ;kok fd;dk g;kok g;o
frnk go w[Peb fJj j? fe fJ; ƒ ;p{s d/ e/ ;wMkfJnk BjhA ik
;edk. j[ew (fB:w) ftu ;ko/ iht g?dk j'J/. j[ew w[skpe T[BQK ƒ
soQK soQK d/ ;oho fwb/. jo e'Jh e[dos d/ pZMt/A fB:w ftu uZb fojk
j?. T[;d/ j[ew s'A pkjo e'Jh BjhA ofj ;edk. i/ e[dos d/ fJ;
fB:w (j[ew) dh ;wM nk ikt/ sK w?A w/oh w[e ikt/. fco ngDk nkgk
fBr{Dk fijk bZrD br g?Adk j?. jT[w? Y?j iKdh j?.
gfs gotkBk ;ku ek fgnko/, Bkw ;uk Bh;kD{]
nkfJnk fbfy b? iktDk fgnko/, “j[ewh j[ew” gSkD[]
r[o fpB[ “j[ew” B p{Mhn? fgnko/ ;ku/ ;kuk skD[] (636)
j/ GkJh ` okjdkoh tkbh fuZmh ;Zu dh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. Gkt
;ZukJh s/ nXkos ihtB pshs eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJjh j? n;bh
f;cko;h fuZmh. oZp ih dk ;Zuk Bkw jh fBPkB (Mzvk) pD ikt/. wB[Zy
Xosh s/ nkfJnk j?, fJE/ i' ezw eo/rk T[j s/o/ nzsw eoD ftu T[eo/
ikDr/. ihB; okjhA ghjVh do ghVQh nZr/ ubd/ ikDr/ fit/A fpwkoh d/
feNkD{ ;oho ftu gj[zu iKd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK o'rK d/ ehNkD{z Gh nZr/
gqtkfjs j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh oZph j[ew ƒ gSkD b?. :kd oZyh, r[o{ d/
fdZs/ frnkB s'A fpBK fJj w;b/ jZb BjhA j'D/. r[o{ fJjh ;wMk fojk
j? fe fBozeko ;Zuk j?, T[; dh Pesh n;hw j?. jo e'Jh T[; dh v'o
ftu pZfMnk eko ewk fojk j?.
100
J/e' J/e ;G nkfy tykD?. “j[ew[” p{M? sK J/e' ikD?] (1176)
j/ GkJh 1 oZp fJe j?, fJe' j?, ipkBh ebkwh ;ko/ nkyh ik
oj/ jB fJT[A nkyD Bkb ;wM BjhA g?Adh. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fit/A
;wMkfJnk j?, T[; ƒ uzrh soQK ;wM e/ jh gsk bZr/rk fe fJe
fBozeko dh eh wjkBsk j?<
i' j'nk j'ts ;' ikB?. gqG ngB/ ek “j[ew[” gSkB?] (286)
j/ GkJh ` i' j' u[Zfenk j? T[; pko/ frnkB, i' j' fojk j? s/
nZr'A j'D tkbk j? T[; pko/ frnkB jk;b eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjh j?
gqG{ dk j[ew (fB:w) ikBDk.
“j[ew[” p{M? ;' ;/te ejhn?] p[ok Gbk d[fJ ;w;fo ;jhn?] (1076)
j/ GkJh ` fi; ;/te ƒ oZp ih d/ e[dosh ekƒB (fB:w) dh
;wM nk ikt/, T[jh ;jh ;/te pDdk j?. T[j fco op ƒ T[bKG/ BjhA
fdzdk. p; Gbk d[Zy ;[Zy pokpo eoe/ ikDdk j?. nv'b nt;Ek ftu
ihtB pshs eodk j?.
wkB? j[ew ;G/ r[D frnkB ] BkBe dorj gkt? wkB[] (944)
j/ GkJh ` r[Dtkb ftnesh, frnkBtkB fJB;kB, j[ew (r[o{
tZb'A dZf;nk oZp pko/ frnkB) ƒ ;wM b?Adk j?. fJ;/ bJh ;Zuh dorkj
(Xowh wB[ZyK dh ;Gk) ftu wkD gkT[Ad/ jB.
;kuh dorj g{S B j'Jh] wkB? j[ew ;hM? dfo ;'Jh ] (832)
j/ GkJh ` ;Zu d/ wkor s/ uZbD tkfbnK dh e'Jh g[S
Z frZS
(gq/PkB eoB tkbh i[nkp sbph) BjhA j't/rh. fJj sK j' ;e/rk nro
r[o{ dk frnkB jk;b eoe/, fIzdrh pshs ehsh ikt/rh.
f;woB, puB, ;pd, j[ew, T[gd/P, Bkw nkfd ;wnoEh
Ppd jB. nZr/ j'o gqwkD fdZs/ ikDr/. brGr gzikj sohfenK okjhA
f;woB bcI dh tos'A j'Jh j?. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu j[ew j[efw,
j[ew[, j[ewh, j[ew? j[ewkT[ nkfd sohfenK d[nkok brGr 501 tkoh
tos'A j'Jh j?.
000
101
5H T[gd/P (Bkw)
‘r[oT[gd/f;’ ighn? wfB ;kuk] r[oT[gd/f; okw ozfr okuk]
‘‘r[
r[oT[gd/f;’s[Nfj ;fG pzXB, fJj[ Gow[ w'j[ go ikbD
;’ ikbDkk] (1077)
j/ GkJh 1 r[o{ dk T[gd/; (frnkB j[ew f;woB) :kd oZyDk
ukjhdk j?. fJjh n;b ikg j?. r[o{ d/ T[gd/P okjhA wB[Zy joh d/ ozr
ftu ozfrnk ofjzdk j?. r[o{ d/ T[gd/P okjhA ;ko/ soQK d/ pzXB N[ZN iKd/
jB. wB[Zy ;zg{oB nkIkdh dk ;[Zy wkDdk j?. ;ko/ soQK d/ Gow ns/
w'j dhnK p/VhnK, bZE iKdhnK jB.
iB BkBe p'b? nzfwqs pkDh] r[o f;yK e? wfB fgnkoh GkDh]
‘T[gd/;’
[ eo/ r[o[ ;fsr[o[ g[ok, r[o[ ;fsr[o[ goT[gekohnk ihT[] (96)
j/ GkJh ` ;/te BkBe pV/ ehwsh nzfwqs puB p'bdk j?.
ihtB ƒ pdb d/D tkb/ (;[yh eoB tkb/) puB r[o{ d/ f;ZyK ƒ pV/ uzr/
bZrd/ jB. T[j ;[D e/ wzB b?Ad/ jB g{ok ;fsr[o{ i' T[gd/P eo fojk
j?, fJj s[jkƒ gq/PkB eoB tk;s/ BjhA j?. ;r'A goT[geko dh GktBk
Bkb iB efbnkD fjs (uzrh wZs d/D bJh) p'b fojk j?.
Shg/ e/ xfo iBw d?bk, “r[oT[gd/;” G?bk]
;zskj e? gq;kfd, Bkwk jfo G/N[bk] (486)
Bkw d/t ih nkyd/ jB w?ƒ Shg/ (N/bj wk;No) d/ xo
(pqkjwD tb'A fwZEh iks) iBw fwfbnk j?. sK eh j'fJnk< w?A Gh pkeh
fJB;kBK tork fJB;kB jK. w?ƒ Gh fJj jZe gqkgs j?. w? Gh fBozeko
s'A (Bkw) T[gd/P gqkgs eo fbnk. r[o{ gow/;o dk T[gd/; w?ƒ uzrk
bZfrnk. frnkBtkB s/ B/e fJB;kBK dh ;zrs ehsh. w?A Gh oZp ƒ
gkfbnk, ;wM fbnk.
;' w[esk ;z;kfo fi r[fo “T[gd/f;nk”]
fs; eh rJh pbkfJ fwN/ nzd/f;nk] (519)
j/ GkJh` pzXB w[es wB[Zy e/tb T[j jB, fiBK ƒ r[o{ d/ T[gd/
P okjhA neb nk rJh, frnkB fwb frnk. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk b? e/ uZbD
tkb/ wB[ZyK d/ ;ko/ ;z;/ fceo vo ysw j' iKd/ jB.
102
ysqh pqkjwD ;{d t?;, ;G J/e? Bkfw sokBE]
r[o{ BkBe “T[gd/;”[ eos j?, i' ;[B? ;' gkfo gokBE] (1001)
j/ GkJh ` yZsoh pqkjwD P{do s/ t?P nkfde, i/ jo soQK d/
pzXBK s'A w[es j'Dk ukj[zd/ jB. sK fJjBK ;G ƒ iksh jzeko fsnkr
e/ r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih dh gftZso, ftukoXkok (T[gd/P) ngDkT[Dh gt/
rh. fJjh fJe Bkw (ihtB Yzr) j? i' ;G B{z ;jh okj gk ;edk j?.
fijV/ b'e Gh fJ; “T[gd/P” ƒ ;[D e/ wzB b?Dr/ T[jBK dk ihtB ;cb
j' ikt/rk.
ekw e'qX f;T[ mkB[ B pfBnk]
“r[oT[gd/;[” w'fj ekBh ;[fBnk] (1347)
j/ GkJh 1 fiBK B/ r[o{ dk T[gd/P (Bkw frnkB) fXnkB
g{ote ;[D fbnk. T[j ;wMdko j' iKd/ jB. fco ekw eq'X nkfd
ftekoK ƒ nkgD/ T[s/ jkth BjhA j'D fdzd/.
;fsr[o{ ek T[gd/;[ ;[fD s{ j't? s/o? Bkb/]
ej? BkBe[ wB fgnko/, s{ ;dk ;u[ ;wkb/] (918)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ i' T[gd/P (j[ew) eo fojk j?, T[; ƒ
fXnkB Bkb ;[D. r[o{ dh nkyh rb ƒ id'A s{z uzrh soQK ;wM fbnk,
fco X'yk BjhA ykt/Ark. (Bk X'yk d/tA/ rk) fiE/ fes/ s{z ikt/rk, r[o{ tZbA'
fdZsh wZs (f;nkDg) ;dk s/o/ BKb j't/rh. neb Bkb s{z ;koh EkJh
wkD gkt/Ark. fJ; bJh B/eh ns/ ;ZukJh dk okj Bk fsnkrh.
fij fpfX r[fo “T[gd/f;nk” ;' ;[fB o/ GkJh]
BkBe ejs ge[ko e?, rj[ gqG ;oDkJh] (727)
j/ GkJh ` fit/A w?ƒ r[o{ B/ T[gd/P d/ e/ ;'Mh fdZsh j?. w??A s?ƒ
T[jh wZs d/ fojk jK. fJ; ƒ fXnkB Bkb ;[D bth. w?A g[eko g[eko
e/ ;wMk fojk jK fe r[o{ dh PoD ftu nkik. r[o{ tb'A pyPh ihtB
fpXh ngDk b?. fJjh ;G s'A ;"yk s/ tXhnk okj j?.
(r[opkDh ftu T[gd/;, T[gd/;[, T[gd/f; 126 tkoh nkfJnk j?.)
000
103
6H frnkB (Bkw)
fJB;kBh ihtB ftu “frnkB” dk nsh wjZstg{oB fjZ;k j?.
fizBKQ e'b frnkB j?, T[j nkgDh nkdo:'r EK pDk jh b?Ad/ jB. fe;/
ekoB t; wB[Zy dhnK nZyK dh i's iKdh oj/. nkgD/ frnkB d[nkok
(i/ fjzws Bk jko/) ;BwkB :'r ihtB pshs eo ;edk j?. nfij/ b'eK
dh frDsh pj[s j?, i' B/sojhD j'D d/ pkti{d Gh, f;o eZYt/A okrh iK
;zrhseko j'J/ jB. eJhnK d/ jZE Bekok j' iKd/ jB. nkgD/ f;oV
dh pd"bs jZEK tkb/ ezw, g?oK Bkb eod/ t/y/ rJ/ jB. gksVK (fIbQk
gfNnkbk) ftu fJe B"itkB g?oK Bkb fuZso pDk e/ Gkos d/ okPNogh
s'A th ;BwkB gqkgs eo u[Zfenk j?. g?oK s'A fpBK w?A fjzws tkb/ b'eK
ƒ fIzdrh d/ ;ko/ Io{oh ezw eod/ t/y u[Zfenk jK. ;e{No w'No
;kfJeb s/ ekoK sZe th ubk b?Ad/ jB. n;b Io{oh w[Zdk j? “frnkB”
dk neb dk. fi; e'b neb BjhA, ;oho Gkt/A szdo[;s j't/, T[j eh
eo/rk< T[; ƒ nkgD/ jZE g?o (ns/ pkeh nzr) tosD dh ;wM jh
BjhA. ;wMdko fJB;kB eZy s'A bZy pDk ;edk j?. Bk;wM wB[Zy bZyK
ƒ th o'jVe/ eZy'A j'bk j' iKdk j?. eJh ikBto fJzB/ ehwsh j[zd/ jB
fe nwho ftnesh bZyK eo'VK you e/ th T[jBK ƒ gqkgs eoBk ukj[d
z /
jB. d{i/ pzB/ eJh pzd/ nfij/ j[zd/ jB fe T[jBK ƒ jo EK bkjDsk,
XZe/ g?Ad/ jB.
frnkB d/ wkwb/ ftu Gkos nsh fgSfVnk j'fJnk d/P j?.
fJ; ;w/A gzikp dh ;fEsh th e'Jh s;ZbhpyP BjhA j?. gzi s'A d;
gqshPs b'e jB i' uzek ezw eod/ jB, uzr/ ftuko oZyd/ jB. pkeh
sK pj[s frDsh pko/ fJjh efjDk g?dk j?^
osB[ fsnkfr eT[vh ;zfr ou?] ;ku[ S'fv M{m ;zfr wu?]
uzdB b/g[ T[sko? X'fJ] roXp gqhfs G;w ;zfr j'fJ]
nzX e{g wfj gfss fpeokb] BkBe ekfY b/j[ gqG dfJnkb]
eos{fs gP{ eh wkB; ikfs] b'e gukok eo? fdB[ okfs] (267)
r[o{ ;kfjp d/ iwkB/ ftu nZi Bkb'A fezBk gSV/tK ;h. nDgVsk
104
;h, ;e{b ekbi fes/ BjhA ;B. nktkikJh d/ ;kXB BKj d/ pokpo
;B. T[jBK fpyV/ jkbksK ftu, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ fdBoks fwjBs ehsh.
b'eK ƒ T[jBK d/ x'o ;zeN, d[Zy s/ r[bkwh dk nfj;k; eokfJnk.
fJjBK d[ydkJh jkbsK ftu'A w[es j'D d/ Yzr sohe/ ;wMkJ/. y[d
w'joh j' e/ w[;hpsK MZbhnK. b'eK ƒ frnkB d/D tk;s/ b'VhAd/ gqpzX
ehs/. f;Zfynk b?Ad/ fwjBs eod/ ;fsr[o{ s'A ;/X gqkgs eod/ j'J/ f;Zy,
fes/ dh fes/ nZr/ fBeb rJ/. ihtB d/ jo y/so ftu ekw:kphnK B/
pjkdo f;ZyK d/ uoB u[w
z ./ ;wK gk e/ f;Zy nt/;b/ j' rJ/. frnkB tZbA'
;ZyD/ ofj rJ/. ftZfdnk ftu'A gSV rJ/. fi; r[opkDh ƒ nkgDk r[o{
;theko eod/ jB, T[; pko/ th e[ZM BjhA ikDd/. nkgDk PkBdko
fto;k G[Zb rJ/. nZi pj[ frDsh (ny"sh) f;Zy ;wki, nzX ftPtk;,
BfPnK, ftGukoK ns/ j'o nB/e nbkwsK ftu X; u[Zfenk j?. nZi
r[o{ dk frnkB ns/ ;wki dk frnkB, okiBhsh dk frnkB, gZb/ BjhA
fojk. Bshi/ d/ s"o s/ f;Zy jo w[jki s/ wko yk oj/ jB. fJj mhe
j? fe d[PwDK B/ f;Zy e"w B{z dpkT[D bJh g{ok skD bkfJnk j'fJnk j?.
fco Gh fJ;/ jkbks, ftu, f;oV f;de ekfJw oZye/ ;{M f;nkDg s/
d{o nzd/Ph tose/, nkgDh e"w ƒ fJ; pj[gZyh r[bkwh ftu'A eZYD
tk;s/ ezw eoBk gt/rk. ;fsr[o{ B/ fJ; Bkb'A Gh p[o/ ;fwnK ftu ezw
ehsk ;h s/ gZEoK tor/ wB[ZyK ƒ ;ztkoe/ sok;e/ ;jh wkfjfBnK ftu
fJB;kB pDB ftu r[opkDh tork frnkB dk wjkB yIkBk fdZsk ;h.
nZi d/ f;Zy fJ; frnkB s'A ihtB ;/X b?D dh EK fJ;d/ ikg eo oj/
jB. wzso pDk e/ gV oj/ jB. u"AeV/ wkoe/ nZyK pzd eoe/ “Bkw
f;woD” dk w{oysk tkbk ezw eo oj/ jB. gVQ' pkDh
“frnkB” gdkoE[ gkJhn?, fsqGtD ;'Mh j'fJ]
fBowb “Bkw[” B th;o? i/ r[D ek rkje[ j'fJ] (60)
j/ GkJh ` ihtB ƒ jo gZy'A ;[yh eoB tkbk “frnkB” j?.
frnkB d[nkok jh ;koh ekfJBks (s?qb'eh) pko/ ;wM g?Adh j?. fJ;
bJh ftekoK s'A puk b?D tkbk Bkw (r[o{ dk frnkB) edh G[b
Z Bk ikt/
105
. r[DK d/ rkje pDBk j?. ntr[DK ƒ w{b'A jh fsnkr d/Dk j?.
d{y nzXo/ k xo s/ fwfNU ] r[fo “frnkB” fdqVkfJU dhg pfbU] (241)
j/ GkJh ` nfrnkBsk ekoB i' wB[Zy e[okj/ g? iKdk j?. fco
T[;d/ ihtB o;s/ ftu nB/eK w[PebK yVhnK j' iKdhnK jB. n"eVK
ekoB d[Zy G'rhdk j?. id'A r[o{ dk frnkB (r[opkDh okjhA) gqkgs j'
frnk j?. frnkB tkb/ B[efsnK ƒ uzrh soQK ;wM fbnk, sK fJT[
gqshs j'fJnk fe nzdo frnkB dk fuokr pb fgnk. mhe ns/ rbs
dh gSkD j' rJh. nZr'A fIzdrh ftu m'eoK BjhA ykDhnK g?DrhnK.
fpp/e p[fX ;fsr[o s/ gkJh, r[o frnkB r[o{ gqG e/ok]
iB BkBe Bkw[ r[o{ s/ gkfJnk, X[fo w;sfe Gkr[ by/ok] (711)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ ih s'A shyD p[ZXh gqkgs j' rJh j?. feT[Afe
i' ;[uk s/ T{uk frnkB, fBozeko tZb'A r[o{ ƒ pyf;; j'fJnk ;h, T[jh
frnkB, ;/te ƒ r[o{ B/ nZr/ tosk fdZsk. ;/te BkBe B/ r[o{ s'A Bkw
(frnkB) gqkgs eo fbnk. fJ; bJh tZv/ GkrK tkbk pD frnk.
ihtB X[o/ dk (X[okOihtB dk e/Ado) gsk br frnk j?.
n? ; k “frnkB” gdkoE[ “frnkB” .
r[ow[fy gktf; of; of; wkB[] (831)
j/ GkJh ` frnkB pj[s Io{oh j?. T[sw t;s{ j?. fJj frnkB
(r[ow[fy) r[o{ s'A fwbdk j?. id'A wB[Zy frnkB Bkb Gog{o j' iKdk
j?,sd'A T[; dh ;G EkJhA ;'Gk j[zdh j?.
“frnkB” yVr efo feogk dhBk, d{s wko/ efo XkJh j/] (1072)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ B/ feogk eoe/ frnkB o{gh feogkB py; fdZsh
j?. fJ;/ frnkB ekoB w?A ;ko/ ftekoK ƒ wkoe/ B;k fdZsk. j[D e'Jh
fteko w?ƒ gq/PkB BjhA eo ;edk, feT[Afe w?ƒ uzr/ wzd/ dh ;wM j?.
ib fpb't? ib wE?, ss[ b'V? nzX[ nfrnkBk]
r[owsh dfX wEhn?, nzfwqs gkJhn? Bkw[ fBXkBk] (1009)
j/ GkJh ` w{oy fJB;kB ygdk pj[s j?, gqkgsh e'Jh BjhA eo
;edk. gkDh foVeB Bkb edh wZyD dh gqkgsh BjhA j' ;edh. fit/
106
A f;nkD/ b'e d[ZX ƒ ikr bkT[Ad/ jB. djh ƒ foVed/ jB, s/ wZyD
fsnko j' iKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ dh wZs b? e/, ihtB ƒ ;tko bJhJ/
. fJ; soQK Bkw (r[o{ d/ frnkB) dh pd"bs fJj ihtB nzfwqswJh pD
ikt/rk.
d[y GziB[ s/ok Bkw ih, d[y GziB s/ok Bkw[]
nkm gjo nkokXhn? g{oB ;fsr[o “frnkB[” ] (218)
j/ fBozeko` s/ok Bkw (frnkBOr[o T[gd/P) jh ;ko/ d[yK ƒ
d{o eoB tkbk j?. fJ; bJh nZm/ gfjo, jo ;w/A ;fsr[o{ d/ fdZs/
frnkB w[skpe ihtB pshs eohJ/.
BkokfJD jfo ozr ozr'] ifg fijtk jfo J/e wzr']
sfi jT[w? r[o{ “frnkB” Gi'] (241)
j/ GkJh ` gow/Po dh :kd ftu wB ƒ ozr e/ oZy'.i[pkB Bkb
e/tb fJe joh dk GiB eo'. jT[w? fsnkr e/, r[o{ dk frnkB ;wM
bt'. r[o{ d/ fdZs/ frnkB w[skpe ihtB pshs eo'.
gkme iB ftuko eoe/ t/yD fJE/ pkd tkb/ d' r[opkDh
gowkDK ftu frnkB ƒ GiB dh f;woB dh rb nkyh rJh j?. frnkB
Gfink iK ifgnk BjhA ik ;edk. frnkB sK fjod/ ftu XkoB eohdk
j?. ;wMe/ T[; frnkB w[skpe ezw eohd/ jB.
(r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu, frnkB, frnB[, frnkfB, frnkB?
nkfd o{gK ftu fJ; dh tos'A 611 tkoh j'Jh j?)
000
7H gohs (Bkw)
gqG eh gqhfs ;dk ;[y[ j'fJ] gqGh eh gqhfs d[y[ br?fB e'fJ]
gqG eh ‘gqhfs’ jT[w? wb[ ikfJ] gqG eh ‘gqhfs’ ;d fBowb j'fJ ](391)
j/ GkJh ` gqG{ dh gqhs ftu ;dk ;[y j?. gqG{ dh gqhs ftu ed/
d[Zy gq/PkB BjhA eod/. gqG{ Bkb fgnko ehfsnk< jT[w?A fposh ysw
j' iKdh j?. gow/Po gow/;o d/ fgnkfonK dk ;[Gk, fBwosk tkbk
pDk iKdk j?. (Bkw frnkB, j[ew, ;pd, nkfd dh Ekt/A fJE/ gqhs
107
Ppd dh tos'A j'Jh j?. noE T[jh jB, r[o{ dh wZs.
i'pB iKd/ Bk vok i/ ;j gqhfs B ikfJ]
cohdk fesh i'pB gqhfs fpB[, ;[fe rJ/ e[wbkfJ] (379)
j/ cohd nkyk ` i'pB ubk ikt/ fJzBk vo BjhA nkT[Adk. i'pB Gkt/A
ubk ikt/ go y[dk Bkb'A fgnko Bk xN ikt/. fezBhnK i[nkBhnK
fgnko/ (y[dk) dh gqhs s'A pr?o w[oMk rJhnK jB, fe;/ ezw BjhA
nkT[AdhnK.
i?;h G{y/ gqhfs nBki] fsqyktzv ib ;/sh eki]
i?;h w{V e[Np
z gokfJD] n?;h Bkw/ ‘gqhfs’ BkokfJD] (1164)
j/ GkJh ` fit/A G[Zy bZrh s'A, ykD/ ftu fyZu g?Adh j?. fit/A
fgnk;/ dh gkDh tZb v'o fyZudh j?. fit/A Bk ;wM wB[Zy, gotko ftu
jh T[bM e/ ofj iKdk j?. fJjBK ;GBK dh gqhs Bk ;wMh tkbh j?. w/
oh gqhs gow/Po Bkb j?, fJjBK s'A tZX j?. fJj oZp ƒ G[Zb rJ/, w?A G[Zb
BjhA ;edk.
;kuh ‘gqhfs’ jw s[w f;T[ i'oh] s[w f;T[ i'fo nto ;zfr s'oh] (659)
j/ fBozeko` w?A ;Zuk fgnko s/o/ Bkb ehsk j?. nfijk p/roI
fgnko, fe;/ Bkb j' jh BjhA ;edk. w?A ;ko/ d/th d/ts/, ns/ ntsko
nkfd fsnkr fdZs/. e/tb fBozeko ƒ fgnko ehsk j?.
iT[ sT[ ‘gqw
/ ’ y/bD ek ukT[] f;o[ Xfo sbh rbh w/oh nkT[] (1412)
j/ GkJh ` fi; fgnko/ ƒ fdb'A wB' fgnko eohJ/, T[; tk;s/
fizd ikB Gh tkoBh g? ikt/, sK gqtkj BjhA. fgnko wzr fJ;/ rb dh
eodk j? fe fJ; (;Zu) gq/w d/ okj s/ ubfdnK f;o Gh T[so ;edk
j?.
;/te eh UVfe fBGjh gqhfs]
ihts ;kfjp ;/ftU ng[Bk ubs/ okfyU uhfs] (1000)
j/ GkJh ` ;/te B/ nkyoh ;[nk; se nkgD/ gqG{ Bkb gqhs
fBGk fdZsh. ihts ofje/ Gh B/e ihtB pshs ehsk. wkbe ƒ jkIo
BkIo ikfDnk. id'A nzsbk ;wK nk frnk sK Gh gqG{ ƒ ft;fonk
108
BjhA. gkme iB t/y ;e/d jB fe gqhs, Bkw, puB, ;pd, frnkB,
fJj ;ko/ ;w noEK ftu nkJ/ jB. (gqhs Ppd dh atZy'A tZy o{gK ftu
384 tkoh tos'A j'Jh j?.)
000
8H ;[DBk (Bkw)
fiE/ fIzdrh bJh szdo[;s nZyK Io{oh jB, T[E/ jh ;/jswzd
ezB j'D/ Gh xZN Io{oh BjhA jB. f;nkfDnK dk efjDk j? fe nZyK BjhA
sK ozr o{g frnk. ezB BjhA sK nktkI s/ okr dh d[BhnK ysw j' iKdh
j?. j?okBh iBe ;Zu fJj j? fe B/sojhD ftnesh, j'bh^j'bh ;ko/ ezw
f;Zy b?Adk j?. fJE'A sZe fe po/b fbgh okjhA gVBk Gh f;Zy b?Adk j? s/
fbyDk th. eJh ;ko/ ftdtkB b/ykoh, eth nkfde B/sojhD ;B,
fiBK ekch BkwDk yZfNnk. d{i/ gk;/ d[y
Z dkJh gfjb{ fJj j? fe ezBK s'A
p'bk ftnesh, ftdtkB BjhA pD ;edk. T[;dhnK nZyK Gkt/A mhe
j'D, go ezBK dk mhe j'Dk nsh Io{oh j?. ezBK s'A p'bk fJB;kB p'bDk
f;Zy jh BjhA ;edk. fiE/ T[j p'bk jk? sK nkgD/ nkg jh r{zrk ofj
frnk. feT[Afe T[;B/ e'Jh nktkI BjhA ;[Dh. fJ; bJh nkgD/ nzdo
e'Jh nktkI g?dk BjhA j'Jh. i' e[M n;hA p'bDk f;Zfynk j?, fJj ;[DB
s'A pknd f;Zfynk j?. p/nzs uhIK ns/ nktkiK jB fiBK ƒ wB[Zy t/
y BjhA ;edk. go nktkI ;[De/ T[jBK pko/ pj[s e[M ikD b?Adk j?.
f;Zy b?Adk j?. P/o dh roI s/ e'fJb dk rhs, e/tb nktkI dk ikd{ jh
sK j?. toBk P/o s/ e'fJb ftu t/yD i'r sk e'Jh yk; uhI BjhA j?.
i' e[M wB[Zy B/ p'bDk fp;Zfynk j?, fJj ;[D e/ f;Zfynk j?. Gkos d/
;e{bK ekbiK ftu fJzrfbP f;Zy u[Ze/ B"i{nkBk ƒ nro fJzrb?Av,
nwohek, nk;Nq/bhnk nkfd d/PK ftu o'Irko bJh w"ek fwb/, sK
T[jBK dh fJe Pos fJj Gh j[d
z h j? fe ;kv/ d/P ftu p'bh ikD tkbh
fJzrfbP f;ZyDh gt/rh. p'bD s'A gfjbK pj[s e[ZM ;[DBk Io{oh j[zdk
j?. gVQkJh eoe/ T[jBK nZyoK dk T[ukoD n;hA d{finK e'b'A f;yd/
jB, fe T[j fet/A p'bd/ jB, ;[De/ jh ;wM nkT[Adh j?.
109
r[o{ ;kfjp d/ ;w/A f;o/ dh nDgVsk ;h. d' nZyo ikBD tkbk
;ko/ fgzv dk f;nkDk wzfBnk iKdk ;h. xo xo ftu feskpK BjhA
;B. pj[sk frnkB ;[De/ jh gqkgs ehsk iKdk ;h. fJ;/ bJh uzrk
p'bD tkb/ dh pVh edo ;h. T[; s'A e[M uzrk ;[DB ƒ fwbdk ;h. fiE/
;kX ;zs fJe d{i/ Bkb ftuko uouk eoe/ nkgD/ frnkB ftu tkXk
eod/ ;B. T[jh frnkB nZr/ nkgD/ ;/teK ƒ ;[DkT[Ad/ ;B. e'fPP
eoe/ fe;/ B/ okwkfJD wjKGkos iK fco iBw ;kyh gVBh f;Zy bJh,
sK T[; d[nkb/ ;[DB tkfbnK dk M[owN fgnk ofjzdk ;h. w?A S'Nh T[wo/
r[ow[yh nZyoK dk frnkB jk;b eo fbnk. w/fbnK s'A feZ;/ yohd e/
gVQB dh u/Ne bZr rJh. p'bhnK tkb/ eJh ;ko/ fe;/ ipkBh :kd eo
bJ/. w/o/ pkg{ ih tk;s/ fJj wkD dh rZb pD rJh. oks ;w/A fe;/ d/
xo ftu, d; gzdoK pzfdnK B/ fJeZm/ j' e/ p?m ikDk. w?A eJh eJh xzN/
, j/eK bk e/ soiK, pDk e/, T[jBK ƒ p'bhnK tkb/ feZ;/ ;[DkT[Ad/
ofjDk. e[ZM gV e/ s/ e[M ipkBh. w?ƒ T[jBK d/ noEK pko/ y[d ƒ e'Jh
;wM BjhA ;h. go ;q's/ ;[De/ pj[s y[P j[zd/. pVk fgnko fdzd/. id'A
fJ; rZb dh ;wM nkJh fe w?A i' e[M ;[Dk fojk ;h T[j fIzdrh bJh
e'Jh tXhnk ;/X d/D tkbk BjhA ;h, sK SZv fdZsk frnk. nkyh rJh
rZb ƒ fiBK B/ fXnkB Bkb ;[fDnk. Bt/A ftuko ;[De/ ihtB ftu
pdbkn nkT[Dk P[o{ j'fJnk. ;fsr[o{ ;kfjp dh T[uh ;y;hns,
eoKsheko ftuko, fiBK B/ fJekro fus ;[D/, T[j f;Zy j' rJ/. f;Zy
Gh nfij/ i' ;wki ftu uZb oj/ o'NhnK ekofD g{ofj skb (465) tkb/
Xow ƒ oZd eoB tkb/ pD rJ/. bp[ gkg[ d[fJ okik wjsk e{V[ j'nk
f;edko] ekw[ B/p[ ;fd g[Shn? pfj pfj eo/ phuko[] nzXh o:fs
frnkB ftj{Dh Gkfj Go/ w[odko[] frnkBh Bufj tki/ tktfj o{g
eofj ;hrko[.. T{u/ e{efj tkdk rktfj i'Xk ek thuko[] w{oy gzfvs
fjews j[ifs ;zi? eofj fgnko[] Xowh Xow[ eofj rktktfj, wzrfj
w'y d[nko{] ish ;dktfj i[rfs B ikDfj Sfv pjfj xo pko[]
(465)
110
;wkie Xkofwe ns/ okiBhse dbdb ftu'A ;wki ƒ pkjo
eZY d/D dk j'A;bk oZyD tkb/ f;Zy. fJjBK r[o{ eh pks ƒ ;[D b?D tkb/
w[Zmh Go pjkdoK B/ fJfsjk; dk o[y pdb e/ oZy fdZsk. ;[D b?D dk
fJj wsbp BjhA gJh f;oc fJe ezB ftu ;[fDnk d{i/ ftu'A pkjo eZY
fdZsk. T[; w[skpe ihtB uZbD pDkT[Dk j?.
“;[ f Dn? ” f;X gho ;[ f o BkE] “;[ f Dn? ” Xofs Xtb nkek;]
“;[ f Dn? ” Jh;o[ powk fJz d { ] “;[ f Dn? ” w[ f y ;kbkjD wz d [ ]
“;[fDn?” i'r i[rfs sfB G/d] “;[fDn?” ;k;s f;fwqfs t/d] (3)
r[opkDh d/ noEK pko/ p/nzs wsG/d ub/ nk oj/ jB.
:[Bhtof;NhI d/ gq'c?;o, tZvhnK fvrohnK dhnK gzvK ;KGh fcoB d/
pkti{d r[opkDh pko/ rkvh okj sK d{o dh rb, e'Jh gZrvzvh Gh BjhA
pDk ;e/. pj[fsnK ƒ sK r[opkDh d/ noE eoB/ fJe tkX{ fijk Mw/
bk gqshs j[zdk j?. eJh ;ko/ y[d pkqjwDh dbdb ftu X;/ gJ/ jB.
eJhnK ƒ B"eoh dk ysok j'D rb g?Adk j?. i/ e'Jh noEK iK fcbk;ch
pko/ fbydk Gh j?, sK T[j e/tb fJe ftnesh d/ ftuko j[zd/ jB. i'
noE v/fonK Ne;kbK ftu gVkJ/ ;[DkJ/ ik oj/ jB, T[j ;kok eKPh
s'A nkfJnk pqkjwDh euok e{Vk j?. T[jBK v/od
/ koK ns/ pkeh r[od[nkok
gqpzXeK B/) r[opkDh ƒ ewkJh dk ;kXB pDk frnk j?. r[o{ ;kfjp ƒ
g{iD :'r w{osh dh fBnkJh ;Ekgs eo fdZsk j?. w"id
{ k jkbks tk;s/
, GftZy tk;s/, r[opkDh fe; soQK dh nrtkJh fdzdh j?, fJ; Bkb e'Jh
;o'eko BjhA fojk. fJ; dk Bshik j? fe nkgD/ nkg ƒ f;Zy wzBD
nytkT[D tkb/ Gh, r[opkDh dh fJBebkph ;'u s'A e'jK d{o jB. nkU
fJ; ;[fDn? tkbhnK gzeshnK d/ noE ftukohJ/^
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ s'A frnkB ;[De/ (;[DB Bkb) f;ZXK ghoK BkEK
dh n;bhns ;kjwD/ gqsZy j' iKdh j?. gJh fJjBK ;wki ƒ T[ikVB
tkb/ ;kXK BkEK B/ b[Ne/ Gh ykXk j?, s/ e[okj/ Gh gkfJnk j?. i'rhnK
BkEK d/ wzd/ nkuoD ƒ p/god eoB tkb/ r[opkDh ftu pj[s Ppd
w"i{d jB. fiBK dk fIeo fgSb/ gzfBnK s/ nk u[Zfenk j?. fJE/ fJ;
111
soQK noE eoB/ r[opkDh dh e/Adoh ftukoXkok s'A d{o ikD tkbh rb
j'tr
/ h. “fe Bkw ;[DB Bkb f;ZXK BKEK i'rhnK tork ihtB pDk iKdk
j?.” fco fJ; s'A nrbh gzesh d/ noE fet/A eoKr/< fJ; ftu Xosh
nkekP gkskb dk fIeo j?. noE j'Dr/ Xosh nkeP gkskb nkfd
pko/ r[o{ dk frnkB ;[DB Bkb ;wM g? iKdh j?. r[o{ s'A frnkB tkbh
ftuko ;[De/, fJzdo pqjwk s/ fPt nkfd dh n;bhn sk dk gsk bZr
iKdk j?. fJE'A gq'H ;kfjp f;zx B/ Gh Ngbk ykXk j?, noE ehs/ jB,
“Bkw ;[DB tkb/ fPt pqjwk fJzdo nkfd dh gdth ;fji/ jh gqkgs eo
b?Ad/ jB.” nfij/ noEK B/ jh brksko f;ZyK ƒ wB' ebfgs d/th d/
tfsnK d/ g[ikoh pDkfJnk j?. n;b fBu'V ;h gT[Vh d/ nkyoh fjZ;/
ftu. Grs iBk dk wB ;dk ftek; ftu ns/ fyVkU (uVdhebk) ftu
ofjzdk j?. r[o{ d/ frnkB d[nkok ;oho s'A ezw b?D dh iKu nk iKdh
j?. r[o{ dk frnkB ;[De/ ;k;soK f;fwqshnK p/dK nkfd ftu i' ftuko
fby/ jB T[jBK dh n;bhns gsk br iKdh j?. fJjBK uko gT[VhnK
ftu r[o{ d/ frnkB ƒ ;[De/ ;wM b?D pko/ T[gd/P j?. fJ; soQK f;Zy
e[okj/ g?D' pu iKdk j?.
rkthn? ‘;[Dhn?’ wfB oyhn? GkT[]
d[y[ gojfo, ;[y[ xfo b? ikfJ] (ig[ ^2)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ d/ frnkB okjhA rkT[Dk, ;[DBk ns/ fBozeko dh
:kd fjod/ ftu p;k b?Dh ukjhdh j?. gqG dk fBowb frnkB wB ftu
fNeke/ oZy'. fJ; soQK (frnkB ;[DB Bkb) s[;hA d[yK s'A pu ikUr/.
;[yK dh gqkgsh eo bT[r/.
BkBe fiBh ‘;[fDn?’ wzfBnk, jT[ fsBk ftNj[ e[opkD[] (790)
j/ GkJh ` fiBK ftneshnK B/ r[o{ dh fdZsh wZs ƒ fXnkB Bkb
;[fDnk, ;[De/ wzB fbnk, T[j T[FZ sw ihB tkb/ pD rJ/, w?A pfbjko jK
T[jBK s'A.
iB BkBe p'b? pqjw phuko{] i' ;[D? ewkt? ;[ T[so? gkfo] (370)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ pqjw phuko dhnK, ihtB ;ztko d/D dhnK
112
ftukoK ;[Dk fojk j?. ;z;ko ;kro s'A soBr/ e/tb T[j b'e, i' ;[De/
wzB b?Dr/.
fw;kb bJh gkobhw?AN ftu e'Jh ekƒB gk; ehsk iKdk j?.
;kohnK Io{oh ekotkJhnK s'A wro'A Sgtk e/ T[j ndkbsK ftu gj[zu
iKdk j?. g[fb; d/ ekƒBh ftGkr e'b g[Zi iKdk j?. tehbK e'b nk
iKdk j?. j'o e'Jh yohd e/ gVQBk ukj/ gVQ ;edk j?, i/ T[; ekƒB ƒ
iZi gV sK b?D go T[; ƒ ;wMe/ fe;/ ngokXh ƒ ;Ik Bk d/D, iK p/
d'PhnK ƒ ;IktK d/Jh ikD. fco eh T[j iZi nkgDh e[o;h s/ ofj ;e/
rk< i[nkp sbph eoB s/ iZi nkyh ikt/,” w? gfVQnk sK j? g[fb; tkb/
ekƒB fto'Xh ezw eoB tkfbnK ƒ Bk cVB, sK ;'u' d/P ftu fej/ fij/
jkbks j' ikDr/< g[ZSD s/ g[fb; w[yh nkyh ikt/, 'w?A ekƒB dhnK
feskpK sK gVQhnK j?. gVQhnK dk ckfJdk sd'A j?, i/ T[jBK ftu fby/
n;{b bkr{ eotkJ/ ikD.
fJ;/ soQK r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ƒ gVQBk iK ;[DBk uzrk j? go ;[De/
wzBDk j?, bkr{ eoBk j?, toBk wzso ikgK, Bkw f;woD, ;osK
i'VBhnK ;kj j/mK T[s/ eoB/, p/eko dh w[PZes j?. nfij/ c'eN ezwK
ftu'A Bk gfjbK e[M fBefbnk j? Bk nZr' fBebBk j?. iK g{o/ gzE ftu'A
fe;/ fJe Gh ihts ftnesh dk Bkw gsk d; fdT[ sK fe gsk bkfJnk
ik ;e/ fe T[;d/ nzdo f;woB eoB Bkb eh pdbkU nkfJnk j?. f;Zy
gzE tk;s/ T[j eh eo fojk j?< e[Zb wB[Zysk ƒ fet/A ;/X d/ ;edk j?,
iK T[; ftu e'Jh eokwksh PeshnK nk rJhnK jB< id'A Bkw pko/
fJjBK gkyzvhnK Bkb rZb eo' sK fJT[A nky e/ gZbk S[vk b?Ad/ jB GkJh
fJj sK nB[Gt dhnK rZbK jB, r[zr/ dh wfmnkJh j?. fJ; ƒ e'Jh
fpnkB BjhA eo ;edk. Xow d/ u'b/ gke/, Xow ;EkB T[;ko e/ r[o{
dh pkDh gVe/ fJj ;kX bkDk ;ZiD mZr ƒ gSkV frnk j?. T[dA' sK fJe'
;h, nZi sK frDsh BjhA j?. ;ZiD sK ;[Xo frnk ;h s/ nZi d/
pfjo{ghJ/ sK ;w[Zu/ gzE dk y{B ghe/ Gh ;[XoB tkb/ BjhA jB. fJjBK
ftu'A pj[fsnK dh ;oekoK Bkb ;KM fGnkbh j?. i/ e'Jh fJjBK ƒ o'e/
113
N'e/ sK T[; ftnesh Bkb T[; dh j?;hns w[skpe e'Jh Gh ;b{e ehsk
ik ;edk j?. “PKsh d/ g[zi Xowkswk b'e ;[nk; ;[nk; Bkw f;woD
eoB tkb/”, nkgD/ Bkb J/He/H^47 okJhcbK, tkb/ pkvh rkovK okjhA
i' uj[D eotk ;ed/ jB.
;[ f D ;[ f D f;y jwkoh..
;[feqs ehsk oj;h w/o/ ihnV/ pj[fV B nkt? tkoh] (154)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh (ihtB dkB d/D tkbh) P[G
Z f;Zfynk ;[D b?.
G?Vh feos ed/ Bk eoh. (u'oh mZrh X'yk co/p jZe wkoBk nkfd)
;[feos eoh. Gkt/A o[Zyh, ;[Zyh, yk e/ r[Ikok eoBk gt/, go G?V/
sohfenK d[nkok XB Bk ewkJh. fJ; soQK s{z ihtB ƒ ;cbk eo bt/
Ark. BjhA sK s[{z fijk ;z;ko s/ nkfJnk fijk Bk nkfJnk.
;G/ rbK ikshnK ;[fD e? u[g ehnk]
edjh ;[ofs B bZXhnk, wkfJnk w'jfVnk]
d/fJ p[Mkosk ;kosk, ;/ nyh fvmfVnk]
e'Jh fi w{oy[ b'Ghnk, w{fb B ;[Dh efjnk (218)
j/ GkJh ` w{oy fJB;kB ƒ pko^pko ;wMkfJnk. p[okJh s'A
w'V e/ Gb/ okj s/ N[oB dh pj[s g/qoBk ehsh. w{oy B/ ;[fDnk j?, jK
ehsh j?, fco u[g eoe/ p?m frnk ezw e'Jh BjhA ehsk. ftekoK ftu
rbskB j'fJnk wB ikrD dk Bkw jh BjhA b?Adk. wkfJnk wBk T[s/
jkth j' rJh j?. ;G e[M ;[D e/ p; pjkB/ jh xVdk fojk. g[Zm/ f;ZX/
;tkb eoe/ jh ;kodk fojk ehsk e[M Gh BjhA. ni/j/ b'e popkd j[zd/
w?A (r[o{ B/ ) nkgDhnK nZyK Bkb t/y/ jB. r[bkwh, rohph, fpwkohnK
nDgVsk, nfrnkBsk, ;G nbkwsK w"id
{ j'D s/ wB[y
Z fco Gh pjkB/
xV e/ ;kodk j?. w{oy s/ b'Gh wB[Zy nkfynk ;[DB s/ wzBD bJh
fsnko BjhA j[zdk. nfij/ wBw[yK dk GftZy Gh nzXeko jh oj/rk.
fJ; goEkJ/ fJe Ppd j'o ftuko bJhJ/ fe Bkw “f;owB” wzso ikg
iK Xow rzqEK d/ gkm feT[A eohd/ jBL

114
s? Bo, fenk g[okB[ ‘;[fB’ ehBk]
nBgktBh Grfs B T[gih, G{y? dk B[ BdhBk ]ojkT[]
ekw[ B fp;foU, e'qX[ B fp;foU, b'G[ B S{fNU d/tk]
go fBzdk w[y s/ BjhA S{Nh, fBcb GJh ;G ;/tk]
pkN gkfo xo[ w{f; fpokB', g/N[ Go? ngqkXh]
fifj gob'e ikfJ ngehofs, ;'Jh nfpfdnk ;kXh]
fjz;k sT[ wB s/ Bjh S{Nh ihn dfJnk Bjh gkbh]
gowkBzd ;kX;zrfs fwfb, eEk g[Bhs B ukbh (1253)
j/ fJB;kB ` Xow g[;seK gV ;[De/ s? eh ehsk< s{z ;'u e/
d; eh fJZSk ofjs Xow Gkt nzdo g?dk j'fJnk< s{z edh fBnk;o/
b'VtzdK dh fe;/ gqeko ;jkfJsk ehsh< j/ GkJh s{z Xow rqE
z ;[De/ ekw
tk;Bk s/ ekp{ gk fbnk< eh s{z Bkw ;[De/ e'qX ƒ fp;ko fdZsk< fes/
b'G s/o/ nzdo mkmK sK BjhA wko fojk< s{z ;kok ;wK b'eK dh fBzfdnk
jh sK BjhA eodk ofjzzdK< Xow g[;seK gV ;[De/ s? e'Jh nwb Bh
ehsk fe BjhA< ftykt/ wkso i' s{z ;/tk Gh ehsh j?, fJjBK wzdhnK
nkdsK ekoB T[j Gh p/eko jh frDh ikt/rh. GkJh s{z Xow g'EhnK
pj[s gVhnK jB. gokJ/ xo b[ZND'A Gh Pow BjhA ehsh. eh wsbp
j? Xow rzqEK d/ gkmK dk< GkJh pkjo' pVk Xowh pfDnk fd;dk j?.
:kd oZyh s/ok b'e gob'e (GftZy) ;G spkj j' fojk j?. go fJe s{z
j? fe T[bNh ftZfdnk gV bJh, Gkt rbs ezw eoB' pki BjhA nkT[Adk.
Bkw ;[DB s/ igD dk gkyzv eoB tkb/ Bk;wM. s/o/ nzdo d{i/ ƒ ysw
eo d/D dh fposh T[;bt[ZN/ b? ojh j?. s/o/ wB ftu fgnko ns/
dfJnk GktBk g?dk BjhA j'Jh. eh ckfJdk j? t/d nkfd rqzE gVB dk.
B/e g[oPK dh ;zrs ftu T[sw doi dh e'Jh f;Zfynk BjhA bJh. s/ok
ihtB gftZsosk tkbk BjhA pfDnk nkj Xow g'EhnK Bkw f;woD
wzso ikg fe; noE< eh ;kv/ “Bkw o;hJ/”, nfij/ PpdK ƒ gVQe/
edh ;wMD dh y/ub eoBr/<
(;[DBk, ;[fD, ;[fDn?, ;[Dhn?, nkfd o{gK ftu fJ; dh tos'A 702 tkoh
j'Jh j?)
000
115
9H wzBDk (Bkw)
wzB/ eh rfs ejh B ikfJ] i/ e' ej? fgS/ gS[skfJ]
ekrfd ebw B fbyD jko{] wzB/ ek pfj eofB thuko[]HHH
wzB? ;[ofs j't? wfB p[fX] wzB? ;rb GtD eh ;[fX] (ig[^3)
j/ GkJh ` wzB b?D tkfbnK dh nt;Ek fpnkB BjhA ehsh ik
;edh. r[o{ d/ frnkB okjhA, oZph n;{b ƒ ;wM b?D tkfbnK dh
wkBf;e nt;Ek i' e'Jh fpnkB eoB dh e'fPP eodk j?. wro'A
gSskT[Adk j? fe w?A g{oh soQK fpnkB BjhA eo ;fenk. ekrI ebwk
f;nkjh fezBh Gh tos bJhJ/, go wzB b?D dh T[usk fpnkB BjhA ehsh
ik ;edh. Bkw ƒ (r[o{ T[gd/P) ;theko eo b?D tkfbnk dh ;{osh
fNe iKdh j? s/ p[ZXh ftPkb j' iKdh j?. ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ soQK d/ frnkB
Bkb wB[Zy Gog{o j' iKdk j?. nfijh T[FZuh nt;Ek j? T[jBK dh fizBK
B/ wzB fbnk.
;{eo ;[nkB roXp wzikok] g;{ wb/S Bhu uzvkbk]
r[o s/ w[j[ c/o/ fsB, i'fB GtkJhn?] pzXfB pkfXnk nkJhn? ikJhn?]
;kuh dorj g{S B j'fJ] “wkB? j[ew[” ;hM? dfo ;'fJ] (832)
j/ GkJh ` fiBK B/ frnkB T[gd/P ;[De/ wzfBnk BjhA. r[o{ d/
nky/ bZr/ BjhA, T[jBK dk ihtB nsh fBZxo frnk. (r[bkwh, p/gsh,
nDgVQsk, fpwkohnK, trkoK eoBhnK) fJjBK nbkwsK ekoB wB[Zy
;{o tKr g/N Go fojk j?, ;G ek;/ s'A p/ypo. e[Zs/ tKr N[efVnKs/
gb fojk j?. g{oh soQK p/p; j?. y's/ tKr Gko Y' fojk j?. Bk;wMh
ftu fIzdrh rztk fojk j?. fpZb/ tKr ubkehnK eoe/, ezw ;koBk
ukj[zdk j?. P/o tKr djkVe/ w?dkB ftu fBZvoBk BjhA ukj[zdk. fJj
fJB;kB wkB' fBr gP{ pD u[Zfenk j?. w?b Bkb Gfon wb/S. BhthA
fposh ekoB Bhusk dhnK ;G jZdK gko eo frnk j?. wB[y
Z uzvkb pD
u[Zfenk j?, fet/A< r[o{ dh f;Zfynk s'A pr?o. fiBK B/ r[o{ s'A w{zj c/fonk
T[jh GNeDk ftu g? rJ/. T[jBK dk fJjh ihtB Boe tork pD
frnk. fBsfdB d[Zy G'rd/ eJh soQK dhnK gP{ (i{BK) fposhnK ftu
116
ftuod/ jB. fJj jo soQK d/ r[bkkwh d/ ;zrb, e/tb r[o{ s'V ;edk
j?. fJ; bJh r[o{ dh nkyh rb wzB bJhJ/. ftZfdnk frnkB jk;b
eoe/ w[esh gqkgs eoB d/ Yzr ;wM nk ikDr/.
;/te f;y g{iD ;fG nktfj, ;fG rktfj jfo jfo T[sw pkBh]
rkftnk ;[fDnk fsB e jfo EkfJ gkt?
fiB ;fsr[o eh nkfrnk ;fs ;fs efo wkBh] (669)
j/ GkJh ` rbhpkshA ;/te pDB tkb/ pj[s f;Zy jB. r[o{ Bkb
fgnko eoB d/ pV/ dwri/ wkod/ jB. pj[s ;koh pkDh Gh gVd/ jB
ns/ rkT[Ad/ jB. go GkJh gfVnk, rkfJnk, ;[fDnk sK gqtkB wzfBnk
ikt/rk i/ r[o{ dk j[ew wzB' sK. toBK fJj ;G p/eko dh fefonk j?.
fJ; soQK ihtB ;cbk BjhA j'Dk.
r[fo ‘efjnk’ ;k eko ewktj[]
;pd[ uhfBQ ;ji xfo nktj[];ku? BkfJ tvkJh gktj[] (832)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ i' ezw eoB tk;s/ efjzdk j? T[jh ezw eoB/
ukjhd/ jB. r[o{ d/ Ppd dh id'A ;wM nk rJh, sd'A fNekT[ fwb ikt/
rk. ;u/ Bkw (r[o{ dh f;Zfynk) Bkb ;wki ftu fJIZs wkD fwb/rk.
wkB? j[ew[ ;'j? dfo ;ku?, nkeh wofj nckoh]
izrw i'X ish ;fBnk;h, r[fo g{o/ thukoh]
fpB[ ;/tk cb[ epj[ B gktf;, ;/tk eoDh ;koh] (992)
j/ GkJh ` i' ;/te r[o{ j[ew wzB bt/rk, T[jh fBozeko ƒ uzrk
brdk j?. i' j[ew wzBD s'A pkrh jB, T[j sK nkgD/ jh jzeko ftu
nkco e/ wo ikD tkb/ jB. T[jBK ;wki dk ;ztkoBk e[M
Z BjhA. izrw
(NZbhnK yVekT[D tkb/ ;kX) i'rh, tZv/ tZv/ ;{ow/, ish, pqjwukoh ns/
;fBnk;h ;kX, fJjBK d/ ihtB ƒ r[o{ B/ goy ftuko fbnk j?. fJjBK
;wki dh e'Jh ;/tk BjhA ehsh. p/eko ftu jh nkgD/ ;oho ƒ e;N
fdZs/ jB. ;/tk eoBh ns/ nkgDk ihtB ftekoK s'A ofjs gftZso
pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJjh ftuko ;G s'A T[FZsw j?. gkme iB' ` jo
Ppd dk fBu'V fJjh fBeb/rk fe r[o{ dk j[ew wzB bU. sK jh s[jkvk
117
Gbk j't/rk. j[ew f;woD Bkw s/ wzBDk (j[ew wzBDk) ;wnoEK ftu
nkJ/ jB.
(r[opkDh ftu wzBDk, wfBnk, wzB,? wzB' nkfd o{gK Bkb 189 tkoh
nkfJnk j?)
10H fXnkT[Dk (Bkw)
r[B ej[ jfo bj[ efo ;/tk ;fsr[o
fJt jfo jfo “Bkw fXnkJhA” ]
jfo i;[ T{u ;GBk s/ T{gfo, jfo jfo jfo ;/ft SvkJh] (669)
j/ GkJh ` r[DK ƒ XkoB eo, joh ƒ fXnkT[D dk fJjh we;d
j? fe wB[y
Z r[DK Bkb Gog{o j' ikt/. r[o{ dh nkyh rb wzB bt/. fJjh
j? Bkw fXnkT[Dk. joh dk r[D rkT[Dk pkeh ;kohnK GrshnK Bkb'A ;q/
Pm j?. fBozeko dk Bkw s?ƒ n'r[D s'A puk bt/rk. pzXBK s'A w[efs
eo d/t/rk.
jT[tkoh x[zwk iktdk] fJe ;kjk s[X[ “fXnkfJdk”] (73)
j/ gqw/Po ih. w?A pko^pko s/o/ ehs/ ezwK s'A ofjwsK poesK
s'A e[opkB iktK e[opkB iktK. fJ;/ bJh fpBK nkb; ehfsnK w?A s?ƒ
fXnkT[Adk (:kd eodk ofjzdk) jK.
f;wfo f;wfo gqG GJ/ nBzdk d[y eb/; ;fG Bkm/]
“r[B rkts fXnkts” gqG{ ngBk ekoi ;rb/ ;km/ (625)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko ƒ u/s/ ftu oZyh (r[o{ d/ j[ew w[skpe ezw
eoh) fco T[j so[m e/ s?ƒ ftekoK s'A ofjs eo d/t/rk. s?ƒ T[;d/
n;{b dh ;wM nk ikt/rh. s{z f;owdk oj[, rkT[dk oj[, fXnkT[dk
oj[. s/o/ ;ko/ ekoi ok; nk ikDr/. gkme fXnkB d/D, T[go fJe'
EK f;wo, fXnkJ/, s/ rkJ/@, fszB/ Ppd fJeZm/ nkJ/ jB. fszBK dk
noE fJe' jh j?. r[o{ dh fdZsh wZs w[skpe ihtB fpskT[Dk.
;' gqG[ B/o? j[{ s/ B/o?..
f;wfo, ‘fXnkfJ’
fXnkfJ’, rkfJ r[D r'fpzd fdB o?fD ;KM ;t/o.? .(530)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko s/o/ B/V/ s'A B/V/ j?. d{o ikD dh, xo
118
fsnkrD dh b'V BjhA j?. T[; B{z f;wodk oj[, T[; B{z brksko
fXnkT[Adk oj[. fpBK o[e/ s'A, gow/;o B{z rkT[Adk oj[. fdB/ Gh oks
B{z Gh, ;t/o/ Pkw Gh. Gkt fe edh ft;ko Bk d/th.
;qtDh ;[Dhn?, o;Bk rJhn?, fjod? “fXnkJhn?” ;'Jh..
eoD ekoD ;woE ;[nkwh, ik s/ fpqEk Bk e'Jh..(611)
j/ ` GkJh gow/;o dk Bkw (r[o{ dk T[gd/;a) ezB d/ e/ ;[DBk ukjhdk
j?. ipkB Bkb ;dk r[D rkT[Ad/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fjod/ ftu T[; dh
:kd ;dk t;k e/ oZyhJ/. feT[Afe ;kohnK PeshnK dk wkbe oZp jh
j?. ;G e[M eoB d/ ;woE j?. T[; d/ j[ew s'A gotkjok j' e/, e'Jh
uZb BjhA ;edk.
;k p[fX dhi?, fis[ th;ofj Bkjh.
;k wfs dhi?, fis[ s[X[ “fXnkJh”.. (100)
j/ gowkswk ih ` wZs (neb) d/j, fe s?B{z ;dk fXnkT[Adk ojK. Gkt
fe s/o/ j[ew ftu ihtB pshs eoK.
000
11 puB (Bkw)
fJjBK nrb/ r[o{ PpdK ftu n;hA t/yKr/ fe ‘‘puB@ Gh Bkw
iK r[ows d/ goEkJ/ tofsnk frnk j?. d[jokn s'A pu e/, fJe'
ftuko B{z eJh eJh YzrK Bkb ;wMkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?.
r[o e? ‘‘pufB@ w'fj gowrfs gkJh.. r[fo g{ o ? w/oh g?i oykJh..
r[o e/ ‘‘pufB@ fXnkfJU w'fj BkT[.. r[ogo;kfd w'fj fwfbnk EkT[..
r[o e/ ‘‘pufB@ ;[fD o;B tykDh.. r[o{ feogk s/ nzfwqs w/oh pk
tykD Dh . .
pkD
r[o e? ‘‘pufB@ fwfNnk w/ok Gow[.. r[o{ e? ‘‘pufB@ g/fyU ;G[ pqjw[ .. (239)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ d/ puB (T[gd/; O Bkw) ;[D ;wM e/, w/oh
nkswe nt;Ek T[uh j' rJh j?. g{o/ r[o{ B/ w/oh fJZis oZy bJh j?.
w?A r[o{ d/ ‘‘puB@ okjh ‘‘Bkw@ fXnk fbnk j?. r[o{ dh feogk d[nkok
w/ok wB nv'b j' frnk j?. r[o{ dk ‘‘puB@ ;[D e/ w?A T[; B{z pko pko
T[ukoD eodk jK. o;Bk okjhA d{finK B{z ;[DkT[Adk jK. r[o{ dh feogk
119
Bkb w/oh ipkB (p'b pkDh) nzfwqs torh fwZmh j' rJh j?. r[o{ d/
‘‘puB@ Bkb w/o/ wB d/ ;ko/ Gow fwN rJ/ jB. nfijk T[FZsw T[gd/
; (puB) j? r[o{ dk fe w?B{z jo EK fBozeko d/ jh doPB j' oj/ jB.
i' y{phnK ‘‘Bkw@ ftu frDkJhnK rJhnK jB. ‘‘Bkw@ ig
e/ i' e[M
Z gqkgs j'D dk ftPtk; d[nkfJnk iKdk j?. T[jh ;kok e[M r[o{
d/ ‘‘puB@ ftu'A gqkgs j[d
z k Gh dZf;nk frnk j?. fco ;'uDk gt/rk fe
‘‘Bkw@ ns/ ‘‘puB@ fJe' uhi jB fe tZyo/<
r[o{ ek ‘‘puB@ ;dk nfpBk;h.. r[o{ e? ‘‘puB@ eNh iw ck;h..
r[o{ ek ‘‘puB@ ihnk e? ;zfr.. r[o e? ‘‘pufB@ ou? okw e? ozfr..
r[o ek ‘‘puB@ gqrN ;z;kfo.. r[o e? ‘‘puB@ B nkt? jkfo..(177)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dk Ppd d/y wodk BjhA Gkt fe T[sw thuko
;dk jh wB[ysk dk efbnkd eod/ jB. r[o{ d/ puBK okjh ;ko/ pzXB
s'V fdZs/ jB. g{oh soQK w[es eo fdZsk j?. r[o{ dk puB ;dk iht d/
Bkb Bkb ofj e/ oZfynk eodk j?. Gkt fe p[okJhnK s'A puD bJh
;ktXkB eodk j?. r[o{ d/ d;/ sohe/ d[nkok, oZp B{z gk bJhdk j?. r[o{
dk nkfynk puB fes/ iKdk BjhA, ;dk ekfJw j?, b'V j? ;wMD dh.
fJ; puB (T[gd/;) okjhA joh d/ r[D rkJhd/ jB. r[o{ dk puB fiE/
y[d pj[s wjkB j?. T[E/ wzBD tkfbnK B{z Gh wjkB pDk fdzdk j?. r[o{
dk puB wB[Zy B{z ;wki ftu T[uk o[spk fdtkD dh ;woEk oydk j?.
i/ wB[Zy r[o{ d/ puB (j[ew) B{z gotkB eo bt/. fco gZek ftPtkP
j?, fe fIzdrh ftu edh jko BjhA j't/rh.
r[ow[fy i'fs Gbh f;t Bheh, nkfB gkBh ;efs Gohi?
w?B dzs fBe;/ ‘‘r[opuBh@, ;ko[ ufp ufp jfo o;[ ghi?.. (1324)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ tZb'A fdZs/ rJ/ ftuko pj[s T[FZsw jB. i/ r[o{
dh wZs w[y fjod/ ftu t;k bt/, sK wkfJnk d/ jwb/ BjhA j[zd/. ;r'A
wkfJnk dk;h pDe/ ;/tk eodh j?.r[o{ dh feogk Bkb nfijk fnkB
gqrN j' frnk j?, wkB' w'w d/ dzd b'jk puD dh Pesh tkb/ pD rJ/
. i/jV/ ezw Bkw;Mh ekoB n;zGt brd/ jB. frnkB nk ikD ekoB,
120
T[jBK jh ;[ykb/ j' rJ/. ‘‘r[o puBh@ dk Gkt j? fe r[o{ dh f;Zfynk
Bkb.
r[ o ek “puB” p;? ihn Bkb/ . .
ib BjhA v{p?, s;eo BjhA bt?, Gkfj B ;ke? ikb/.. (679)
j/ GkJh ` nro r[o{ dk T[gd/P (puB) fjod/ ftu pf;nk j't./ fco
wB[Zy ;z;ko ;w[zdo ftu v[pdk BjhA. gzi ekwkfde t?oh wB[Zy B[z e[okj/
BjhA gk ;eDr/. fsqPBk, b'G, eo'X nkfd dh nZr ftu fco fJB;kB
;Vdk BjhA j?. r[o{ dk ‘‘puB@ (T[sw thukoXkok) ed/ fpB;dk
BjhA. nZi Gh r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp d/ o{g ftu e[b wB[Zysk B{z nrtkJh d/
D d/ ;woZE j?.
fJ; Ppd Bkb pVhnK jk;' jhDhnK ejkDhnK Gh eJh ;ko/
b/yeK gqukoeK B/ i'VhnK j'JhnK jB. fiBK dk e'Jh ftfrnkBe
nkXko BjhA j?. Bk fJ; soQK ed/ tkgfonk j?, Bk tkgo ;edk j?.
Xkowe ;N/iK s/ p/jZd M{m p'fbnk iKdk j?.
n;fEo ojo[ v'bj[ ws epj[, r[o e? ‘‘puB@ nkXkfo..
i? i? eko ;rb G{ wzvb, w[y T[ib dopkfo.. (678)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ d/ puB (PpdOBkwOT[gd/;) B{z ihtB bJh
nrtkJh dk nkXko pDkT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK s[jkvk wB wIp{s
j' ikt/rk. nv'b nt;Ek ftu wB[Zy e'Jh Gh ezw eo/, ;cbsk gqkgs
eo b?Adk j?. fJe tkoh ;cbsk BjhA fwbh, sK mozw/ Bkb fco fsnkoh
eodk j?. d{pkok ekw:kph bJh j'o fdqV j' e/, e'fPP eodk j?.
nfij/ nv'b nt;Ek ftu wB[Zy e'Jh Gh ezw eo/, ;cbsk gqkgs eo
b?Adk j?. d[pkok ekw:kph bJh j'o fdqV j' e/, e'fPP eodk j?. nfijh
nv'b nt;Ek tkb/ wB[Zy dh ;ko/ fes/ ;'Gk, i? i? eko j[zdh j/. T[j
wB[Zy nkgDk ihtB ;cb eo b?Adk j?.
;fs ‘‘puB@ Bkbe[ ej?, gqrN ;G wkfj..
gqG e/ ;/te ;ofD gqG, fsB eT[ GT[ Bkfj.. (815)
j/ GkJh ` (;/te BkBe) ;Zu c[owkB eodk j?. fJj rb e[b b'ekJh
121
ftu wzBD:'r j?. i' fBozeko d/ ;/te j[d
z / jB, T[j ;dk Gb/ ezw eod/
jB. jo tes gow/;o B{z jkio Bkio ikDd/ jB. nfij/ ;/teK B{z
fco e'Jh vo G?, gq/PkB BjhA eo ;edk.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘puB@ dh tos'A nbZr nbZr o{gK ftu 100 tkoh j'Jh
j? )
000
12H nkokXDk (Bkw)
fit/A fgSb/ gzfBnK s/ ‘‘Bkw@ d/ ;wnoEh eJh Ppd t/y/
jB. nkokXDk Gh ‘‘Bkw@ dh EK tofsnk frnk j?. o"uesk ekfJw
oZyD tk;s/ ;fsr[o{ ih B/ pj[s e'fPP ehsh. wsk fes/ ;/te pkDh
gVQB s'A jh w{j
z Bk w'V b?D. i/ gVQBh jh fsnkr fdZsh, fco wZs fe;B{z
d/tKrk< Io{oh j? fe pkDh dh o"uesk jo jhbk tos e/ poeoko oZyh
ikt/. fJ; bJh r[opkDh ftu ‘‘Bkw@ dk ;wnoEh Ppd ‘‘nkokXDk@
Gh nkfJnk j?. nkT[ fJ; d/ gqwkD ftukohJ/.
iB BkBe Bkw ‘‘nkokfXnk@ nkokfX jfo fwfbnk.. (450)
j/ GkJh ` fJe wB fBozeko B{z nkokfXnk (r[o{ dh wZs bJh)
s/ nkokXD Bkb joh pko/ ;'Mh nk rJh.
d[y GziB s/ok Bkw ih, d[y GziB s/ok Bkw[..
nkm gjo ‘‘nkokfXn?@ g{ob ;fsr[o frnkB[.. (218)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko dh :kd (BkwOr[oT[gd/;) ;ko/ d[yK dk
ykswk eob tkbk j?. j'o tkX{ fefonktK ftu ;wK popkd eoB dh
b'V BjhA e/tb joh B{z :kd oyhJ/. nZm gfjo (u"th xzN/) jh ;fsr[o{
d/ pyfPP ehs/ frnkB B{z nwb ftu fbnkJhJ/. fJE/ ftP/P fXnkB d/
Dk fe ‘‘frnkB@, nkokfXnk iK ifgnk BjhA iKdk. frnkB sK fjod/
ftu p;kJhdk j?. r[o{ dh fdZsh wZs B{z ;wM e/, T[; w[skpe ezw eohdk
j?. frnkB B{z e'Jh BjhA ig ;edk.
fdB[ oksh ‘‘nkokXj[@ fgnko/ fBwy B ehi? Yhbk.. (498)
j/ GkJh ` nkb; Bk eo', fYZb wZm ftu ;wK ftnkoE Bk rtkU.
122
fdB oks brksko ;ktXkB j' e/, ihtB pshs eo'. nfij/
T[sw sohe/ fe ihtB wB'oE g{ok j' ikt/..
;fsr[o g{o/ ‘‘;/ftn?@ d[yK ek j'fJ Bkw[..
BkBe Bkfw ‘‘nkokfXn?@ ekoi[ nkt? okf;.. (320)
j/ GkJh ` g{o/ ;fsr[o{ s'A P[ZG wZs g? e/, ;[uZik ihtB pshs
eoBk ukjhdk j?. ;fsr[o{ d/ T[gd/; Bkb, p[okJhnK s'A pu ikJhdk j?.
fteko fJ; soQK B/V/ BjhA cNed/. nekb g[oy d/ Bkw B{z ‘‘nkokXD@
Bkb ;ko/ ekoi ok; nk ikDr/. Gkt r[o{ ws d/ e/ p[okJhnK s'A puk
bt/rk.
wzsq w{b ;fsr[o ‘‘puB@, fJe wfB j'fJ ‘‘nkokX/@ e'Jh.. (Gkr[ L 26^6)
j/ GkJh ` w{b wzso (;kfonK dk w[ZY) eh j?< e'Jh d' uko
nZyoK dk Bkw w{b wzso BjhA j?. ;fsr[o{ ih tb'A T[ukoB ehs/ puB
jh ‘‘w{b wzso@ jB. fJ; s'A tZyok e'Jh w{b wzso BjhA. r[o{ dh pkDh
fJekro fuZs jo e'Jh gVQ/, nkokXDk eo/, fJjh ;ko/ wzsoK dk tZvk
wzso j?. (r[opkDh ftu nkokXDk, nkokXhn?, nkokX', nkfd o{gK
ftu fJ; dh 112 tkoh tos'A j'Jh j?).
000

13H rkT[Dk (Bkw)


r[opkDh ftub/ j'o PpdK tKr ‘‘rkT[Dk@ Ppd dh Gh pj[s
rbs tos'A j'Jh j?. fJ; B{z ;kiK Bkb, Y'beh, S?fDnK Bkb, rkT[Dk
wzB fbnk frnk j?. fJ; soQK noE eoB/, ;ok;o rbs j?. i/
‘‘rkT[Dk@ gzeshnK d/ noE ;kiK Bkb ehosB eoBk fwZEKr/, sK r[opkDh
ftu sK ;k; ;k; ‘‘rkT[Dk@ fbfynk j'fJnk j?. ;[fsnk ikrfdnK,
T[mfdnK, p?mfdnK, ubfdnK p?fmnK, ;dk rkT[Ad/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?.
eh fJ; soQK noE eoB/ tkip jB< fJ; soQK e'Jh rkT[D dh ;woEk
oydk j?< nkU PpdK d/ gowkDK ftu'A nrtkJh gqkgs eohJ/^
T{ms p?ms ;'ts fXnkJhn?.. wkofr ubs, jo/ jfo rkJhn?.. (386)
123
j/ GkJh ` T[mfdnK, p?mfdnK, ;"AfdnK ikrfdnK, ;dk gow/
;o B{z ‘‘fXnkT[Dk@ ukjhdk j?. o;s/ ubfdnK, joh gow/;o B{z
rkT[Ad/ ofjDk ukjhdk j?. n;b ftu wkor dk wfjBk nkw okj BjhA
j?. grvzvh iK ;Ve BjhA j?. ;r'A ‘‘ihtB dk okj@ j?. Gkt fe
‘‘GkJh ihtB bJh r[o{ s'A okj g[S
Z e/ ubdk ukjhdk j?, sK fe e[okj/
Bk g? ikJhJ/. fIzdrh ftnoE Bk ubh ikt/.@ fdB Go e'Jh fJB;kB
rb ftu ;ki gk e/, r[opkDh rk BjhA ;edk. noE j'Dr/ ‘‘jo ;w/
A fBozeko B{z u/s/ oZy'.@
fdB[ Gh rktT[, o?Bh rktT[ ;kf; ;kf; o;Bkoh.. (401)
j/ GkJh ` w?A fdB/ (;kok fdB) eosko d/ fwZm/ rhs rkT[Adk ofjzdk jK.
;koh oks Gh w/oh (nu/s ;[u/s ;dk) fJ; gqG{ dh :kd ftu phsdh j?.
w?A sK jo ;[nk; Bkb jh fgnko/ d/ rhs rkT[Adk jK Gkt fe r[o{ tZbA'
fdZsh wZs w[skpe, fizdrh pshs eodk jK.
r[ D “rkts” wB[ jfonk j' t ? . eEk ;[ D s wb[ ;rbh y' t ? . ..(104)
(104)
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o d/ r[D rkT[Ad/ ofjD Bkb, wB y/V/ ftu nk
iKdk j?. T[dk;h g'j BjhA ;edh, ;dk nBzd nt;Ek ftu ofj ;ehdk
j?. eEk thuko (n;b ftu r[o{ dk T[gd/;) ;[Dd/ ofjD Bkb ;'Mh
nkT[Adh j?. i/ wB rbshnK eodk ;h, sK eEk ;[De/ okj f;o nk
frnk s/ rbshnK eoB' jN frnk. ftekoK dh w?b B/V/ BjhA cNedh.
eEk, ehosB[, okr, Bkd, X[fB, fJj[ pfBU ;[nkU..
BkBe gqG ;[gq;zB GJ/, pkSs cb gkU.. (818)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ d/ j[ew B{z ;wMD tk;s/, eEk T[sw sohek j?.
i/ eEk eoB tkbk ftnesh ftdtkB j't./ ftfrnkBe nkXko tkbh
goT[gekoh ;'u j't./ nkgDh fBZih bkb;k, g?;/ nkfd roi, b/; wkso
Bk j't./ T[; dh ehsh eEk o;dkfJe j'tr
/ h. Bkb jh ;qf' snK d/ ihtB
ftu spdhbh fbnkJ/rh. ‘‘ehosB@ Ppd ‘‘ehosh@ s'A pfDnk j?.
fi; dk wsbp j? ‘‘i;, ;'Gk, tfvnkJh, T[;ss.@ fBozeko dh ;'Gk
eoe/, nkgD/ ihtB B{z ;ztkoBk j[zdk j?. gow/;o pko/ nkw wB[Zy B{z
124
e'Jh frnkB BjhA j?. w'N/ s"o s/ fJT[A fejk ik ;edk j?, fe ‘‘f;Zy B{z
fit/A r[opkDh okjhA wZs fdZsh rJh j?, T[; B{z ;wM/, ;theko eo/.@
fJj ehosh (ehosB) ;kiK d[nkok Gh ehsh ik ;edh j?, fpBK ;kiK
s'A Gh pkDh gVQh thukoh ik ;edh j?. nZr/ rkT[D dhnK pj[s ;kohnK
ftXhnK jB. okr okrDhnK dhnK nBzs fe;wK jB. fJjBK ftu'A
g?dk ehshnK rJhnK, wBw'je X[BhnK jB. fJj ;G pj[s ;[nkdb/
jB. go n;b fBu'V dh rb fJj j? fe gqG{ gq;zB j' ikt/. r[opkDh
okjhA oZph fBnw B[z ;wM e/, wB fJZSs cb gqkgs ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.
;GBk okrk ftfu ;' Gbk GkJh, fis[ tf;nk wfB nkfJ..
okr[ Bkd[ ;G[ ;u[ j?, ehwfs ejh B ikfJ..
okr? Bkd? pkjok fJBh j[ew[ B p{fMnk ikfJ.. (1423)
j/ GkJh ` ;ko/ okrK ftu'A T[jh okr uzrk j?, fi; Bkb fBozeko
fjod/ ftu p; ikt/. (r[o{ dk T[gd/; ;wM g? ikt/) fBozeko B[z :kd
eoB dk jo sohek nw'be j?. fJj :kd oZyDk Io{oh j? fe gow/;o
okrK BkdK ftu e?d BjhA j?. fJj t;hb/ wB[Zyh wB dh y[Ph bJh jB,
oZp B{z fJjBK dh e'Jh Io{os BjhA j?. fJjBK okrK ftu T[bM Bk
ikDk. fJ; soQK oZp ih dh B/Vsk dh e'Jh rozNh BjhA j?. okrh
(ehosBhJ/) ;koh T[wo, okrK okjhA ehosB eofdnK T[wo r[iko
fdzd/ jB. o'ih^o'Nh sK uzrh ewk b?Ad/ jB, go ihtB ftu spdhbh
e'Jh BjhA nkT[Adh. r[opkDh d/ T[sw T[gd/; w[skpe, ihtB ftXh BjhA
ngDkT[Ad./ nfijk rkT[Dk, e/tb ‘‘ezB o;@ sK j' ;edk j?, ‘‘Xow@
Bkb fJ; dk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?.
fJfe rkts oj/ wfB ;kd[ B gkfJ.. jT[w? ftfu rktfj fpoEk ikfJ..
rktfD rktfj fiB Bkw fgnko.. ;kuh pkDh ;pd phuko[.. (159)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s ;ko/ rtZJhJ/, rkT[AfdnK T[woK r[iko fdzd/
jB. okrK dh w[jkos jk;b eo b?Ad/ jB. rb/ ftu fwmk; Gh uzrh
j[d
z h j?. id'A T[jBK dk ihtB r[opkDh dh e;tZNh s/ bk e/ goyhJ/ sK
fBok;sk jh gZb/ g?Adh j?. r[ows d/ n;{bK dh e'Jh ;wM BjhA j[zdh.
125
fJj rkfJe sK ;r'A jzeko Bkb BekBe Go iKd/ jB. jT[w? nfde
ftekoK tkb/ ihtB ekoB, rkT[Dk sK ;wM' p/eko jh ubk frnk.
n;bh rkT[Dk sK T[jBK ftneshnK dk j?, fiBK B{z fdb'A wB'A' gow/;o
Bkb fgnko j?. ;G s'A T[sw ftukoB:'r rZb fJj j? fe r[opkDh d/
PpdK B{z ftuko e/ gfVQnk s/ ;wfMnk ikt/. id'A ;wM nk rJh sK
wB[y
Z h wB pdbDk P[o{ j' ikt/rk. gkme t/y ;ed/ jB, fJE/ Gh rkT[Dk
fJe w[jkto/ d/ o{g ftu jh tofsnk frnk j?. n;b we;d sK fJjh
j? fe r[o{ d/ j[ew B{z ;wfMnk s/ wzfBnk ikt/.
okr[ Bkd ;pfd ;'jD/, ik bkr? ;jfi fXnkB[..
okr[ Bkd S'fV jfo ;/thn?, sk dorj gkJhn? wkB[..(849)
j/ GkJh ` okr Bkd Ppd jB sK pV/ ;'jD/, wB w'j b?D tkb/, go
sd'A i/ fJjBK okjhA wB fJekT[ ftu nk frnk. ;fji nt;Ek pD
rJh sK. i/ GNeDk poeoko j?, frnkB nkfJnk e'Jh BjhA fco J/
j ;'jD/ okr Bkd fe; ezw< fsnkr d/j okr Bkd nfde d/ ezB o;
B{z. fJjBK B/ s/ok e[M BjhA ;ztkoBk. gqG{ dhnK BioK ftu gotkB
j'D dk Yzr sK fJjh j? fe ihtB B{z fteko ofjs, ns/ Gow ofjs pDk
b? .
e'Jh rkt? okrh Bkdh p/dh pj[ Gkfs efo, Bjh jfo jfo Ghi? okw oki/..
fiBk nzsfo egN[ fteko[ j?, fsBk o'fJ fenk ehi?.. (450)
j/ GkJh ` p/nzs okrh okr ftfdnk jk;b eoe/, rhs rk oj/
jB. e'Jh (nZyK ezB w[zd e/) nBjd Bkd ;[DB dk c'eN eow eo oj/
jB. eJh p/dK (Xow rqzEK d/) x'N/ bk oj/ jB, gkm eoh ik oj/ jB.
j'o Gh pj[s ;ko/ sohe/ tos e/, nDfrDs b'e, uko/ pzB/ yo{d gkT[Ad/
t/y/ ;[D/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; soQK uheD Bkb, oZp y[P BjhA j[zdk.
fJjBK rkT[D (iK Bkw f;woB) tkfbnK B/ nzdo'A y'N sK eZY/ e'Jh
BjhA. ftekoK Bkb s{fVnk fgnk ;kc fd;dk j?. fiE/ w"ek fwbdk j?,
u'oh mZrh X'yk co/p eoB'A pki BjhA nkT[Ad/. M{m fBzfdnK nkfd ;ko/
p[o/ ezw p/Powh Bkb eoh ik oj/ jB. fJj ekjdk ehosB iK f;woB
126
j?< n;b ftu fJj Bkw f;woB iK ehosB BjhA eo oj/ ;r'A o' oj/
jB. uheK wko oj/ jB, gkyzv eo oj/ jB. fJ; soQK eoB Bkb e'Jh
gqkgsh BjhA j'D bZrh.
(r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ftu rkt?, rktfj, rkT[Dk, rkT[Ad/ rkT[ nkfd o{gK
ftu fJj Ppd 1336 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
14H GkDk (Bkw)
f;Zy ;wki ftu ‘‘GkDk@ Ppd nkw eoe/ T[dA' toshdk j?,
id'A e'Jh d[ydkJh xNBk xN ikt/. n?e;hv?AN j' ikt/ fe;/ dh w"s j'
ikt/. T[; jkbs ftu nky d/Jhdk j? ‘‘GkDk tkgo frnk.@ j? fJj
Ppd Gh nekb g[oy d/ fBnw goEkJ/. fBnw T[j i/jVk r[o{ d/ okjhA
wB[Zy B{z ;wMkfJnk iKdk j?. nro edh y[Ph d/ ;wkrw ftu e'Jh wB
ufbnk B"in
[ kB efj d/t,/ fe ‘‘nkj t/y' wjkoki dk fJj Gh GkDk
j?@. T[; Bkb Bkokirh gqrN ehsh ikt/rh. GkDk Ppd ‘‘Gk ikDk@,
uzrk bZrDk, oik, j[ew nkfd ;wnoEh Ppd jB. e[M gzeshnK
ftuko bJhJ/^ s/ok GkDk ;G[ feS[ j't? (356) i' feS[ tos? ;G s/ok
GkDk (193) eJhnK s[eK ftu GkDk s/ oik Ppd fJeZm/ jh fwb iKd/
jB. fit/A i' s[X[ Gkt? ;' Gbk fgnko/ s/oh nwo[ oikfJ (432) GkD/
B{z wzBD Bkb pzXBK s'A w[esh fwbdh j?. fit/A ^pzfd ybk;h GkD? j'fJ
(ig[) ;g;N j'fJnk fe GkDk Bkw j[ew oik d/ goEkJ/ tofsnk
frnk j? .
fBor[D[ w[rX[ nikD[ nfrnkBh, eow Xow BjhA ikDk..
dfJnk eoo[ BkBe r[D rkt?, fwmk br? s/ok GkDk.. (748)
j/ fBozeko ih ` w?A r[DK s'A ;ZyDk jK. w?A Bk ;wM jK.
nDikD jK. frnkB s'A ykbh jK. w?A e'Jh b'eK tb'A fBPfus ehs/
Xkowe ezw Gh BjhA ehs/. p; w?A sK fBwosk ;fjs noi eo fojk
jK, fe w/o/ T[s/ dfJnk eo'. w?A s[jkv/ r[D ;dk rkT[Adk ojK. s/ok
GkDk (j[ewOBkw) fwZmk brD br gt/.
127
jfo e? ‘‘GkD?@ iB ;/tk eo?, p{M? ;u[ ;'Jh..
jfo e? ‘‘GkD?@ ;kbkjhn? ‘‘GkD?@ wfBn? ;[y[ j'Jh.. (365)
j/ GkJh ` joh gow/;o d/ GkD/ (j[ew) ftu jh ;/te ;/tk
eodk j?. ;/tk eofdnK ;ukJh d/ wkor B{z bZG b?Adk j?. eosko d/
GkD/ ftu jh fBozeko dh f;cs ;kbkj j[d
z h j?. GkDk wzBD Bkb jh ;[y
Z K
dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?.
;/ iB ;u/ fBowb/, fiB ;fsr[o Bkfb fgnko[..
;fsr[o ek ‘‘GkDk@ ewktd/ fpy[ jT[w? sfi fteko[.. (65)
j/ GkJh ` T[jh fJB;kB ;u/ jB, ftekoK dh w?b s'A ofjs jB.
i' ;fsr[o{ d/ fgnko ftu fGZi e/ ‘‘j[ew@ ftu ihtB fpskT[Ad/ jB.
GkDk (j[ew) wzBD dk noE j[zdk j? fe wB[Zy ifjo o{gh nkT[rDK dk
fsnkr eoe/ r[BtkB pD iKdk j?. ftykt/ wkso GkDk wzBD dhnK
rbK sK pVhnK ehshnK iKdhnK jB. go ;fsr[o{ d/ fgnko gkso
T[j ;/te j[zd/ jB, i' GkDk (j[ew) wzBd/ jB.
fiBk ‘‘GkD/@ ek o;[ nkfJnk.. fsB ftuj[ Gow[ u[ekfJnk..
BkBe ;fsr[o n?;k ikDhn?, i' ;G;? bJ/ fwbkJ/ ihT[.. (72)
j/ GkJh ` i/ ;/te r[o{ dk GkDk (j[ew) fyV/ wZE/ gqtkB eo
b?Ad/ jB. T[j GowK s'A w[es j' iKd/ jB. nfij/ ftneshnK B{z r[o{
dk j[ew nsh efbnkDekoh j?, dk ftPtkP j' iKdk j?. ;fsr[o
nfijk goT[gekoh j? fe ‘‘Gow w[es ns/ fteko w[es@ eoe/,
wB[ZyK B{z fgnko Bkb ofjDk f;ykT[Adk j?.
BkBe ;/te ;'Jh nkyhn?, i' f;o[ Xo/ T[skfo..
;fsr[o{ ek ‘‘GkDk@ wzfB bJ/, ;pd[ oy? T[jXkfo.. (1247)
j/ GkJh ` tckdko ;/te T[jh pD ;edk j?, i' nkgD/ f;o
ftubh wZs (S'Nh wZs iK w{oysk) dh tos'A gk;/ oZy d/t/. nkgD/ nkg
B{z r[o{ Bkb'A tZvk iK f;nkDk f;ZX eoB dh e'fPP Bk eo/. ;fsr[o{ dk
‘‘GkDk@ (j[ew) efbnkDekoh ikDe/ gotkB eo bt/. fJj j[ew
(GkDk) fet/A ;wM nkT[Adk j?< ;fsr[o{ dh gktB pkDh dk frnkB
128
jk;b eoe/, Ppd okjhA.
fpBf;U wB ek w{oy[ Yhmk.. gqG ek ‘‘GkDk@ bkrk whmk.. (387)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ pj[s ;wMdko j?, T[; e'b ftPkb siopk j?.
r[o{ B{z gow/;o B/ ihtK d/ Gb/ bJh pj[s ;koh ;'Mh pyPh j?. fJ; bJh
s{z r[o{ dk ‘‘GkDk@ (r[o{ dk j[ew^T[gd/;^f;Zfynk) wzB b?. fJ; soQK
eoB Bkb, s/ok Yhmg[Dk, fiZdh ;[Gk, ysw j' ikt/rk. s?Bz{ wfj;{; j't/
rk fe r[o{ dk T[gd/; ihtB B{z ;ztkoB tkbk j?.
fXnkfJ ;' gqG{ so/ Gtib, oj/ nktD ikDk..
;dk ;[y[ efbnkD ehosB, gqG brk whmk ‘‘GkDk@.. (926)
j/ GkJh ` T[; fBozeko B{z ;dk :kd oZy'. ;z;ko ;w[zdo s'A
soB dk fJjh ;"yk sohek j?. fJ; soQK jh wB dh GNeDk ysw j[zdh
j?. ;dk ;[yK (fNekT[ tkbh fposh) dh gqkgsh j[zdh j?. r[o{ dh wZs b?
e/, gqG{ dh ehosh (;'Gk^ftfvnkJh) eoBh ukjhdh j?. fJjh j? gqG{ dk
GkDk fwZmk brD dk n;bh noE Gkt. fi; ezw bJh r[o{ j[ew eo/
, T[jh ezw ;/te B{z eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘GkDk@ Ppd dh tZy' tZy o{gK ftu, 307 tkoh tos'A
j'Jh j?)
000
15H eEk (Bkw)
fe;/ ;zyg
/ ftuko B{z y'jbe/ ;wMkT[D fjs, i' sohek ngDkfJnk
iKdk j?, T[; B{z ‘‘eEk@ efjzd/ jB. r[opkDh eftsk ftu j?. eJh
Ppd d/; d/ j'o ;{fpnK ftu p'bhnK iKdhnK p'bhnK ftu'A Gh nkJ/
jB. ;z;feqs ns/ noph, cko;h d/ Ppd Gh r[opkDh ftu w"id
{ jB.
eJh r'ji T[gd/; f;ZX/ sohe/ Bk fby e/, nVkT[DhnK, p[MkosK,
;[nkb^i[nkp, iK e'Jh T[dkjoDK d/ e/ rZb ejh rJh j?. fJfsjk; Gh
r[opkDh ftu w"i{d j?. fjzd{ g"okDe rzqEK tkb/, fwfEjk;e jtkb/ Gh
t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. ;kXkoD p[ZXh tkb/ nkw ftnesh dh fJzBh :'rsk
iK gVkJh fbykJh gZy'A fsnkoh BjhA j[zdh, fe T[j r[opkDh gVQe/ iK
129
;[D e/ ;wM bt/. r[opkDh B{z ;ob sohe/ ;wMkT[D tkbh fJ;/ w[Pfeb
B{z jZb eoB tk;s/, ‘‘eEkeko@ pD rJ/. ukjhdk sK fJj ;h fe
;kvhnK w[yh gzEe iE/pd
z hnk ;N/i s/ nkT[D tkfbnK dh gfjbK fBZm
e/ fsnkoh eotkT[AdhnK. ‘‘;w/A d/ jkD dk@ pDk e/, gqukoe B{z ;N/
i s/ fbnKdk iKdk. r[opkD dh r'ji noE eoB, d/ Io{oh sohe/
f;ykJ/ iKd/. fJfsjk; ftu'A y'N eZY e/ goy e/ fBo'b ;'Bk pDk e/
;zrsK ;Bw[y oZyD dh f;ybkJh fdzd/. ;ko/ ykb;k gzE ftu, fJe'
‘‘f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk@ y[d wzBd/, s/ ;ko/ EKJhA bkr{ eokT[D dh gqo/ Bk
eod/. nc;'; fe eEkekoK dh fsnkoh tk;s/ e'Jh w[Ybk isB Gh
BjhA ehsk frnk j?. jK nkg{z pD/ ‘‘;zs pqjw frnkBh, ftfdnk wko
szv, eEktkue@ p/nzs fwb ikDr/. i' fBokb/ ftukoK tkb/ f;Zy gzE
B{,z ikD/ iK nDikD/ ftu, pqkjwDh yko/ ;kro ftu roe eo oj/ jB.
fJjBK ftu'A pj[fsnK B/ ‘‘Xow B{z Xzdk@ (o'irko dk ;kXB) pDkfJnk
j'fJnk j?. nfij/ T[gd/;aeK gqukoeK s/ frnkBhnK pko/ r[opkDh dk
j[ew gVQ'^
frnkBh fXnkBh pj[ T[gd/;h, fJj ir[ ;rb' XzXk..
efj epho fJe okw[ Bkw fpB[, fJnk ir[ wkfJnk nzXk.. (338)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s fwbDr/ frnkB Gfonk T[gd/; eoB tkb/.
pj[s ;ko/ fwb g?Dr/, fXnkB fJekro eoB dhnK ftXhnK ;wMkT[D
tkb/. T[gd/; eoBk jh fiBK dk o'irko j?. irs ftu ‘‘Xow B{z
Xzdk@ pDkJh ftuoB tkfbnK dk, nzsgkoktko e'Jh Bjha. gow/;o dh
:kd s''A fpBK pkeh nfij/ ezw sK wkfJnk dhnK gzvK fJeZso eoB
tk;s/ jB. pkehnK B{z ;po ;zs'y dk ;pe gVkT[D tkb/, fJj
‘‘frnkBh@ b'e y[d wkfJnk ekoB nzBQ/ j'J/ fcod/ jB. o[g? tZX s'A tZX
nkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB, Gkt/A ‘‘Xow B{z t/uDk@ jh feT[A Bk g? ikt/. eEk
tkueK (Xow gqukoeK) dk ;zrsK B{z Xow gqsh ikro{e eob tk;s/,
wjZstg{oB o'b j'fJnk eodk j?. nfrnkBsk ftu v[[Zp/, oki;h s"o
s/ r[bkw, Xkowe s"o s/ eoweKvh gkyzvh b'eK B{z frnkB dk ukBD
130
eEktkueK B/ d/Dk j[zdk j?. ;wkie ns/ oki;h y/so bJh bkj/tzd
pDkT[D tk;s/ T[gd/; d/Dk j[d
z k j?. ;e{bk ftu ftfdnkoEhnK B{z ;kok
fdB, tki/ Y'behnK, fuwN/, S?D/, cVk e ;wMdko BjhA pDkfJnk ik
;edk. ekbiK, :{Bhtof;NhnK ftu okr s/ ;ki dh e'Jh yk; t[Zes
BjhA. (ftP/ d/ s"o s/ E'V/Q fizB/ ftfdnkoEh ;zrhs ftfdnk b?Ad/ jB)
i/eo f;Zfynk ndkfonK ftu, w?vheb s/ fJziBhnfozr ekbiK ftu,
p; Y'bdhnK S?D/ jh yVed/ ofjD, sK Bshik eh fBeb/rk< nkgD/
ftP/ ftu fJe Gh ftfdnkoEh w[jkos jk;b BjhA eo ;e/rk. g{oh
e"w dk GftZy nzXeko ftu v[Zp ikt/rk.
eh f;ZyK d/ r[od[nkfonK ftu fJjh e[ZM BjhA j' fojk< xoK
ftu, d[ekBK s/ ;KMhnK EktK s/, r[og{opK s/, o?D ;pkJhnK s/, fJjh
tki/ Y'behnk yVek e/, ezB gkVthnK T[uhnK nktkiK dk P'o wuk e/
, f;Zy e"w B{z gkrb BjhA pDkfJnk ik fojk sK j'o eh ehsk ik fojk
j?< jo r[od[nko/ ftu, (;w/s dopko ;kfjp nzfwqs;o d/) iBw woB
s/, ftnkj nkfd tes, p; ehosB ehosB, ehosB. i/ fJ; ftu'A
e[M ;wK wkfjo eEk tkueK B{z fdZsk iKdk sK T[j r[opkDh d/ r'ji
GktK B{z y'jb e/ ;wMkT[Ad/. fJj :kd oj/, eZu xoV ehosBhJ/ Gh
pj[sh tkoh, eEk dk ‘‘eZd{ e;@ eod/ t/y/ rJ/ jB. nkgz{ pD/
eEktkue Gh :pbhnK wkoe/ ;wK nikJh r[nk oj/ j[zd/ jB. eEk dk
nsh T[uk o[spk j? wjZst j?. r[opkDh ftu ‘‘eEk@ Ppd r[o{ dh
f;Zfynk T[gd/; (Bkw) tk;s/ jh tofsnk frnk j?. eJh tko ‘‘ehosB
eEk ejkDh@ nkfd fJeZm/ Ppd Gh tos'A ftu nkJ/ jB.
gkopqjw j'nk ;jkJh.. ‘‘eEk ehosB[@ ;[ydkJh.. (616)
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o dh feogk d/ gkso pDB tk;s/, eEk s/
ehosB, ;jkfJsk eod/ jB. Gkt fe r[opkDh ;[D e/ ns/ ftukoe/
r[o{ d/ j[ew (Bkw) dh ;'Mh j[zdh j?. id'A ;wM nk ikt/, fe rbs eh
j? mhe eh j?. sd'A wB[Zy p[okJhnK s'A pu e/, ;[ZyK dh gqkgs eo b?Adk
j?.
131
‘‘eEk@ g[oksB fJT[ ;[Dh, GrsB eh pkDh..
;rb d[;N yzv yzv ehJ/, iB bhJ/ wkBh.. (815)
j/ GkJh ` g[oksB ;fwnK s'A fJjh otkfJs ubh nk ojh j?.
n;hA pi[orK s'A nfijh eEk tkosk ;[Dh j?. gJh id'A Gh gkg dk
g;kok j'fJnk, sk fJB;kBhns Bkb fgnko eoB tkb/ Grs iBK B/
, w'joh j' e/ w[;hpsK MZbhnK. rohpK d/ gZy ftu yV/ j'J/. oZp ih B/
feogk eoe/, ikbwK dk ykswk ehsk. d/o ;t/o Gb/ fJB;kBK dh i?
i? eko j'Jh.
fi; B' ‘‘eEk@ ;[DkfJfj nkgDh, f; r[o d[nko? ;[y[ gktj/ . .
gktj
ej? BkBe[ ;u/ ;kfjp fiT[ Gkt? fst? ubktj/.. (919)
j/ GkJh ` fi; fJB;kB B{z fBozeko (r[o{ d/ okjh) nkgDh eEk
(frnkB) ;[Dk d/t,/ T[j ihtB dh pkih ;cbsk ;fjs, fiZs iKdk j/.
feT[Afe ;[y gqkgs eoB d/ ;ko/ sohe/ (r[o^Yzr) r[o{ ;wMk fdzdk j?.
fJ;/ bJh fBozeko B{z fit/A GkT[Adk j?, fJ; fBnw dh r[o{ B{z ;wM j?.
nr'A f;ZyK B{z r[o{ wZs d/ fdzdk j?. fJ; bJh fit/A wkbe B{z uzrk brdk
j?, T[j r[o{ okjhA ;/teK se g[i
Z dk j?. ;/teK B{z r[o{ j[ewK ftu uZbDk
ukjhdk j?.
jfo ehnk ‘‘eEk@ ejkDhnK w/o/ fgnko/, ;fsr[o{ ;[DkJhnK.. (452)
j/ GkJh ` joh gow/;o dh ‘‘eEk@ ;/teK B{z ;fsr[o{ B/ ;[DkJh
j?. fBozeko fej' fijk j?, T[; dk fBnw ftXkB fej' fijk j?. T[j
ihtK dh ;zGkb fet/A eodk j?. ihtK Bkb T[; dk fo;sk s/ ftjko fet/
A dk j?. ;kok frnkB r[o{ s'A gqkgs j[zdk j?.
;G s/ T[sw jfo eh ‘‘eEk@.. Bkw[ ;[Bs dod d[y bEk.. (265)
j/ GkJh ` eosk g[oy pko/ ftuko (eEk) eoBh, ihtB ftu
T[; d/ P[ZG r[D XkoB eo b?D/, ;G s'A T[sw ekoi j?. Bkw dh wfjwk
(r[o{ dh wZs) ;[De/, pzXBK s'A w[esh fwbdh j?. wB[y
Z B{z nfijk frnkB
gqkgs j' iKdk j?, fe fiBK ekoBK eoe/ d[y nkT[Ad/ jB. fJB;kB
nfij/ rbs ezw eoB' jN iKdk j?. fJ; soQK T[; B{z ;[yK dh gqkgsh
132
j' iKdh j?.
r[D rkts wB jfonk j't.? . ‘‘eEk@ ;[Bs wb ;rbh y't.? . (104)
j/ GkJh ` nekb g[oy d/ r[D rkT[Ad/ ojhJ/, fJ; bJh T[; d/
r[D wB ftu got/P eo iKd/ jB. ‘‘eEk@ ;[DB Bkb, ftuko uouk
eoB Bkb, n"rD
[ fsnkr e/, B/e ihtB fiT[D dh ;'Mh nkT[Adh j?.
;d pfbjkoh fsBk fi ;[Bs/ jfo ‘‘eEk@..
g{o/ s/ goXkB fBtktfj gqG wEk.. (709)
j/ GkJh ` T[jBK B/e fJB;kBK B{z PkpkP j?. w?A pfbjko iktK
T[jBK s'A i' eosko dh eEk ;[Dd/ jB. fBozeko pko/ ftuko eoe/
nkgDk ihtB ;ztkod/ jB. ;wki dk Gbk eod/ jB. nfij/ B/e
fJB;kB w'joh (goXkB) j'D d/ nfXekoh jB. fJj wB[Zy ;dk gqG{
gokfJD j' e/, fBwosk tkbk ihtB pshs eod/ jB.
pkpkDhnK ‘‘ejkDhnK@ g[s ;g[s eo/fB..
fi ;fsr[o Gkt? ;[ wzfB b?fB ;/Jh eow eo/fB.. (951)
j/ GkJh ` pi[orK pkfpnK tb'A ehs/ goT[geko tkb/ ezw ;[DB/, gVQB/
, fJ; bJh bkj/tzd j[zd/ jB, fe T[jBK ftu'A pj[s ;kok frnkb gqkgs
j[d
z k j?. nkgD/ tZfvfenk d/ ehs/ T[sPkj tkb/ ezw gV ;[De/, nkgD/
nzdo T[sPkj g?dk j[zdk j?. g[ZsoK s'A (B/e) ;g[Zso pD ikJhdk j?.
fJjBK T[gd/; tkbhnK eEktK ftu i' ;Zs g[oy ;kB{z ;/X d/ oj/ jB,
;kvk coi pDdk j? fe T[; B{z wzB bJhJ/. n;hA nfij/ ezw eohJ/, fi;
soQK d/ ;fsr[o{ ;kv/ e'b'A eokT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB.
(r[opkDh ftu eEk, eEBk, eEhn? nkfd tZy' tZyo/ o{gK ftu
fJ; Ppd dh 326 tkoh tos'A j'Jh j?.
000
16H fbt (Bkw)
fJj Ppd fJe NZe brksko, gowkswk Bkb ;[osh i[Vh ofjD
s'A Gkt pDdk j?. fJ; dh ftnkfynk eofdnK, b/yeK s/ goukoeK B/
pVk T[bMkfJnk j?. fbt fet/A i'Vhdh j?, fezBk ;wk i[Vdh j?< fbt
133
i[VB ;w/A igDk eh j?, ;kj fet/A b?Dk j?< fJsB/ ;w/A s'A pkd fposh
fJekro j'D br g?Adh j?. ;wK gk e/ fco ‘‘o'w o'w@ ftu'A Bkw dh X[Bh
T[Fm
Z g?Adh j?HHHnkfd nkfd. fJj e/tb ftjfbnk d/ u'ub/ jB. ‘‘Xow@
Bkb gkyzvK dk e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA j?. eJh ;ko/ gkyzvh v/o/dko, nfijh
rZg wkoB' osk wk;k Gh Pow BjhA eod/. ny/ ih ;kv/ nwe/ ‘‘wjK
g[oy@ B{z u?Fe
Z eoB tk;s/ vkeNo nkfJnk. id'A N{Nh bk e/ ;[Dh, jZek
pZek ofj frnk. ;zs ih d/ uoBK s? Y?j fgnk. ‘‘;zs@ B/ f;o s/ jZE
oZfynk s/ g[fZ Snk^ ‘‘g[oyk eh j'fJnk ;h<@ ‘‘wjkoki s[jkv/ o'w o'w
ftu tkfjr[o{ Ppd dh X[Bh ;[DkJh d/ ojh j?.@ ‘‘ikj fgnkfonk,
nfijhnK rZbK fe;/ B{z dZ;hdhnK BjhA jB.@ nfij/ M{m fJjBK
gkyzvhnK B/, nkgD/ u/fbnK okjhA pj[s gouko/ jB. nkgDhnK
feskpK ftu fby e/ y{p tzv/ jB. fJj b'e iK s/ ;gPN eoB fe
fejVk vkeNo ;h, fi; B/ w[nkfJBk ehsk< fJ; ‘‘o'w o'w f;woD@
ftu'A gzX bJh eh fBefbnk ;h< o'wK ftu'A g;hB/ s'A f;tkJ/ sK nZi sZe
j'o e[M BjhA fBefbnk. iK fco j[D d/ ihts ‘‘;kXK@ftu'A, e'Jh wkJh
dk bkb, NhHthH e?wfonK d/ ;jwD/ nke/, Go/ fJeZm ftu, nkgD/ o'wK
ftu'A, tkfjr[o{ wzso eZY e/ ;kfonK B{z ;[Dkt/. pj[s bzwk ;wK fJjBK
B/ e[co s'b fbnk j?. nZr'A j[D BjhA uZbD brh fJj M{m dh d[ekB.
gzE s/ ;zeN nkT[Ad/ oj/, sK fJj ;kX d[ZX wbkJhnK Se e/, G'fonK
ftu tV e/ ‘‘Bkw f;wod/ oj/, fbt i'Vd/ oj/.@ fiBK B{z Bkw f;woD
dh ;jh ;wM nk rJh ;h T[j s/rK tkj[d/ oj/. goT[geko eod/ oj/
. fbt dk Gkt j?, fJekro fposh Bkb, roT[gd/; B{z ;wM e/, nkgD/
ihtB B{z T[; w[skpe pDk b?Dk. nkU gowkD gVhJ/^
;{uh ekfJnk jfo r[D rkfJnk.. nkswuhB oj? ‘‘fbt@ bkfJnk..(354)
j/ GkJh ` nekb g[oy d/ r[D rkT[D Bkb, ;oho gftZso j'
iKdk j?. ;ko/ fteko fsnkr d/Jhd/ jB. fco wB[Zy nkgDh nkswk
nzdo Mksh wkodk j?. nkgD/ nkg B{z y'idk goydk j?. g{oh ;ktXkBsk
Bkb, fJekro fuZs j' e/, r[o{ dh nkyh rZb B{,z ;theko eodk j?. T[;/
134
w[skpe ihtB fpskT[Adk j?.
;kuh ‘‘fbt??@ fpB[ d/j fBwkDh..
d/j fBwkDh fbt? pkM o[fenk eofj p/ukfonk..
ej? BkBe[ fbt? pkM o[fenk eo/ t/ukohnk.. (917)
j/ GkJh ` ;ukJh d/ wkor s/ uZbD bJh, fJekrosk tkbk gZek
;[Gk pDk b?Dk ukjhdk j?. toBk fJ; fBwkD/ ;oho B/ fe; ezw nkT[Dk
j'fJnk< i/ r[o{ d/ T[gd/; B{z ;[D e/, ;wM e/ ihtB Bk ;[Xkfonk, fco
iBw ekjd/ tk;s/ fbnk j?< GkJh fJ; soQK nwZ[bk ;oho, ftnoE
ubk frnk i/ ‘‘fbt@ (r[o{ j[ew) Bk i'Vh.
‘‘fbt@ Xks[ d[fJ okj j?, j[ewh eko ewkfJ..
r[ow[fy nkgDk wB[ wkfonk, ;pfd e;tNh bkfJ.. (87)
j/ GkJh iB' ` fizdrh d/ d' okj jB. fJe wkfJnk tkbk okj
j?, fi; B{z ‘‘Xks@ nkfynk frnk j?. d{ik ‘‘fbt@ tkbk okj, fi; B{z
Xow dk okj, ;Zuk wkor nkyhdk j?. fJjBK d'tK ftu u'D eoB dh
;{M p{M T[; B{z nkt/rh, fi; B/ r[o{ s'A wZs b? bJh j't/. fBozeko dk
j[ew sK nw'V nNZb j?. r[o{ tZb'A dZ;h i[rsh w[skpe, ihtB pshs
eoBk gt/rk. r[o{ B/ nkgDk wB ekp{ ftu eo fbnk. r[o{ d/ Ppd
B{z e;tZNh pDk e/, nkgD/ nkg B{z goy'. i' ezw r[o Ppd w[skpe j't/
rk, T[j ‘‘fbt@ wzfBnk ikt/rk. Gkt fe fJ; ;/te B/,fJekro fuZs
(fbt) r[o{ dk j[ew ;[fDnk. T[; B{z g{oh soQK wzfBnk.
fij gq;kfd no'r ezuB d/jh..
‘‘fbt@ bktj[ fs;[ okw ;B/jh.. (271)
j/ GkJh ` fi; oZp ih dh feogk Bkb fJj ;'jDh ;'B/ torh,
szdo[;s d/jh gqkgs j'Jh j?. T[; B{z fes/ ft;ko Bk d/Dk. fJe NZe
brksko T[; dk XzBtkd eod/ ofjDk, s/ fJ; d/jh s'A uzr/ ezw eokT[D./
;zs X{fo gkJhn? tvGkrh..
BkBe r[o G/Ns jfo fsT[ ‘‘fbt@ bkrh.. (193)
j/ GkJh ` id'A r[o{ dh PoD ftu ik e/ T[gd/; (X{VhOr[o{
135
frnkB T[gd/;) gqkgs ehsk sK ihtB pdb frnk.
(r[o{ rzE
q ;kfjp ftu ‘‘fbt@ Ppd 444 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
17H uhs (Bkw)
fbt bk e/ oZyD s'A pkd j[D Ppd nkfJnk j? ‘‘uhs@. Gkt
j? u/s/ ftu oZyDk, :kd oZyDk. fJjh ‘‘f;woD@ j[ew, GkDk oik
;[DBk nkfd sohfenK Bkb, wB[y
Z B{z gqo/ Bk ehsh rJh j?. GktBk fJjh
j? fe r[o{ s'A f;Zfynk b? e/, fJe fJe wB[y
Z s'A tXdk j'fJnk fJj gquko
g{o/ ;wki B{z ;[Xko d/t/. ;kok ;wki fco Gh r[o{ d/ T[gd/; B{z G[Zb Bk
ikt/. brksko soZeh eodk oj/. nkU e[M gqwkD t/yhJ/^
‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk wjk nBzd.. ‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sK ;fG d[y Gzi..
‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk ;oXk g{oh.. ‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk epfj Bk M{oh..
‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk ;op e' okik. ‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk g{o/ ekik..
‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk ozfr r[bkb.. ‘‘uhfs@ nkt? sk ;dk fBjkb..(1141)
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o fuZs ftu pf;nk oj/ sK ;dk nBzd pfDnk
ofjzdk j?. fuZs nkT[D Bkb ;ko/ d[ZyK dk ykswk j' iKdk j?. i/ fuZs
ftu :kd pDh oj/ sK fgnko Goh PoXk pDh ofjzdh j?. u/s/ ftu
ofjD Bkb, M'o/ fceo gq/PkB BjhA eod/. fiBQK B{z gqG{ fuZs nkT[Adk j?.
wkB' T[j sK p/ y'c, p/rw, ;kfonK ftu okfinK tKr ofjzd/ jB.
T[jBK d/ ;ko/ ekoi ok; nk iKd/ jB feT[AFfe T[j rbshnK eod/ jh
BjhA jB. T[j g[oy sK wkB' y[PhnK ftu bkb ;{j/ j'J/ ofjzd/ jB.
fiBK B{z eosk g[oy :kd ofjzdk j?. T[j jo ;w/A y[P uVdh ebk ftu
ofjz d / jB.
‘‘fus?@ nzdfo ;G[ e' t/fy Bdoh j/fm ubkfJdk..
nkg/ d' tfvnkJhnk, nkg/ jh eow eokfJdk.. (472)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko ;kfonK B{z nkgD/ fXnkB (fus, j[ew,
fBnw) ftu oydk j?. e'Jh iht T[; d/ pDkJ/ ;{so (fBnw) s'A pkjo
BjhA ik ;edk. ;koh ekfJBks B{,z fJe pZMt/A ‘‘ekB{B
z @ ftu ubkT[Adk
136
j?. nkg/ jh T[; B/ ;kfonK B{z ezw Xzd/ ;"Ag/ j'J/ jB. nZr gkDh jtk
nkfd ;G, T[; d/ j[ew ftu eko ewk oj/ jB.;{oi pj[s tZvk j?,
Xosh T[; d/ w[ekpb/ pj[s S'Nh j?. ;{oi dh fvT{Nh (eko) j'o j?
Xosh bJh fvT{Nh j'o j?. fJj ;G fBozeko d/ fBnw ftu j?.
‘‘u/sBk@ j? sT[ u/s b?, fBf; fdfB wfo gqkBh..
fSB[ fSB[ nT[X fpjks[ j?, c{N/ xfN fiT[ gkBh.. (726)
j/ GkJh ` gqG{ B{z :kd oZy, jo tes fjod/ ftu p;k e/ oZy.
fdB oks edh G[bkth Bk. toBk gb^gb, brksko T[wo xN ojh j?.
fco ;wK jZE'A fBeb ikt/rk. ;'u ftukoe/, i' eoBk ;h j[D/ eo b? d/
oh Bk eo. fit/A c[ZN/ xV/ ftu'A gkDh f;wdk j?, s/oh T[wo fJ;/ soQK
ysw j' ojh j?.
ik eT[ w[;eb[ nfs pD?, Y'Jh e'fJ B d/fJ..
bkr{ j'J/ d[;wBk, ;ke fG Gfi yb/..
;G' Gi? nk;ok, u{e? ;G[ n;okT[..
‘‘fufs@ nkt? U;[ gkopqjw[, br? B ssh tkT[.. (70)
j/ GkJh ` id'A nfs dh GhV (w[;eb) g? ikt/. fe;/ gkf;U
wZds dh nk; Bk oj/. fiBK B{z nkgD/ ;e/ ;zpzXh ;wM e/, B/V/ br/ ;K
T[j Gh n?;/ n"y/ tes, X'yk d/ rJ/. ;ko/ nk;o/ goB/ ysw j' rJ/
j'D. sK fBozeko s/ ftPtk; oZy e/, wB[Zy nv'b oj/. x'o ;zeN ftu
Gh wB B{z ;fEo oZy e/ (r[o{ i[rsh^T[gd/;^f;Zfynk) g{oh db/oh ns/
f;nkDg Bkb Nkeok eo/. gow/;o s/ Go';k oZy e/, nfijh fGnkBe
jkbks ftu'A Gh s[;hA pu ikT[r/.
‘‘fus@ f;woB[ eoT[, B?B ntb'eB', ;qtB pkBh, ;[i;[ g{fo oyT[..
wB[ ;[ wX[eo[ eoT[, uoB fjod? XoT[, o;B nzfwqs okw Bkw GkyT[..
w/oh gqhfs r'fpzd f;T[, fifB xN?..
w? sT[ w'fb wjrh bJh ihn ;N?.. (694)
j/ GkJh ` w?A sK fBofpxB nekb g[oy B{z fuZs ftu p;kJh
oydk jK. (fwZmh :kd ;dk f;woD j?) nZyK d[nkok T[; dh bk;kBh
137
;y;hns B{z t/ydk jK. ezBK Bkb T[; dh ;'Gk ;[Ddk jK. ;dk T[; dk
i; eoB tZb brk ofjzdk jK. nkgD/ wB ƒ joh e/ uoBK dk G"ok pDk
btK i' ;dk r[D (Bkw) dh fwmk; ghAdk oj/. gow/;o d/ uoB (:kd
r[oT[gd/;) fjod/ ftu p;k btK. i[pkB ftu'A fgnko tkb/ fwZm/ puB
p'b e/, ;G dk wB w'j btK. w/oh gqhs r'fpzd Bkb'A ed/ Bk xN/. wA?
pVh Gkoh ehws T[sko e/ gqw/;o dk fgnko gqkgs ehsk j?. nkgDk
nkgk Gkt ysw eoe/, ;G e[M gow/;o dk ikfDnk j?. j[D e'Jh w?B{z
T[; s'A tZy BjhA eo ;edk.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘uhs@ Ppd tZy^
' tZyo/ o{gK Bkb 451 tkoh
nkfJnk j? ) .
000

18H p[ZMDk (Bkw)


;z;ko ftu nfijk toskok p/ns
z w"id
{ j?, fi; dh ftnkfynk
BjhA ehsh rJh. nfijhnK r[zMbdko nVkT[DhnK B{z e'Jh ;wM ;{M
tkbk fJB;kB jh ‘‘p[M
Z @ ;edk j?. pj[fsnK dh neb sK fJE'A e[ sZe
yb'sh j[zdh j?. ny/ G[Zy/ B[z g[ZfSnk ‘‘d' s/ d' fezB/ j[zd/ jB<@ i[nkp
fdZsk, ‘‘uko o'NhnK.@ nekP ftu uzB uwedk fezBk ;'jDk brdk j?<
G[y
Z / pzd/ dk i[nkp ;h, ‘‘r'b wN'b o'Nh tork brdk j?.@ nDfrDs
b'eK dh ;'u o'Nh s/ nk e/ nNe iKdh j?. r[od[nko/ ehosB, ne/t/
A Gfonk brdk j?. r[opkDh dh eEk tes yokp eoBk (i/ ;Zu w[Zu
eEk j't/ sK, toBk pj[sh tkoh, eEkeko ;Zuw[Zu jh tes yokp eo
oj/ j[zd/ jB) jh fd;dk j?. id'A bzro toskT[D dk ;zd/; ;[Ddk j?, sK
fJj ;G s'A ;q'wDh nfj;k; j[zdk j?. fezB/ ;ko/ b'e, fYZvK d/ ;skJ/,
bzro toskT[D dh ;{uBk fwbD s'A fezBk jh ;wK gfjbK, bzro jkb d/
nZr/ yb's/, XZek w[Zeh j[zd/ fBs t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB.
pbd ftukok fjoB tKr u[zrhnK BjhA go ;edk. T[j sK
tes fwbD s/ w[PZes dk GzfBnk j'fJnk, nkokw eoB pko/ jh ;'u/
138
rk. eftsk r[Dr[DkT[Dh iK e'Jh ;ki tikT[Dk, eJhnK B{z Gkt/A t/jbV
g[Dk bZr/. go o{j dh ;zs[PNh bJh e'Jh T[;ko{ fijk wB'oziB eo b?Dk
bkj/td
z k j[d
z k j?. r[opkDh ftu nDfrDs tkoh p[Mkos o{gh Ppd nkJ/
jB. i' ;wMdko fJB;kB pohe ;{M oydk j?, T[j ;wM' nBzd wkDdk
j?. nkw pzd/ bJh sK ‘‘g[Vg[Vh gkm@ s'A f;tkJ/ e[M BjhA. fi; B{z okr
pko/ frnkB j?, T[j okr rk e/ iK ;[D e/ ;zsP
[ Nh gqkgs eodk j?. fi;
B{z okr pko/ ‘‘THHHnHHH@ Gh gsk BjhA, T[j fJ; B[z{ ‘‘eZN/ dk nfVzrDk,
iK xokN okr@ jh ny/rk. neb tkb/ fpBK p'fbnk Gh, ;kok e[M
;wM iKd/ jB. e/tb fJPko/ Bkb jh. Bk ;wM ftnesh B{z Gkt/A fizB/
woih b?euo ;[DkT[d/ oj',
PkfJd jh edh e'Jh rb T[jBK d/ ykB/ ftu dkyb j't/. XzB ;B r[o{
;fjpkB, fiBK B/ r[fz rnK B{z p'bD i'r/ eo fdZsk. p'fbnK B[z ;[DkJh d/
D bZrk. nzfBnK B{z ;kc ;gPN ihtB dh Mbe ftyk fdZsh. gZEoK ftu
fizd^ikB gk fdZsh. p[MfdbK B{z ;{ow/ pDk fdZsk. y[v
Z K ftu tV e/ wkbk
c/oB tkfbnK d/ jZEK ftu s/rK cVk e/, w?dkB/ izr ftu, fjZeK vkj e/
, pVeK wkoB bk fdZsk. r[cktK ftu p?m e/ ‘‘Bkw, wzso, f;woB@
eoB tkfbnK B{z nko/ d/ dzfdnK uoyVh d/ ezfvnK, ;kjwD/, fBoG?
j' e/ yb'D i'r/ pDk fdZsk. jowK (iBkBykfBnK) ftu o{g wshnK Bkb
nmy/bhnK eoB tkb/ ozrhb/ B"in
[ kBK B{z wjkokik oDihs f;zx ns/
nM[Ze ioB?b ;qL joh f;zx Bb{J/ tor/, iKpki i'X/ pDk e/, ncrkBK
dh ;zxh wo'VB i'r/ pDk fdZsk. jzM{ e/odhnK npbktK B{,z fJzBh fjzws
py;a fdZsh fe phphnK G?DK, x'fVnK s/ ;tko j' e/, Pk;so ;ik e/,
iotkfDnK B{z ;kjt/A wZE/ j' e/, tzrkoB bZr gJhnK. gshnK, GoktK,
s/ g[ZsoK B{z y[d j";bk d/ e/, izr B{z N'oB i'rhnK j' rJhnK. pZfunK
d/ N[eV/ Gkt/A j' rJ/, go f;Zyh f;de d/ N[eV/ BjhA j'D fdZs/.
fJj nB'y/ ekoBkw/ T[jBK B/ ehs/ fiBQK B/ r[o{ dh nkyh (ns/
fpBK nkyh, e/tb fJ;kok wkso) B{z ;wM fbnk, ‘‘p[M
Z @ fbnk. T[jBK
fco fgSKj w[V e/ BjhA t/fynk. c[owkD j?^
139
epho fiBj[ feS{ ikfBnk BjhA, fsB ;[y Bhd fpjkfJ..
jwj[ i[ p{Mk p{MBk, g{oh goh pbkfJ.. (1374)
epho ih fJe d[ydkJh gZy B{z ;gPN eofdnK pj[s T[FZsw
doi/ dh thuko oZy oj/ jB. n? epho fiBK b'eK B{z e'Jh ;wM BjhA.
T[jBK dk nzB dkDk y'fjnk frnk. T[jBK d/ p;so T[sko/ rJ/. T[jBK
d/ xo Ykj/ rJ/. T[jBK dhnK B{j
z K, XhnK B{z p/gs
Z ehsk frnk. T[jBK
d/ ftfdnk gVB d/, nZr/ tXD d/, ;ko/ okj pzd eo fdZs/ rJ/. gZEoK
dh g{ik eoB bk fdZs/ rJ/. ikBtoK nZr/ BZs w;se eo fdZs/ rJ/.
i{m/ N[eV/ ykD s/ wip{o ehsk frnk. ;dk bJh nkgD/ r[bkw pDk bJ/
. nfij/ b'e ni/ Gh nkgD/ nkg B{z ihts ;wMd/ oj/. eh fJj e'Jh
fJB;kBK tkbk ihtB j?< fJj ftuko/ Bk ;wM b'e, p/p; j'J/ i' e[M
fwfbnk, g/N B{z M[bek d/ e/ tes r[ikod/ oj/. fe;/ B{z fJj ;wM jh
Bk nkJh fe r[bkwh d/ ;zrb fet/A N[N
Z Dr/< ikBtoK tKr, nfrnkBsk
ftu ihtB r[iko e/ N[o iKd/ jB. go w?B{z (epho B{z) fJ; p/fJB;kch
dh ;wM nk rJh j?. w?A fJ; x'o nfsnkuko d/ fizw/tko spe/ dh
gSkD eo bJh j?. w?B{z fJj gsk bZr frnk j? fe fJ; r[bkwh dhnK
izihoK pVhnK wip{s jB. j[D w?A jo soQK dhnk w[;hpsK MZbD bJh,
nkgD/ nkg B{z fsnko eo fbnk j?. w?A fJ; woi B{z ‘‘p[ZM@ fbnk j?.
w?A j[D ‘‘nkokw@ Bkb fNe e/ BjhA p?m ;edk. fBs fdB i[bw j[d
z k
t/y e/, nZyK pzd BjhA eo ;edk. fit/A Gh j' ;e/, w?A fJjBK b'eK dk
d[y dod d{o eoB tk;s/, g{oh tkj bkfdnKrk.
fiBK B{z ;wM nk iKdh j? T[j fJ;/ soQK ;'ud/ jB. nfij/
d{onzd/; s/ pjkdo wjKg[oy, o'r pko/ Gh fBoy eo b?Ad/ jB ns/ o'r
dk fBtkoD fet/A j'tr
/ k, fJj Gh ‘‘p[M
Z @ b?Ad/ jB.
BkBe goy/ nkg eT[ sk gkoy[ ikD[..
o'r[ dko{ d't? ‘‘p[M?@ sk t?d[ ;[ikD[.. (148)
fJjBK gowkDK B{z uzrh soQK ‘‘p[M
Z @ b?Dk. ;koh jh r[opkDh,
‘‘p[ZMD@ bJh j?. fizdrh ‘‘p[ZMe/@ (;wM e/) fiT[D bJh j?. i/ fe;/
140
fJe EK Gh, ‘‘;wM p{M@ s'A ;jh ezw Bk fbnk, ;G e[M u"gN j' ;edk
j?. ;zGb e/ g?o Bk Xfonk sK u"ckb fvrhdk j?. w{zj ftubh rokjh
Gh nro, mhe sohe/ Bk ykXh sK ikB dk y" pD ;edh j?.
jfo gVhn?, jfo ‘‘p[Mhn?@ r[owsh Bkfw T[Xkok..
r[fo g{o?, g[oh wfs j?, g{o/ ;pfd phukok..
ib[ fpb't?, ib[ wE?, ss[ b'V? nzX[ nfrnkBk..
r[owsh dfX wEhn?, nzfwqs gkJhn? Bkw[ fBXkBk..
wBw[y ss[ B ikDBh, g;{ wkfj ;wkBk.. (1009)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko pko/ tZX s'A tZX ftfdnk gVh ikt/. T[j
gVh ftfdnk d/ r'ji GktK B{z uzrh soQK ;wfMnk ikt/. ihtB dk
nkXko ‘‘Bkw@ okjhA j'Dk j?. Bkw eh j?< r[o{ dh wZs jh n;bh Bkw
j?. r[owfs B/ ;wki dk T[Xko (efbnkD) eoBk j?. g{o/ r[o{ dh wZs
(f;Zfynk) ;G s'A tZX efbnkD eoB tkbh j?. fJj wZs g{o/ r[o{ B/,
Ppd (puB, T[gd/;, f;Zfynk Bkw) okjhA pyfPP ehsh j?. w{oy
fJB;kB r[o{ dh wZs Bk b? e/, p; gkDh ftu wXkDh gk pfjzd/ jB. edh
gkDh foVeD Bkb Gh wZyD gqkgs j'fJnk j?< nkgDh wZs fgS/ uZbD
tkb/ w{oyK dh e'Jh ewh BjhA j?. i' nfrnkBsk ftu, nzBQ/ j'J/ XZe/ yk
oj/ jB. r[o{ dh wZs b? e/ ihtB dh ;wM nkT[Adh j?. fit/A d[X
Z B{z ikr
bkJhdk j?. fco djhA B{z foVehdk j?. fJ; ftXh Bkb wZyD fsnko j[d
z k
j?. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ dh f;Zfynk ;[De/, ‘‘p[M
Z e/@ wB e/, ihtB nzfwqswJh
pDdk j?. wBw[y fJB;kB wkB' fBo/ gP{ jB. i' d[Zy G'rd/ ofjzd/ jB,
go d[Zy d{o eoB bJh r[o{ dh rZb BjhA ;wMd/.
t/d ejfj tfynkD, nzs[ B gktDk..
gfVn? Bk jh G/d[ ‘‘p[fMn?@ gktDk.. (148)
j/ GkJh ` p/nzs Xow g[;seK, frnkB Bkb Gog{o w"i{d jB.
b'ehA fdb oks fJjBK d/ gkm Gh eohA ik oj/ jB.go ihtB ftu
spdhbh e'Jh BjhA nkT[Adh. nkt/ Gh fet/A< feT[Afe ;wfMnk (p[fZ Mnk)
sK j? jh BjhA.
141
p/d gkm ;z;ko eh eko.. gfV gfV gzfvs eofj phuko..
fpB[ ‘‘p{M/@ ;fG j'fJ y[nko[.. (791)
j/ GkJh ` p/d gkm eoB/ b'eK bJh fJe feZsk j?. o'irko dk
;kXB j?. ihtB ;ztkoB bJh BjhA gVd/. pqjwD g[ikoh (GkJh Xow
w[yh) pVhnK ;[nkdbhnK ejkDhnK ;[DkT[Ad/ jB. pfj; w[pk;/ eod/
jB. go fJjBK Xow g[;seK dk nzsoht frnkB BjhA ;wMd/. i'
frnkB wB[y
Z sk d/ Gb/ bJh j't,/ T[jh n;b frnkB j?. toBk gkm eo
eo e/ sK d[BhnK jkb'A p/ jkb j'Jh gJh j?.
fpB[ ‘‘p{M/@ g;{ eh fBnkJh, Gqfw w'fj fpnkfgU wkfJnk..
;kX ;zfr iw i/toh ekJh, BkBe ;jfi ;wkfJnk.. (1300)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ d/ T[gd/; B{z p[ZMD (;wMD) s'A fpBK, wB[Zy p/
neb ofj iKdk j?, fBok g;{nK tork. GowK ftu g? iKdk j?.
wkfJnk ftu T[bM iKdk j?. id'A ;zrs ftu nkT[Adk j?. r[o{ d/ T[gd/
; B{z ;[Ddk j?. sd'A T[; d/ iw o{gh pzXB N[ZN iKd/ jB. ihtB ftu
nkT[D tkbhnK ;kohnK o[ektNK, wB[Zy d{o eo b?Adk j?.
r[ o w;Mkt? ;' M h j' J h.. r[ o w[ f y ftobk p{ M ? e' J h..(224)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ s[jkB{z pko pko uzrh wZs fdzdk j?. fiBK B/ r[o{
dh nkyh fXnkB Bkb ;[Dh (gVh) T[jBK B{z ;wM nk iKdh j?. go ;ko/
nfij/ BjhA jB, fe ;wM p[ZM e/, ftekoK s'A wB B{z w'V b?D, s/ B/e
okj uZb g?D. ftob/ jB ;wMe/ nwb eoB tkb/.
dhfynk nkfy ‘‘p[MkfJnk@, f;csh ;fu ;w/T[..
fsB eT[ fenk T[gd/;hn?, fiB r[o BkBe d/T[.. (150)
j/ r[of;Zy' ` fiBk ftneshnK B/, r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh pkDh
rkJh s/ ;wMh. pkDh okjhA fBozeko dh f;cs ;bkj ehsh j't/. fiBK
B/ r[o{ dk frnkB gqkgs eo fbnk. T[j ;Zu ftu ;wk rJ/, ;funko/
pD rJ/. nfij/ frnkBtkB r[of;ZyK B{z, fco fe;/ j'o T[gd/; dh b'V
BjhA ofjzdh. fiBK dk r[o{, r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih j't/, j'o r[o{ fco eh
eoB/ jB<
142
r[ow[fy rkt?, r[ow[fy ‘‘p{M/@ r[ow[fy ;pd[ phuko/..
ihT[ fgzv[ ;G[ r[o s/ T[gi?, r[ow[fy ekoi ;tko/..
;'Jh ;/te[ i/ ;fsr[o ;/t/, ub? ;fsr[o GkJ/..
;kuk ;pd[ f;cfs j? ;kuh, ;kuk wzfB t;kJ/..
;uh pkDh r[ow[fy nky?, jT[w? ftuj[ ikJ/..
nkg/ dksk eow[ j? ;kuk, ;kuk ;pd[ ;[DkJ/..
r[ow[fy xkb/ r[ow[fy yN/ r[ow[fy Bkw[ igkJ/.. (753)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh nkyh pkDh B{z rkT[Dk, r[o{ dh nkyh B{z p[M
Z[
b?Dk (;wM b?Dk) s/ r[o{ d/ Ppd dh x'y ftuko eoBh ukjhdh j?.wB[y
Z
B{z r[o{ s'A uzrh wZs gqkgs j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK wkB' r[o{ d/ xo ;/te dk
BtK iBw j' frnk. r[o{ ;koh T[go ehs/ ikD tkb/ ezwK dh ftXh ;wMk
fdzdk j?. n;b ;/te T[jh j? i' r[o{ d/ j[ew ftu ihtB pshs eo/.
r[o{ dh pyfPP, fBozeko dh f;cs ;bkj d/ Ppd B{z fjod/ ftu p;k
bt/. r[o{ ;Zuh pkDh T[ukoB eodk j?. fJ; pkDh Bkb jT{w? nkfde
fteko BZ; iKd/ jB. r[o{ tZvk dksk j?, pVhnK pyfPPK eo fdzdk j?.
Ppd okjhA fJjBK y{phnK dh ;wM g?Adh j?. r[o{ d/ nky/ bZr e/, B/e
ewkJh eo/. r[o{ dh G?^GktBh ftu ;[feqs ekoi eo/. fJ; soQK r[o{
tZb'A py;/ Bkw dk gqrNk j[zdk j?. g{ok ihtB r[o{ j[ewK ftu pshs
eoBk ukjhdk j?.
(p[M?, p{M?, p[Mhn?, p[MDk, p[Mkt? nkfd o{gK Bkb fJj Ppd
r[opkDh ftu 409 tkoh nkfJnk j?).
000
19H thuko (Bkw)
fit/A fgZS/ ‘‘p[ZMDk@ Ppd nkfJnk j?. fJ;/ soQK thuko iK
thukoBk Gh T[;/ noE ftu nkfJnk j?, Gkt j? ;wM b?Dk. ;wM e/
wzB b?Dk. ftdtkBK tb'A fJeZm/ j' e/, fe;/ B[es/ pko/ nkg' nkgD/
ftuko d/ e/, fe;/ fBoD/ s/ gjz[uDk. ;Gk ;[;kfJNh ftu ;[nkb i[nkp
eoB B{z Gh ftuko uouk efj fdZsk iKdk j?. f;o;k v/o/ tkb/ nkgD/
143
jcsktkoh fJeZmK B[z ‘‘Bkw uouk@ efjzd/ jB. n;b fBu'V dh rZb
fJj j? fe pj[gZyh x'y eoe/, uzrh soQK ;wM b?Dk. fco T[; B{z nkgD/
Gb/ bJh nkgDk b?Dk.
fiBh fJe wfB Bkw[ fXnkfJnk, r[owsh ‘‘thukfo@..
fsB e/ w[y ;d T[ib/, fss[ ;u? dopkfo.. (28)
j/ GkJh ` fiBk ;/teK B/ fJekro fuZs j' e/, r[o{ dk T[gd/;
;[fDnk. T[;pko/ ftukoe/ ;wfMnk, T[; okjha r[o{ dh fdZsh wZs (;'Mh)
fjod/ ftu p;k bJh. nfij/ Gb/ wB[ZyK d/ w{zj ;'jD/ j[zd/ jb. Gkt fe
T[jBK B{z e'Jh fcNekoK Bjha g?DrhnK. p[o/ ezw ehs/ BjhA fJ; bJh
T[bKG/ Gh BjhA MZbD/ g?Dr/. ;Zu dh ;Gk ftu ;Zu/ b'eK ftu T[jBK B{z
;fseko fdZsk ikt/rk.
gyzfv Grfs b j'tJh, d[fpXk p'b[ y[nko[..
;' iB[ obkfJnk Bk ob?, fi;[ nzsfo fpp/e phuko[..(28)
j/ GkJh ` Xow dk gkyzv sK eobk go ihtB B{z goT[geko
(Gb/ ezw) tb Bk bkT[Dk, e'Jh Xow BjhA j?. Xow fJe ;tZS ihtB
ftXh j?. fJjh BjhA fe Xkowe gfjokt/ gfjB bJ/, u'b/ gk bJ/,
dkjVhnK tXk bJhnK, feogkBK XkoB eo bJhnK. e[ZM gkm wzso
ikg eo bJ/ fJj sK mZrK tkbhnk X'y/pkIhnK jB. r[opkDh wB[Zy B{z
fteko fsnkr e/, r[DtkB pDB dk nkd/; fdzdh j?. tke jB^
;op Xow wfj ;q / ; N Xow[ . .
jfo e' Bkw[ ifg, fBowb eow[..
;rb feqnk wfj T[sw fefonk..
;kX ;zfr d[owfs wb[ fjfonk.. (266)
j/ GkJh ` ;ko/ XowK eowK s'A T[sw ekoi J/j j? fe pkeh
gkyzv fefonktK fsnkr e/, Gb/ ezw eo', gow/;o B{z fjod/ ftu :kd
oy'. j'o ;ko/ gkyzv ezwK s'A T[sw nrbk uzrk ezw J/j j?, fe ;kX
;zrs ftu'A r[o{ dh wZs b? e/, nkgDh w?bh G?Vh wZs B{z SZv d/j. nfij/
r[D XkoB eoB/ n;bh ‘‘Xow eow@ jB.
144
;fsr[o ;/ft wB[ fBowbk, jT[w? sfi fteko[..
nkg[ S'fv ihts wo?, r[o e? ;pfd ‘‘thuko@.. (34)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o s'A uzrh wZs b?, s/ok wB w?b (ftekoK) s'A ofjs j'
ikt/rk. jT[w? ysw j' ikt/rh. nkgDh w?A w/oh tkbh jzeko fposh B{z
SZv d/j. nkgk Gkt fsnkrD s'A fpBk r[o{ dh f;Zfynk wzBh BjhA ik
;edh. ftekoK tb'A wB wko b?. r[o{ d/ Ppd B{z thuko e/ gV/rk, sK
fJjh T[gd/; fwb/rk.
Bkw[ B u/sfj, ;pd[ B ‘‘thukofj@,
fJj wB w[ y ek nkuko[ . .
jfo Bkw Bk gkfJnk, fpoEk iBw rtkfJnk,
BkBe iw wkfo eo/ y[nko.. (508)
j/ GkJh ` wBw[Zy pzd/ dk ;[Gk eh j[zdk j?< T[j Bkw (r[o{ dh
wZs) u/s/ BjhA eodk. r[o{ d/ T[gd/; Ppd dh thuko BjhA eodk. fJ;
bJh T[; B{z ;wM e[M BjhA nkT[Adk. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk s'A fpBK
(Bkw^;[G^nwb^B/e ihtB) ihtB p/noE ubk frnk. fJ; soQK dk
wB[Zy iw o{g ftekoK tb'A wkfonk it/rk.
pkto/ s/ frnkB ‘‘phuko[@ B gkfJnk. fpoEk iBw rtkfJnk..(793)
j/ ewb/ wB[y ` s{z frnkB jk;b Bk ehsk. r[o ;pd okjhA
;fsr[o{ wZs d/ oj/ jB, ;wMD dh e'fPP jh BjhA ehsh. fJ;/ bjh s{z
B/e fJB;kB BjhA pD ;fenk. s/ok wB[yk iBw p/eko jh ufbnk
frnk.
fi; B' Bdfo eofj s{z nkgDh, ;' r[ow[fy eo/ ‘‘thuko@ ihT[.. (448)
j/ fBozeko ` fi; ftnesh s/ s{z w/jotkB j't/ T[j eh eodk
j?< T[j r[o{ (r[ow[fy) d/ Ppd T[gd/; dh ftuko eodk j?. thuko Bkb
T[; dk frnkB gqcb
[ s j[d
z k j?. T[; dk nkgDk ihtB ;zto iKdk
j?.fJ; soQK g{o/ ;wki dk ;[Xko j'Dk P[o{ j' iKdk j?.
r[o g{Sj s[w eoj[ ‘‘phuko@.. sK gqG ;ku/ br? fgnko[..
nkg[ S'fv j'fj dk;s GkfJ.. sT[ irihtB t;? wfB nkfJ. (1173)
145
j/ GkJh ` Xow nB[;koh ihtB fiT[D bJh (r[opkdh okjh)
r[o{ s'A g[ZS e/ uZb'. ftuko ;fjs f;nkDg Go/ sohe/ Bkb ezw eo'.
fJ; soQK s[jkB{z ;wM nkt/rh, fe oZp Bkb fgnko dk we;d eh j?.
nkgDh neb XB ns/ nj[d/ dk jzeko BjhA eoBk. ;/te pDe/ jo
gqkDh wkso dh ;/tk eoBh j?. id'A fJ; soQK dk fBwosk tkbk ihtB
fpskT[Dr/ ;wM' irs B{z ihtB dkB d/D tkbk, fBozeko fjod/ ftu p;
frnk j? .
;fsr[o B' ;G[ e' t/ydk i/sk irs[ ;z;ko[..
fvm? w[efs B j'tJh fiuo[ ;pfd B eo/ ‘‘thuko[@..
jT[w? w?b[ B u[eJh Bkfw B br? fgnko[.. (594)
j/ GkJh ` T[AM sK ;ko/ ;z;ko d/ b'e r[o{ e'b nkT[Ad/ jB.
Bw;eko eod/ jB. ‘‘doPB@ Gh eod/ jB. go eh ;oho d/ do;BK
Bkb b'ehA pzXBK s'A w[es j' ;eDr/< edh BjhA j'Dr/. i' puB (Ppd)
;fsr[o B/ ej/ jB, T[j ftukoe/ ;wMe/ wzBD/ g?Dr/, sK wB[Zy pzXB
w[es j' ;e/rk. ‘‘ftuko@ Bkb T[; B{z gsk br/rk fe ;fsr[o{ ih B/
eh j[ew ehsk j?. w/o/ ftu fezB/ r[D s/ fezB/ nT[rD
[ k ekoB j[D se
w/ok fezBk B[e;kB j' u[fenk j?. B[e;kB g?;/ dk, ;/js dk, fJZis dk
iK GftZy dk. wB[y
Z ;'uD bJh wip{o j' ikt/, fe fJjBK ;ko/ gZyK pko/
w?A fezBk c/bQ j'fJnk jK, fezBk ekw:kp jK. jT[w? (w?A pj[s f;nkDk
jK, w?Bz{ r[o{ dh pkDh d/ T[gd/; dh b'V BjhA) ftu wB[y
Z p; nkgD/ fBi
pko/ jh ;'udk j?. pkeh d[BhnK d/ ihtK B{z ehV/ we"V/. fJ;/ jzeko
fposh ekoB Bkw (T[gd/;, ftuko) ftu BjhA i[Vdk.
(r[opkDh ftu thuko, thuko/, thukoBk, Ppd thuko, nkfd
o{g Bkb fJj 377 tkoh nkfJnk j?).
000
20H y'iDk (Bkw)
fiB t;s{nK pko/ ikDekoh BjhA jz[dh ;wMdko wB[Zy T[jBK
pko/ ‘‘y'i@ eoe/ tX/o/ iukDekoh b?Dk ukj[d
z k j?. fJ; y'i Bkb fiE/
146
T[; y'ih B{z fBZih ckfJdk j[zdk j?, i/ y'i wB[Zy fjs?Ph j? sK j'o nB/
eK dk Gbk j' iKdk j/. pj[s ;wK gfjbk fBT{NB B/ y'i ehsh fe Xosh
jo fJe uhi B{z nkgD/ tZB fyudh j?. r[o{sk dk f;XKs pj[s ftek;
eo frnk j?. go w[ZYbk y'ih ;kfonK B{z :kd j?. T[; dh y'i s'A wro'A
Bt/A okj y[Zb rJ/. iVhnK p{NhnK dh y'i eoB tkfbnK B/ p/nzs
dtkJhnK fsnko eo ftykJhnK i' wB[Zy bJh nfs ckfJd/tzd ;kps
j'JhnK. bZeV dhnK r/bhnK d/ foVB s'A, iK T[u/ EK s'A fBtkD tZb
gZEo foVB s'A, gjhJ/ dh y'i j'Jh. fJjh gjhnk nZr'A w;ahBK dk w[ZY
pfDnk. ihtB dhnk b'VK tk;s/ ftfrnkB B/ fJzBk e[M d[BhnK B{z fdZsk
j?. i/ fJj ;kok e[M E'V/ ;w/A bJh ;kE' y[; ikt/, ;kvk ihtB nzXeko
ftu v[p
Z ikt/rk. gZEo dh fBnkJh nfjZb j' ikt/rk. w[V n;hA izrbh
tk; tb gos iktKr/.
ftfdnk d/ nB/eK Bt/A ft;/ y'i/ rJ/. fco T[jBK dh ftXh
g{ote ekbiK ftu gVkJh P[o{ eotkJh rJh.fe;/ B"i[nkB B{z id'A
ghHn?uHvhH dh fvroh fdZsh iKdh j?, sK fJj wzfBnk iKdk j? fe T[;
B/ e'Jh BthA y'i ehsh j?. wB[y
Z h ;oho ns/ wB[y
Z h wB s/ Gh p/ns
z y'iK
j' u[ZehnK jB, nZr'A j'o j[zdhnk ofjDrhnK. Xow d/ pj[s ;ko/
ftfPnK pko/ ‘‘y'i@ eoe/, pj[s ;kohnK tZvhnK fvrohnK tzvhnK ik
u[ZehnK jB. fJfsjk; pko/ y'i, r[opkDh pko/ y'i, y'i s/ j'o y'i.
;wK phsD Bkb g[ikoh b'e Xow dhnK gZehnK wkBsktK
fBPfus eo fdzd/ jB. pko^pko T[jBK dk gquko eoe/, mhe f;ZX
eoB tk;s/, g{ok fNZb bk fdzd/ jB. fJjBK gZe/ fBnwK okjhA g[ikohnK
dk fBih ckfJdk j[zdk j?. go ;wki dk wkbf;e ftek; o[e iKdk j?.
id'A e'Jh y'ih ftdtkB, wB[y
Z sk bJh B[e;kB d/j otkfJsK B{z oZd eoB
dh e'fPP eodk j? sK g[ikoh N'bk ‘‘Xow yso/@ ftu j? dk P'o wuk
e/, izsk B{z GVekT[Adk j?. eJh tkoh fJ; soQK tZv/ NeokT[ Gh j'
ikfJnk eod/ jB. r[opkDh ftu ‘‘y'i@ B[z nsh ;fseko fdZsk frnk
j?. y'i eoB bJh T[s;kjs ehsk frnk j?. y'ih B/ wB y'iDk j?.
147
;oho y'iDk j?, Xosh nekP y'iDk j/.s/ fBozeko y'iDk j?. fJ; y'i
Bkb T[; dk nkgDk s/ ;w[u
Z / ;wki dk fjs i[fVnk j[d
z k j?. r[o{ ;kfjp
B/ y[d g[okDhnK wkBsktK, g{oh db/oh Bkb oZd ehshnK jB. Bt/A okjK
dh sbkP ehsh j?. XowK dh d[Bhnk ftu fJe eoKshekoh Xow
;{oits T[d? j'fJnk j?. r[opkDh d/ noE pj[s ;ko/ ftdtkBK B/ ehs/
jB. ni/ fJj y'i o[eh BjhA, j'o tXhnk j'o uzr/o/ noE, GftZy ftu
Gh j[d
z / ofjDr/. ;G s'A ;jh noE T[j j'Dr/, i' wB[y
Z K B{z GowK, pzXBK
ftu'A w[es eoB. ebk eb/; B{z xNkT[D s/ fJB;kBhns B{z pokposk,
;fjDPhbsk, nkIkdh, no'rsk, frnkB ns/ fiT[D dk uZi f;ykT[D.
fBZi gq;sh y[droih, d/ gZy B{z T[GkoB tkb/ noE (y'i) Gh j'Dr/.
fJjBK s'A ;[us
/ j'D dh ;dk b'V j?. ‘‘y'i@ pko/ nkT[ r[o{ pkpk ih s'A
g[S
Z hJ/^
;/tk ;[ofs ojf; r[D rktk, r[ow[fy frnkB[ phukok..
‘‘y'ih@ T[gi?, pkdh fpB;?, jT[ pfb pfb r[o eoskok..
jw Bhu j's/ jhD wfs M{m/, s{z Ppfd ;tkoDjkok..
nksw uhBsjK s{ skoD ;u[ sko/ skoDjkok.. (1255)
j/ GkJh ` fpBk roi s'A ;/tk eoBh ukjhdh j?. r[o{ dk frnkB ftuko
;fjs fjod/ ftu p;kT[Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soQK wB B[z ;fEo eo
bJhdk j?. ‘‘y'ih@ (ftukotkB) wB[y
Z pzXB s'V b?Adk j?, ihtB ;[yh
pDk b?Adk j?. ftek; eodk nZr/ tXdk ubk iKdk j?. tkd^fttkd
(pfj;) eoB tkbk, fpB; iKdk j?. ihtB d/ jo y/so ftu gSV
iKdk j?. w?A sK fBozeko s'A pfbjko iKdk jK, fi; B/ y'i d/ okj N'o
fdZsk j?. n;hA Bhu ;K, fBwkD/ ;K, M{m/ ;K. nB/e ewI'ohnK d/ dpkJ/
j'J/ ;K. j/ gow/;o ih ` s/o/ Ppd B{z gfVnk ikfDnk s/ ihtB ftu
XkoB ehsk. s/o/ Ppd (f;Zfynk) B/ ihtB ;ztko fdZsk. nkswk dh
y'i eoB tkbk fJj ikD b?Adk j? fe s{z jh e/tb ihtK B{z ;z;ko ;kro
s'A gko bzxkT[D tkbk j?.
pzd/ ‘‘y'i@ fdb jo o'i, Bk fco go/PkBh wkfj..
148
fJj[ i[ d[Bhnk f;jo[ w/bk, d;srhoh Bkfj.. (727)
j/ wB[Zy ` jo o'i nkgD/ fdb (wB) B{z y'i goy eo. i' go/
PkBhnK s?B{z u"soch x/ok gkJh p?mhnK jB, fJjBK dk ekoB bZG. e/
tb go/PkB j'D Bkb w;b/ jZb BjhA j'D./ fi; d[BhnK dh uwe dwe,
wkfJnk d/ u;e/, ns/ ;[nkdK ftu s{z T[bM frnk j?, fJj ;z;ko fJe
ikd{ dh y/v tKr j?. i' n;b ftu j[d
z h j'o j?, go fd;dh j'o j?. fiBK
u;fenK fgZS/ s{z d"V fojk j?, fJj s/o/ jZE BjhA nkT[D/ jK ihtB i'
pVk ehwsh j?, p/noE ubk ikt/rk.
jT[ sB wB ‘‘y'ih@, Gkfb GbkJh..
feT[ fgnkok gqhsw[ fwb? w/oh wkJh..
fwfb ;kX ;zrfs ‘‘y'i@ d;kJh,
ftfu ;zrfs jfo gqG t;? ihT[.. (94)
j/ r[of;Zy' ` nkgD/ wB dh y'i eo'. nkgD/ ;oho pko/ frnkB
jk;b eo'. s[jkB{z ;kohnK w[PebK d/ i[nkp fwb ikDr/. g[ZS' nkgD/
nkg s'A fe j/ wK gow/;o fet/A fwbdk j?< i[nkp fwb/rk fe r[o{ dh
;oD ftu ikT[, ;zrs ftu T[gd/; ;[D.' r[o{ dZ;r
/ k fe ;zrs ftu jh
oZp t;dk j?. pkjo GkbD feT[A ikDk j?< B/e ftuko s/ B/e ihtB
tkb/, r[o{ e/ fgnko/, oZp dk jh o{g jB.
‘‘y'is y'is@ nzfwqs ghnk.. fywk okjh wB[ ;fsr[fo dhnk.. (932)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s bzwh ‘‘y'i@ s'A wro'A, ;wM nkJh j? fe r[o{
dk frnkB jh n;bh nzfwqs j?. r[o{ d/ frnkB d[nkok, p'bK ftu
nzfwqs (fwmk; s/ ;Zu) B/so fdqPNh nzfwqswJh. ;kok ;oho goT[geko
d/ okj uZbD ekoB nzfwqs dk w[iZ;wk pD frnk. wB ftu fBwosk
XkoB ehsh sK gq/PkBhnK xN rJhnK. fJj T[u/oh ;wM r[o{ s'A gqkgs
j' J h j? .
‘‘y'is y'is@ wkor[ gfJU, ;kX{ ;/ft eohi?..
Xkfo nB[rqj[ ;[nkwh w/o/, Bkw[ wjk o;[ ghi?.. (1269)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s bzwh GNeDk s'A wro'A y'ifdnK y'ifdnK ;jh
149
okj bZfGnk j?. fet/< r[o{ dh feogk Bkb. w?A r[o{ s'A Bkw (ihtB bJh
PZG
[ f;Zfynk) gqkgs eo fbnk. j[D jo ;w/A Bkw ftu fbt brh ofjzdh
j?.
wB{nk bkfJ ;tko/ EkBk, g{ST[ ;zsk ikfJ..
‘‘y'is y'is@ w?A gkj[B fwfbU, Grfs eoT[ fBft gkfJ..(1266)
j/ GkJh ` wB B{z r[o{ d/ T[gd/; tZb e/Ados eoBk ukjhdk j?.
fJ; soQK wB d/ fteko d{o j' iKd/ jB. wB g{oh soQK ;kc P[X
Z j' iKdk
j?. fco w?A iht fJ;soh r[o{ B{z g[Sdh jK fe fjod/ o{gh xo sK ;ztko
fbnk j? (gsh) gow/;o ed'A fwb/rk< w?B{z r[o{ B/ r[D XkoB eoB dh
uzrh ws fdZsh. r[D XkoB ehs/ ntr[D pkjo eZY fdZs/. fJ; soQK
y'ifdnK nzdo'A jh fBozeko d/ doPB j' rJ/. j[D w?A jo/e iht ftu
gqG{ d/ doPB eodk jK, s/ fBwosk Bkb ;G dh ;/tk eodk jK.
fJ; wB eT[ e'Jh ‘‘y'ij[@ GkJh .
wB y'is Bkw BT[fBfX gkJh.. (1128)
j/ GkJh ` nkgD/ wB dhnK S[ghnK n;hw PeshnK B{z gfjukD'.
s[jkv/ nzdo ftek; eoB dhnK, nEkj GktBktK jB. b'V j? fe s[;hA
T[jBK B{z tosDk f;Zy bT[. wB B{z y'ifdnK, ftfdnk jk;b eofdnK,
ihtB d/ siop/ jzYkT[AfdnK, nro s[;hA nv'b oj/, t/yr
' / fezBk ftek;
eo rJ/ j'. ‘‘BT[ fBXk@ tor/ yikB/ r[o{ dh f;Zfynk ftu jh jB.
g[oksB ;kfjs ftu Bkw ige/ Grsh eoe/ ;oho B{z e;N d/
e/, nweh gqkgsh j't/rh iK Yweh P?n nkekP ftu'A s[jkvh M'bh ftu
nk Nge/rh. i/ fJ; soQK j' ;edk j[zdk sK Gkos tk;h b'e, edh G[Zy/
Bk wod/. Bzr/ Bk ofjzd/. wekBK s'A ;ZyD/, Bhb/ nzpo j/m, ;odh
rowh ftu jkb'A p/jkb Bk j[zd/. Gkos tk;hnK B/ nZi se fe;/ fJe
Gh uhI dh ftfrnkBe ekY BjhA eZYh. ;G b'AVhdhnK t;sK, pd/;K
ftu'A wfjzr/ w[b
Z T[sko e/ wzrkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJE'A ftd/;K B{z jIkoK
NB b'jK, fgZsb, sKpk, uKdh s/ ;'Bk G/fink iKdk j?. ukj e"ch, uhBh,
yzv, nkb{, nzp, e/bk nkfd G/fink iKdk j?. i' e[dosh sohe/ IwhB
150
ftu'A gqkgs j[zdk j?. dtkJhnK, wPhBK, ijkI, pzp ;G pkjo'A nkT[Ad/
jB. fJE'A tkb/ ‘‘;kX wjK g[oy pkp/@ nZyK pzd eotk e/, u"eV/ wotk
e/, bzw/ ;kj b? e/, ‘‘f;woD eoe/ PKsh gqkgs eod/ jB@. fJE'A d/
;kX (s/ bhvo) f;ZX/ BjhA j' ;eDr/. p; g[Zm/ bNeDk fJjBK dk
‘‘Xow@ j?, P"e j?. nZi sZe Gkos dk ;zftXkB nkgDk BjhA j?. i'
ekB{B
z r'o/ pDk e/ d/ rJ/ ;B. 26 iBtoh 1950 B{z T[;/ ;zftXkB dh
g'Eh s/ Made In India (Gkos ftu pfDnk) fbyk fdZsk. fJj BjhA
fbfynk fe Gkosh jkewK B/ pDkfJnk. i/ fe;/ ftnesh B{z ;zek j't/
sK o'ikBk bkr{ j' oj/ ekB{B
z K pko/ ikDekoh b? e/ s;Zbh eo ;edk j?.
fJE/ sK ‘‘nZyK whN e/ nzdo dh ;?o@ eoe/ PKsh dh y'i ehsh iKdh
j?. pkjo Gkt/A ;kok d/; b[ZfNnk ikt/, T[FZiV ikt/, fJE'A d/ wjKg[oy
pkjo BjhA t/yd/ ;B, e/tb nzsow[yh ;B. j[D f;ZyK B{z e[okj/ gkT[D
tkb/ gkyzvh N'b/ Gh, ‘‘wzso ikg, Bkw f;owD, nkswk dh PKsh@
godkB eotk oj/ jB. o'Nh bJh Gkt/A pd/;K B{z T[vkoh wkoBh gt/.
Gkt/A nksw jZfsnk eoBh gt/.
i' pqjwzv/ ;'Jh fgzv/ i' ‘‘y'i?@ ;' gkt?..
ghgk gqDt? gowss[ j?, ;fsr[o[ j'fJ bykt?.. (695)
j/ GkJh ` ;koh f;q;Nh B{z ;or[D ;o{g ftu pDkT[D tkb/, gzi
w[Yb/ sZs, fJe' soQK d/ jB. T[jBK jh sZsK s'A ;oho pfDnk j?. T[jBK
s'A jh pkeh iht izs s/ o[y
Z fpoy pD/ jB. fJjBK pohe owiK dh fe;/
‘‘y'ih@ wB[Zy B{z ;wM j[zdh j?. T[j Gh sK i' r[o{ dh wZs b?Ad/ ofjD.
y'ih fposh tkfbnK ;w[d
z o jzxkb fdZs./ uzd skfonK se T[vkohnK bk
bJhnK. Xosh dk uZgk uZgk rkj wkfonk, BeP/ pDk bJ/. d{o Xosh
d/ nzdo sZe ub/ rJ/. ;kv/ gqukoe ;kX N'b/, f;Zy ;wki B{z gZEo ts
pDk oj/ jB nfjb, ;wkXh ;fEs.
r[opkDh ftu tos/ rJ/ g[okD/ ;kfjs d/ jtkfbnK ftu ‘‘B"
fBXK@ dk fIeo pj[s tkoh nkT[Adk j?. B" fBXK fJj fbyhnK jB^ (1)
gdw^;'Bk uKdh fwb/rh (2) wjK gdw^jho/ itkjo w'shnK d/ Gzvko
151
Go ikDr/ (3) ;zy^;'jD/ o/Pwh p;so s/ nfBe goeko d/ ;tkfdPN
ykD/ gqkgs j'Dr/ (4) weo^PPso ftfdnk ftu fBgzB
[ j' ikT[r,/
d[PwD s/ cfsj j'tr
/ h, oki dopko ftu tZv/ nkj[d/ fwbDr/ (5)
eZSg^ nzB dkD/ ns/ eZgV/ d/ tZv/ tgkoh pD ikT[r/ (6) ezd
[ ^;'B/ d/
tZv/ tgkoh pD'r/ (7) Bhb^ w'sh w{zr/ d/ tZv/ tgkoh (8) w[ezd^ okr
ftfdnk ftu fBg[B
z , fuso ebk eftsk nkfd ftu w[jkos jk;b eo'r/
(9) toi^ yopK d/ wkbe pD ikT[r/. fe;/ uhI dh ewh BjhA oj/rh.
fJj uhIK nkekP ftu'A BjhA fvZr g?DhnK. i' e[M gqkgs eoB
dh fJZSk j't,/ T[; tk;s/ b'AVhd/ ;kXB, neb s/ fjzws i[NkT[Dh gt/rh.
r[o{ ;kfjp B/ sK pkDh ftu ;gPN nky jh fdZsk j?^
‘‘BT[ fBfX@ nzfwqs[ gqG ek Bkw[ .. d/jh wfj fJ;ek fp;qkw[.. (293)
(y'ih, y'iDk, y'i?, y'ij[ nkfd o{gK ftu fJ; dh tos'A 201
tkoh j'Jh j?)
000
21H Ppd ykDk (Bkw ykDk)
fJjBK r[opkDh gowkDk ftu ‘‘Bkw f;woB iK Bkw igD@
dh ;hwK B{z gko eoe/, ;fsr[o{ fJe j'o o"ue ftXh nkgDk oj/ jB.
b/ye s/ gqukoe ‘‘p/t;@ fij/ j' e/ fJjBK PpdK d/ noE e[M e[
;ukJh d/ B/V/ eo iKd/ jB. feT[Afe o'Nh tKr sK Ppd ykXk BjhA ik
;edk. e'Jh ftuekobk, Gkt noEK tkbk okj bZGDk gt/rk. ;' fJjh
ehsk frnk j?. fco ‘‘f;woB, Bkw igD@ d/ Gkt noE ‘‘r[o{ dk
j[ew, Ppd, T[gd/P, f;Zfynk, ihtB iKu@ feT[A Bjha ehs/ ik ;ed/
< i/ nkgDh e"w B{z nzXeko ftu'A eZYDk j?. i/ nkgD/ r[o GkJhnK B{z
nfrnkBsk d/ jB/o/ ftu'A pkjo fbnkT[Dk j?. i/ e"w B{z jb{D e/
irkT[Dk j?. sK fJj ‘‘f;woB@ tork gkrbgD tkbk okj fsnkrDk
gt/rk. r[opkDh dk eoKshekoh yk;k, PoXktkBK d/ nZr/ oZyDk gt/
rk. pkpk BkBe ih B{z ‘‘g{iDi'r Xkofwe wjKg[oy@ pDk e/ g{ik
eoB dh Ekt/, T[jBK dk fJBekbph u/jok ;z;ko ;Bw[y oZyDk gt/rk.
152
i/ r[o{ BkBe e/tb ‘‘Xowe ftnesh@ ;B, sK T[jBK B{z pkpo d/
fto[X prkts eoB dh eh b'V ;h< T[jBK dk jh o{g gzit/A Bkbe, okw
Bkw igd/, wzso gVd/, wkbk c/od/, B{z ijKrho Bkb NeokT[D dh,
s;hj/ MZbD dh Pjhdh gkT[D dh eh Io{os ;h< n"ozri/p B/ ;gPN
efj fdZsk ;h, nro (r[o){ s/r pjkdo ;kXK ;zsK tKr ‘‘Bkw f;woD
eod/ ofjD, sK ;kvk fJjBK Bkb e'Jh fto'X Bjh.@ go fJj izsk B{z
je{ws fto[X ‘‘GVekT[Ad/@ jB. r[o[ r'fpzd f;zx ih pko/ Gh fJj ;[B/
jk G/fink ;h je{ws B/, fe ‘‘Xow eow@ se ;hws oj'. c"iK
oZyDhnK, febQ/ pDkT[D,/ jfEnko fJeZm/ eoB/, fJj sK ‘‘prkts@ d/
bZSD jB. pkpk pzdk f;zx pjkdo Bkd/FV fty/, wZm ftu p?mk, ‘‘Bkw
f;woD@ eodk j'fJnk ‘‘Xowh@ ;h. go fi; tes yzvk cV e/, x'V/
s/ ;tko j' e/, c"iK b? e/ ;wkD/ s/ ikfgnk, eh T[; w/A ‘‘Xowh@ BjhA
;h< id'A ;ofjzd ƒ Yfj^Y/oh eo fdsk. i' ;kjwD/ nkfJnk sfj
s/r ehsk frnk. nfij/ ;{owrsh d/ ezw eoB tkbk pzdk f;zx eh
‘‘Xow@ s'A fEVe frnk ;h< nfij/ izrh okj s/ N'oB tkb/, r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx ih eh rbs ;B< fJe ;" ;kb se f;Zy i'X/, NZgoh tk; pD/,
T[FZiV/ fcod/ oj/. pj[s ;ko/ pZfunK dk izrbK p/fbnK ftu jh iBw
j'fJnk. ;ZgK dhnk f;ohnK fwXd/, fjoBK dhnK X"DK wo'Vd/, P/oK d/
x[ofBnK ftu iK oksK eZND tkb/, G[y
Z / fgnk;/ ofj e/, nkgDk ;G e[M
b[Nk e/ Gh, fe;/ dh N?A Bk wzBD tkb/, nB'y/ ;{ofwnK ƒ ‘‘Xowh@
wzfBnk ikt/ fe Bk< ;qH joh f;zx Bb{nk, P/o/^J/^gzikp wjkokik
oDihs f;zx, ;qH Pkw f;zx nNkoh tkb/ ƒ ‘‘Xowh@ wzBkr/ fe BjhA<
fJj gZeh pks j? fe T[jBK B/ nZi tkb/ gkyzvhnK tKr, ‘‘Bkw f;woD@
dk BkNe BjhA ehsk. T[jBK dk ;w[u
Z k ihtB jh ‘‘Bkw f;woB@ dk
w[ i ;wk ;h.
nZi d/ t/jbV N'b,/ xZN s'bD tkb/, tZX Gkn bkT[D tkb/,
xNhnk wkb t/uD tkb/. foPts b?D tkb/, mZrhnK wkoB tkb/, pVk
‘‘Bkw@ igd/ jB. tk;Bk ftu v[p/ j'J/ gokJ/ o{g s/ bkbK ;[ND tkb/
153
pj[s Bkw igd/ jB. bkbu ftu rq;/ j'J/, jo jZEezvk tos e/, d{i/
ƒ b[ZN b?D tkb/, pV/ ‘‘Xowh@ g[oy jB. rohp dk w{zj r[o{ eh r'be
ƒ veko ikD tkb/, ‘‘tZv/ Xowh@ jB. eqX
' ftu nZr T[rbD tkb/,
w'fYnK s/ rzvk;/, poS/, feogkBK, pzde
{ K gkJh fcoB tkb/, pVk ‘‘Bkw
igd/@ jB. r[od[nkfonK s/ epfInK ƒ b? e/ r'bhnK ubkT[D tkb/,
esb eoB tkb/, i/jbK eZND tkb/ ‘‘wjkB Xowh@ g[oy jB. jzeko
dh f;yobh Nh;h s/ p?m/ j'J/ r'rV Xkoh ;kX, f;Zyh t/; XkoB eoe/
, pkDh gVe/, f;ZyK s'A jh wkfJnk pN'o oj/ jB, s/ nkgDh jh g{ik
(g?oh jZE) eotk oj/ jB. feT[Afe fJj b'e ‘‘Bkw f;woB@ pVk eod/
jB. r[o{ e/ sysK s/ p?mD tkb/, ny"sh iE/dko, nkgDh e'w ƒ fe;
soQK Pow;ko eotkT[Dr/, edh ;'funk BjhA ;h. fJj b'e Gh pj[s
‘‘Bkw igd/@ jB s/ j'oK ƒ Bkw igD dk fBZs T[gd/P eod/ jB. ;kv/
r[od[nkfonK d/ gqpzXe ns/ oki;h nkr{ Gh fdB^oks fJekro fus
fJ;/ soQK dk ‘‘Bkw f;owD@ eo oj/ jB. ekP fe r[opkDh ƒ ykDk
s/ G[zuDk PpdK s/ jh nwb eo b?Ad/.
‘‘ykDk@ Ppd uzfrnkJhnK, fis[ ykg? ;dk fsqgkfs j'fJ..
g?BD f;cfs ;BkfJ j?, ;dk ;dk T[j T[ibk, w?bk ed/ Bk j'fJ.. (1092)
j/ GkJh ` Ppd dk ykDk (;[DBk) eh j?< fe ihtB ftu
uzfrnkJhnK got/P eo ikD. r[Dk Bkb Gog{o wB[Zy ƒ fJe yk;
fsqgsh fwbdh j?. Ppd dk g?jBDk eh j?< fe iht f;cs ;kbkj ftu
ozfrnk oj/. eZgV/ nkw eoe/ w?b/ j' iKd/ jB, X'Jhd/ jB. r[o{ d/
T[gd/P okjhA nkgD/ wB ƒ fJzBk ;kc s/ gftZso pDk b? fe edh w?bk
BjhA j't/rk Gkt fe egVk sK w?bk j' ikt/ sK ;kc eoBk ;"yk j?. go
wB i/ w?bk j' ikt/ sK ;kc eoBk pj[s n"yk j?. fJ; bJh i/ edh
ftekoK dh w?b nkT[Adh j? sK r[o{ j[ew d[nkok T[; ƒ go/ trkj wkoh.
i/ wB jh w?bk j' frnk fco ;oho iK eZgV/, ;kc ;[Eo/ ehwsh, fe;/
noE BjhA jB.
jfo nzfwqs Bkw[ G'iB fBs ‘‘Gzu
[ j[@ ;op t/bk w[fy gktj[..
154
iok wok skg[ ;G[ Bkmk, r[D r'fpzd fBs rktj[.. (611)
j/ GkJh ` nzfwqs tork (r[o{ dk T[gd/;) Bkw G'iB jo o'i jo ;w/
A Sed/ oj'. fJ; Bkw nzfwqs dh pd"bs p[Ykg/ dk G? BjhA oj/rk. w"s
dk y"c go/PkB BjhA eo/rk. ;ohoe ns/ wkBf;e go/PkBhnk s'A
w[esh fwb/rh. id'A jo ;w/A ;fsr[o{ dh d;h f;Zfynk s/ ubd/ oj'r/.
r[ow[fy ;u[ ‘‘G'iB@, gfts[ ;ohok..
wB[ fBowb[, ;d r[Dh rjhok..
izw? wo? Bk nkt? ikfJ..
r[o go;kdh ;kfu ;wkfJ.. (1174)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dk pyf;; ehsk ;uk G'iB (yok T[gd/;) Se'r/
sK wB ftek; eo/rk. ;oho szdo[;s pfDnk oj/rk. wB ftekoK tb'A
jN ikt/rk. r[DtkB gow/;o d/ r[D rkT[AfdnK s[;hA Gh r[DtkB pD
ikT[r/. nfij/ ;Zu d/ okj ubfdnK, xVh w[Vh ;"d/ BjhA eoB/ g?Dr/
. nkswk BjhA wkoBh gt/rh. r[o{ dh ;Zuh f;Zfynk okjh, ;Zu/ ftu
fbtbhB j' ikT[r./
g/y/ fpziB go';Bjko/.. fij ‘‘G'iB@ ehB' s/ fsqgsko/.. (1299)
j/ GkJh ` G'iB d/ d/r/ e/tb t/yD Bkb g/N BjhA Godk. ;/
tkdko ;kok fdB G'iB toskT[Ad/ jB. ;kok G'iB T[jBK d/ jZEK ftu'A
dh bzxdk j?. go T[jBK dh G[Zy sd fwN/rh id'A gq;kdk SeDr/. fpBK
ykX/ G[Zy BjhA fwNDh. fJ;/ soQK r[o{ d/ T[gd/; (r[opkDh) ƒ gVB
wkso Bkb e[M BjhA ;ztoBk. fJ; pkDh ƒ nkgD/ ihtB ftu bkr{
eoBk gt/rk.
Ekb ftfu fszfB t;s{ gJhU, ;s[ ;zs'y[ thuko'..
nzfwqs Bkw[ mke[o ek gfJU, fi; ek ;G;[ nXko'..
i/ e' ykt? i/ e' G{zu?, fs;ek j'fJ T[Xko'..
J/j t;s[ sih Bj ikJh, fBs fBs oy[ T[foXko'.. (1429)
j/ GkJh ` n;hA Ekb ftu fszB t;s{nK go'; e/ s[jkv/ ;Bw[y
oZy fdshnK jB. ;s ;zs'y s/ ftuko. Gkt fe i' okj s[jkv/ bJh
155
T[bhfenk j?, fJj j? ;Zu dk okj. ;zs'yh ihtB tkbk okj ns/
ftukotkB pDe/, ihtB fBopkj eoB dk okj. nkgD/ fjod/ o{gh
Ekb ftu fJjBK fszBK r[DK ƒ XkoB eoe/ oZyDk. gkDh dh EK s[jkv/
bJh (Bkw) nzfwqs fsnko eoe/ fdsk j?, fJ; ƒ fBs fdB rZN rZN
ghAd/ ofjDk ;kfonK B{z ihtB bJh Bkw jh nk;ok d/tr
/ k. i' ftnesh
Bkw (G'iB^r[oT[gd/;) ƒ ykt/rk, fJ; w[skpe ihtB fpskt/rk, T[;
dk jh efbnkD j't/rk. ;ko/ soQK d/ pzXBK s'A w[es j' ikt/rk. fJj
T[Fs
Z w t;s{ si'r/ sK ihts BjhA ofj ;e'r./ nkswe w"s j' ikt/rh.
(r[opkDh ftu ykDk s/ G[u
z Dk Ppd 47 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
22 uoB (Bkw)
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu fiE/ ;[fDn?, wzfBn?, rkthn?, j[ew, oik
Bkw nkfd ;apd nkJ/ jB. T[E/ “uoB iK r[ouoB” Gh fJjBK d/ jh
;wnoEh jB. i' poesK ofjwsK “Bkw” d[nkok gqkgs j[zdhnK
dZ;hnK rJhnK jB. T[jh fBjwsK uoBK B{z igD, iK uoB fjod/ ftu
p;kT[D pko/ dZ;hnK jB. uoB sK fjod/ ftu p;kT[D tkbh uhi BjhA
jB. fco eh ehsk ikt/< n;b ftu “uoB” ;apd dh tos'A gq;zr d/
w[skpe tZy'^tZyo/ noEK ftu j'Jh j?. r[o{ dk j[ew, T[gd/;, Bkw,
wzso gqEkJ/ Gh ‘uoB’ Ppd tofsnk j?. nkU thukohJ/^
r[o e/ “uoD” wB wkfj t;kfJ.. d{y[ nB/ok nzdoj[ ikfJ..(134)
j/ GkJh` r[o{ d/ T[gd/; (uoD) B{z wB ftu p;kb?. s/ok
nfrnkBsk tkbk nB/ok, ysw j' ikt/rk. fJ;/ nfrnkBsk d/ ekoB
s{z d[yK ftu ftnke[b j?.
iB e/ “uoB” t;fj w/o/ jhno? ;zfr g[Bhsk d/jh.. (680)
j/ GkJh` r[o{ dk gftZso T[gd/; (uoB) w/o/ fjod/ ftu p;dk
j?. fi; eoe/ w/oh d/jh no'r j' rJh j?, s/ wB ftekoK tb'A jN frnk
j?.
gzi/ pX/ wjkpbh efo ;uk Y'nk..
156
ngD/ “uoD” igkfJnB[, ftu d:[ yV'nk..
o'r ;'r ;fG fwfN rJ/, fBs Btk Bo'nk.. (1193)
j/ GkJh` i/ ;/te r[o{ dh feogk Bkb, ;Zu d/ wkor s/ ubD
dk fdqV fJokdk Xko b?Ad/ jB. T[j gziK ekwkfde t?ohnK B{z ekp{ eo
b?Ad/ jB. T[j ;/te jo ;w/A fBozeko d/ uoD (r[oT[gd/;) igd/ ofjzd/
jB. feT[Afe dfJnk dk w[i;wk gow/;o, T[jBK s/ feogk eodk j?.
;ko/ soQK d/ d[Zy eb/P, gq/PkBhnK ysw j' rJhnK.
r[o e/ ‘‘gr’’ (uoD) f;woT[ fdB okfs] (1319)
GkJh ` w? sK fdB oks, jo ;w/A, r[o{ d/ uoBK (T[gd/P) ƒ
:kd oZydk jK. fJjh w/o/ ihtB dk nkXko j?.
gkopqjw gqG s/oh ;oBk] febfpy ekN? Gi[ r[o e/ ‘‘uoBk’’] (804)
j/ oZp ih ` n;hA s/oh PoB ftu nkJ/ jK. s/oh PoB ftu
nkT[D tkfbnK d/ ebfj eb/;, ;G eZN/ iKd/ jB. i' fJB;kB r[o{ d/
uoBK dk (r[opkDh^r[o T[gd/P) jo ;w/A f;woB eodk j?, T[j edh
v'bdk BjhA.
wkJh ‘‘uoB’’ r[o whm/]
tv? Gkfr d/t? gow/;o[, e'fN cbk do;B r[o vhm/] (717)
j/ w/oh wK` r[o{ d/ uoB pj[s whm/ jB. Gkt r[o{ dk T[gd/P
pj[s uzrk j?. fi; s/ fBozeko w/jotkB j' ikt/, T[; ƒ r[o{ dh ;oB
ftu G/i fdzdk j?. ;ko/ soQK d/ ;[Zy, gqkgshnK r[o{ dh nkfrnk ftu
ofjD Bkb fwb iKd/ jB.
wjK nBzd wzrb o{g, s[wo/ puB nB{g o;kb]
fjod? ‘‘uoD’’ ;pd[ ;fsr[o e', BkBe pkfXU gkfb] (680)
(fJ; gqwkD ftu rb ;kc j' rJh, fe ‘‘uoD’’ fe; ƒ
nkfynk ik fojk ;h)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s nBzd pMdk j?, pj[s y[PhnK gqkgs j[zdhnK
jB. j/ gow/;o ih s[jkv/ puB (i' r[o{ okjhA gsk bZrdk j?) pV/
o;tkb/ jB, fwZm/ jB. fjod/ ftu uoD fet/A p;kJhd/ jB< ;fsr[o{
157
d/ Ppd okjhA. :kBh fe r[o{ d/ Ppd ƒ jh uoD fejk frnk j?. j'o
tZyo/ uoD fjod/ ftu p;D tkb/ e'Jh BjhA jB. (r[opkDh ftu uoD,
uoB, uoBk nkfde dh 823 tkoh tos'A j'Jh j?)
000
23H wfs^r[owfs (Bkw)
pj[ frDsh f;Zy ;wki dh Ppdktbh ftu ‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ nkw
toshdk ;[fDnk ik ;edk j?. id'A th f;Zyh n;{bK dh rZb eoBh j't/
, sK ;[s/ jh w{j
z ' fBebdk j? ‘‘GkJh fJjh r[ows j?.’’ Gkt j? fe r[o{
BkBe fBozekoh ih ƒ i' gow/;o pko/ frnkB ;h i' T[jBK ƒ okiBhsh
pko/ ;wM ;h, wB[Zysk d/ efbnkD tk;s/ i' goT[gekoh n;{b T[jBK
B/ fsnko ehs/, fJ;sohnK ƒ fit/A T[jBK B/ pokpo d/ nfXeko
fdtkT[D dh tekbs ehsh. iks^gks ƒ T{u^Bhu tkb/ e'jV ƒ, g{oh
soQK Beko e/, jo gqkDh wkso ƒ fJe ;wkB doIk fdZsk. b[N/o/ jkewK
ƒ fBXVe j' e/ fcNekoK gkJhnK. dp/ e[ub/ ewI'o b'eK ƒ fjzws,
j"A;bk, ns/ db/oh XkoB bJh T[s;kfjs ehsk. t/jbVK ƒ Gzfvnk s/
ekfwnK ƒ ;fseko fdZsk. nfij/ ;ko/ T[sw T[gd/PK ƒ id'A fJeZm/
eoe/, fJe' ‘‘Ppd’’ okjhA r[o{ frnkB dk ;zgo{ D p'X eokT[Dk j't,/
sd'A fJT[A nkyhdk j? ^ fJj ‘‘r[ows’’ j?. ;fsr[o{ ih B/ nfsnzs
d{o^nzd/Ph Bkb, nkgDh pkDh ƒ fbys ftu fbnk e/, fpBK fwbktN
s'A ;w;s ;wki d/ tk;s/, ;dk bJh ;KG fdZsk. d;w gkfsPkj ih B/
, fJ; nw'be Xow g'Eh ƒ jw/Pk nrtkJh b?D tk;s/, f;ZyK dk
‘‘r[o’
{ ’ Ekg fdZsk. nZi id'A r[owfs ns/ wBws dk fBy/Vk eoBk j't/
sK r[opkDh s'A jh ;/X fbZsh iKdh j?.
fiBQK ftdtkB ftneshnK B/ r[owfs (r[opkDh) ƒ gfVnk,
ftukfonk T[jBK nr'A b'eK B{z ;wMkT[D fjZs fJ; dh ftnkfynk ehsh.
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih dh pkDh dh ftnkfynk B" r[o{nK B/ ehsh. gzi
r[o ftneshnK (r[o{ nzrd, r[o{ nwodk;, r[o{ okwdk;, r[o{ noiD
s/ r[o{ s/r pjkdo ;kfjp) B/ fbysh ftnkfynk ehsh. uko r[o{
158
ftneshnK (r[o{ jfor'fpzd, r[o{ jfo okfJ, r[o{ jfo feqPB s/ r[o{
r'fpzd f;zx ih) B/ ipkBh fJ;/ r[owfs dk gquko ehsk. fJ; s'A
fJbktk, GkJh r[odk; ih B/ nkgDhnK tkoK ns/ efpZsK okjhA ‘‘r[ows’’
dh ft;Eko Bkb ftnkfynk ehsh, i' fJe ehwsh yIkBk j?. GkJh Bzd
bkb ih dhnK ouBktK pj[s uzrhnK jB. cko;h p'bh ftu j'D eoe/
, nkw gkme b/ye dh gj[u
z ftu BjhA jB. T[jBK f;zxK f;zxDhnK dk
:'rdkB wjkB j?, fiBQK B/ ‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ ;wM fbnk. fbye/ iK p'be/
d{finK sZe gj[u
z kT[D bJh isB eod/ oj/. fiBQK B/ ‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ ;wM
e/ nkgD/ ihtB ftu Ykfbnk. ;koh fIzdrh goT[geko jh eod/ oj/
. wjkB d/D ;h T[jBK r[of;Zy wkJh GkJh dh fiBQK B/ ‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ
;wfMnk, gqtkB ehsk. ‘‘r[ows’’ nB[;koh ihtB ihftnk. ‘‘r[ows’’
rkvh okj s'A o'eD tk;s/ fto'XhnK B/ okj ftu p/ns
z w[;hpsK yVhnK
ehshnK. r[o{ fgnko tkfbnK B/ nf;j s/ nefj e;N ;fjzfdnK ikBK
tko fdZshnK. ;kjwD/ wZE/ d[PwD d/ tko MZb/. ;{owrsh Bkb Xow
d'yhnK ƒ ;IktK fdZshnK. g{oh f;de fdbh Bkb ‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ fBGkfJnk
‘‘Xow’’ BjhA jkfonk. nkgDhnK IwhBK ikfJdkdK Bkb'A ‘‘r[ows’’
fInkdk ehwsh ;h. nkgD/ gqtkoK XhnK g[s
Z oK Bkb'A ‘‘r[ows’’ fes/
tZX fgnkoh ;h. nkgDh ikB s'A th fgnkoh ;h wjkB ‘‘r[ows’’.
‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ b[No/ / ;kXK B/, ns/ gozgoktkdh v/od
/ ko B/,
rzXbk eoB ftu e'Jh e;o BjhA SZvh. e[dosh fB:w w[skpe fit/A
jo/e uhI fBtkD tZb ƒ ;"fynK jh foV iKdh j?. gkDh BhtA/ gk;/
tfjzdk j?. e'Jh uhI gjkV s'A th ;[ZN d/JhJ/, T[go BjhA ikt/rh j/mK
jh nkt/rh, Gkt/A gZEo jh feT[A Bk j't/. id'A fe;/ t;s{ ƒ row ehsk
ikt/, fco T[sKj ƒ uVB brdh j?. nZr y[d pj[s row j?, fJ; bJh
T[go ƒ ikD bJh T[sktbh ofjzdh j?. wB[y
Z sk dk g{oh e"w dk, y{B eJh
tkoh pj[s mzvk j' iKdk j?. :Zy j' u[Ze/ y{B ƒ row eoe/, joes ftu
fbnkT[D bJh pVh w/jBs eoBh g?Adh j?. edh ftukoK dh ;ZN wkoBh
g?Adh j?. edh nkgDk nkgk sZsh sth s/ vkT[Dk g?Adk j?. edh uKdBh
159
u"Ae ftu, f;o eNtkT[Dk g?Adk j? s/ edh ‘‘wk;{w pkbe’’ BhAjK ftu
ybkoB/ g?Ad/ jB. ;Ks ofjzdhnK g{oh f;de fdbh Bkb ‘‘fBZehnK
fizdK’’ B/, i' ‘‘GKpV’’ pkb fdZs,/ T[; Bkb ;kok gzikp wZu fgnk.
fJjBK dh jh bkJh u[nksh Bkb, gkgh tiho ykB ;V frnk. fJjBK
dh jh wVh s/ f;Zyh oki dk wfjb T[;oB bZrk.
v/od
/ ko ;kXK dh goukoh ‘‘r[ows’’ ƒ okj f;o fbnkT[D
tk;s/, gq'H r[owy f;zx, frnkBh fdZs f;zx nkfde B/ p/nzs w/jBs
ehsh. T[jBK d/ jh gd fuzBKQ s/ ubfdnK, GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk, eow
f;zx fj;N'ohnB s/ gq'H ;kfjp f;zx B/ :kdrkoh f;XKse ekoi ehs/.
frnkBh Gkr f;zx ih nzpkbk B/ gfjbh tko pVh f;nkDg pkdbhb,
ns/ db/oh Bkb pfuZso BkNe d/ e[co ƒ p/god ehsk. fJjBK tb'A
fdZs/ rJ/ fdPk fBod/PK ftu uZbe/, ‘‘fw;Boh ekbiK’’ B/ ;bkxk:'r
fjZ;k gkfJnk. ‘‘r[ows’’ ;kfjs okjhA ns/ b?euo okjhA r[opkDh
ftu do;kJ/ j[ewK ƒ ;gZPN eoB dk T[gokbk ehsk.
;qH r[opy; f;zx ‘‘ekbk ncrkBk (fgzv) B/ thjthA ;dh d/
nkyoh djke/ ftu, i' ftdtsk Gog{o r[opkDh pko/ y'i dk ezw ehsk
j?, T[j d/o se :kd oj/rk. “fpgqB eh ohs s'A ;Zu dk wkor’’bVh
nXhB, fbyhnK d; feskpK nkgDk i[nkp nkg jB. fiBQK gZyK pko/
gfjbK fXnkB BjhA frnk. fiBQK n;{bK ƒ b'e o'j ekoB, b/ye
;gZPN eoB' Med/ oj/ jB. fiBK p[okJhnK ƒ oZd eoB'A fJ; bJh b/
ye ezpD bZr iKd/ ;B, fes/ g[ikoh (ny"sh iZEd
/ ko) w[;hps yVh Bk
eo d/D. r[opkDh dhnK nZXhnK gzeshnK b? e/ ‘‘r[ows’’ fto'Xh
noE nkw jh ehs/ ik oj/ ;B. P/o wod ;qH r[opyP f;zx B/, nfij/
;?AeV/ ftP/ ;kjwD/ fbnKd/, i' gfjbK ftuko/ jh BjhA rJ/ iK rbs
gouko/ ik oj/ ;B. fJjBK dhnK fbysK ƒ b'eK se g[ukT[D dk fpyw
ekoi ehsk, ;qH i'frzdo f;zx ;go'e; w?B B/ fpBK ftuko/ emg{sbh
B[wk g[ikohnK B/ ;qH r[opy; f;zx ƒ ‘‘gzE’’ (<) ftu'A S/e fdZsk.
;g'e;w?B B/ T[;d/ jZe ftu id'A I'odko nktkI p[bzd ehsh sK ;qH
160
i'frzdo f;zx ƒ th ‘‘gzE’’ ftu'A S/e (<) fdZsk. nes{po 21, 2006
ƒ b/ye (fJzdo f;zx xZrk) ƒ th fJjh, ‘‘go;kd’’ pyP fdZsk. Btzpo
2005 s'A ‘‘o'IkBk ;g'e;w?B’’ nypko P[o{ j' ikD Bkb, j[D gk;k jh
gbN frnk j?. fJjBK g[ikohnK, iE/dkoK, goXkBK, w?ApoK, ns/
oki;h nj[dd
/ koK B/ nzdo yks/ fet/A gzE ƒ b[N
Z D s/ v'pD bZr/ j'J/ jB.
gVe/ wB e[obk T[mdk j?. ;g'e; w?B okjhA jo o'i r[owfs dh
pj[gZyh ikDekoh fwbdh j?. nkU r[otke gVhJ/ L
r[o eh ‘‘wfs’’ s{ b/fj fJnk B/]
Grfs fpBK pj[ v{p/ f;nkB/] (288)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh f;Zfynk (wZs) w[skpe fIzdrh pshs eoBk
jh s/o/ ckfJd/ ftu j?. nDikD Bk pfDnk ofj, f;nkDk pD. fJ;
Grsh (r[ows) s'A fpBK tZv^
/ tZv/ f;nkD/ nytkT[D tkb/ ;z;ko ;kro
ftu vZ[p rJ/ jB.
‘‘r[owfs’’ Bkw[ w/ok gqkB ;ykJh,
jfo ehofs jwoh oj;kf;] (10)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh ws jh w/o/ gqkDK dk nkXko ‘‘Bkw’’ j?. joh
dh ehosh (r[o{ dh f;Zfynk) jh w/o/ ihtB bJh okjdkoh j?.
BkT[ gVhn? BkT[ p{Mhn? ‘‘r[owsh’’ thukok]
r[owsh Bkw XB yfNnk, Grsh Go/ Gzvkok] (140)
j/ GkJh ` gVkJh okjhA ‘‘Bkw’’ ƒ ;wM bJhJ/. fco fJ;
‘‘Bkw’’ ƒ p[M
Z bJhJ/. fJjBK gZyK B{z r[o{ dh fdsh ws (r[owfs) dh
e;th s/ bk e/ t/yhJ/. i' n;hA eo oj/ jK eh fJj ;G mhe j? fe rbs
j?< r[o{ dh ws b?Dh jh ‘‘Bkw dk XB’’ yZNDk j?. fJ; Grsh (frnkB)
Bkb f;Zy ;/teK d/ fjod/ o{gh Gzvko Go rJ/ jB.
;fsr[o eh fi; B/ ‘‘wfs’’ nkt?, ;' ;fsr[o wkfj ;wkBk]
fJj[ pkDh i' ihnj[ ikD? fs;[ nzsfo ot? jfo Bkwk] (797)
j/ GkJh ` fi; wB[y
Z ƒ T[gd/; b? e/ ;fsr[o{ dh ‘‘wZs’’ ;wM
nk iKdh j? T[j GkrPkbh iht r[o{ dk gqtkfoe fjZ;k pD iKdk j?. i'
161
ftnesh r[o{ dh ‘‘pkDh’’ ihn Bkb (wB') ;theko eo b?Adk j? wkB'
T[; d/ fjod/ ftu joh gow/;o dk tk;k j' frnk. gkme fXnkB d/
D gfjbh gzesh ftu ‘‘wZs’’ Ppd nkfJnk j?. d{ih gzesh ftu
‘‘pkDh’’ bcI tofsnk j?. noE d'tK d/ fJe jB.
wB eh ‘‘wfs’’ fsnkrj[ jfo iB, J/jk pks em?Bh]
nBfdB[ jfo jfo Bkw[ fXnktj[, r[o ;fsr[o eh ‘‘wfs’’ b?Bh.] (800)
j/ GkJh ` nkgD/ wB dh S'Nh ‘‘wZs’’ fsnkr fdU. fJj rZb
j? pVh n"yh. jo e'Jh nkgDh neb (wZs) ƒ pj[s tZvh wzBdk j?.
fBsfdB oZp ih ƒ :kd oZy'. :kd oZyD dk Gkt j? fe r[o{ dh wZs b?
e/, ihtB ƒ T[; w[skpe Ykb bU.
‘‘wfs’’ gqrk; GJh jfo fXnkfJnk, frnkfB ss[ fbt bkfJ]
ns
z fo i'fs grNh wB[ wkfBnk, jfo ;jfi ;wkfX brkfJ] (1199)
j/ GkJh ` wZs p[ZXh frnkB d/ ukBD Bkb Go rJh. ;dk
fBozeko ƒ :kd oZyhdk j?. mkmK wkodk frnkB gqkgs j' frnk j?.
;dk ftb i[Vh ofjzdh j?. fBozeko dh i's (;Zfsnk) nzdo gqrN j' rJh
j?. ftrfVnK nw'V wB, j[D ekp{ ftu nk e/ mhe okj g? frnk j?.
;fji nt;Ek gqkgs j' rJh j?. ;ko/ eko ftjko eofdnK th wkB',
;wkXh ftu ojhdk j?. Gkt fe gow/;o ƒ jkIo BkIo ikDe/, fe;/
Bkb G?Vk toskU BjhA eohdk.
nto[ B dh;? fe;[ ;kbkjh, fs;fj ;jhe[ B e'Jh]
gqDtfs BkBe dk;fB dk;k, ‘‘r[owfs** ikfBnk ;'Jh] (597)
j/ GkJh` fe;/ j'o dh tfvnkJh fet/A eoK< feT[Afe nekb
g[oy d/ pokopo dk j? jh e'Jh BjhA. fBwkDk BkBe gqDkw eodk j?
T[; gqG{ ƒ. nfijk wjkB gowkswk, r[o{ dh wZs gqkgs eoe/, ;wM
ftu nkT[Adk j?.
jfo ifg gVhn? r[o ;pd[ thukfo] jfo ifg gVhn? jT[w? wkfo]
jfo ifg gVhn? GkfJ ;fu fgnkfo]
BkBe Bkw[ ‘‘r[owfs** T[oXkfj] (423)
162
j/ GkJh ` joh dk ikg eh j?< r[o{ d/ Ppd dh thuko. joh
dk ikg eh j?< gV e/ ;wM nkT[Adh j? fe jT[w? wko bJhJ/. joh dk
ikg eh j?< gV e/ ftukoe/ ;wM g?Adh j? fe ;ZukJh s/ nkXkos ihtB
pshs eoBk j?. ;kfonK Bkb gq/w g{ote ;b{e eoBk j?. Bkw eh j?<
r[o{ dh wZs ƒ fjod/ ftu XkoB eo b?Dk.
;kX;zfor GfJU iBw[ gqkgfs]
efo ;/tk Gi[ jfo jfo ‘‘r[owfs**] (176)
j/ GkJh ` ;kX ;zrs ftu ik e/ r[o{ dk T[gd/P ;[fDnk. wB
pdb frnk. gfjbK tkbk y'Nk ;[Gk wo frnk. BtK B/e ;[Gk gorN
j' frnk. fJ; soQK BtK iBw fwb frnk. nr'A th roi ofjs ;/tk
eodk ojh. r[o{ dh fdZsh wZs ƒ G[bh Bk fJ;/ r[ows ƒ GiB tKr ;dk
:kd oZyh fe r[o{ B/ eh nkfynk ;h.
(‘‘wfs iK r[owfs** Ppd r[opkDh ftu 770 tkoh nkJ/ jB)
000
24H wzso^wjKwzso ^ phi wzso (Bkw)
Gkos ftu wzso igD tkb/ s/ igkT[D tkb/, nDfrDs mZr
;kX bzr'N/ e;h, u'b/ gfjBh ;Ve' ;Ve x[zwd/, nkw jh t/y/ ik ;ed/
jB. y[d G[Zy/ wo oj/ j[zd/ jB, d{finK ƒ tZvhnK getkBK dhnK
EkbhnK d/ bko/ bkT[Ad/ jB. y[d sB'A Bzr/ s/ ;/teK ƒ wkbk wkb eoB
d/ ftPtk;. y[d dk Bk xo Bk xkN, PoXkb{nK ƒ okirZdhnK ;"Ag e/
fBjkb eo oj/ j[d
z / jB. ‘‘pZuk fJ; ‘‘wzso** dk fJzBh tkoh o'I ikg
efonk eo. fJe wjhB/ wro'A s/o/ xo dk SZgo gkN/rk, s/ nkekP
ftu'A ;'B/ uKdh dh toyk j't/rh. s/ohnK ;" e[bK i'rk g?;k nk ikt/
rk.” nzBk ;oXkb{ fJjh ftPtk; ;?AeV/ tko eodk j?. jo tkoh
b[fNnk iKdk j?. fco :ehB eo b?Adk j?.
efjzd/ B/ ;Zg p; eoB dk th fJe wzso j[zdk j?. ejkts j?
fe wzso gVB tkbk n?bkD eodk j?, fe ;Zg cVBk e/jVk n"yk j?. w?A
j[D/ wzso Bkb ;Zg ƒ ekp{ eo btKrk. ‘‘bT[ w?A wzso gVdk jK s[;hA
163
y[Zv ftu jZE gke/ ;Zg cV'** nDikD ;/te y[Zv ftu jZE gk b?Ad/ jB,
s/ ;Zg vzr wko fdzdk j?. wzso tkbk gZsok tku iKdk j?. fJE/ ekbh
dk wzso, G?oT[ dk wzso. jƒwkB dk wzso. d[ork dk wzso, t/d dk
wzso, rhsk dk wzso, fpZS{ dk wzso s/JhJ/ skg dk wzso. nZr pzB d/
D dk wzso, d[PwD ƒ wko d/D dk wzso. gokJ/ g[oP iK fJ;soh ƒ
t; eoB dk wzso. n;b ftu fJj ;ko/ wzso nzE ftPtk; s/ fNe/
j'J/ jB. fJjBK dk e'Jh ftfrnkBe nkXko BjhA j?.
T[FAM wzso gqsh wB[Zysk dk ftPtk; pj[s g[oksB ;w/A s'A
ufbnk nk fojk j?. feT[Afe T[jBK ;fwnK ftu j'o e'Jh ;kXB j? jh
BjhA ;h. fgzvK ftub/ b'e j'o fInkdk gSV/tA/ dk fPeko oj/ jB. T[E/
fJjBK “f;nkfDnK” tb'A b[ZN pj[sh ehsh iKdh j?. w[Pfeb dk ;jh
fJbkI Bk eoe/, soQK soQK d/ N{D/, sths, jE'b/, f;o tkoB/, wzso
gVB/ ubhj/ eZND/ nkfd d/ nfrnkBsk tkb/ eow nZi th gqufbs jB.
r[o{ ;kfjp B/ nfij/ wzso o{gh gkyzv ƒ fJe tZfvUA oZd ehsk j?. jZEhA
fwjBs Bk eoe/ f;nkDg Bk tose/, wzsoK dk nk;ok sZeD tkbk
wB[Zy, ;wki iK d/P, popkd jh j'fJnk eodk j?. Gkos ftu brGr
gzikj bZy ;kX N[o/ fcod/ jB. ;ko/ jh fJe d{i/ s'A tZX Pesh dk Y'b
tik oj/ jB. nkgDh wzso Pesh d{o sZe wko eoB tkbh dZ;d/ jB.
;tkb g?dk j[d
z k j? fe fJjBK ;kXK ƒ gkfe;skB s/ uhB nkfd d/ pkvo
s/ feT[A BjhA fpmkfJnk iKdk< c"i dk ;kok youk pu ikt/. fJjBK
ƒ uzrh u'yh sBykj d/ e/, g[ZfSnk ikt/ fe ;zsih s[jkv/ wzso dh wko
fezB/ feb'whNo sZe j?< s[jkƒ fJzB/ feb' whNo dk pkvo ;zGkb fdZsk,
d[PwD ;kv/ fJbke/ ftu dkyb Bk j' ;e/, fynkb oZyDk.
Gkos gfjbK th ftd/Ph jwkbtoK tb'A b[fZ Nnk iKdk fojk j?.
g?oK ftu o'fbnk iKdk fojk j?. fe;/ ;kX dk wzso ezw Bk nkfJnk.
r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu'A jh gkyzvh ;kX wzso d/Jh ik oj/ jB. r[opkDh
d/ gkm ikg, nyzv gkm nsh ;zgN gkm, w'B gkm, nkfd ;G wzsoK dk
jh o{g jB. jkbKfe r[opkDh wzso ƒ g{oh soQK oZd eodh j?. r[otke
164
t/y' L
wBw[y Gow Gt? p/pkfD] t/ wkofr w[;? wzfsq w;kfD]
;pd[ B uhB? bt? e[pkfD] BkBe ;kfu os/ ;[y[ ikfD] (941)
j/ GkJh ` wBw[y fJB;kB GowK ftu g? e/, izrbK p/fbnK ftu
GNedk j?. e[okj/ g? e/ ihtB popkd eo b?Adk j?. wzsoK (wVhnK dh
;[nkj) okjhA ;[Zy BjhA d[Zy jh fwbDr/. w{oy wB[Zy Ppd ƒ ftukodk
BjhA. r[opkDh ƒ fsnkr e/, ‘‘e[ pkDh** (G?Vh pkDh) ƒ gVdk ;[Ddk
j?. ;Zu d/ okj uZfbnk jh n;bh ;dhth ;[Zy fwb ;edk j?.
ekio e'm wfj GJh B ekoh, fBowb poB[ pfBUoh]
‘‘wjK wzso** r[o fjod? pf;U, nuoi Bkw ;[fBUoh[] (384)
j/ GkJh ` ;z;ko ftu ftekoK dh ekby BjhA g'j ;e/rh.
ftekoK s'A ofjs iht fBowb pD ikt/rk. r[o{ B/ wzsoK f;o wzso,
wjK wzso (r[o{ T[gd/P r[opkDh) pyP fdZsk j?. fJj j? n;uoi eoB
tkbk wzso.
;[Bs igs jfo Bkw[ i;[, sk eh d[fo pbkJh]
‘‘wjk wzso[** BkBe eE?, jfo e/ r[D rkJh] (814)
j/ GkJh ` GrtkB dk Bkw ;[DfdnK, igfdnK, ;G d[y eb/P
d{o j' rJ/ jB. ‘‘wjK wzso** fJjh j? fe gow/;o d/ r[D rkJ/ ikD.
;u fpB[ ;s[ ;zs'y[ B gkt?. fpB[ r[o w[efs B nkt? ikt?]
‘‘w{b wzso[** jfo Bkw[ o;kfJD[, ej[ BkBe g{ok gkfJnk] (1040)
j/ GkJh f;Zy' ` ;ZukJh d/ wkor s/ uZbD s'A fpBK ihtB nX{ok
j?. tzve/ SZeDk s/ ;zs'yh j'Dk Io{oh j?. r[o{ dh gktB f;Zfynk s'A
pr?o GNeDk ysw BjhA j' ;edh. wzsoK dk tZvk wzso oZp ih dk Bkw
(r[ o ws) jh j? .
‘‘phi pzso[** ;op e' frnkB[] uj[ toBk wfj ig? e'T{ Bkw[] (274)
j/ GkJh ` phi o{g ftu ;kfonK nzdo frnkB jk;b eoB dh
u/PNk j[d
z h j?. BhthA iks tkbk ikDe/ r[o T[gd/P s'A tKMk BjhA fe;/
ƒ oZyDk. ;G ƒ frnkB fwbDk ukjhdk j?, i' ukj/ ig ;edk j?.
165
r[oek puB[ ifg ‘‘wzs[**] J/jk Grfs ;ko ss[]
GkJh r[o{ dk puB (T[gd/P) fjod/ ftu p;k, J/jh wzso j?.
;koh Grsh dk fBu'V th r[o T[gd/P jh j?.
nkm gjo rkts Grtzzs[] ;fsr[fo dhB' g{ok ‘‘wzs[**] (1050)
GkJh r[of;Zy' ` nZm/ gfjo jo ;w/A gow/;o d/ r[D rkT[Ad/
oj'. r[o{ dh pkDh ftubk T[gd/P jh ;G s'A tZvk wzso j?.
joB GoB ik ek B/sq c'o[] fs; ek wzso[ B ikB? j'o[] (284)
j/ GkJh ` i' fBozeko nZy d/ coeD fizB/ ;w/A ftu, f;q;Nh dh
ouBk eoB d/ ;woE j?. i' fSB wkso ftu ;koh ekfJBks ƒ B/;s'A
Bp{d eo ;edk j?. ;kohnK skesK T[;d/ nXhB ;fji Gk eko
eodhnK nk ojhnK jB. eh T[; ƒ y[P eoB tkbk e'Jh wzso j'
;edk j?< eh wzsoK Bkb T[j nkgD/ n;{b pdb d/tr
/ k< ;kv/ tor/
nopK yopK ehV/ ekY/, fdB oks nkg' nkgD/ d[yK ekoB o' oj/ jB.
d[Zy d{o eoB bJh soQK soQK d/ UjV g'jV eofdnK, wzsoK dk ;jkok
b?Ad/ jB. id'A fe oZp s/ wzso dk e'Jh n;o BjhA j[zdk. i/ ;kfonK
dhnK cfonkdK s/ wzso ;[DB oZp p?m ikt/ sK fJe fdB ftu gkrb
j' ikt/. fJe ej/rk ;{oi j[D/ uVB fdU. d[ik ej/rk jkbh o[e ikT[.
shik ej/rk fJ; ƒ mzvk eo fdU. u"Ek ej/rk fJ; ƒ nzNkofNek tb
G/i fdU fiE/ pj[s Mzv j?. rZb eh, fizB/ wz{j UBhnK wzrK. oZp wzsoK
izsoK s'A T[go j?. fJj gkyzvhnK d/ pDkJ/ ‘‘b[N
Z wzso** jB. f;nkDg
ns/ fwjBs ezw nkt/rh, wzso BjhA.
(wzsq, wjKwzsq, r[o wzsq, phi wzsq nkfd o{gK ftu fJj Ppd 117 tkoh
nkfJnk j? . )
000
25H pkDh^r[opkDh (Bkw)
Gkos dk pqkjwDh ‘‘Xow** nkw wB[Zy ƒ ftek; eoB s'A
o'edk j?. wB fJZSs ezw eoB s/ gkpzdh bkT[Adk j?. ftZfdnk gVB s/
pzfdPK bkT[Adk j?. i/ e'Jh fjzws eoe/ o'eK ƒ s'VBk ukj/, sK oki;h
166
skes tos e/ esb th eotk ;edk j?. wkBf;e T[vkohnK ƒ e?d
eoB bJh, u"ok;h bZy i{BK ftu d[Zy G'rD dh dfjPs gkT[Adk j?.
j[ewK dh T[bx
z Dk eoB tkb/ ƒ, e[G
z h Boe ftu ;VB dk fGnkBe y"c
d/ ;edk j?. f;sw J/j fe ;dhnK s'A j' oj/ fJ; x'o i[bw ƒ, ‘‘Xow
rqzEK d/ oZph c[owkB** nky e/ gqukfonk frnk j?. i' e[ZM fJjBK rqzEK
ftu nzfes j?, Ugoh p'bh ;zfeqs ftu j'D eoe/, pj[ frDsh ;wki,
T[; ƒ gVB s'A n;woE j?. jo fJe wzdo ftu gZEo s'A sok; e/,
fsnko ehsh rJh w{osh ‘‘GrtkB** Ekg fdZsh iKdh j?. nDgVsk
rohph, fpwkoh r[bkwh nkfd p[okJhnK Bkb, seV/ j' e/ NZeo b?D s'A
o'eD bJh goukfonk frnk fe fJj d[Zy, s[jkv/ ‘‘fgSb/ iBwK d/
ekoB jB. fJ; iBw ftu pqkjwD d/ts/ dh ;/tk eo'. gZEo d/
GrtkB dh g{ik eo'. ;G e[M dkB ftu b[Nk fdU. fco ‘‘nrb/
iBw ftu ;[Zy gkTr/.** ;ko/ d/P dh izsk ‘‘iV t;s{ pDk fdZsh rJh
;h. gP{nK dh g{ik eotk fdZsh rJh, s/ wB[Zy d/ goSkt/A s'A th
rfbnkBh eotk fdZsh.**
nsh fpyV/ jkbks ftu Bkwd/t ih B/ ftZfdnk jk;b ehsh.
pj[ frDsh b'eK d/ ;zeN d{o eoB bJh fceowzd j'J/. pkqjwDh rqzEK
dh n;bhns goyh. T[jBK wfj;{; ehsk fe g[okD/ rqzEK ftu i'
fbfynk frnk T[j wB[Zysk fto'Xh j?. T[jBK g[;seK dh n;bhns
Bzrh ehsh ikt/. pqkjwD i' ;dhnK s'A wB nkJhnK eodk nk fojk j?,
fJ; ƒ BZE gkJh ikt/. dp/ e[ub/ gSV/ b'eK ƒ fJeZfmnK eoe/ (;zrsh
o{g) frnkB fdZsk ikt/. j"bh j"bh ;[Xko j'Dk P[o{ j' ikt/rk.
epho ih d/ nfsdhnK w[PfebK ftu ftZfdnk gVh. fjzd{ rqE
z K
dk v{x
z k w[skfbnk ehsk. oftdk; Bkb fwbe/ pqkjwD dh fjZe s/ (eK;h
ftu) ‘‘w{r
z dbDk** P[o{ eo fdZsk. n"or
z I/p B/ ePwho ftu pqkjwDK
dk tYKrk P[o{ ehsk ;h. T[; s'A pj[s ;wK gfjbK jh ‘‘GrsK* B/ eK;h
B/V/ ofje/ pqkjwDh ftukoXkok dk e[sok eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk ;h. fJE/
yk; B[esk u/s/ eotkfJnk iKdk j? fe fizBh d/o sZe, fjzd;
[ skB ftu
167
pqkjwDK ƒ r[o{ wzBD tkb/ okfinK jZE skes ojh T[sBh d/o sZe fe;/
fgSVh iksh tkb/ wB[Zy ƒ f;o u[Zee/ t/yD BjhA fdZsk frnk. i/ fe;/
B/ T[Fu
Z k ;kj th fbnk, T[; dh ;zxh BZg fdZsh rJh. ;Zu dh i/ nktkI
p[bzd ehsh, jZe wzfrnk i[pkB eZN fdZsh rJh. i/ e'Jh gVkJh eodk
cfVnk frnk, sK nZyK eZY fdZshnK. i' pu/ oj/ T[j e/tb nkyoh ;kj
b? ojhnK bkPK ;B. s[od/ fcod/ fwZNh d/ pkt/. i/ fe;/ ‘‘fJeZbtZ:k**
B/ sho ubkT[Dk f;Zy fbnk sK T[; dk nzrm
{ k eZN fdZsk. w[V sho Bk
ubk ;e/. i/ fe;/ ‘‘;zp{e** B/ izrb ftub/ nkgD/ v/o/ (nkPow) ftu
thj shj B"i[nkB fJeZm/ eo bJ/ T[jBK ƒ j' oj/ I[bw dh dk;skB
;[DkJh. ikbw dh fBPkBd/jh ehsh. y[Z;/ j'J/ jZe tkg; b?D bJh
T[sPkfjs ehsk sK s/s
q / d/ ntsko okw ih B/ ;zpe
{ dk f;o ebw eo
fdZsk. jZe gqkgs eoB dk c[oBk jh feT[A c[fonk<
‘‘y[P fe;wsh** ƒ Gkos s/ pd/PhnK B/ jwb/ eoB/ P[o{ eo
fdZs/. nS{sK rohpK e'b sK b[ZN/ ikD tkbk e[ZM th BjhA ;h. ;G e[ZM
gfjbK jh b[ZfNnk ik u[Zfenk ;h. i/ ysok ;h sK yZsohnK s/ pqkjwDK
ƒ. fizBQK e'b nEkj d"bs ;h, T[u/ wfjb ;B. wfjbK ftub/ jow
(iBkBykB/) d/P dhnK o{g wshnK d/ j[;B Bkb BekBe s{V/ gJ/ ;B.
pqkjwD s/ yZsoh edh r'ghnK ftu ekB, pDd/ ;B. edh fJzdo d/ts/
dh e[S
Z V ftu p?me/, gohnK d/ Bku t/yd/ ;B. edh ;'w o; d/ fgnkb/
gh e/, yow;shnK eod/ ;B. pd/Ph jwbktoK B/ fJjBK ‘‘ozrg[o**
(gkoiks[ r'gh b? nkfJnk, fpzdqkpB wfj ozr[ ehnk, 470) d/ wfjbK
s/ Xktk p'fbnk. fiE' XB ns/ i'pB, d'B/ ;'fynk jh fwb rJ/. wzdoK
tZb oZy
Z[ ehsk T[E' th XB i'pB d/ rZv/ ;fji/ jh gqkgs j' rJ/. nZmthA
;dh s'A P[o{ j'fJnk fJj f;bf;bk, brksko ubdk fojk. Yzr sohe/
Gkt/A e[M e[ pdb iKd/ oj/ go ;B 1947 sZe fJj d/P pd/PhnK d/ g?oK
j/m fojk. ‘‘y[P ypoh** fJj tkgoh fe ;ko/ oki;h ns/ Xkofwe
nfXeko, pqkjwD s'A y[Z; rJ/. yZsohnK e'b Bk oj/. T[jBK e'b fJe'
nkyoh jfEnko pfunk ;h, nro ihts ofjDk ukj[zd/ j' sK pfunk
168
j'fJnk ;kok XB ;kv/ jtkb/ eo fdU. Bkb nkgDhnK ;z[do i[nkB p/
NhnK ;kv/ jowK ftu G/i fdU. pqkjwDK ns/ yZsohnK B/, fJj Pos
gotkB eo bJh. nS{sK dhnK XhnK iK sK gfjbK jh p/gs ehshnK
ik u[e
Z hnK ;B i/ e'Jh j? ;h sK ftukoh ekbh eb{Nh, pd;{os, o'Nh tb'A
nks[o. fJjBK s/ sK edh i[nkBh ns/ o{g nkfJnk jh BjhA ;h.
nfij/ jkbks ftu ;ik d/D d/ ;ko/ nfXeko w[;bwkB ekihnK
(iZi) e'b ub/ rJ/. nro fe;/ ekoB e'Jh w[eZdwk fJB;kc bJh g/
P j[zdk j? sK ;Ik d/D dk nfXeko pqkjwD e'b BjhA j?. yZsoh e'b
BjhA j?. ;koh nkyoh skes ekih e'b j?. yZsoh s/ pqkjwD fe;/ d/
fto[ZX rtkjh d/ ;ed/ jB, ;ik BjhA d/ ;ed/. Bkwd/t B/ ‘‘ngokX**
ehsk sK pqkjwD B/ T[; d/ fto[X
Z ‘‘rZve/** trkjhnK fdZshnK. frqcsko
ehsk s;hj/ fdZs/. go w[;bwkB ekih (iZi) ƒ ftPtk; j' frnk fe
i' w;bk g/P ehsk frnk j?, pj[sk ;zrhB BjhA j?. Xkofwe ;'u dk
tyo/tK j?. w;b/ ƒ ykjwykj s{b fdZsh rJh j?. fJ; bJh Bkwd/t ih
w"s dh ;Ik s'A pu rJ/. pqkjwD fto[X
Z epho ih B/ pj[s ‘‘Pb'e ;[DkJ/
** jB. gZEo dhnK w{oshnK dh pVh fyZbh T[vkJh j?. shoEK s/
fJ;BkB eoB tkfbnK ƒ vZv{ wZShnK nkfynk j?. t/dK f;qfwqshnK ƒ
‘‘SZi ftu gke/** Szfvnk j?. fJ;/ bJh f;ekfJsK d/ Y/o br rJ/.
fJbke/ d/ jkew nZr/. ephi ih ƒ frqcsko eoe/ iZi (ekih) nZr/
g/P ehsk frnk. vokfJnk, XwekfJnk frnk. jZE g?o pzBQ e/ jkEh
nZr/ ;[fZ Nnk frnk. iZi B/ w"s dk cstk BjhA fdZsk. ‘‘fJzBKQ fGnkBe
ngokX BjhA j?** nky e/ pzd ybk;h eo fdZsh. pqkjwDK dh e'Jh
g/P Bk rJh.
nr'A r[o{ BkBe B/ fJ; ;w/A dk Gog{o bkG T[mkfJnk.
Bkwd/t ih epho ih, oftdk; ih nkfde, GrsK Bkb ;KM fGnkbh
gkJh. T[jBK tb'A fbyh pkDh, nkgD/ e'b T[skok eo fbnk. nkgDh
pkDh fbye/ ;KGd/ oj/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/, Gkos dk s[ckBh d"ok
ehsk. fJ; jcVk dcVh tkbh jkbs dk ckfJdk T[mKfdnK, jo fgzv
169
e;p/ s/ Pfjo ftu ‘‘;zrsK** ;Ekgs ehshnK. T[jBK ƒ nkgDh pkDh
ns/ Grs pkDh d/ T[sko/ fdZs./ jo soQK d/ pzXBK s'A w
[ es eokT[D d/
sohe/ ;[MkJ/. i' ekoi r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ ehs/ jB i' eqKshekoh
ftuko fby/ jB, T[jBK ekoB fe;/ ;w/A th ‘‘;Ik J/ w"s** fdZsh ik
;edh ;h go jkbh sZe w[;bwkBh oki ƒ f;ZyK s'A e'Jh G? BjhA ;h.
Bkb jh T[jBK dh ;Zsk pdb ojh ;h. gfjbK gmkDh oki jko frnk
;h. w[rb je{ws ekpi j' rJh ;h. i' Pjhdh epho ih Bkwd/t ih
iK r[o{ BkBe ih dh j'Dh ;h. T[j Nbdh rJh, s/ gzit/A gkfsPkj ƒ
nkgDk ;oho b/y/ bkT[Dk fgnk. fco izr f;ZXh j'D br gJh, fjzd{nK
Bkb th s/ w[;bwkB jkewK Bkb th. nkw fjzd{, w[;bwkB s/ nS{s
gSfVnK spek, r[o{ ih d/ Bkb ;h.
fJ; s'A wro'A r[opkDh f;ZyK bJh e/Adoh X[ok pD rJh.
fIzdrh dk ofjpo pD rJh. ukBD w[Bkok pD rJh. xo xo dk
f;zrko pD rJh. ihtB dk nkXko pD rJh. ihtB dk jo gfjb{
r[opkDh s/ gofynk ikD bZrk. sokf;nk s/ ;zgo{ B ehsk ikD bZfrnk.
fJ; wjkB r[opkDh B/ Bt/A, wB[Zy ƒ w{oshwkB ehsk. gzikph p'bh ƒ
r[ow[yh pDk e/, wkD pyP fdZsk. Bt/A ;wki dh o{g o/yk T[bheh.
tZyok gfjoktk, tZyok o{g, tZyo/ Bkw fdZs./ izi{ fsnkr fdZs/ pkqjwDK
ƒ rb'A bkj fdZsk. t/dK dh ;odkoh ysw eo fdZsh. ntsko B;k fdZs./
d/thnK x[ofBnK ftu tV e/ p?m rJhnK. dfonk gftZso Bk j' e/, e/
tb gkDh dk ;'wk pD rJ/. ykD ghD dhnK pzfdPK ysw j' rJhnK.
fiBQK ƒ x'V/ dh ;tkoh eoB dh nkfrnk BjhA ;h. T[j noph x'fVnK
s/ ;i rJ/. fiBQK ƒ jfEnko ƒ jZE bkT[D dh fJIkIs BjhA ;h, T[j
s/rK d/ XBh pDk fdZs/ rJ/. frZdVK ƒ P/o pZpo pDk fdZsk. fuVhnK
pkiK ƒ x/oD bZr gJhnK. ekfJoK p[IfdbK ƒ wod J/ w[Ikfjd pDk
fdZsk. Bhb/ pkD/ ;'jD/ d;sko/ ;i rJ/. bfjokT[Ad/ fBPkB s/ roid/
Brko/ tZiD bZr/ . jo soqK dh r[bkwh ƒ rb' bkj e/ ;[ZN fdZsk. S/sh
jh f;Zy :'X/ gzikp d/P d/ y[d w[yfsnko wkbe (pkdPkj) pD rJ/.
170
fJj ;G e[M feZE'A gqkgs j'fJnk< r[o{ ;kfjp d/ T[gd/P ‘‘r[opkDh**
ftu' A .
gkme iB' ` fJzBh bzwh ftuko fJE/ fJ; bJh fdZsh j?,
feT[Afe ;kv/ e'b i' e[ZM ;G s'A ehwsh j?, sK T[j fBo;zd/j
‘‘r[opkDh** j?. ‘‘Bkw** dk Yetzi r[opkDh Bkb'A s'VB tk;s/ j?.
r[o frnkB s'A ;ZyD/ oZye/, w{oy pDkT[D dh ;kfIP j?. i/ d'
nZyoK d/ fe;/ ‘‘Bkw** Bkb ezw ub ;edk j[d
z k sK r[opkDh fbyD
dh eh b'V ;h. y[ZvK ftu (G'fonK) tVe/ fizBQK e'Jh woIh ‘‘Bkw**
dk noVkN gkJh ikt/, b'eK ƒ e'Jh ckfJdk BjhA, je{ws ƒ e'Jh
B[e;kB BjhA. fJjBK G'fonK ftu p?m e/ ‘‘Bkw** dhnK b/oK wkoB
tkfbnK ƒ fe;/ oki;h Pesh B/ gq/PkB BjhA ehsk. p[Ifdb pDe/
y[d th b[e e/ p?m', s/ j'oK ƒ th fJ;/ gk;/ bkU. ;oeko sK ;r'A
y[Ph wBkJ/rh ;jkfJsk eo/rh. ;' r[opkDh jh Bkw j?, ihtB dksh
j? nrtkJh dk ;'wk j?. ;dk r[opkDh s'A ;/X b? e/ ihtB pshs
eoBk j? .
nfJUA ;[DB gVB eT[ ‘‘pkDh**]
Bkw[ ft;kfo brfj nB bkbfu, fpoEk iBw gokDh] (1219)
j/ GkJh ` s{z r[opkDh ;[BD, gVB bJh ;z;ko s/ nkfJnk ;h.
sK fe s?ƒ fiT[D dk uZi ftjko nk ikt/. s{z r[opkDh (Bkw) ƒ ft;ko
fdZsk. j'o j'o gk;/ wB d'VB bZr fgnk. nsh bkbuh fposh tkbk pD
frnk. p[okJhnK ftu T[bM e/ iBw jh rztk fbnk.
fBs T[fm rktj[ gqG eh ‘‘pkDh**]
nkm gjo jfo f;woj[ gqkDh] (1340)
j/ GkJh ` fBs fdB fBoze
z ko dh T[;ss ftu T[ukoB ehsh rJh
pkDh gfVnk eo' rkfJnk eo'. jo ;w/A r[opkDh okjhA f;woB efonk
eo'.
r[o eh “pkDh” whmh nzfwqs Xko]
fifB ghsh fs;[ w'y[ d[nko] (1275)
171
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh pkDh (T[gd/P Bkw) nsh fwZmh j?, f;Zfynk
dkfJe j?, fJj sK ihtB dkB d/D tkbk nzfwqs j?. fizBKQ B/ r[opkDh
ƒ gh (gV ;[D ;wM) fbnk T[jBK d/ ;ko/ pzXB N[ZN rJ/, T[j w[es j'
rJ/ .
i?;h w? nkt? y;w eh “pkDh”, s?;Vk eoh frnkB t/ bkb']
gkg eh ihR b? ekpbj[ XkfJnk, i'oh wzr? dkB[ t/ bkb'] (722)
j/ GkJh ` w?ƒ y;w fBozeko tb'A i' pkDh gqkgs j'Jh j?, w?A
T[jh s[jkƒ ;[Dk fojk jK. gkg dh izR (ikbw c"i) b? e/ pkpo fjzd
s/ XkJh eodk nk fojk j?. nke/ ;G e[M y'j bt/rk.
r[ow[fy “pkDh” Bkw j?, Bkw[ fod? t;kJh ]
wfs gzy/o{ tf; j'fJ, ;fsr[o{ fXnkJh] (1239)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ tZb'A pyPh pkDh jh ‘‘Bkw** j?. fJ; pkDh d/
T[gd/P ƒ fjod/ ftu p;k bJh, fJjh Bkw igDk j?. wB o{gh gzSh p;
ftu nk iKdk j?, i/ ;fsr[o{ dh f;Zfynk u/s/ ftu oZyhJ/.
nktj[ f;y ;fsr[o{ e/ fgnkfoj', rktj[ ;uh “pkDh”..
pkDh sk rktj[ r[o{ e/oh pkDhnK f;fo pkDh] (920)
j/ r[of;Zy' ` nU fgnkfoU r[o{ dh pkDh rkJhJ/, i' fBo'b ;Zu
s/ nXkfos j?. fJj pkDh ;G pkDhnK dh P'qwDh (T[uh) pkDh j?.
pkDh r[o{ r[o{ j? pkDh, ftfu pkDh nzfwqs[ ;ko/]
r[o pkDh ej?, ;te[ iB[ wkB?, gosfy r[o{ fB;sko/](982)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dk T[d/P (r[opkDh) jh r[o{ j?. nrtkJh dk
;'wk j?. nzfwqsK dk nzfwqs (sZs;ko) fJjh r[opkDh j?. r[opkDh i'
j[ew eodh j?, ;/te T[; j[ew ƒ ;theko eo bt/. fJ; soQK nwb
ehfsnK ntZP gko fB;skok j' ikt/rk.
“r[opkDh” tosh ir nzsfo, fJ; pkDh s/ Bkw gkfJdk] (1066)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh wfs iZr ftu c?b rJh j?, b'eh fJ; ƒ wzB
oj/ jB, nkgDk oj/ jB. fJ; pkDh s'A ‘‘Bkw** (ihtB ;/X) fwbdk
j?. j'o e'Jh tZyok ‘‘Bkw** BjhA j?.
172
gkopqjw j'nk ;jkJh ] eEk ehosB[ ;[ydkJh ]
r[o g{o/ eh pkDh ] ifg nBzd[ eoj[ fBs gqkDh] (616)
j/ GkJh ` gqw/;o B/ ;jkfJsk ehsh j?. T[;dk i; eEk okjhA
ns/ ehosB okjhA, ;wM ;[DB dk w"ek fwfbnk j?. d't/A uhiK eEk
ehosB ;[ydkJh jB. fJj g{o/ r[o{ (oZp) dh pkDh j?. fJ; ƒ iZge/
ihtB ftu Ykb e/, nBzdwJh ihtB fiT[A ;e'r./
(r[opkDh “pkDh” Ppd 472 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
26H gkm (Bkw)
;z;ko ftu pj[s ;ko/ b'e, Xow g'EhnK ƒ e/tb gVd/ jB.
feT[A gVd/ jB gsk BjhA. fgSb/ bzw/ ;w/A s'A gVd/ ofjD Bkb eh
gqkgsh j'Jh, edh ;'funk jh BjhA. eJh nkgD/ wB dh s;Zbh bJh gkm
eod/ jB. eJh d{finK d/ wB dh s;Zbh bJh gkm eod/ jB. gqkgsh
d'tK ƒ jh e'Jh BjhA j[zdh. i' gfVnk ik fojk j?, nro T[; ƒ ;wfMnk
BjhA, fco eh ckfJdk gkm eoB dk< Jh;kJh Xow ftu nyzv gkm iK
j'o ‘‘wB'ekwBktK** g{ohnK eoB tkb/ gkm eoB dh e'Jh wfonkdk
BjhA j?. jK, T[jBK B/ pkJhpb ƒ jo p'bh ftu nB[tkd eoe/, xo
xo gj[zukfJnk j?. nsh fgSV/ ephfbnK sZe th T[jBK d/ goukoe
g[Zi/ jB. fpBK wzr/ xoK ftu pkJhpb ;[ZN iKd/ jB. T[j ;'ud/ jB fe
PkfJd edh fJ; xo ftu'A e'Jh ftnesh pkJhpb gV bt/. Jh;kJh
pD ikt/. pVk tkXk ehsk j? T[jBK B/ nkgD/ Xow dk. w[;bwkBK ftu
nyzv gkm s/ j'o soQK soQK d/ gkmK dh e'Jh wfonkdk BjhA j?. o'finK
tkb/ wjhB/ (owdkB) ftu nkw Bkb'A e[M tZX gkm eoB dh gozgok sK
j?. T[j th jofJe B/ y[d gkm eoBk j?. nDgVK B/ e'b p?m e/ ;[DBk
;wMDk j?. m/e/ d/ gkm, GkV/ d/ gkm, o?vhw/v gkm, fJ;bkw ftu
Y{zfvnK th BjhA bGd/. T[jBK gouko okjhA, fJ;bkw Xow d/ d[BhnK
ftu Mzv/ M[bk fdZs/ jB. e[okB ƒ ewkJh dk ;kXB BjhA pDB fdZsk.
fjzd{ Xow, gqkuoe Xow BjhA j?. fJjBK dh e'Jh fJe Xow
173
g[;se BjhA j? fi; s/ ;kfonK dh ;fjwsh j't/. Xow g[;seK ftu i'
T[gd/P fby/ jB, T[jBK ƒ sK BK jh S'fjnk ikt/ sK jh mhe j?. fjzdn
{ K
d/ rqzE ;z;feqs GkPk ftu fby/ j'J/ jB. fJ; GkPk ƒ wK p'bh d/ s"o
s/ fes/ wkBsk gqkgs BjhA j?. nS{sK ƒ t/d nkfd rqzE gVQB ;[DB s/
;ys o'e j?. ;zrs dk e'Jh ftXkB BjhA j?. wzdoK dh pDso nfijh
pDkJh rJh j?, fiE/ e[M ;oXkb{ p?me/ T[gd/P ;[DB bJh ‘‘;zrs** Bk
eo ;eD. fJ; bJh T[jBK ftu fJeZbk g[ikoh b'eK tk;s/ gkm eodk
j?. b'eK tk;s/ wzso gVdk j?. b'eK tk;s/ iZr eodk j?. tZN/ ftu
uzrh u'yh wkfJnk fwbdh j?. b'eK ƒ :ehB d[nkfJnk iKdk j? fe i'
gkm ehs/ rJ/ jB, fJjBK dk ‘‘cb** fJ; b'e ftu i/ Bk fwfbnk sK
gob'e ftu io{o fwb/rk. i/ e'Jh wBubk ftnesh nky d/t/, fe
g[ikoh ih id'A nrb/ b'e ftu ;kƒ fJ; gkm dk cb gqkgs j't/rk T[;
;w/A n;hA s[jkvh wkfJnk u[ek fdnKr/. ‘‘cb** j[D/ fdU, g?;/ j[D/
bU. cb nrb/ iBw (gob'e) ftu fwb/rk, g?;/ th nrb/ iBw ftu
b? b?D/. fJzBh soePhbsk ns/ db/oh, g[ikohnK B/ ofjD jh BjhA
fdZsh.
r[o{ ;kfjp dh BIo ftu nfij/ o?vhw/v gkmK dh e'Jh p[Zes
BjhA j?. GkV/ d/ gkmK ƒ e'Jh wkBsk BjhA j?. f;ZyK ftu nfijh G/
vukb, v/fonK Ne;kbK s/ mkmK ftu'A b'eK nzdo s[B
z h rJh j?. Bkb
fJj th goukfJnk frnk j? fe fBsB/wh, ofjs pfjs tkb/, f;woB
eoB tkb/, nzfwqs t/b/ gfjo oks ofjzdh T[m
Z e/ mzY/ gkDh Bkb fJ;Bkb
eoB tkb/, eSfjo/ dk fJe gj[u
z k T[skoBk s/ d{ik gkT[D tkb/, ish
;sh s/ pqjwuoi oZyD tkb/ gkmh j'D sK i' fJZSk oZye/ gkm eokT[r/
T[j ntZP g{oh j't/rh. ftuko/ nBG'b ;oXkb{, fJjBK b[N/fonK d/
nky/ ƒ ;Zu wzB, ngDk MZrk gVtk b?Ad/ jB. wB fJZSs cb gqkgs Bk
j'D dh ;{os ftu n;b sK e'Jh T[bKGk fdzdk jh BjhA. i/ frbk gqrN
eo/, sK efj fdZsk ikt/rk ‘‘GkJh ;/tk iK PoXk ftu fes/ ewh ofj
rJh j?. BjhA sK eh wikb fe ;kv/ tb'A ehs/ gkm Bkb ezw f;o/ Bk uV/**
174
w[;bwkBK ftu o'i/ s/ BwkIK jo fJe bJh Io{oh jB.
okiBhse ns/ ;wkie dpkT[ ekoB, e'Jh wB[Zy fJjBK ftu e'skjh
BjhA eo ;edk. efjzd/ jB fe fJe w[;bwkB oki/ B/, w[ZbK nZr/
nkgDh p/p;h gqrN ehsh fe w?A o'i/ BjhA oZy ;edk. s[jkvh ‘‘;/tk**
uzrh u'yh eo fdnKrk go o'i/ w[nkc eo fdU. w[Zbk B/ soehp eZYh
fe nkgDh Ekt/A fe;/ b'Vtzd ƒ g?;/ d/ e/ nkgD/ bJh o'i/ oytk bU.
;wK g{ok j'D s/ e[ZM j'o g?;/ d/ e/, o'finK dk ‘‘cb** yohd b?Dk. w?A
s[jkv/ bJh d[nk (nodk;) eo fdnKrk. ;'' ‘‘Xow** ftu th m/ed
/ koh
f;;Nw gous j?. ;q'wDh ew/Nh, gNBk ;kfjp ew/Nh, ji{o ;kfjp
ew/NhnK B/ pekfJdk gkmK d/ o/N fbye/ bkJ/ j'J/ jB. gzikp ftu
n;bhb eftsktK tkb/ pfuZso BkNe s'A gkm eoB dk o[MkB xZN j?.
gNBk s/ ji{o ;kfjp sK T[EA' d/ g[ikohnK B/, fJjBK buosk tkb/ rqE
z K
ƒ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ pokpo fNekfJnk j'fJnk. gkm eokT[D dk o/
N th tkX[ ofynk j'fJnk j?. nfij/ ftykt/ d/ GkV/ d/ fpBk ;[D/ ftuko/
d/, gkmK pko/ r[opkDh dk eh j[ew j?< nkU ftukohJ/ L
jm njzeko eo? BjhA gkt?] ‘gkm’ gV? b/ b'e ;[Dkt?] (905)
j/ GkJh ` gkm eoB dk ckfJdk sK wzfBnk ikt/rk i/ T[; s/
nwb eohJ/. jm eoe/ jzeko ƒ gZm/ gkT[D bJh gkm eoB/ eokT[D
fe;/ noE BjhA jB. e/tb b'e ftyktk j' fojk j? fe t/y' ih n;hA
fezB/ tZv/ Xowh jK.
nkukoh BjhA ihfsnk ikfJ] ‘gkm’ gV? BjhA ehwfs gkfJ] (355)
(355)
j/ GkJh` ftykt/ bJh Xkofwe eoweKv eoB/, e[M o;wK
ohsK dh gkbDk eoBh fe;/ b/y/ ftu BjhA j?. nfij/ gkm wzso b'e
ftyktk j?.
w{oy nzX/ sq? ;/tfj, wkfJnk e? fpT[jkoh]
nzdfo egN[ T[do[ GoD e? skJh, ‘‘gkm** gVfj rktkjh] (1246)
j/ GkJh ` nfrnkB ftu roe j'J/ w{oy b'e, wB d/ T[soktk
uVktK ftu jh ihtB r[iko fdzd/ jB. (oi' r[D, sw' r[D s/ ;s' r[D^
175
f;Zy ƒ fJjBK jkbsK s'A nr/ u"E/ gd ftu ngVB dh skehd j?) we;d
e/tb wkfJnk fJeZmh eoB dk j[zdk j?. Xow Bkb j'o e'Jh ;o'eko
BjhA. nzdo J/jBK d/ egN j?, X'yk co/p j?. ikBtoK tKr g/N GoB
dk jh fceo j?. T[AFM ‘‘gkm** pV/ eod/ jB. go ;koh T[wo neb
BjhA nkT[Adh ofjzd/ w{oy jh jB.
‘gkm[’ gfVU no[ p/d[ phukfoU fBtfb G[nr
z w ;kX/]
gzu iBk f;T[ ;zr[ B S[NfeU nfXe njzp[fX pkX/] (641)
j/ GkJh ` g[ikoh b'e pV/ gkm eod/ jB. t/dK dh ;kok fdB
;koh T[wo ftuko eod/ ofjzd/ jB. fBT[bh nk;D eod/ jB. (i'rhnK
tkbh fefonk) pVh ;kXBk eod/ jB. go gzi u'oK (ekw, e'qX, b'G,
w'j, jzeko) s'A S[Nekok BjhA j'fJnk. ;r'A j'o jzeko j'o ftyktk tZX
frnk.
dhtk pb? nzXo/ k ikfJ] p/d ‘gkm’ ws gkgK ykfJ]
T[rt? ;{o B ikg? uzd][ fij frnkB gqrk;, nfrnkB fwNzs] (791)
j/ GkJh ` fit/A oks ƒ dhtk pkb bJhJ/, xo ftu'A jB/ok ysw
j' iKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK Xow g[;seK thukoB Bkb (ns/ j'o ftdtkBK
dk ;kfjs) wB[Zy d/ wB ftu'A nfrnkBsk dk jB/ok d{o j' iKdk j?.
fit/A ;{oi uVB Bkb uzdowk r[zw j' iKdk j?. fJ;/ soQK fiE/ frnkB
gqrN j' ikt/, T[E'A nfrnkB d'V iKdk j?.
wfjs/ u"Ae tkb/ v/o/ tb'A eJh ;ko/ j'o v/o/ dkko ;kXK ƒ
fJeZfmnK eoe/, ;B 2000 ftu sbtzvh ;kp' fty/ fJe gkm p'X
;wkrw eotkfJnk frnk. ;ko/ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dk P[ZX gkm T[ukoD
eoB bJh, v/o/dkoh Yzr w[skpe fJe wjhBk ;zEk fdZsh iKdh ojh.
gzikp Go ftu'A r[opkDh T[ukoD f;ZyD dh ifrnk;k b? e/, ekch f;Zy
T[; ftu Pkwb j[zd/ oj/. d[ydkJh gfjb{ fJj ;h fe fJ; ;wkrw bJh
irQk s/ bzro nkfd dk youk P'qwDh ew/Nh tb'A ehsk frnk. Xz{nKXko
gquko, v/o/dkoh d/ jZe ftu ehsk frnk. r[opkDh dhnK gzeshnK dh
tos'A eoe/, ewoeKvK, s/ wBwsK ƒ T[Gkfonk frnk. r[opkDh
176
ftnkeoD ƒ w{b'A jh oZd ehsk frnk.
;kX N'bk i' fe j? jh ekPh d/ pqkjwDK d/ gd fuzBKQ s/ uZbD
tkbk, T[jBK B/ sK wBws goukoBh jh ;h. T[; ;w/A wB ƒ rfjoh ;ZN
bZrh, id'A fJ; ;wkrw tkb/ ;kX bkD/ dh go;z;k eoB tk;s/ gzikph
:{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk ftub/ f;Zy Xow nfXn?B ftGkr d/ w[yh vkH
jogkb f;zx gzƒ th gj[zu rJ/. fJjBK b'eK dh M{mh gq;z;k eofdnK
vkH gzƒ B/ i' eVh, x'bh, T[;dk ;zy/g ;ko T[; ;w/A foekov j'Jh e?f;N
ftu'A T[;/ d/ p'bK w[skpe fJj j? L
‘‘fJj ;zs wjKg[oy pkp/ pj[s wjkB jB. pV/ goT[geko
ehs/ jB fJjBK wjKg[oyK B/. n;hA :{Bhtof;NhnK tkb/ gq'c?;o,
fJjBK d/ uoBK dh X{V tor/ th BjhA jK. GkJh fJe tkoh ;kvh fJe
w?vw (gq'c?;o) B/ pVh f;Zfynk dkfJe fdbu;g rZb ;[DkJh. T[; phph
B/ dZf;nk w?ƒ fJe tkoh bzwh fpwkoh B/ dp'u fbnk. tZv/ j;gskbK
tkb/, tZvhnK fvrohnK tkb/, tZv/ tZv/ vkeNoK s'A pj[s fJbki
eotkfJnk. pj[s g?;k you j' frnk. go feZXo'A ckfJdk Bk j'fJnk.
fe;/ tZb'A dZ; gkT[D s/ w?A fJe t?d e'b BkG/ ubh rJh. t?d B/ ;koh
g[ZS frZS eoe/, dtkJh d/ fdZsh. w?A gzdoK fdB dtkJh ykXh. d[pkok
fco t?d e'b rJh. fJ; soQK S/sh jh w?A szdo[;s j' rJh. fJe fdB
w?A t/d ƒ g[fZ Snk fe w?A tZvhnK fvrohnK tkb/, Bkwh vkeNoK s'A fJbki
eokT[Adh ojh, go fes'A ckfJdk Bk j'fJnk. s[jkv/ e'b nfijh fejVh
frZdV f;zrh j? fe w?A B"Apo B"A j' rJh<
t?d ih p'b/ L ‘‘phph s/o/ fgsk ih eh eod/ ;B<** ih y/sh.
‘‘s/oh wksk ih eh eodh j?< ih xo/b{ ;[nkDh.
‘‘s/o/ Gok**< fJe vkeNo j? s/ fJe tehb j?.
s/o/ pZu/ < fJe gVdk j? fJe fJzihBhno j?.
fJ; dk wsbp s[jkvk e'Jh fJe ezw fBPfus BjhA j?. ;kvk
t?drh dk ezw ykBdkBh j?. n"j ;kjwD/ p?mk nZm e[ ;kbK pZuk, w/ok
g'sk j?. g[VhnK pDk fojk j?. ;Zs nZm ;kb dh T[wo s'A fJ; feZs/ ftu
177
g? frnk. i[nkB j'D sZe, f;oeZYtK t?d pD u[Zfenk j't/rk. w?A th
fJ;/ soQK fBZe/ j[d
z / nkgD/ tv/fonK s'A t?drh f;Zyh ;h. sK jh ekw:kp
t?d pD ;fenk jK. sK jh ftrV/ o'rK dk th fJbki eo b?Adk jK. fit/
A s/o/ Bkb tkgfonk j?.**
‘‘fJ;/ soQK ;kX ;zrs ih (vkH gzƒ B/ nZr/ rb i'VfdnK fejk)
fJj ;zs wjKg[oP i' jB, pugB s'A jh tZv/ ;zsK s'A r[opkDh f;yd/,
gVd/ jB. r[o{ ;kfjp dh fJjBK ƒ B/Vsk gqkgs ojh j?. fJjBK ƒ ;[Zs/
f;ZX jh r[opkDh dh v{zxh ;wM nk iKdh. fJjBK d/ o'w o'w ftu
r[opkDh dk tk;k j?. d{i/ gk;/ n;hA :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ gq'c?;o fJjBK
dk eh w[ekpbk eo ;ed/ jK< n;hA sK fJjBK nZr/ nDgV jK. n;bh
frnkB sK fJjBK e'b jh j?HHH (i?eko/) w?A fJE/ ftneshrs s"o s/ BjhA
nkfJnk. ;kvh fJe gq'c?;oK dh ew/Nh j? T[E/. ;kfonK B/ ;bkj eoe/
B[wkfJzdk pDke/ s[jkv/ ezw dh Pbkxk eoB tk;s/ w?ƒ G/fink j?. n;hA
s[jkƒ e[ZM f;ykT[D BjhA nkJ/, s[jkv/ e'b'A r[opkDh f;ZyD nkJ/ jKHHH**
(fJ; dh foekov ehsh e?f;N, dk; b/ye e'b w"i{d j?)
i/ vkH gzB{z tor/ gq'c?;o ;kXK B{z tX frnkBtkB ;wMd/ jB,
sd nfij/ b'eK B{z tZv/ nj[fdnK s/ fNe/ ofjD dk e'Jh nfXeko BjhA
j?. nkgDh e[o;h J/jBK pj[s/ “ftdtkB” ;kXK d/ jtkb/ eo d/Dh
ukjhdh j?. r[o{ vzw B{z T[ukoB ftu fJjBK “p[ZXhihthnK” dk Gkoh
:'rdkB j?.
r[opkDh d/ fJBebkph f;ZXKsK ƒ ‘‘Bkw f;woD d/ r"oy Xzd*/ *
ftu T[bMkfJnk fJjBK ;kXK B/. wzso ikgK, soQK soQK d/ gkmK (nyzv
gkm, ;zgN gkm, nsh ;zgN gkm, w'B gkm, ;gskfje gkm, fJe' u"AeV/
tkbk gkm, rwh dk gkm, y[Ph dk gkm, wB'ekwBktK g{ohnK eoB tkbk
gkm, gZuh f;zxK tb'A g{oh ofjs ns/ wfonkdk tkbk gkmHHH) ftu
b[ZfNnk ;kXK B/. nekb sys ;kfjp dh wfonkdk ƒ drk fdZsk fJjBK
;kXK B/. v/fonK ftu PowBke uzd uVkJ/, fJjBK ;kXK B/. GkJh
ioB?b f;zx ihts j? dk fJZeh ;kb e[co s'fbnk, fJjBK ;kXK B/. f;Zy
178
Xow ftGkr dk w[yh, vkH gz[ƒ fJjBK gkyzvhnK s/ M{m/ b'eK dh M{mh
gq;z;k ftu o/s d/ g[b pzBQdk fojk. T[j th r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp dh ji{oh
ftu< rip ;kJhA dk<
isB eo? wkB[y vj ekt?, T[j nzsoikwh ikB?]
gkg eo/ efo w{efo gkt?, G/y eo? fBopkB?] (680)
fJ;/ ;wkrw ftu vkH joehos f;zx B/ ;kX N'fbnK dh gq;;
z k
ns/ ftnkeoD w[skpe r[opkDh d/ noE eoB tkfbnK dh fyZbh
T[vkJh. d{i/ gk;/ id'A T[; ƒ g[ZfSnk frnk fe ‘‘n"AeV s/ f;jkoh**
nkfd tkX{ feT[A bZr/ j'J/ jB< efjD bZrk, fe j[D w?ƒ ;[DkJh BjhA
fdzdk. p'bk j'D dk pjkBk xVe/, i[nkp d/D s'A fJBeko eo frnk.
pzpJh d/ fJe XBkm f;Zy ;qH jfowzdo f;zx ;/mh B/ thj e[ ;kb
s'A tZy' tZyohnK EktK s/ gkm p'X ;wkrw eotkJ/ jB. T[jBK dk T[Fd
Z w
uzrk j?. jkbh j'o pj[s ;kohnK EktK s/ ;gZPNsk fbnkT[D dh b'V j?.
w?A y[d T[jBK d/ ;wkrwK ftu fjZ;k b? u[Zfenk jK. nzfwqs;o d/ ;o'to
ftu fJPBkB eoe/ ekb/ ektK s'A fuZN/ j' ikDk. fgzrb/ dk e'jV jZN
ikDk. d{Zy GziDh p/oh j/m, fJPBkB dk tZX cb, tor/ B[efsnK pko/
T[jh g[oksB gozgoktkdh noE eotkT[Adk j? i' mhe BjhA jB. ‘‘gkm
p'X** dk wsbp j? frnkB. r[opkDh d/ pj[ gZyh frnkB pko/ ‘‘p'X**
eokT[Dk pDdk ;h. Bkb ftdtkBK dh Nhw BjhA j?. fiBQK ƒ nkgD/
Bkb fpmkT[Adk j?. T[jBK ftu'A e'Jh ;/mh ih dh fyZuh bkJhB s'A pkjo
BjhA ik ;edk. fco th ;kXK ;zsK Bkb'A pj[s uzrk isB j?.
p/d es/p f;fwqfs ;fG ;k;s, fJBQ ‘‘gfVnk** w[efsB j'Jh]
‘‘J/e[ nZyo[** i' r[ow[fy ikg?, fs; eh fBowb ;'Jh] (747)
j/ GkJh ` Xow g[;seK d/ e/tb gkm eoB Bkb e[M
Z BjhA ;ztoBk.
fJjBK ftubk frnkB (i/ e'Jh j? sK) ;wMDk goyDk gt/rk. i/ r[o{ d/ j[ew
ƒ ;wM bt/ T[; ftnesh dh fIzdrh fteko ofjs ns/ pzXB w[es j' ;edh
j?.(‘‘gkm** Ppd r[opkDh ftu 24 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
179
27H f;Z f ynk (Bkw)
fizBQK ftneshnK B/ r[o{ ;kfjp dh f;Zfynk ƒ fJe wB eoe/
;thekoB dk jbc fbnk, T[j ‘‘f;Zy** nytkJ/. Gkt T[j iB ;w{j
r[o{ BkBe dh f;Zfynk ƒ ;theko eo uZ[Zfenk j?. e'Jh fJB;kB ;koh
T[wo ;zg{oD j'D dk dktk BjhA eo ;edk. feT[Afe ;zg{oD e/tb
eosko j?. f;Zy dk coI j? fe T[j jo o'I e[M Bk e[M BtK f;Zydk
oj/. f;ZyD Bkb nkgk ;zto/rk. T[j ftnesh fJzBQK uzr/ sohe/ Bkb
‘‘;zto** ikt/ fe e'Jh p[ok ftnesh T[; s/ ‘‘p[okJh** Bk ;[N
Z ;e/. jK
T[;dh uzfrnkJh dk n;o p[fonK s/ Io{o gt/. T[wo Go wkD edh
Bk eo/, fe w?A ;G e[M f;Zy frnk jK. id'A wB[y
Z nky/ ‘‘w?A** f;Zy frnk
jK, sK ;wM' T[j jzeko ftu f;Zyh (fBwosk) s'A frnk. efjzd/ jB fe
d[BhnK dk gfjbk wjkB fcbk;co ;[eoks ;w[zdo d/ feBko/ ;?o eo
fojk ;h. e[ZM ;/te Bkb Nfjb oj/ ;B. fJe B/ ;tkb ehsk ‘‘jI{o
` s[;hA pj[s neb tkb/ frnkBtkB g[oP j'. fJzBKQ frnkB fet/A jk;b
ehsk<**
;[eoks B/ i[nkp fdZsk ^ ‘‘gqw
/ h iB' ` frnkB dh e'Jh ;hwk BjhA. nkj
;[wzdo t/yd/ j'< fJ; ftu fezBk e[ZM j?, e'Jh nzs BjhA gk ;edk. go
w?A fBwkDk sK feBko/ s/ yVk, f;ZghnK x'r/ jh fJeZm/ eodk fojk jK.
;wzd
[ o ftub/ w'sh ni/ w/o/ jZE BjhA nkJ/ jK s[jkv/ e'b f;ZghnK s/ x'r/
th BjhA jB. fJ;/ bJh s[jkƒ f;ZghnK tkbk ftnesh nwho gqshs
j[ z d k j? . **
;G e[M ikBD ;wMD d/ pkti{d th, r[o{ ;kfjp B/ fJj dktk
BjhA ehsk fe w?A ;G e[M ikD fbnk j?. f;ZyK ftub/ pj[s/ ftnesh
f;Zy/ e[ZM th BjhA. go jzeko dhnK gzvK u[Zeh fcod/ jB, fe n;h ;G
e[ZM ikDd/ jK. f;ZyD tkb/ ƒ f;Zy efjzd/ jB. nZi gzikp ftu nZyK
y'jb e/ e'Jh t/y/ sK ;kc BIo nkt/rk fe ‘‘f;Zy** B"in
[ kB e[M th
f;ZyD s'A fJBekoh jB. ;ys w[ekpb/ d/ fJ; i[Zr ftu fijVk ;w/A
fizBh s/I rsh BjhA pDk ;e/rk. T[j fvZr gt/rk. b'eh T[; ƒ e[ube/
180
nZr/ bzx ikDr/. e'Jh ftobk PkfJd ofjw eo/. toBk j[D sK ofjw
nkfd tb'A th wB[Zy y[Pe j[zdk ik fojk j?. fdwkr s'A ezw b? e/ jZEhA
ezw ehs/ s'A fpBK e'Jh wkD BjhA fwb ;edk. gzikp d/ rZGo{, GftZy
X[d
z bk j'D ekoB, BfPnK ftu i[nkBhnK rkb oj/ jB. e"w d/ w[yhnK
B/ e'Jh ‘‘;pe BjhA f;Zfynk**.
r[opkDh f;ykT[D tk;s/ P'qwDh ew/Nh ƒ tZv/ T[gokb/ eoB/
ukjhd/ ;B go BjhA ehs/ rJ/. f;ZyK d/ pZfunK ƒ ;z;koh ftZfdnk d/
D tk;s/, fwnkoh ;e{b y'jbD/ ukjhd/ ;B go BjhA y'jb/ rJ/. jZEhA
ezw eoB (feZsk e'o;) tkb/ o'Ih o'Nh ewk ;eD tkb/, ndko/ y'jbD/
pDd/ ;B go fJZXo fXnkB fdZsk jh BjhA frnk. eEk, ehosB, Ykvh
tkoK nkfd f;ykT[d bJh gqpzX eoBk pDdk ;h. rZsek s/ pkeh y/vK
bJh T[s;kfjs eoBk ukjhdk ;h. fe;kBK ƒ :'r ;bkj d/D bJh th
jo e;p/ s/ jo Pfjo ftu, wkfjo r[of;Zy p?m/ j'D/, i' T[jBK ƒ y/
sh Bkb ;pzXs, jo b'VhAdh ikDekoh fdzd./ GftZy ftubk P'w
q Dh
nekbh db s/ Pqw
' Dh r[od[nkok gqpX
z e ew/Nh, x'B wBK dh jh j'fJnk
eo/rh. fit/A fe fJ; ;w/A wfj;{; j' fojk j?.
;ku/ r[o eh ;kuh ‘‘;hy**] sB[ wB[ ;hsb[ ;ku[ gohy[] (152)
j/ GkJh ` ;Zu/ r[o{ eh f;Zfynk th ;Zuh (ihtB ƒ ;ztko d/D
tkbh) j?. ;Zuh f;Zfynk Bkb wB PKs j' ikt/rk. sB uzr/ T[geko tkb/
ezw eo/rk. ;Zu d/ okj s/ ihtB fpskT[AfdnK, fezBhnK th n"AeVK
nkT[D, wB[Zy v'bdk BjhA. goy s/ yok T[sodk j?.
f;Zyh ‘‘f;fynk** r[o[ thuko] Bdoh eow bzxkJ/ gko] (599)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh f;Zfynk ƒ thuko e/ ;wMe/, XkoB eo b?Dk
jh f;Zyh j?. r[o{ pyfPP eoe/, (uzrh wZs d/ e/) ;z;ko ;w[zdo s'A
;cbsk Bkb gko bzxD dk Yzr ;wMkT[Adk j?.
r[o “;kyh” nzsfo ikrh] sK uzub wfs fsnkrh]
r[o “;kyh” ek T[finkok] sK fwfNnk ;rb nzfXnkok] (599)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh f;Zfynk B/ nzso nkswk irk fdZsh. i' wB
181
ftu uzubsk ;h, T[j ysw j' rJh, wB mfjo frnk. r[o{ dh f;Zfynk
B/ ihtB dk okj frnkB Bkb o'PB eo fdZsk. ;koh nfrnkBsk ysw
j' rJh j?. jB/ok d{o j' frnk j?.
r[o eh ‘‘f;Zy** e' ftobk b/t?. BkBe fi;[ nkg tfvnkJh d/t?]
(509)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh f;Zfynk e'Jh ftobk gqtkB eodk j?. i'
gqtkB eodk j?, r[o{ T[; ƒ tfvnkJh pyP fdzdk j?.
;[fD ;[fD ‘‘f;y** jwkoh]
;[feqs[ ehsk oj;h w/o/ ihnV/, pj[fV B nkt? tkoh] (154)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh f;Zfynk fXnkB Bkb ;[Ddk oj[. ;[feqs
efonk eo. fe;/ Bkb X'yk co/p Bk eohA. gokfJnk jZe Bk wkoh.
fJ; soQK s{z ;z;ko ftu'A nkgDk iBw ;cbk eoe/ ik ;e/Ark.
r[of;yh dk eow J/j, r[o c[owkJ/ r[of;y eoDk] (Gkr[ L 29^10)
j/ GkJh ` r[of;yh dk eow fJj j? fe i' r[o{ j[ew eo/, ;'Jh
ezw eohdk j?.
‘‘f;Zy** B/ r[opkDh dh f;Zfynk ;wM e/ nkgDk ihtB ;cb
eoBk j?. fit/A fgZS/ nk u[Zfenk j? fe j[ew, GkDk, oIk, ;[DBk,
rkT[Dk, nkfd Ppd r[o{ T[gd/P iK f;Zfynk tk;s/ jh tos/ jB. f;Zy
B/ f;Zfynk ;[De/ j[ew wzB b?Dk j?.
(f;Zfynk Ppd r[opkDh ftu 82 tkoh gq:'r j'fJnk j?.)
000
28H rZbpks (Bkw)
id'A xo ftu iK fe;/ j'o EK d' uko ftnesh fwb p?md/ jB
sd'A e'Jh ftuko tNKdok th eod/ jB. fJ;/ ƒ nkw p'bukb ftu
rbpks eoBh th efj fdZsk iKdk j?. fJe d{i/ ƒ n;hA nkw jh fJT[A
;zpX
' B eod/ jK ^ ‘‘feT[A tho ‘‘rZb** eo bJh T[jBK Bkb**< J/j i'
‘‘rZb** Ppd j? fJ; dk nkgD/ gq;r
z w[skpe pVk wjZst j?. rZbpks
okjhA i/ iB efbnkD dh e'Jh uouk j' ojh j? sK fJj th ‘‘;fs;zr**
182
jh j' fojk wzfBnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. r[opkDh, iK fJfsjk; nkfd ƒ
;wMD tk;s/, id'A p'bd/ jK sd'A th ;fs;zr j?. fit/A r[opkDh ftu
Ppd, puB, T[gd/P, Bkw nkfd PpdK dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?, fJ;/
soQK ‘‘rZb** Ppd dk gq:r
' ehsk frnk j?. nkU gqwkD gVhJ/ L^
fiBk r[of;yK eT[ jfo ;zs[;N j?, fsBh ;fsr[o eh ‘‘rb** wzBh]
i' r[ow[fy Bkw fXnkfJd/, fsBh uVh utrfD tzBh] (590)
j/ GkJh ` fiBK ;/teK f;ZyK B/ r[o{ dh nkyh rZb (j[ew ^Bkw)
wzB bJh, fBozeko T[jBK s/ pj[s y[P j?. fJ; soQK i' ;/te r[o{ d/ nky/
bZr e/, (rZb wzBe/) gow/Po ƒ :kd oZyd/ jB, T[jBK s/ wkB' r[Dk dk
ozr u"r[Dk uV frnk. jo e'Jh T[jBK dh fJIZs eoB bZr fgnk.
e'Jh efo ‘‘rb** ;[Dkt? jfo Bkw eh, ;' br? r[of;yk wfB fwsk] (451)
j/ GkJh ` id'A e'Jh wB[y
Z oZp d/ xo dh (wB[y
Z fjs?Ph) rZbpks
nke/ ;[DkT[Adk j? T[j ftnesh r[of;yK ƒ pj[s fgnkok brdk j? ih
eodk j? T[; s'A frnkB dhnK rZbK ;[Dd/ ojhJ/.
frnkB fXnkB BkBe tfvnkJh, ;zs s/o/ f;T[ rkb rb'jh. (207)
j/ GkJh ` gqG{ d/ fgnkfonK (frnkBtkB B/e g[o;) Bkb
rZbpks, ftuko uouk okjhA, frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?. fXnkB e/Ados
j[zdk j?. ;G tfvnkJhnK nkfde ;[s/ jh gqkgs j[zdhnK jB.
w?A r[D rbk e/ f;fo Gko] rbh rbk f;oiDjko]
ykDk ghDk j;Dk pkfd] ip br[ fod? B nktfj :kfd] (351)
j/ GkJh ` n;hA nkw wB[y
Z rZbK pj[s eod/ jK, ezw BjhA eod/. fJ;
soQK wkB' tkX{ dk Gko u[Zeh fcod/ jK. ;wK nikJhA r[nk oj/ jK. i/
rZbK jh eoBhnK jB, sK nebwzdh dhnK eo'. ;wki d/ Gb/ tk;s/, gow/
Po ƒ ikBD tk;s/, e'Jh ekoi ftXh T[bhe'. tkX{ dk jk;k mZmk Bk
eo'. tkX{ dk ykDk ghDk Bk eo'. p; ;ziw ftu ofje/, ;oho dh b'V
w[skpe eo'. fjod/ ftu'a fJZSk g?dk j't/ (b'V t/ye/) sK jh ykU ghU
s/ jZ;'. cI{b ftu BjhA.
fJ; goEkJ/ j'o th pj[s gowkD fdZs/ ik ;ed/ jB. f;nkD/
183
gkme fJPko/ Bkb jh ;wM iKd/ jB fe L
‘‘rbh** n;hA uzrhnK, nkukoh p[ohnkj]
wBj[ e[;[Xk ekbhnk, pkjfo ftNthnkj] (85)
j/ G?D ` rZbh pksh sK jo e'Jh iht fJ;soh, uzrh j'D dk
Yzv'ok fgZNdh fco ojh j?. go ftjko ftu ;bhek BjhA, fJwkBdkoh
BjhA e'Jh r[D BjhA. wB ftu y'N jB, co/p jB, Ekjo ftykt/ d/ s"o
s/ pV/ ;z[do ;c?d p;so gfjB/ j'J/ jB. fBozeko d/ do s/ ftyktk
gqtkB BjhA j?.
(rZb, rbK, rbhA, nkfd o{gK ftu fJ; Ppd dh 70 tkoh r[opkDh ftu
tos'A j'Jh j?.)
000
29H ;'fjbk (Bkw)
r[opkDh d/ fbyD Yzr ftu ‘‘;'fjbk** dh tos'A th r[o{ dk
j[ew T[gd/P, y[Ph dk rhs, Bkw nkfd noEK ftu j'Jh j?. fJe bzwh
pkDh ƒ th ;'jb/ wko{ okr ftu fbfynk frnk j?, ‘‘okr[ wko{ ;'bj/**
;'bK ;'bK gzeshnK d/ jB. fJ; bJh th fJj Bkw oZfynk j' ;edk
j?.e[Zb Gkt fJjh pDdk j? fe f;Zy B/ r[o{ dh pkDh okjhA ;'fjb/
(;'jb/) y[Ph d/ rhs rkT[Ad/ ofjDk j?. r[o{ dk T[gd/P ;[De/, T[;
w[skpe ihtB pDkT[D dk isB eoBk j?. ;'fjbk, Bkw, frnkB,
ehosh, nkfde ;ko/ PpdK dk fBu'V fJj fBebdk j? fe ‘‘r[of;Zy' `
i/ nkgDk Gbk b'ud/ j' i/ nkgD/ gqtkoK dk Gbk ukj[d
z / j', i/ g{o/ ;wki
ƒ B/e okj s/ N'oBk ukj[zd/ j' sK s[jkƒ r[o{ dk ‘‘;'fjbk** (j[ew) wzBDk
jh gt/rk.**
J/j[ “;'fjbk” ;pd[ ;[jktk ]
;pd' ;[jktk ;dk ;'fjbk ;fsr[o{ ;[DkfJnk]
J/j[ fsB e? wfB tf;nk fiB X[oj[ fbfynk nkfJnk]
ej? BkBe[ ;pd[ “;'fjbk” ;fsr[o{ ;[DkfJnk] (919)
j/ GkJh ` J/j fizdrh dhnK y[PhnK d/D tkbk rhs ;fsr[o{ d/
184
Ppd okjhA ;wM nkT[Adk j?. Ppd okjhA gqrN j'fJnk ;'fjbk, ;fsr[o{
B/ ezB ftu gk fdZsk, ;[Dk fdZsk j?. J/j y[Ph dk ;'fjbk T[jBK d/ fjod/
ftu p; iKdk j?, i' r[o{ dh ;zrs wkDd/ jB. fJsBh tZvh :'rsk e/
tb r[o{ e'b j?, fe T[j ;dhth y[PhnK b?D dk sohek ;wMk fdzdk j?.
i? xfo ehofs nkyhn? eos/ ek j'fJ phuko']
fss[ xfo rktj[ ‘‘;'[fjbk** f;tfoj[ f;oiD jko']
s[w rktj[ w/o/ fBoGT[ ek ‘‘;'fjbk**]
jT[tkoh fis[ ‘‘;'fjb?** ;dk ;[y[ j'fJ] (12)
j/ GkJh ` T[; fBozeko d/ y[Ph d/D tkb/ rhs rkT[. T[;/ dh
f;cs ;kbkj d/ rhs rkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. T[; eos/ d/ ezwK ns/
pyfPPK dh thuko eoBh ukjhdk j?. ;'fjbk (tfvnkJh) J/j j? fe
eosko ƒ ;dk :kd oZyDk. s[;hA ;ko/ w/o/ fBoGT[ eosko dk rhs
rkT[. w?A pfbjko iktK T[; nekb g[oy s'A fi;d/ ;'jb/ rhs rkT[D
Bkb wB ƒ ;[Zy fwbdk j?.
J/j[ ;kbk ‘‘;'fjbk**, ;ku? xfo rktj[]
rktj[ s ‘‘;'fjbk** xfo ;ku? fiE/ ;dk ;u[ fXnktj/] (922)
j/ GkJh ` J/j[ ;'fjbk n;b ftu ;ukJh s/ nXkfos f;Zfynk
j?. fjod/ o{gh xo ftu, fJ; f;Zfynk ƒ XkoB eo'r/ sK ;ZukJh d/ okj
s/ y[d uZb gT[r/. ;Zuk ;'fjbk (r[o{ dh f;Zfynk^j[ew) rkT[D dk sK
jh ckfJdk j? i/ ;Zu/ wkor s/ uZb gkT[r/.
ekwfD wfB ‘‘;'fjbVk** ;kiB fwb/ fgnko/ okw]
r[owsh wB[ fBowb[ j'nk, jfo okfynk T[foXko/ okw] (772)
j/ iht fJ;soh ` s/o/ wB ftu fgnko/ gqG{ ƒ fwbD dh shpo
sKx j?. sK nrzwh y[Ph d/ rhs rk e/, T[; ƒ y[P eo b?. ‘‘;'fjb/**
pko/ ;wM b?, r[o{ dh wZs nB[;ko ihtB uZbD pDk b?Dk jh n;b
;'fjbk j?. fteko wB ftu'A fBeb ikD s/ fjod/ ftu gow/;o p; ikt/.
‘‘;'fjbVk** jfo okw Bkw[, r[o ;pdh thuko/ okw]
jfo wB[ sB' r[ow[fy Ghi?, okw Bkw fgnko/ okw] (772)
185
j/ GkJh ` joh d/ Bkw dk rhs rkT[. J/j joh dk ;'fjbk
(rhs) eh j?< r[o{ d/ Ppd dh thuko. T[; w[skfpe fIzdrh wB eoe/
sB eoe/ f;Zy nkgD/ nkg ƒ Ppd ftu Us^gq's eo bt/. fJj j?
n;bh ;'fjbk rhs.
wzrbk jfo wzrbk, w/o/ gqG e? ;[Dhn? wzrbk]
‘‘;'fjbVk** gqG ‘‘;'fjbVk** nBjd X[Bhn? ;'fjbVk] (924)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko ƒ f;woB Bkb (:kd eoB Bkb) ;dk
y[PhnK jh y[PhnK gqkgs j[zdhnK jB. feT[Afe fBozeko y[d wzrb o{g
j?. T[; d/ ;'fjb/ rhs rkT[D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJjBK rhsK okjhA wB
nzdo, wkB' nBjd tki/ tZiD bZr g?Ad/ jB. Gkt fe y[Ph fpnkB BjhA
ehsh ik ;edh. n;b ftu ;'fjbk, wzrb, T[gd/P, Bkw j[ew, nkfd
;ko/ ;wnoEh Ppd jB. wsbp j? r[o{ do;kJ/ okj s/ uZbDk.
(r[opkDh ftu ;'fjbk 38 tkoh nkfJnk j?.)
000
30H nBzd (Bkw)
Xow d/ ftnkfynkekoK B/ jo Ppd ƒ pVk jh T[bMkfJnk
j?. PpdK dh uho ckV (g';N wkoNw) eofdnK nfijh x[zwD x/oh
ftu gkT[Ad/ jB fe Xosh s/ tkgo oj/ tosko/ Bkb, r[opkDh ƒ i'Ve/
w;b/ jZb BjhA eod/. iB efbnkD dhnK ;kXkoD ftukoK BjhA eod/.
;r'A r[zMbdko Ppd tose/, iK sK nzs;eoD tZb ƒ XZe/ e/ b? ikDr/
iK fco ;Zu yzv, eow yzv, Xow yzv nkfde okjhA T[go ƒ u[e
Z d/ u[e
Z d/,
fes/ ;Zst/A nkekP s/ g[uk fdzd/ jB. Xosh s/ p;D tkb/ b'eK d/ w;b/
jZb eoB dh y/ub jh BjhA eod/. eh r[opkDh ftub/ ‘‘nBzd** ;'fjb/, iK
y[PhnK woB s'A pknd fes/ T[go ik e/ fwbDrhnK< ih BjhA. fJj
f;oc fbyD iK ;wMkT[D d/ sohe/ nbZr nbZr jB. ;koh r[opkDh
fJ; ftub/ ;ko/ T[gd/P fJ;/ Xosh d/ b'eK ƒ uzrk ihtB gqdkB eoB
tk;s/ jB. ‘‘y[PhnK bkb ozr, wB jfonk, ;{jph, bkbh** nkfd eJh
soQK d/ Ppd tos e/, rZb ƒ o"uesk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. noE GktK
186
dk fInkdk tyo/tK BjhA j?.
‘‘nkBzd[ nBzd*[ * ;G e' ej?, ‘‘nkBzd*[ * r[o{ s/ ikfDnk]
ikfDnk ‘‘nkBzd[** ;dk r[o s/ feqgk eo/ fgnkfonk] (917)
j/ GkJh ` ‘‘nkBzd j? nkBzd j?** ipkBh ebkwh jo e'Jh nkyh
ik fojk j?. n;bh nBzd r[o{ dh f;Zfynk s'A gqkgs j[zdk j? feT[Afe r[o{
T[jBK ;G nbkwsK s'A S[Nekok gkT[D d/ sohe/ ;wMk fdzdk j?, fiBK
ekoB nkBzd r[nkfunk ;h. fJ; bJh j/ fgnko/ ;fsr[o{ ih, n;hA Bk
;wM fJB;kB jK, ;kv/ s/ feogk eod/ ofjDk. r[o{ dh wZs okjhA Gb/
ezw eotKd/ ofjDk.
nBzd[ GfJnk w/oh wkJ/ ;fsr[o{ w? gkfJnk] (197)
j/ wK ` w?ƒ ngko y[PhnK fwb rJhnK jB feT[Afe y[PhnK dk
yIkBk ;fsr[o{ w?ƒ fwb frnk j?.
‘‘nBzd[** ;[Dj[ tvGkrh j', ;rb wB'oE g{o/]
gko pqjw gqG[ gkfJnk, T[so/ ;rb ft;{o/]
d[y o'r ;zskg T[so/, ;[Dh ;uh pkDh]
;zs ;kiB GJ/ ;o;/, g{o/ r[o s/ ikDh] (922)
n? tZv/ GkrK tkfbU ` i/ ;dhthA y[Ph b?Dh ukj[d
z / j' i/ ;ko/
ftrV/ ezw ok; eoB/ ukj[zd/ j' sK ;[D' ` gkopqjw ƒ fjod/ ftu p;ke/
B/e okj s/ uZbe/ jh Gbk j' ;e/rk. ;ko/ d[Zy d{o eoBk ukj[zd/ j' sK
;Zu d/ wkor s/ N'oB tkbh ;Zuh pkDh fjod/ ftu p;kT[Dh gt/rh. pkDh
ftu fdZs/ rJ/ j[ew wzBD/ g?Dr/. r[o{ dk T[gd/P wzBD tkb/ ;ZiD g[oP
y[P j' rJ/. r[Dk Bkb oZph o; Bkb Go rJ/. fJj ;G e[M r[o{ s'A
ikfDnk f;Zfynk j?.
nBzd eoj[ fwfb ;z[do Bkoh ] r[fo BkBfe w/oh g?i ;tkoh ] (806)
j/ ;zd
[ o BkohU ` (;s;zrh iB') ob fwb e/ y[Ph d/ rhs rkT[.
feT[Afe r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih B/ ;kvh wZsT[sw eo fdZsh. pzXBK s'A S[vk
fdZsk. ;kvh fJIZs pD nkJh.
nBfdB[ “nBzd[” GfJnk, wB[ fprf;nk,
187
T[dw GJ/ fwbB eh nk; ] (1295)
j/ GkJh ` jo o'I jo ;w/A nBzd pfDnk ofjzdk j?. (nfs
dhnK w[;hpsK ftu th wB[y
Z nv'b oj/) wB ftek; eodk j'fJnk nZr/
tZXdk ik fojk j?. d[Zy ;[Zy eh j?< fet/A nkT[Adk j?< fet/A fJ; s'A
S[Nekok gkT[Dk j?< ;G ;wM nk rJh j?. j[D wB s/ ;oho T[dwPhb
j' rJ/. fjzws eoe/ ftekoK s/ d[PwDK s/ ekp{ gk fbnk j?. j[D gZek
:ehB j? fe gqG{ fwbkg Io{o j' ikt/rk. nBzd ;dk pfDnk oj/rk.
wzrbk, ;'fjbk, y[PhnK, T[gd/P j[ew nkfd r[o{ dk j[ew
wzBe/ ihtB fpskT[D bJh nkJ/ jB.
(r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu ‘‘nBzd** Ppd dh tos'A 326 tkoh j'Jh j?)
000
31H s{z s{,z s{jh s{z (Bkw)
r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ftub/ pkDhekoK B/ tkfjr[o{ pko/ nkgD/
ftuko gqrN eoB bJh, nDfrDs o"ue ekfte sohe/ ngDkJ/ jB.
fes/ T[; ƒ wK fejk, edh fgsk nkfynk. edh Gok pDkfJnk s/ edh
fwZso pDk e/ rZb ehsh. w/oh j?okBh dh jZd Bk ojh id'A r[opkDh ftu
gfVnk fe “oZp g[Zso” th j?. j? Bk j?okBh dh rZb< nkw fbys ftu
b/yeK B/ fJj gzeshnK BjhA fbnKdhnK. gqukoeK B/ ;N/I s/ edh
gqwkD BjhA fdZs/. bT[ oZp ih ƒ g[Zso o{g fgnko eoB pko/ gqwkD gV
bUL
wks fgsk ‘‘;[s** pzX[ BokfJD[]
nkfd i[rkfd Grs r[D rkfJD] (1151)
j/ GkJh ` fizBk ;B/j wB[Zy ƒ wksk Bkb fgsk Bkb g[Zso Bkb
(nT[bkd) Bkb, ;e/ ;pzXhnK iK foPs/dkoK Bkb j[zdk j?. oZp ih ƒ
fgnko eoB tkb/ Grs iB, ;ko/ soQK dk fgnko oZp ih Bkb jh
gkT[Ad/ jB.
whs ;kiB wkb[ i'pB[ ‘‘;[s**
jfo BkBe pkg[ w/oh wkJh ;zsj[] (916)
188
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko jh ;kvk fwZso j?, ;ZiD ;kEh j?. o[fgnk
g?;k th T[jh j?. ;kvh i[nkBh th T[;/ dh N/e j?, g[Zso dh EK th oZp
jh j?. wK s/ fgsk th gqG{ nkg jh j?.
;fsr[o{ ih B/ fiZE/ oZp tk;s/ g[oksB ;fwnK s'A toshd/ nk
oj/ BktK dh y[b
Z h tos'A ehsh j? T[E/ T[jBK d/ d/ts/ g[D/ ƒ oZd th ehsk
j?. Bkb jh e[M Bt/A BktK dh tos'A ehsh j?. fJ; fjZ;/ ftu n;hA t/
yKr/ fe ;fsr[o{ ih B/ Bkw dh EK ‘‘s{,z s{j
z h s{*z * th pj[s tkoh fbfynk
j?. oZp B{z f;ZX/ w[yksp j' e/. nkT[ thukohJ/ L
epho “s[{z s{z” eosk s{z j[nk, w[M ofj ojkB j{z]
ip nkgk go ek fwfN rkfJnk, is d/yT[ ss “s{z”] (1375)
j/ GkJh ` w?A (epho B/) oZp dk e'Jh Bkw Bk b? e/ e/tb s{z s{z
igDk P[o{ ehsk. fJzR eofdnK nkgDk nkgk fwZNk fdZsk. id'A d{Jh
dt?s jh ysw j' rJh, sK fiE/ t/ydk jK, nekb g[oy ƒ jh t/ydk
wfj;{; eodk jK.
J/e ‘‘s{j
z hA** J/e ‘‘s{j
z hA**] B d/t dkBtk Bok] Bf;X ;kfXek Xok]
n;fs J/e, fdrfo e{Jh ] J/e ‘‘s[JhA** J/e “s[JhA”] (144)
j/ GkJh ` i'rh, BkE ;kXBk eoB tkb/, e'Jh fEo, BjhA jB,
;G fpB; ikD tkb/ jB. i/ e'Jh j;sh ;dht ofjD tkbh j? fJe ‘‘s{z
jh s{ z * * j? .
jojN Gh ‘‘s{z s{z** eofj, p'b? Gbh pkfD]
;kfjp[ ;dk jd{fo j?, fenk T{uh eofj g[eko] (1420)
j/ GkJh ` joN dk e[Zsk Gh ‘‘s{z s[{z** g[ekodk ofjzdk j?. T[j
ftukok BjhA ikDdk fe T[uh nktkI eoB dh Io{os BjhA j?. oZp sK
jo EK B/V/ s'A th B/V/ p;dk j?. fJ; fjZ;/ ftu oZp dk Bkw e'Jh BjhA
fbfynk. p; ‘‘s[{z ** nkye/ ezw ;ko fbnk j?. fJ; s'A ;gZPN j'fJnk
fe gow/Po ƒ “tkfjr[o{” iK fe;/ j'o Bkw Bkb g[ekoB dh EK ‘‘s{z
s{z s{j
z h s{*z * efj e/ th :kd ehsk ik ;edk j?. ‘‘s{*z * th Bkw d/ goEkJ/
tofsnk j?. Bkw pko/ ;gZPN j? fe fJj r[o{ dk T[gd/P jh j?.
189
o;Bk igsh ‘‘s{z jh s{{z jh**.. wks roG s[w jh fgqs gkbe, fwqs
wzvb fJe ‘‘s{zjhA**] (1245) (s{z s{z jh nkfd 611 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
32H wzrb^wzrbk (Bkw)
T[FR sK ‘‘wzrb** Ppd y[Ph d/ goEkJ/ tofsnk iKdk j?. go
r[o pkDh ftu ‘‘wzrb** gd ƒ ‘‘Bkw** bJh Gh tofsnk frnk j?.
nkU e[ZM ;zy/g fij/ gqwkD t/yhJ/
gzu ;yh fwfb ‘‘wzrb** rkfJnk] nBjd pkDh Bkd[ tikfJnk] (1375)
j/ GkJh ` iht fJ;sohnK B/ ob e/ y[Ph d/ rhs rkJ/. fpBK
oZp dh S'j s'A oZph pkDh dhnK X[BK nkgD/ nkg tZiD bZr gJhnK.
nktj[ whs fgnko/] ‘‘wzrb** rktj[ Bko/] (764)
fwZso', ;ZiB', nkU fJeZm/ j' e/ rhs rkJhJ/. nkT[ G?D' s[;hA
th nkU oZp ih ƒ fwbD d/ wzrb (rhs) rkJhJ/.
r[ow[fy gqhfs fi; B' nkg/ bkJ/ ]
fss[ xfo fpbktb[ r[o ;pfd ;[jkJ/
‘‘wzrb[** Bkoh rktfj nkJ/] (798)
j/ GkJh ` ;kv/ fjod/ xo ftu r[o{ dk Ppd fNe frnk j?.
Gkt j[ew ƒ wzB fbnk j?. fJ;/ y[Ph ftu fJ;sohnK g[oy, obe/
(r[of;Zy) y[Ph d/ rhs rkT[Ad/ jB. ekjd/ okjhA, r[o{ d/ Ppd d[nkok,.
;{y ‘‘wzrb** efbnkD ;ji X[fB, gqG e/ uoD fBjkfonk] (619)
j/ GkJh ` T[E/ jh ;[y jB, nBzd y[PhnK jB, ;fji nt;Ek
j?, ;zrhse X[BhnK tidhnK jB. fiE/ gow/;o dh uoB g{ik j[zdh j?.
Gkt fe r[o{ d/ frnkB r[opkDh dh ftuko j[d
z h j?. r[opkDh ftu
do;kJ/ j[ewK T[gd/PK ƒ wzfBnk iKdk j?.
;{y ‘‘wzrb** efbnkD fi;fj xfo, fs; jh ;oDh gkJhn?]
fs;fj fsnkfr wkB[y[ i/ ;/tj[ sT[ bki b'B[ j'fJ ikJhn?] (1214)
j/ GkJh ` fiE' ;ko/ soQK d/ ;[y fwbd/ jB. fiE/ nBzd y[PhnK
d/ rhs rkJ/ ik oj/ jB. fiE' ihtB ƒ ;cb eoB dh ;/X fwbdhj?.
190
nfij/ wjkB fBozeko dh PoD ftu ojhJ/. i/ ;kohnK dksK s/
PeshnK d/ wkbe, gqG{ ƒ SZve/ fe;/ wB[y
Z d/ g?oh gkt'r,/ sK Pow Bkb
v[Zp woB tkbh rZb j?. b{D dh Y/bh tKr ysw j'J/ jh ;wM'. fJ; EK
‘‘wzrb** Ppd Gh Bkw j[ew oik T[gd/P nkfd d/ goEkJ/ jh tofsnk
frnk j? .
(wzrb, wzrbk Ppd th sos'A r[opkDh ftu 110 tkoh j'Jh j?)
000
33H ukb (Bkw)
r[opkDh dh fbyD ftXh ftu Bkw ns/ f;woD PpdK tKr jh
‘‘ukb** Ppd dh tos'A th eJh tkoh j'Jh j?. ‘‘ukb** s'A Gkt eh j?<
eh f;Zy iK Grs fe;/ j'o sohe/ N[od/ jB< eh T[j th pkeh b'eK tKr
jh ubd/ fcod/ jB, iK fe;/ tZyo/ sohe/< n;b ftu ‘‘ukb** Ppd
eJh EktK s/ ‘‘ukb ubD” tk;s/ tofsnk frnk j?. fJj fBokbk okj
s/ tZyoh ukb fwbd/ feZEA' jB< r[o{ e'bA' r[o{ pkDh ftubh f;Zfynk s'A.
Bkw T[gd/P iK f;woD nkfd dh Ekt/A ‘‘ukb** Ppd tos/ th s[;hA fJE/
t/y'r/.
GrsK eh ‘‘ukb** fBokbh]
‘‘ukbk** fBokbh GrsK e/oh fpyw ‘‘wkofr** ubDk]
ej? BkBe ‘‘ukb** GrsK i[rj[ i[r[ fBokbh] (918)
j/ GkJh ` ‘‘Bkw f;woB** eoB tkfbnK (r[o{ dk frnkB
gqkgs eoe/ ihtB YkbD tkfbnK) dh ukb e[M Z tZyoh j'fJnk eodh
j?. Xowh g[oyK d/ okj fti fizBhnK woIh w[PebK nkT[D, T[j edh
nkgD/ n;{bK Bkb ;wM'sk BjhA eod/. fJj okj yzv/ dh Xko s/ s[oB
tKr j?. r[o{ d/ fdZs/ frnkB ;dek, ;/te f;Zy g{o/ j";b/ ns/ f;nkDg
Bkb, wzfIb ƒ gqkgs eo b?Ad/ jB.
jw nzX[b/ nzX fpy? fpy[ oks/, feT[A ‘‘ukbfj r[o ukbh**]
;fsr[o dfJnk eo/ ;[ydksk, jw bkt? nkgB gkbh]
r[of;y whs ‘‘ubj[ r[o ukbh**]
i' r[o[ ej? ;'Jh Gb wkBj[ jfo jfo eEk fBokbh] (667)
191
j/ GkJh ` n;hA b'e sK nZyK j[d
z / j'J/ th, frnkB s'A pr?o nzB/
jK. fJ;/ ekoB nkgD/ ihtB dk ;wK ftnoE rtk oj/ jK. Ifjo o{gh
fteko, ;kv/ ihtB ftu Go u[e
Z / jB. r[o{ tZbA' ;[MkJ/ okj s/ uZbDk jh
BjhA f;yd/. ;fsr[o{ ih dk gZbk cV bJhJ/. T[jBK d/ wro wro
ubfdnK ihtB dh wzfIb ƒ gqkgs eo btKr/. ;kƒ frnkB BjhA j?.
r[o{ dh wZs b? e/ ihtB dk ;jh okj ikD bJhJ/. j/ r[of;Zy fwZso' `
ihtB ;cb sK jh j't/rk, i/ r[o{ do;kJ/ ihtB wkor ƒ ngBkT[r/.
n;bh gs/ dh rZb fJj j? fe r[o{ i' j[ew eodk j?, T[; ƒ Gbk ikD
e/, y[Ph Bkb ;theko eo'. fco s[jkB{z fJ; fBokb/ ihtB dh ;wM
nkt/rh. iBw ;cbk j' ikt/rk.
znzfwqs jfo ek BkT[ d/t? dhfynk..
“ukbfj” ;fsr[o GkfJ Gtfj B Ghfynk.. (729)
j/ GkJh ` eoskg[oy dk Bkw w"s dk j? w[ZeD tkbk nzfwqs j?.
fJj fwbdk j? r[o{ s'A. r[o{ s'A frnkB wZs p[X
Z b? e/, T[; B/e okj tkbk
ihtB fpskT[Dk j?, i' r[o{ B/ f;Zfynk okjhA ;wMkfJnk j?. fJjh j? r[o{
d/ efjD/ ftu uZbD dk wsbp.
p'bfj ;u[ fwfEnk BjhA rJh]
‘‘ukbfj** r[ow[fy j[efw oikJh]
r[owfs ‘‘ukb** Bjub Bjh v'b]
?
r[owfs ;kfu ;jfi jfo p'b?] (227)
j/ GkJh ` ;Zu p'b', ;Zu d/ okj tkbk ihtB fpskU. M{m okJh
wkso th gotkB BjhA j't/rk. r[of;Zy bJh nsh Io{oh j? fe nkgDk
ihtB, r[o{ d/ j[ew ftu (r[opkDh T[gd/P) pshs eo/. r[o{ tZbA' pyPh
T[sw f;Zfynk s/, nv'b ofj e/ nZr tZX/. p/nzs o[ektNK th feT[ Bk
nkT[D, r[o{ do;kJ/ okj s'A fEVeDk BjhA. feT[Afe r[o{ dh f;Zfynk
;Zu s/ nkXkfos j?. r[o{ dh wZs (r[owfs) J/jh j? fe fNekT[ ftu
ihtB gzX g{ok eo', fBozeko ƒ :kd eo'.
‘‘Bkw f;owD** dk Yzvo' k fgZND tkb/ ftnesh, n;{bK s/
192
gogZesk Bkb gfjok d/D s/ edh I'o BjhA fdzd/. ;funko ihtB pko/
rbpks xZN jh oed/ jB. p; ‘‘f;woB f;woB**.
eo efo Njb, j;Bk r[D rktT[]
uoB mke[o e? ‘‘wkofr** XktT[] (190)
j/ GkJh ` jZEK d[nkok wB[Zy wkso (b'Vtzd ftnesh s'A b? e/
;wki d/ jo gfjb{ pko/ ;woEk w[skpe) dh ;/tk eoBh ukjhdh j?.
ihG Bkb fBozeko ƒ fXnkT[Ad/ ojhdk j?. i' okj ;fsr[o{ B/ dZf;nk
j? r[opkDh okjhA ;wMkfJnk j? T[; okj s/ uZbd/ ikT[.
;cb Uj[ wkEk ;zs Bw;ekof;]
uoD g[Bhs ubfj jfo ‘‘wkofr**] (191)
j/ GkJh T[j f;o (wZEk) ;cb j' frnk fi; B/ r[o{ j[ew ƒ wzB
fbnk. f;o M[ek fdZsk fe s[jkvk j[ew gqtkB j?. uoB gftZso j' rJ/,
id'A r[o{ tb'A fdZs/ frnkB w[skpe fIzdrh dk ;co sfj eod/ jB.
‘‘jfo wkor** r[od[nko/ ikD sZe ;hws BjhA j?. fIzdrh d/
jo fJe y/so ftu, f;Zy B/ r[opkDh n;{bK w[skpe fiT[Dk j?.
r[od[nkok sK fJe f;Zfynk e/Ado ;h go w"i{dk d"o ftu, r[od[nkok
e/tb g{ik dk ;EkB s/ fJBew dk ;kXB wkso ofj frnk j?. izr d/
w?dkB ftu i{MD tkb/ f;zx f;zxDhnK, Gkt/A r[od[nkfonK ftu wZEk N/
eD Bk th ik ;eD T[jBK tZbA' izr bVBk jh r[owkor j?. pPos/ fe
T[; ftu wB[Zy wkso dk Gbk j[zdk j't/. fe;kB y/sh eodk, eVke/ dh
mzv podkPs eodk iK X[Zg ftu g;hBk pjkT[Adk j'fJnk, r[o wkor
s/ jh uZb fojk j?. fJwkBdkoh Bkb B"eoh tgko nkfd eoB tkbk,
r[o{ do;kJ/ okj s/ jh uZb fojk j?. pj[s tkoh r[od[nkfonK d/
nzdob/ gopzXe, gqukoe s/ tZv/ tZv/ Xow w[yh, r[o{ d/ okj s'A T[bN
ub oj/ j[zd/ jB. r[owfs s'A fto[ZX ezw eoe/. r[o{ ;kfjp sK
pko^pko nky oj/ jB
wB w/o/ ;fsr[o e? GkD? ub[]
fBi xfo t;fj, nzfwqs[ ghtfj sk ;[y bjfj wjb[ ] (37)
wjb[
193
j/ w/o/ wB ` i' ro[{ okj dZ;dk j? (ihtB fiT[D bJh) T[;/ okj
s/ ;dk ubdk ojhA. fJ; soQK s{z GNeD s'A pu ikt/Ark. nv'b j' ikt/
Ark. r[Dk o{gh nzfwqs ghAdk oj/Ark. ;ko/ ;[Zy B{z ;fji/ jh gqkgs j[zd/
ofjDr/.
000
34H ;Z u ^;Z u k (Bkw)
gqwkswk d/ pj[s Bkw jB. d/; Xow ns/ ;fGnsk w[skpe,
jIkoK Bkw b'eK B/ oZp d/ ebg/ j'J/ jB. ro{ ;kfjp B/ Gkosh ihtB
ftu i' Bkw gqufbs ;B, oZp tk;s/ T[j y[b
Z / wB tos/ jB. e[M
Z e[ Bkw
r[o{ ;kfjp B/ y[d th gqufbs ehs/ jB. fit/A tkfjr[o{, ;fsBkw,
nekb w{os ns/ eosko iK eosk g[oy. fJ; s'A fJbktk fpBK Bkw
s'A T[; ƒ ‘‘r[Dtkue Bkw** Bkb th ;zp'XB ehsk j?. fJ; gq;zr ftu
n;hA ‘‘;Zu iK ;Zuk** th oZp ƒ fejk frnk j?, fJj gqwkD r[opkDh
ftu'A t/yKr/.
;u[ sk go[ ikDhn?, iK fod? ;uk j'fJ]
e{V eh wb[ T[so?, sB[ eo/ jSk X'fJ]
;u[ sk go[ ikDhn?, ik ;fu Xo/ fgnko[]
BkT[ ;[fD wB[ oj;hn?, sk gkJ/ w'y d[nko[]
;u[ sk go[ ikDhn?, ik i[rfs ikD? ihT[]
Xofs ekfJnk ;kfX e?, ftfu d/fJ eosk phT[]
;u[ sk go[ikDhn?, ik f;y ;uh b/fJ]
dfJnk ikD? ihn eh feS[ g[zB dkB[ eo/fJ]
;u[ sk go[ ikDhn?, ik nksw shoE eo/ fBtk;[]
;fsr[o{ B' g[fS e?, pfj oj? eo/ fBtk;[]
;u[ ;GBk j'fJ dko{, gkg eY? X'fJ]
BkBe tykD? p/Bsh, fiB ;u[ gb? j'fJ] (468)
;u ikBDk eh j?< fjod/ ftu ;Zuk (gqG{) p; ikt/. id'A ;Zuk
nzdo p;dk j? sK e{V dh , ftekoK dh w?b bfj iKdh j?. sBwB P[ZX
194
gftZso j' iKdk j?. p[o/ ezw fco Bjha eodk. ;ZukJh ƒ fdb'A wB'
fgnko eo/. ;Zu/ dk BkT[ ;[D e/ y/V/ ftu nkt/ s/ pzXBK s'A w[es j'
ikt/. i' e{V ekoB gJ/ j'J/ ;B. ;Zu ikBD dk noE j? fe fIzdrh
fiT[D dk tZb f;Zy fbnk j?. ;oho o{gh Xosh ftu, Bkw o{gh phi
(;ukJh s/ gfjok d/D dk) phi/. eos/ ƒ ;dk wB ftu p;k e/ oZy/ .
fJj ;ZukJh tkbk wkor, sK ;wM nkt/rk i// r[o{ s'A ;Zuh f;Zfynk
(r[owfs) gqkgs ehsh j't/. jo/e iht Bkb fgnko s/ dfJnk tkbk
ftjko eo/. fts w[skpe d{finK dh ;jkfJsk eo/. ;Zu ikBD dk
noE j?, wB o{gh shoE s/ fBtk; eo/ pkjo GNedk Bk fco/. i' e[M
eo/ r[o{ dh nkfrnk ftu (r[opkDh T[gd/P w[skpe) eo/. fJ; ;Zu d/
ftjko d[nkok M{m o{gh ;ko/ gkg fteko pkjo eZY ;[ZND/ jB. XzB jB
T[j fJB;kB, fiBK d/ fjod/ ftu ;Zu j?. ;Zu s/ vN e/ gfjok fdzd/
jB. fezBhnK tZvhnK w[;hpsK nk g?D, ;Zu dk wkor BjhA fsnkrd/.
;G[ ‘‘;u[** tos? ;u' p'b? i' ‘‘;u[** eo? ;[ j'Jh]
ij d/yk sj ‘‘;u[** g;fonk, nto[ B d{ik e'Jh]
;u/ T[gi?, ;fu ;wkt?, wfo iBw? d{ik j'Jh]
BkBe ;G[ feS[ nkg/ eosk, nkfg eokt? ;'Jh] (769)
j/ GkJh ` ;koh fdqPNh ftu ‘‘;Zuk** (tkfjr[o{) nkg jh
g;fonk j'fJnk j?. fpB p'fb fpB S'j s'A joEK nBjd Bkd T[;/ dk
g?dk ehsk j'fJnk tZi fojk j?. ;Zuk i' e[M eoBk ukj[zdk j? T[j' jh
j[zdk j?. Bk e[M nkT[Adk j? Bk e[M ikdk j?. Gkt fe ;G e[M ‘‘;Zuk**
(gow/Po) nkg jh nkg j?. ;Zu/ ftu'A fd;dk ;z;ko g?dk j' e/, ;Zu/ ftu
jh ;wk iKdk j?. ;koh ekfJBks ƒ fJe fBnw ftu go' e/ oZyD tkbk
;Zuk y[d jh j?. i' eoBk iK eokT[Dk ukjz[dk j?, T[jh j[zdk j?.
jT[ r[o g{ST[ nkgD/ r[o g[fS eko ewkT[]
;pfd ;bkjh wfB t;?, jT[w? d[y[ ifb ikT[]
;ji/ j'fJ fwbktVk, ‘‘;ku/ ;kfu** fwbkT[] (58)
w?A nkgD/ r[o{ ƒ ;dk g[Se/ uZbdk jK. ;ko/ ekoi T[; d/n;{b
195
ftu jh eodk jK. i' r[o{ B/ fBPfus ehs/ jB. r[o{ d/ Ppd frnkB
okjhA fBozeko dh f;cs ;kbkj eodk jK. id'A Ppd dk frnkB wB
ftu p; ikt/, jT[w? ns/ j'o gqP
/ kB eoB tkb/ d[y
Z ib iKd/ jB, ysw
j' iKd/ jB. fpBK e'Jh Xkofwe ftyktk (eoweKv) ehfsnK, ;fji
nt;Ek ftu jh ‘‘;Zu/** Bkb fJe fwe j' ikJhdk j?. gkmeK B/ t/y
fbnk j? fe fJ; EK gowkswk dk e'Jh Bkw BjhA fbfynk. T[; ƒ
‘‘;Zuk** nky e/ ;zp'XB ehsk j?. f;woB eoB tkb/ ‘‘;Zuk** dk
f;woD feT[A BjhA eod/< tkfjr[o{ g[ekoB dh EK ‘‘;Zuk** j? ;Zuk j?
dhnK X[BK eZYDhnK ukjhdhnK jB.
(r[opkDh ftu ;Zu, ;fu, ;Zu,[ ;Zuk nkfde PpeK dh tos'A 2605 tkoh
j' J h j? . )
000
35H fJe fJe' (Bkw)
eosk g[oy ih dk e'Jh n;bh Bkw BjhA j?. ;fsr[o{ ih
fJjBK rZbK s'A pky{ph tkec ;B. sK jh r[opkDh ftu eJh soQK d/
BktK dh tos'A j'Jh t/yh ik ;edh j?. fJj Bkw Gkt/A oZp bJh tos/
j'J/ jB go oZp dh ;zg{oD ;y;hns ƒ fpnkB eoB tkbk e'Jh Bkw
BjhA j?. ;z;ko ftu e[dosh tos oj/ tosko/ ƒ t/y, T[;d/ i' ‘‘Bkw**
oZy/ rJ/ jB, T[j ‘‘feosw** jB. Gkt fe ezw t/ye/ ebg/ rJ/ jB.
fit/A nZi th ;z;ko ftu ;'B/ dk ezw eoB tkb/ ƒ ;[fBnko. b'j/ dk
ezw eoB tkb/ ƒ b'jko, uwV/ dk ezw eoB tkb/ ƒ uwko, s/ feqPh (y/
sh) s'A fe;kB Ppd gqufbs j'J/ jB. fJ;/ soQK fdnkb{, feogkb{,
r'fpzd nkfd eqwtko fJT[A jB. fdnkb{ dfJnk eoB tkbk, feogkb{
feogk eoB tkbk, r'fpzd r' Xosh, Xosh dk nk;ok nkfd.
T[; d/ pokpo iK w[ekpb/ tkbk j'o e'Jh BjhA j?. T[j nkgD/
tork p; ‘‘fJe' fJe** y[d jh j?.pj[s ;kohnK gzeshnK ftu j'o
‘‘Bkw ** tosD dh Ekt/A, ;fsr[o{ ih B/ ‘‘fJe iK fJe' dh tos'A th
ehsh j? . **
196
‘‘fJe'** fd;? ;iD', ‘‘fJe'** GkJh whs[]
‘‘fJe;?** dh ;kwroh ‘‘fJe;?** dh j? ohfs] (44)
j/ GkJh ` w?ƒ sK fJe' (eoskg[oy) ;ZiD BIo nkT[Adk j?.
fJe' jh w/ok Gok s/ fwZso j?. ;koh ekfJBks T[;/ fJe s'A pDh j?. fJ;
ƒ ekp{ ftu oZyD tkbh wjkB j;sh th ‘‘fJe'** jh j?.
;G/ E'e gokgs/ i/ nkt? ‘‘fJe[** jfE]
iBw[ gdkoE[ ;cb[ j? i/ ;uk ;pd[ efE]
w/ o / wB “J/ e ;” f;T[ fus[ bkfJ..
‘‘J/e;[** fpB[ ;G XzX{ j?, ;G fwfEnk w'j[ wkfJ] (44)
j/ GkJh ` ;kohnK y[PhnK i/ ukj[d
z / j' sK y[PhnK d/ yIkB/, fJe
ƒ gqkgs eoB dk isB eo'. nw[Zbk iBw ;cbk sK ;wfMnk ikt/rk
nro ;u/ d/ fJe ;u/ Ppd ƒ ;wM thuko bUr/. j/ w/o/ wB. s{z fJe
Bkb ;KM gkJhA, T[;/ dk nk;ok sZehA. ‘‘fJe** s'A fpBK j'o fe;/ j;sh
dh g{ik eoBh, w{oysk Gfonk ezw j?. pV/ b'e fJjh Xzd fgZN oj/
jB. w'j wkfJnk d/ M{m/ fgnko ftu c;/ j'J/ jB.
jfo ‘‘fJe'** eosk ‘‘fJe[**, ‘‘fJe'** dhpkD[ jfo]
jfo ‘‘fJe;?** dk j? nwo[, ‘‘fJe'** jfo fufs Xfo] (83)
j/ GkJh ` eosk g[oy fJe' jh j?. T[;dk fBnw th fJe',
nNb ns/ nwo j?. T[;dh ndkbs th fJe' j?. nfij/ PeshPkbh
fJe' ƒ fuZs ftu p;k e/ oZyhA.
‘‘fJek** pkDh, ‘‘fJe** r[o, fJe' ;pd[ thukfo]
;uk ;T[dk jN ;u[, osBh Go/ Gzvko] (646)
j/ GkJh ` eosko fJe j?. T[;dh f;cs ;kbkj eoB bJh
pkDh fJe j?. pkDh dk n;{b fJe j?. Ppd dh thuko th fJe' soQK
dh j?. fJ; tZv/ jZN s/ ;Zu dk ;"dk fwbdk j?. fJE/ r[DK d/ Gzvko Go/
gJ/ jB. oZp ih d/ xo ftu, fit/A fe;/ uhI dh ewh BjhA. fJ;/ soQK
T[; dh f;cs ftu T[ukoh pkDh th pVh bki[nkp j?.
‘‘J/e'** ighn? wB? wkfj ‘‘fJe;** eh ;oDkfJ]
197
‘‘fJe;[** f;T[ efo fgojVh d{ih Bkjh ikfJ]
‘‘fJe'** dksk wzrhn?, ;G[ feS[ gb? gkfJ]
wfB sfB ;kf; frokf; gqG[ ‘‘fJe' fJe[** fXnkfJ] (961)
j/ GkJh ` fJe' (fBozeko) ƒ wB ftu ;dk p;k e/ oZy'. fJe'
(oZp) dh PoD ftu ofjDk ukjhdk j?. fJe' ƒ fgnko eoBk ukjhdk
j?. fJ; d/ pokpo j'o d{ih EK j? jh e'Jh BjhA. i/ e[M wzrDk j? sK
fJe' dksk jh wzr bJhJ/. id'A dksk nkgDk j' frnk sK ;G e[M nkgD/
nkg jh nkgDk pD frnk. wB eoe/ ;dk ;dk fJe gow/;o ƒ :kd
oZyDk ukjhdk j?. r[o{ d/ T[gd/P ftu'A, fJjBK r[DK dh ;wM g?Adh j?.
(r[o rqzE ;kfjp ftu fJe', fJe, fJe; nkfd Ppd okjhA nekb g[oy
ƒ 2200 tkoh ;zp'XB ehsk frnk j?)
000
36H pzdrh (Bkw)
Gkos ftu fJ;bkwh oki ekfJw j' ikD s'A pknd, ;wK phsD
Bkb noph p'bh d/ Ppd Gkosh p'bhnK ftu oud/ ub/ rJ/. fiT[A fiT[A
oki gZek j[d
z k frnk ;oekoh ezw ubkT[D bJh e[M e[ j/mb/ doi/ tkb/
w[bkIw, Gosh ehs/ ikD bZr/. d[ekBdko s/ tgkohnK bJh cko;h
f;yDh Io{oh pD rJh. w[;bwkB gqukoeK B/ pj[s EkJhA wdo;/
(;e{b) y'bQ fdZs/. fiE/ cko;h noph d/ Bkb fJ;bkwh Xow ns/
fJ;bkwh ;kfjs gVkfJnk iKdk ;h. fJ; soQK s/ih Bkb cko;h d/
Ppd gzikph ftu th dkyb j'D bZr gJ/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp sK (j'o
e'Jh GkPktK ;w/s) noph cko;h d/ g{o/ wkfjo ftdtkB ;B. cko;h
ftu fby/ g{o/ Ppd w"i{d jB. fJ;bkwh d/PK dh :ksok ftu cko;h
f;Zy/ pr?o pj[s efmBkJhnK MZbDhnK g?ADhnK ;B. pkpk cohd ih B/
cko;h Gko{ PpdK ftu pkDh fbyh j'Jh j?. g{oph gzikp s/ gZSwh gzikp
d/ b'e p'bd/ gzikph jB go d'tK ftu coe gosZy BIo nkT[Adk j?.
Grsh iK f;woD dh Ekt/A cko;h ftu ‘‘pzdrh** Ppd wep{b
j?. r[opkDh ftu fJ; dh y[Zb/ wB tos'A ehsh t/yh ik ;edh j?.
198
pzd/ ‘‘pzdrh** fJeshnko ] ;kfjp[ o';[ XoT[ fe fgnko[] (338)
j/ pzd/ ` s{z y[dk ƒ ;dk u/s/ oZy. T[; Bkb r[Z;/ frb/ BjhA ;'Gd/
. PosK Bkb fgnko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fPet/ SZve/ jo ;w/A T[;
ƒ :kd oZy. Gkt fe B/eh d/ okj uZb.
nfBe Grs ‘‘pzdB** eofj] uoB ewb fjod? f;wofj] (287)
j/ GkJh ` nDfrDs Grs Grsh (pzdBK) eo oj/ jB. gow/
;o d/ uoB ewbK ƒ wB ftu p;kT[Ad/ jB. fXnkB d/Dk ih ` oZp i'
;oho ofjs j?, T[;d/ uoB fjod/ ftu feE'A fNeDr/< fJE/ th Gkt j?
fe r[o{ dk T[gd/P ;dk u/s/ oZy'. fJjh gow/;o Bkb i'Vdk j?.
e[dofs ehw B ikDhn?, tvk t/gotkj[]
efo pzd/ s{z ‘‘pzdrh**, fiuo[ xN wfj ;kj[] (724)
j/ GkJh ` y[dk d/ ezwK ƒ g{oh soQK ikfDnk BjhA ik ;edk.
T[j pj[s wjkB j? nzs gkoktko s'A go/ j?. s{z T[; dh ‘‘pzdrh** :kd
f;woD eodk oj[. r[o{ dk j[ew wzB e/ ihtB pshs eo.
efo “pzdrh” Skfv w?A w/ok fjod? Bkw[ ;wkfo ;t/ok] (794)
j/ GkJh ` w?A w/oh fsnkr e/ nbkj ƒ :kd eo. fjod/ ftu
;dk T[; ƒ ;ZGkb e/ oZy. s/o/ ihtB dh fJj n;bh ok; gzz{ih j?.
000
37H eosko (Bkw)
eosko Ppd r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh nkgDh JhIkd j?. r[o{
;kfjp s'A gfjbK dh fe;/ fbys ftu fJ;dk fIeo BjhA fwbdk.
fJ;kJhnK dk oZp S/ fdBK ftu f;qPNh pDk e/, ;Zst/A fdB nkokw eoB
frnk tkg; jh BjhA pj[fVnk. Gkt fe T[jBK dk oZp T[go ;Zst//A
nk;kwkB s/ fpokfink j'fJnk j?. fJ;/ soQK pqjwk B/ (g"okDe eEk
w[skpe) f;qPNh pDkJh s/ T[; s'A wro'A, t/jbk j' e/ p?m frnk. t/jb/
B/ ;?skBhnK sK fco eoBhnK jh j'JhnK. ftPƒ gkbD g'PD s/
bkfJnk sK Io{o j? go T[; fBezw/ d/ts/ s'A fjzd;
[ skBhnK dk ed/ fYZv
BjhA Gfonk. gkDh eZgVk wekB ftZfdnk, fpwkohnK s'A w[esh, ftPƒ
199
BjhA d/ ;fenk. fPt ih B/ e[jkVk fsoP{b b? e/, b'eK ƒ wkfonk pE/
ok j? fco th nkpkdh j? fe o[eD dk Bkw jh BjhA b?Adh. fJzBh iBw
do nZr/ t/ukok fPt p/p; j' e/ ofj frnk. brd? pqjwk pkih wko
frnk g?dk eoB ftu. ftPƒ ns/ fPt d't/A jko rJ/.
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp i' tZbA' Bkw eoD ehsk frnk j? ‘‘eosko
s/ eosk g[oy**. eosko B/ e[dos dh f;oiDk ehsh. fco nkokw
eoB feZXo/ BjhA frnk. e[dos ftu jh ;wk frnk. ftu ofj e/ fJ;
dh ;zGkb eoB bZr fgnk. ‘‘eosko** ed/ t/jbk BjhA p?mdk. ;koh
ekfJBks ƒ fJe ;{so ftu go' e/, fvT{NhnK tv e/ ezw eotk fojk
j?. feXo/ e'Jh rbsh Bk eo ikt/ nkb;h Bk pD p?m/. fJ; bJh
eosko d/ j[ew dk ;ys gfjok jodw pfDnk ofjzdk j?. nkT[
r[opkDh gowkD gVhJ/ L
p'bj[ ;u[ Bkw ‘‘eosko**] c[fB pj[fV B nktDtko] (1329)
j/ gq/whiB' ` eosko eosko p'bd/ oj', igd/ oj'. eosko jh
;Zuk Bkw j?. fJjh ‘‘Bkw** s[jkƒ woB izwD (nkswe w"s) s'A puk
;edk j? .
;u Bkfw gfs T[gI/, eofw Bkw[ ‘‘eosko[**]
nfjfBf; fjod? i/ t;?, BkBe Bdoh gko[] (358)
Bkw eh j?< ;ukJh d/ wkor s/ uZbDk. fJ; soQK ;wki ftu
fJIZs pDdh j?. ehs/ ikD tkb/ ezwK okjhA gqrN j'tr
/ k fe s[;hA fezB/
B/eBhsh Bkb ;ko/ ekoi eod/ j'. i/ fdB oks eosko ƒ fjod/ ftu
p;k e/ oZy'r/, sK ;z;ko ;w[zdo s'A gko j' ikT[r/. nfijh wZs r[o{ s'A
fwbdh j?.
nkfd i[rkdh nkfg oyD tkfbnk]
;u[ Bkw[ ‘‘eosko[** ;u[ g;kfonk] (523)
id s'A f;qPNh pDh j? gow/;o T[;/ fdB s'A ;zGkb eodk nk
fojk j?, ;Zu/ dk ;Zuk Bkw ‘‘eosko** j?. nkgD/ nkg s'A T[; B/ ;G
ek;/ dk g;kok pDkfJnk j?.
200
;u[ Bkw[ ‘‘eosko[** ;[ fdqV[ BkBfe ;zrqfjnT[] (1395)
j/ GkJh ` eosko dk ;Zuk Bkw r[o{ BkBe B/ fdqV eotk fdZsk.
‘‘eosko** eo[Dkw? dhB[ p/Bsh eo?] BkBe s[woh feogk so?] (267)
BkB
j/ eosko ih ` w?A fBwkDk pVh nXhBrh ftu, p/Bsh eodk
jK. w/ok th gko fB;ksk eo fdT[. s[jkvh feogk ;dek jh w?A ;z;ko
;[wzdo s'A so e/ gko j' ;edk jK. Gkt fe r[o{ dh wZs Bkb fJjBK
rZbK dh ;wM g?Adh j?.
d;srhoh d/fj fdbkto, s{jh s{jh J/e]
‘‘eosko** e[dofs eoD ykbe, BkBe s/oh N/e] (724)
j/ ;{ow/ eosko ` s{z pVk pjkdo j?. w?ƒ s/oh ;jkfJsk dh
b'V j?. feogk eoe/ w/oh wds eo. feT[Afe s{z jh ;koh e[dos dk
wkbe j?. w?A s/ok nk;ok sZfenk j/. fJjBK gowkDK ftu ‘‘tkfjr[o{
Bkw BjhA j?, eosko Bkw ub fojk j?**
f;wfo f;wfo g{oB gqG{, ekoi GJ/ okf;]
eoskog[fo eosk t;?, ;zsB e? gkf; ] (816)
j/ GkJh ` jo ;w/A :kd oZy, g{oB eosko ƒ G[bk Bk d/th.
T[;/ ƒ f;woD Bkb ftrV/ ekoi ok; nkT[Ad/ jB. eoskog[o ftu jh
eosko t;dk j?. eoskog[o fes/ pkjo BjhA j?. ;zs r[o{ d/ fjod/
ftu jh p;dk j?. fJ;/ bJh r[o{ f;ZyK ƒ Bkw dh dks pyP fdzdk j?.
Gkt fe r[opkDh okjhA ihtB i[rsh ;wM g?Adh j?.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘eosko** Bkw 105 tkoh tofsnk frnk j?)
000
38H Unzeko (Bkw)
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp ih B/ ‘‘Unzeko** Bkw tkbh (54 gT[VhnK)
;zgo{ D pkDh okwebh okr ftu T[ukoD ehsh ;h i' r[o{ rzE
q ;kfjp
ftu 929 gzB/ s'A P[o{ j[zdh j?. fJ; ftu pkopko ‘‘Unzeko** Ppd dh
tos'A eoe/, T[; dh tfvnkJh ehsh j?. wB[Zy wkso bJh ‘‘Unzeko**
ƒ fXnkT[Dk wzBDk s/ ;wMDk bkj/tzd dZf;nk j?. fJ;/ Bkw dk dZyD
201
ftu fJe wzdo th j? i' Bopdk Bdh d/ ezY/ s/ pDkfJnk frnk ;h. fJj
wzdo fPt Bkb ;pzXs dZ;hAdk j?. fJE/ fPtfbzr dh g{ik ehsh iKdh j?.
;fsr[o{ ih B/ ‘‘Unzeko** Ppd dh tos'A eoe/ wB[Zy wkso ƒ fJe
nI{Bh, fBozeko Bkb i'fVnk j?. ‘‘Unzeko** (U) d/ nZr/ J/ek (1)
fby e/ ;gZPN eo fdZsk fe w?A e/tb fJe nekb ƒ wzBD tkbk jK.
fPtfbzr tkb/ Unzeko Bkb w/oh e'Jh ;o'eko BjhA. nkU r[opkDh
ftukohJ/ L
‘‘Unzeko** nkfd w? ikBk] fbfy no[ w/N? skfj B wkBk]
‘‘Unzeko** by? iT[ e'Jh ] ;'fJ bfy w/NDk B j'Jh ] (340)
j/ GkJh ` w?A f;qPNh d/ eosk ‘‘Unzeko** ƒ ;wM fbnkj?.
fJjh eosk ‘‘Unzeko** fPqPNh d/ pDB s'A gfjbK th w"id
{ ;h. ;z;ko
d/ b'e fJ; pko/ BjhA ikDd/. i' pDkT[Adk ns/ fwNkT[Adk j? T[; ƒ BjhA
wzBd/. i' fJB;kB ‘‘Unzeko** (joh) ƒ ;wM b?Adk j? fco j'o fe;/
dh wkBsk g{ik BjhA eodk. w?A woB tkb/ ns/ iBw b?D tkb/ fe;/ oZp
ƒ BjhA wz B dk.
‘‘Unzekfo** J/e X[fB J/e?, J/e? okr[ nbkg?]
J/ek d/;h, J/e[ fd;kt?, J/e' ofjnk fpnkg?] (885)
j/ GkJh ` ‘‘Unzeko** dhnK X[BhnK (ehosB) T[mkT[D tkbk
okrh fJe dh X[fB T[mkt/. fJe' dk okr nbkg/. fJe' joh d/ d/; dk
tk;h pDB dk sohek ;wMkt/. fJe' d/ ;o{g ƒ fpnkB eodk fJe' d/
doPB eokt/. fJj th uzrh soQK wB ftu gk d/t/ fe jo EK T[j y[d
jh ftnkge j?.
‘‘Unzeko** J/e' oft ofjnk, ;G[ J/e; wkfj ;wkt?r']
J/e' o{g J/e' pj[ ozrh, ;G[ J/es[ pufB ubkt?r'] (1310)
j/ GkJh ` ;G EkJhA ‘‘Unzeko** jh ofwnk j'fJnk j?. ;ko/
iht T[;/ s'A g?dk j'J/ jB. nzs ƒ T[;/ ftu ;wK ikDr/. i's sK ;kfonK
ftu fJe' dh j?, go nkeko eoe/ tZyo/ fdZ;d/ jB. fJj ;ko/
‘‘Unzeko** d/ j[ew ftu nkgD/rh ;/tk eo oj/ jB.
202
‘‘Unzekfo** pqjwk T[sgfs ] ‘‘Unzeko** ehnk fifB fufs ]
‘‘Unzekfo** ;pfd T[Xo/] ‘‘Unzeko** r[ow[fy so/] (930)
j/ GkJh ` ‘‘Unzeko** (eoskg[oy s'A) B/ jh (ekbgfBe)
pqjwk g?dk ehsk. pjqwk B/ th (g"okDK w[skpe) ‘Unzeko ƒ fjod/
ftu ifgnk. ‘‘Unzeko** d/ Ppd d[nkok ;koh f;qPNh dk efbnkDk
j[zdk j?. Unzeko pko/ r[o{ ƒ frnkB j' frnk fJ;/ bJh r[o{ s'A r[owfs
b? e/, nB/eK ihtK dk T[Xko j' frnk j?.
gkme iB' t/y ;e/d jB fe oZp ƒ ‘‘Unzeko Bkw** tos e/
T[jBK jh ;ko/ r[DK dk fIeo ehsk j?, i' pkeh BktK Bkb ;pzXs jB.
fJ; dk wsbp fe tkfjr[o{ igD dh Ekt/A ‘‘Unzeko** igDk ukjhdk
j?. iZgD wkso Bkb fwb/rk eh< T[;d/ r[DK ƒ r[opkDh okjhA ;wMDk
gt/rk. T[; pko/ ;'Mh r[o{ Ppd okjhA fwbdh j?. Bkw f;woB tkbk
BkNe pVh d/o s'A j[d
z k nk fojk j?.. j[D r[opkDh ƒ ;wMD dk ;wK j?.
‘‘Unzeko** ;G f;q;Nh T[gkJh] ;G[ y/b[ swk;k s/oh tfvnkJh] (1061)
j/ GkJh ` Unzeko B/ (oZp, gow/;o, eosko) f;qPNh ƒ
pDkfJnk j?. iht izs g?dk eoe/ y'/b swk;k pDk fdZsk j?. nkg'
nkgD/ fjZ;/ dk gkoN ndk eoe/ iht ;z;ko s'A ftdk j' iKd/ jB.
(r[opkDh ftu Unzeko Ppd dh 14 tkoh tos'A j'Jh j?)
000
39H J/ e z e ko (Bkw)
T[go fit/A gowkswk bJh ‘‘Unzeko** Ppd dh tos'A ehsh
rJh j?. j[D nZr/ e[M gqwkD ‘‘J/ezeko** d/ t/y bJhJ/. J/ezeko th
eoeko gow/;o bJh tofsnk fJe Bkw j?. f;woB eoB tkb/
ifrnk;{ ‘‘J/ezeko** dk f;woB eoe/ t/yD. PkfJd e'Jh tZvhnK s/
S/sh gqkgshnK j' ikD. T[j dksK nZr/ b'VtzdK ftu tosk d/D. ;kX
;zs sK ;N/IK s// M{m p'bd/ jh jB. gqf;ZX ‘‘eEktkue, frnkBh ;zs
f;zx w;ehB, pj[s tkoh nkgD/ p'bK okjhA efj frnk j? fe ‘‘Bkw
f;woD eoe/ wB[Zy T[vkoh wko ;edk j?. nZy d/ c'o ftu d/; ftd/
203
P ftu fe;/ th EK gj[zu ;edk j?. id'A T[jƒ g[ZfSnk frnk fe s[;hA
ftd/PK tZb ijki dk fNeN yohd e/ feT[A iKd/ j'< Bkw ige/ T[vkoh
feT[A BjhA wko iKd/< fJ;/ soQK ;N/IK s/ Bkw pko/ fJ;/ soQK dhnK vhArK
wkoB tkb/ ;kX ftd/PK ƒ ‘‘Bkw dh Pesh** okjhA T[vkoh wko e/ feT[A
BjhA ub/ iKd/< fJjBK ;[nkbK dk fe;/ e'b i[nkp BjhA j?. p; fJe'
xfVnk xVkfJnk i[nkp j[zdk j?, ‘‘ih J/j sK PoXk s/ fBoGo j?.**
s'sk oNDh eoe/ f;ZyK B/ nkgDk pj[s ib{; eYtk fbnk j?. j[D
tes ;wMD dk j?. nkT[ gq;zr d/ gqwkD gVhJ/ L
gqG[ B/V? jfo d{fo B ikDj[, J/e? f;q;fN ;EkJh]
‘‘J/ezeko[** nto[ BjhA d{ik, BkBe J/e ;wkJh] (930)
j/ GkJh ` eosk g[oy B/V/ s'A B/V/ j?. T[; ƒ d{o Bk ;wMDk.
;koh jh f;qPNh T[;dk nkgDk ;or[D ;o{g j?. ;ko/ fes/ ‘‘J/ezeko**
y[d jh i's o{g ftu g;fonk j'fJnk j?. d{ik e'Jh j? jh BjhA. fJ;
ƒ ;wMD dh b' V j? .
‘‘J/ezeko[** J/e[ g;kok, J/e? ngo ngkok]
J/e[ fp;EhoB[ J/e[ ;zg{oB J/e? gqkB nkdkok] (821)
j/ GkJh ` ‘‘J/ezeko** s'A jh ;kok g;kok g;fonk j?. fJjBK
ƒ ;{so ftu go' e/ oZyD tkbk th T[j nkg jh j?. J/ezeko jh nkgDk
ft;Eko Xkodk j?. y[d jh ;zg{oB eoB tkbk j?. ihtK d/ gqkDK dk
nk;ok th nkg jh j?.
eJh p?e[zm Bkjh bt? bkr/]
w[efs pg[Vh Gh frnkBh fsnkr/]
‘‘J/ezeko[** ;fsr[o s/ gkJhn?,
jT[ pfb pfb r[o do;kfJDk] (1078)
j/ GkJh ` fJe ;tor dk eh bkbu eoBk j?. frnkBtkB
ftnesh ƒ e'Jh ;?AeV/ ;torK dk bkbu Gh d/t/, sK Gh n;{b s'A BjhA
fEVeDk. frnkBh sK w[esh dh fJZSk Gh wB ftu'A fsnkr d/t/. J/
ezeko pko/ id'A r[o{ s'A frnkB fwb ikt/ sK ihtB dk cb;ck ;gZPN
204
j' iKdk j?. fJ;/ bJh w?A r[o{ s'A pfbjko iKdk jK, fi; B/ w?ƒ T[FZuh
wZs fdZsh j?.
nkfd fBoziB[ fBowb[ ;'Jh] nto[ B ikDk d{ik e'Jh]
‘‘J/ezeko[** t;? wfB Gkt?, jT[w? rop[ rtkfJdk] (1034)
j/ GkJh ` i' nkfd ;w/A s'A j? go wkfJnk s'A gke j?. w?A T[;
s'A fpBK j'o fe;/ ƒ BjhA wzBdk. ;kv/ fjod/ ftu e/tb fJe ‘‘J/
ezeko** dk tk;k j' frnk j?. fJ;/ bJh jT[w? nkfd ftekoK s'A w[es
j' rJ/ jK.
p/d g[okD ;k;sq phukoh] ‘‘J/ezeko** Bkw T[oXkoh] (1361)
j/ GkJh ` ;ko/ p/d Pk;so y'i e/ t/y bJ/. Xow rqzE gV bJ/.
;G s'A P'qwDh fBozeko (J/ezeko) dk frnkB j? fwbdk r[o{ ;kfjp s'A
j?.
w/o/ wB, sfi fBzdk jT[w? njzeko[]
jfo ihT[ ;dk fXnkfJ s{z r[ow[fy ‘‘J/ezeko**] (30)
j/ w/o/ wB ` fBzdk eoBh fsnkr d/j. jT[w? ƒ SZv d/j.
ftekoK s/ ekp{ gk b?. joh ƒ ;dk :kd oZy. r[o{ ih b/ i' ‘‘J/ezeko**
pko/ frnkB fdZsk j? T[; ƒ ;wM. ihtB ;cbk j' ikt/rk.
gkmeK B/ t/y fbnk j? fe okw, BkokfJD, dkw'do, phmb
nkfd gq;zr w[skpe ;ko/ tos/ rJ/ jB. fes/ g"okfDe d/ts/ dh
n;bhns ;wMkT[D tk;s/, fes/ ‘‘J/ee
z ko** dk frnkB d/D tk;s/.
eh ‘‘Bkw f;woD** bJh tes r[nkT[D tkb/ ‘‘J/ee
z ko** dk th f;woB
P[o{ eoBr/< (r[opkDh ftu J/ezeko Ppd dh tos''A 37 tkoh j'Jh j?.)
000
40H r';fN (Bkw)
r[opkDh ftu fit/A ;[DBk, fXnkT[Dk, igDk, nkfd Ppd nkJ/
jB, fJ;/ soQK ‘‘Bkw** d/ goEkJ/ ‘‘r';fN** Ppd th tofsnk frnk
j?. fit/A ;kyh, eEk, ejkDh, fJe' noEK ftu nkT[Adh j?. r';fN th
fJ;/ gq;zr ftu j?. bT[ gV e/ t/y' L
205
fwfb ;s;zrfs, ehi? jfo ‘‘r';fN**,
;kX{ f;T[ ‘‘r';fN** jfo gq/w o;kfJD[]
okw Bkw[ o;kfJD[, jfo okw, Bkw, okw owj[ o/] (1118)
j/ GkJh ` ;s;zrs ftu nk e/ r[o{ T[gd/P ;[D'. r[o{ s'A ;tkb
g[ Z S ' .
r[o{ Bkb ‘‘r';Nh@ eo', oZp pko/ s/ fIzdrh dh ;cbsk pko/
;ko/ soQK dk frnkB, r[o{ s'A fwb/rk. r[o{ nkgD/ ;/teK ƒ e[okj/ BjhA
gkT[Adk. oZp d/ gq/w ozr ftu ozr d/t/rk.
‘‘r';fN@ frnkB[ Bkw[ ;[fD T[Xo/, fifB fifB do;B[ gkfJnk..
GfJU feqgkb[ BkBe gqG[ ng[Bk nBzd ;/sh xfo nkfJnk.. (615)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ Bkb frnkB r';Nh ehsh. frnkB ftu tkXk j' frnk.
fiBK fiBK B/ Gh r[o{ dh ;zrs ehsh, T[j' jh ihtB w[es j' rJ/.
fBozeko B/ feogk eo fdZsh. ifrnk;{ f;Zfynk b? e/ fjod/ o{gh xo
ftu nv'bsk Bkb fNe frnk.
‘‘r';fN@ GJh ;kX e? ;zrfw, ekw eq'X b'G[ wkfonk..
f;wfo f;wfo g{oB BkokfJD, ;zrh ;rb/ skfonk.. (674)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ Bkb frnkB uouk (r';fN) ehsh. sK ;wM
nkJh fe eh eoBk j?. ekw tk;Bk, eq'X ns/ b'G s/ ekp{ gkfbnk. r[o{
B/ dZf;nk, gow/;o ƒ ;dk :kd oZyh. s{z Gh so ikt/rk, s/o/ ;zrh ;kEh
Gh ftekoK s'A jNe/ B/e okj uZb g?Dr/.
epho J/e xVh nkXh xVh, nkXh j{z s/ nkX..
GrsB ;/sh ‘‘r';N/@ i' ehB/ ;' bkG.. (1377)
j/ epho ` e[M ;wK, T[; s'A Gh xZN ;wK, p/;e E'VQk fizBk ;wK eZY b?.
go r[o{ Bkb ftuko Io{o eoh. r[o{ s'A ftuko Io{o ;[Dh. fizBk ;[D/
rk, frnkB tX/rk, fIzdrh ftu ezw nkt/rk.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘r';fN@ Ppd 18 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000

206
41H ;fsBkw (Bkw)
r[opkDh ftu oZp d/ p/ns
z BktK dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?.T[jBK
ftu fJe Bkw, ‘‘;Zu Bkw s/ ;fsBkw@ Gh p/nzs tkoh tofsnk j/.
nkT[ t/yhJ/^
‘‘feosw Bkw@ eE/ s/o/ fijpk..
‘‘;fsBkw[@ s/ok gok g{opbk.. (1083)
j/ gow/;o ih ` s/o/ ezwK ƒ t/y e/ b'eK B/ s//o/ p/nzs Bkw oZy
bJ/ jB. go fJj ;ko/ Bkw feos (ezw) Bkb ;pzXs j'D eoe/ ;jh
BjhA jB, pDktNh jB, feosw jB. wB[y J/jBK pDktNh BktK ƒ jh
igh ik oj/ jB. s/ok n;bh s/ w[Ybk Bkw i/ dZ;Dk j't/ sK ‘‘;fsBkw[@
jh pDdk j?. s{z j?, ;Zu s/ nXkos j?, P[o{ s'A w"i{d j?. j'o e'Jh Bkw
s/o/ bJh nX{ok j?. ‘‘;fsBkw@ jh g{ok j?.
‘‘;fsBkw[@ gqG ek ;[ydkJh.. fp;_k; ;fs BkBe r[o s/ gkJh.. (284)
j/ GkJh ` oZp ih dk n;bh Bkw (t?;/ n;bh Bkw e'Jh Gh BjhA
j?) ‘‘;fsBkw@ ;[y d/D tkbk j?. fJj ;uk ft;tk; w?ƒ r[o{ s'A gqkgs
j' f Jnk j? .
ifg wB ‘‘;fsBkw[, ;dk ;fsBkw[@..
jbfs gbfs w[y T{ib j'Jh j?,
fBs fXnkJhn? jfo g[oy[ fBoziBk.. (670)
j/ w/o/ wB ` s{z ;dk ;dk ‘‘;fsBkw@ ifgnk eo. ;fsBkw
igD Bkb s/ok toswkB ns/ Gfty, T[ibk j' ikt/rk. jo o'i fBoziB
g[oy ƒ u/s/ oZfynk eo. fi; dk fJe Bkw ‘‘;fsBkw[@ j?.
nkfd i[rkJh nkfg oyD tkfbnk..
;u[ Bkw[ eosko[ ;u[ g;kfonk.. (523)
j/ GkJh ` d[BhnK d/ w[Y
Z s'A, i[rK i[rKsoK s'A gow/;o ;GBk dh
;zGkb eodk nk fojk j?. T[; dk Bkw ;Zu j?. T[; dk c?bkT[ jh ;Zuk j?.
i' iB[ G/N? ;kX ;zfr ;' jfo ozr[ wkDh..
‘‘;u[Bkw[@ eosk g[oy[ J/j osBk ykDh.. (319)
207
j/ GkJh ` i' ;/te iB ;kX ;zrs okjh r[o{ T[gd/P ;[Dd/ jB, T[j joh
d/ ozr (P[G r[Dk) ftu ozr/ iKd/ jB. joh dk ;uBkw osBk (jho/
w'sh) dh r[Dk dh ykD j?. ;ko/ r[D Bkw ftu'A jh fwbd/ jB.
jT[ tkoh, ihT[ tkoh, ;u[ ;uk fjod? t;ktfDnk..
;uk Bkw[ ;dk j? fBowb[, r[o ;pdh wzfB t;ktfDnk.. (126)
j/ eosko ihU ` w? pfbjko iktK, e[opkB iktK. s[;hA
‘‘;sBkw@ ;Zuh ;y;hns fjod/ ftu p;k fdZsh. fi; ekoB w?A ;Zu
d/ wkor uZbD bJh ;woE j'fJnk jK. ‘‘;Zuk Bkw@ ;dk w?b ofjs
j?. wB[Zy ƒ ftekoK dh w?b s'A puk b?Adk j?. fJj ‘‘;Zuk Bkw@ r[o{ d/
Ppd (r[opkDh) okjhA ;wM nkT[Adk j?. fjod/ ftu r[oT[gd/; okjhA
p;dk j? .
;' gkmeK B/ gV fbnk j? fe fJe Bkw i' r[o{ ;kfjp B/ oZfynk
j?, T[j ‘‘;fsBkw iK ;uBkw@ Gh r[opkDh ftu nkfJnk j?. ‘‘tkfjr[o{
wzso@ dk ikg eoB tkb/ ;fsBkw ƒ Gh igd/ j'Dr/. fJ; d/ ikg Bkb
gqkgsh eh j'Jh j?. nro edh gzE nr/ fJ; gqkgsh dk y[bk;k eo d/
D sK T[jBK dk XzBtkd eoKr/. feT[Afe T[jBK d/ ;[MkJ/ r[opkDh
nB[;koh okj ƒ ;kok gzE ;theko eo bt/rk.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘;fsBkw@ Ppd 12 tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
42H nodk; (Bkw)
r[opkDh ftu ‘‘nodk;@ Ppd pj[s tkoh nkfJnk j?. wB[yh
wB dh ewi'oh dk ckfJdk T[mk e/ g[ikoh fposh tkb/ ftneshnK B/
nodk; dk fJe YKuk T[;ko fdZsk. T[; nodk; ftu g[oksB ;fwnK
d/ fieoi'r ezw eoB tkb/ f;ZyK d/ Bkw ;kfwb ehs/ rJ/. r[o{
;kfjpkBK ƒ :kd ehsk frnk. gzdoK Grs ns/ u"dK f;ZyK dk nodk;
ftu fieo jh BjhA j?. gsk BjhA fJzi feT[A ehsk frnk j?< oZp nZr/
nodk;, fco r[o{ nZr/ nodk;, fco fe;/ Pjhd nZr/ nodk;. fe;/
v/o/dko r'rVXkoh ;kX ;zs nZr/ nodk; . r[opkDh dhnK pj[s
208
;kohnK gzeshnK gVQ e/ ehsh rJh nodk;. fiBK o;wK ohsK ƒ r[o{
BkBe ;kfjp B/ oZd ehsk ;h, T[j ;kohnK ohsK f;ZyK ftu dkyb j'
u[ZehnK jB. g[ikoh spe/ ƒ fJ; Bkb tesh ckfJdk sK j' iKdk j? go
e"wh s"o s/ f;Zy gzE dk pj[s B[e;kB j' frnk j?.
wzB b?Ad/ jK fe wB[Zy ƒ fe;/ E'V B/ gq/F;kB eo fdZsk. tgko
ftu xkNk g? frnk. B"eoh BjhA fwbh iK fwb e/ S[ZN rJh. fpwkoh
nk gJh. n?e;hv?AN j' frnk. pZfunK bJh to BjhA fwbd/. xo ftu
eb/P ofjzdk j?. okiBhsh ftu ;cbsk BjhA fwbhHHH. fJjBK ftu'A i'
Gh n"eV nk gt/, T[; ƒ d{o eoB tk;s/ fe;/ nodk;hJ/ dh Gkb eod/
jK. T[j pDk ;ztkoe/, r[opkDh dhnK gzeshnK ftu fcZN eoe/, bzwh
;koh nodk; eodk j?. gqtko tkb/ T[; ƒ fJtikB/ iK ;[eokB/ bJh
e[M wkfJnk fdzd/ jB. nodk;hJ/ ƒ j?;hns w[skpe o[g? fdZs/ iKd/
jB. o[g? fJZSk w[skpe fwb rJ/ j'D sK nodk; g{oh j' ikD dh ‘‘gZeh
rozNh@ dk ft;tk; d[nkfJnk iKdk j?. Bk fwb/ j'D iK xZN fwb/ j'D
sK nodk;hJ/ dk w{zj fJ; soQK j'fJnk j[zdk j?, fit/A j[D/ j[D/ fJ; dh
wK wo rJh j't/. i/ w[okd g{oh Bk j't/ sK fe;/ ‘‘PoXk ftu ewh ofj
rJh@ dk pjkBk m'e fdZsk iKdk j?. nkT[ d[pkok fco ‘‘ftXh g{ote@
nodk; eo fdzd/ jK.
;'uD tkbh rZb J/j j? fe nekb g[oy gfjbK ;kvk ezw BjhA
eodk. g[ikoh s'A nodk; eokJhJ/, o[g? G/Nk d/JhJ/ c/o oZp ;/teK d/
ezw ;ztkodk j?. tkj ih tkj ` J/j oZp BjhA j?. e'Jh d[ekBdko iK
mZr j?. i/ uzrk j[d
z k sK gfjbK ezw ftrkVdk feT[< i/ ftrkV fdZsk,
fco E'VQ/ fizB/ g?;/ b? e/, fwzBsK eotk e/, ;ztkodk feT[A j?< g[ikoh ƒ
fdZs/ rJ/ g?;/, eokfJnk frnk eVkj gq;kfd, oZp e'b gjz[u iKdk j?<
;koh ekfJBks d/ wkbe dh J/j jkbs fe E'VhQ fizBh G/Nk b?D bJh ;/
teK d/ ezw ftrkVdk fcodk j?<
iok nZyK y'jbe/ t/yD dh y/ub eo'. id'A wB[Zy B/ ni/ iBw
Gh BjhA fbnk ;h, T[; bJh Xosh gfjbK jh fsnko ehsh j'Jh ;h.
209
;kohnK ofjD ykD ghD dhnK ;j{bsK ;w/s. Xosh wzr e/ nodk;
eoe/ sK BjhA bJh. fco b'VhAdh fBZx d/D bJh ;{oi pDk fdZsk. i'
Xosh d/ ihtK bJh nfsnzs Io{oh ;h. eh wB[Zy B/ oZp s'A ;{oi
nodk; eoe/ fbnk ;h< fco jtk gkDh nZr o[Zy fpoy c;bK cb eh
;ko/ gdkoE nodk; eoe/ bJ/ jB< oZp ih B/ ihtK bJh b'VhAdk ;kok
gdkoE, fpBK wzr/ Xosh ftu oZy fdZsk. neb s/ fjzws dh tos'A
eoe/, eZYA' s/ ykT[ ghT[. nodk; eoB tkb/ ftu'b/ ftu fet/A nk rJ/<
oZp gfjbK ;kv/ ezw ftrkVdk j?, s/ c/o nodk; ;[De/ ;ztko fdzdk j?,
pVk y[d roi oZp j?.
n;b ftu wB[yh wB dh ewI'oh dk ckfJdk T[mk e/ ‘‘nodk;hJ/@
(fJfsjk;e r[od[nkfonK ftu sK J/j g';N Gh j?) nk gqrN j'J/. i/
nodk; Bkb ;ko/ ezw ;ztoB/ jz[d/ sK r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp Bkb'A tXhnk
Gktg{os nodk; e"D eo ;edk ;h< r[o{ ih y[d jh tXhnk fijh
‘‘nodk;@ eoe/ wB[ysk d/ ;zeN ysw eo fdzd/. ;koh wB[Zysk Bk
;jh, Gkos tk;hnK d/ d[yV/ d{o eo iKd/. ub' i/ fJsBh ;woEk BjhA
;h sK, f;ZyK ;/teK bJh nfijh tXhnk nodk; eod/ fe w[Ve/
w;hpsK dk ;kjwDk Bk eoBk g?Adk. ‘‘;dk tk;s/ f;Zy ;[yh p;D@,
fJzBk efjDk jh T[jBK tb'A ekch ;h. fco f;ZyK d/ fPeko Bk ehs/ iKd/. f;oK
d/ w[b
Z Bk g?Ad./ izrbK p/fbnK ftu, w[;hpsK BK MZbDhnK g?AdhnK. tZv/
^tZv/ xb{xko/ Bk tkgod/. f;Zy okw Bkw igd/, f;woD eod/, d/rK
Sed/ s/ ‘‘u?B dh pz;oh@ tikT[Ad./ pkpk ih B/ y[d Gh w[;hpsK MZbhnK
s/ f;ZyK ƒ Gh fJwfsnkBK ftu gk rJ/. tXhnk fijh nodk; eod/
r[opkDh dhnK gzeshnK fwbk e/, sK ;kohnK w[PfebK s'A S[Nekok j'
ikDk ;h.
pkpk BkBe ih dh ;eh G?D p/p/ BkBeh ih d/ xo e'Jh pZuk
BjhA j'fJnk. jB/o ;kJhAdk, gzi ;" ;kb j' rJ/ pkpk ih ƒ i'sh i's
;wkfJnk. ni/ Gh b'eK ƒ g[Zso d/Jh iKdk j?. go nkgDh G?D d/ B/
V/ ofj e/ Gh g[Zso dh pyf;; Bk ehsh, feT[A< GkJh r[ouoB f;zx
210
N"jVk, ;skJh ;kb se r[od[nkok ew/Nh dk gqXkB fojk. jo/e rqzEh
s/ iE/dko T[; d/ nZr/ ‘‘vzvT[s pzdBk nfBe pko@ eodk ;h. go
nc;'; fe N"jVk ih d/ xo e'Jh nT[bkd g?dk BjhA j'Jh. T[; ƒ
nodk; dh Pesh dk gsk jh BjhA ;h< iK pkpk T[; Bkb pj[s jh
Bkoki ;h< GkJh i'frzdo f;zx t/dKsh d/ xo, e/tb fJe bVeh j?.
bVek e'Jh BjhA j?. ;zB 2000 s'A nekb sys dk ‘‘iE/dko@ ufbnk
nk fojk j?, go g[Zso dk w{zj BjhA t/y ;fenk. fJzBk tZvk Xkowe
nj[dk s/ g[Zso s'A ;ZyDk< nodk; feT[A BjhA ehsh eokJh< gzEe J/
esk tk;s/ fJ; nodk; ftu'A J/j f;Zfynk b?Dh j? fe n? r[o{ r'fpzd
f;zx ih, Gkt/A s[jkv/ uko/ ;g[s
Z o Pjhd j' rJ/. ‘‘Xow@ dh okyh bJh
i/ ;kƒ nkgD/ pZu/ tkoB/ gJ/ sK tko fdnKr/. (nodk; pko/ g{o/
ft;Eko Bkb gVBk ukj' sK w/oh g[;se ‘‘Xow d/ BK s/@ ftu'A gVQ
;ed/ j')
nodk; bci fe;/ yk; soQK dh nodk; tk;s/ r[opkDh ftu
BjhA nkfJnk. f;oc p/Bsh eoB d/ nB/e YzrK ftu'A fJe Yzr j?.
r[opkDh ftu vzvT[s Ppd Gh tofsnk j?, gV'
“vzvTfs pzdB” nfBe pko, ;op ebk ;woE..
v'bB s/ okyj[ gqG{, BkBe d/ efo jE.. (256)
j/ fBozeko ` w/oh pko pko Bw;eko j?, s{z ;oE ebk ;woE
j?. p; w?ƒ v'bD Bk d/th, ;ukJh d/ okj s/ fBXVe j' e/ ubdk iktK.
nZr/ jh tXdk iktK. w/o/ s/ w/jo Gfonk jZE oZyDk.
efo ;kX{ nzib
[ h g[B
z [ tvk j/.. efo “vzvT[s” gzB
[ [ tVk j/..(13)
j/ GkJh ` d't/A jZE i'V e/ r[o{ ƒ Bw;eko eodk oj[. r[o{ nZr/
vzvT[s (bzwk g? e/ wZEk N/eDk) Gh efonk eo. fJ; soQK s/ok
efbnkD j't/rk.
fcos fcos gqG nkfJnk, gfonk sT[ ;oBkfJ..
BkBe eh gqG ‘‘p/Bsh@, ngBh Grsh bkfJ.. (286)
j/ gqG{ ih ` w?A nB/e EktK s/ GNeD s'A pknd s/o/ do s/ nk
211
frnk jK. s/oh PoD ftu jK. s/o/ nZr/ w/oh ‘‘p/Bsh@ j?, fe nkgDh
Grsh ftu bk bth. gkme fXnkB d/D fJ; gowkD ftu nodk;
Ppd BjhA nkfJnk, ‘‘p/Bsh@ tofsnk j?.
gq G gk; iB eh “nodkf;” , s{ z ;uk ;kJh..
s{z oytkbk ;dk ;dk, jT[ s[X[ fXnkJh.. (517)
j/ gqG{ ih ` s/o/ uoBK ftu p/Bsh (nodk;) j?. n;bh wkbe
s{z jh j?. s{z ;dk s'A ihtK dh oZfynk eodk nk fojk j?. fJ; bJh w?A
s? ƒ jh fXnkT[ A dk jK.
d'fJ eo i'fV eoh nodkf;.. ;dk ig/ BkBe r[Dsk;[.. (1340)
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o nZr/ d't/A jZE i'V e/ p/Bsh (nodk;) eoBh
ukjhdh j?. n;hA fBwkD/ iht r[DK d/ yikB/, pyf;;K eoB tkb/ wkbe
ih, s? ƒ igd/ (:kd) ojhJ/ .
ihn eh fpoEk j' f J ;[ o r[ o gfj “nodkf;” efo..
S'fv f;nkDg ;rb, wB[ sB[ nofg Xfo.. (519)
j/ GkJh ` s?ƒ i' d[y sebhc j? w[;febK jB. T[BK ƒ r[o{ nZr/
uzrh soQK y'jb e/ fpnkB eo d/j. nkgDhnK f;nkDgK ubkehnK Bk
tos. wB ns/ sB r[o{ ƒ nogD eo d/j. fit/A r[o{ nky/ T[; soQK
(r[opkDh ftu d;/ T[gd/; w[skpe) ihtB p;o eo.
BkBe eh “nodkf;” j?, ;u Bkfw ;[j/bk..
nkg[ rfJnk ;'Mh gJh, r[o ;pdh w/bk..
jT[w? rop[ rtkJhn?, gkJhn? thuko[..
;kfjp f;T[ wB[ wkfBnk, d/ ;ku[ nXko[.. (421)
j/ GkJh ` (w?A) BkBe dh nodk; (p/Bsh) j?, w/o/ ihtB ƒ
;[ui
Z h nrtkJh d/D tkbk, ;[y d/D tkbk Bkw (T[gd/;^r[ows) fwb
ikt/. nkgk Gkt fwN ikt/. ;Zu/ Ppd d[nkok fBozeko dh ;wM g? ikt/.
id'A jzeko fwN ikt/, wB[Zy ftukotkB pD ikt/ sK ;wM' T[; ƒ gow/
;o pko/ ;wM nk rJh. T[; dk ;w[Zuk ftjko ;ukJh s/ nXkos j'
iKdk j?.
212
;uk noi[ ;uh “nodkf;” . . wjbh y;w[ ;[ D / ;kpkf;..
;u? syfs p[bkt? ;'fJ.. d/ tfvnkJh eo/ ;[ j'fJ..
s/ok skD[ s{ j? dhpkD[.. r[o ek ;pd[ ;u[ Bh;kD[.. (355)
j/ GkJh ` ;Zu d/ w[i;w/ oZp nZr/ ‘‘noi@ eohJ/, fe ;ukJh
d/ okj uZbD dh ;kƒ wZs d/j. fjod/ xo ftu p?mk fBozeko nodk;
;[D bt/ sK T[; ƒ ;kpkP j?, P[eoBk j?. ;Zu/ sys dk wkbe, ;Zu/ wB[y
ƒ nkgD/ B/V/ eo b?Adk j?. T[; ƒ nDfrDs tfvnkJhnK py; fdzdk
j?. go wB[y jzeko Bk eo/, J/j ;dk wB ftu oZy/ fe ;kohnK skesK
tfvnkJhnK, eosko dhnK nkgDhnK fdZshnK j'JhnK jB. fJj ;G
e[M r[o{ d/ Ppd (frnkB, T[gd/P, r[ows) okjhA ;wM nkT[Adk j?.
r[o{ dk Ppd ihtB bJh f;cko;h fuZmh pD iKdk j?. fBPkB (Mzvk)
pD e/ T[Godk j?. i' fJB;kB r[o{ dk j[ew wzB bt/rk, T[j nkgD/ B/
e ezwK okjhA iZr ftu T[xk j' ikt/rk. ;Zu/ Ppd (r[ows) dh pd"bs,
;Zu/ okj s/ ubD ekoB, frnkBtkB j'D eoe/, T[; ƒ ihtB ftu nZr/
tXD'A e'Jh skes o'e BjhA ;e/rh.
‘‘d'fJ eo i'fV@ wkrT[ fJe[ dkBk, ;kfjp v[m? gktK..
;k; ;k; BkBe nkrX/, nkm gjo r[D rktK.. (749)
j/ GkJh. w?A gow/;o s'A d't/A jZE i'V e/, p/Bsh eodk j'fJnk
fJe dkB wzrdk jK fe, oZp ih dh :kd w?ƒ ;[nk; ;[nk; u/s/ oj/.
fJj j't/rk sK i/ oZp y[d w/o/ s/ w/jotkB j' ikt/. wzrdk eh jK< nZm/
gfjo jo ;w/A fBozeko ƒ fjod/ ftu p;kJh oZyK.
fs;[ nkr? “nodkf;” efo, i' w/ o / eosko[ . .
;fsr[o[ dksk Bkw ek, g{ok fi;[ Gzvko[..
;dk ;dk ;bkjhn?, nzs[ Bk gkoktko[.. (49)
j/ GkJh` T[; nZr/ p/Bsh (nodk;) eo i' fBozeko pko/ ;'Mh
eotk d/t/. fJj ;'Mh e/tb r[o{ eotk ;edk j?. r[o{ Bkw dk yikBk
j?. r[o{ s'A wZs b? e/, fBozeko ƒ ;dk :kd oZyhJ/. gow/;o p/nzs j?,
T[;d/ r[D rkT[D/ s/ ngDkT[D/ jh bkj/td
z jB.
213
fenk w[j[ b? ehu? “nodkf;”] gkg[ g[B
z [ d[fJ ;kyh gkf;]
i?;k s{z eofj s?;k e' j
j''fJ]
fJ] s[M fpB[ d{ik Bkjh e'fJ] (351)
j/ GkJh ` fe; w{zj Bkb nodk; eoB bZr/ j'< ngD/ ihtB
dk b/yk i'yk eoe/ t/y', fe fezB/ gkg ehs/ jB< fezB/ e[ B/e ezw,
goT[geko ehs/ jB. gkg s/ g[zB ƒ rtkj pDk e/, nkgD/ pko/ c?;bk
eoe/ t/y'. gqG{ nZr/ fBwosk Bkb nky' fe fit/A s[;hA w?ƒ ubkT[Dk
ukj[zd/ j', w?A T[;/ soQK (r[o{ dh wZs b? e/) ihtB pshs eoKrk. gow/
;o s'A fpBK j'o e'Jh fNekDk BjhA j?, fiZE'A ;G dksK fwb ;eD.
s[XB' fBtD[ wzrD[ s/ok BkT[] ;ku[ G/N[ p?;D eT[ EkT[]
;s[ ;zsy
' [ j't? nodkf; ] sk ;[fD ;fd pjkb/ gkf;] (878)
j/ GkJh ` nekb g[oy ƒ Bw;eko fet/A eoBh j?< T[;dk
j[ew (Bkw) wzB b?Dk jh n;b wZEk N/eDk j?. eosko d/ B/V/ fet/A
p?fmnk ik ;edk j?< fJe' jh T[sw sohek j?, fe ihtB ƒ fteko
ofjs eoe/, ;ZukJh d/ wkor s/ uZfbnk ikt/. ;funko/ pD ikDk jh
n;b G/Nk oZyDh j?, B/V/ j'D dk ;kXB j?. fBozeko nZr/ nodkf; fet/
A eoBh j?< fe w?A ;zsy
' h ;[Gk tkbk pD iktK. d{finK Bkb tzve/ SeK.
fJjBK T[sw r[DK ;dek fBozeko nkgDh r'd ftu fpmk bt/rk. fJjh
j? B/V/ j'D dk n;bh B[;yk.
s{z mke[o[ s[w gfj “nodkf;”] ihT[ fgzv[ ;G[ s/oh okf;]
s[w wks fgsk jw pkfoe s/o]
/ s[woh feqgk wfj ;{y xB/o]
/
e'fJ B ikB? s[wok nzs[] T{u/ s/ T{uk Grtzs]
;rb ;wrqh s[wo? ;{fsqXkoh] s[w s/ j'fJ ;[ nkfrnkekoh]
s[woh rfs fwfs s[w jh ikBh] BkBe dk;[ ;dk e[opkBh] (268)
j/ eosko ihU` s{z jh w/o/ bJh wzBD:'r j?. s/o/ nZr/ jh w?A
nodk; p/Bsh eodk jK. fJj ;oho s/ok fdZsk j'fJnk j?. ;G ok;
g{zih s? jh godkB ehsh j?. s{zjh ;kvh wK j?, s{zjh ;kfonK dk fgsk
j?. n;hA s/o/ pkbe jK. s/oh ;oD ftu jh ;kƒ nBzs goeko d/ ;[y
gqkgs j[zd/ jB. e'Jh ftnesh s/ok nzs BjhA gk ;edk, s{z p/nzs j?.
214
;kfonK s'A tZvk s/ T{uk th s{z jh j?. ;koh f;q;Nh s/o/ fBnw ftu pZMh
j'Jh nkg' nkgD/ fizw/ bZrh eko ewk ojh j?. s/oh nkfrnk (j[ew)
s'A fpBK e'Jh ekoi BjhA j' ;edk. s/oh tfvnkJh (;Zsk Pesh) s{z y[d
jh ikDdk j?. j'o e'Jh s/o/ pko/ ‘‘;G e[M** BjhA ikDdk. w?A BkBe
pfbjko iktK, e[opkB iktK, s/ohnK poesK ofjwsK s'A.
fJj gT[Vh ;[ywBh ftu u"Eh n;Ngdh dh nZmthA gT[Vh j?.
fJ; dk o'IkBk ehsh ik ojh nodk; Bkb f;ZXk e'Jh ;pzX BjhA j?.
gzE tZb'A fsnko ehsh rJh f;Zy ofjs wfonkdk ftu fJ; gT[Vh d/
gVB dk e'Jh j[ew BjhA j?. pkDh ftu pkeh PpdK tKr fJj th fJe
T[ g d/ P j? . fJ; ƒ ;wMDk j[ z d k j? .
“nodkf;” ;[Dh dkskfo gqfG, YkYh eT[ wjfb p[bkt?]
gqG d/yfdnK d[y G[y rJh, YkYh eT[ wzrD[ fufs B nkt?]
;G/ fJSk g{ohnk bfr gqG e? gkt?]
jT[ fBorD[ YkYh pyf;UB[, gqfG g[ofy t/dkt?] (1097)
j/ GkJh ` w?A fBwkD/ ;/te dh nodkf; gqG{ B/ ;[D bJh. T[;
B/ w?ƒ nkgD/ e'b ;Zd fbnk. id'A fBozeko d/ doPB ehs/ (wjkBsk
ƒ ;wfMnk) sK wzrDk jh G[Zb frnk. doPB eofdnK jh ft;wkd ftu
nk frnk. ;ko/ d[Zy s/ G[ZyK T[so rJhnK. gqG{ d/ uoBK ftu g[ZifdnK
jh wkB' ;kohnK fJSktK g{ohynK j' rJhnK. w/o/ tor/ r[DK s'A ykbh
(fBwosk Gkt j?) ftnesh ƒ eosko B/ py; fdZsk j?. w/ok e'Jh jZe
BjhA ;h, dkjtk BjhA ;h. fJj sK gow/;o dh feogk jh ;h.
i' wkrfj mke[o ng[B/ s/ ;'Jh ;'Jh d/t?]
BkBe dk;[ w[y s/ i' p'b? Jhjk T{jk ;u[ j't?] (681)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko pVhnK skesK ofjwsK dk wkbe j?. i'
T[; s'A iht wzrd/ jB, T[j d/Jh ik fojk j?. ;ko/ ihtK dhnK b'VK
g{ohnK eoe/ th T[;d/ xo e'Jh s'N BjhA nkT[Adh.
fJ; gzesh ƒ nodk;hJ/ f;zx pj[s tkoh gVQd/ jB. sK fe
fi; gqtko B/ nodk; eotkJh j?, T[; ƒ :ehB j' ikt/ gJh i' e[ZM
215
wzfrnk j?, ntZP fwb/rk. r[opkDh fJ; dh jkwh Godh j?. go d{i/
gZy dh gzesh edh BjhA gVd/. eh fJj r[opkDh dh ftukoXkok Bkb
X'yk BjhA wzfBnk ikDk ukjhdk< nfrnkBsk ns/ nzBh PoXkb{ ;zrs
ƒ r[opkDh okjhA e[okj/ gk e/ (rbs tos'A eoe/) b[fNnk BjhA ik
fojk< eh fJj gzeshnK wB'ekwBKtK g{ohnK eoB bJh jB<
pj[sk p'bD[ MyD[ j'fJ] ftD[ p'b/ ikD? ;G[ ;'fJ] (661)
j/ GkJh pj[sk p'bDk (wzrK wzr d/ ofjDk) MZy wkoB s[b
Z j?.
fBozeko fpBK p'fbnK s'A jh ;G e[M ikDdk j?. i' e[M n;hA
tos oj/ jK fJj edh wzfrnk BjhA frnk ;h, fpB wzfrnk jh fwb
frnk j? .
ihT[ fgzv[ ;G[ fs; ek ;G=[ feS[ fs; e? gkf;]
ftD[ p'fbnk ;G[ feS[[ ikDdk, fe;[ nkr? ehu? “nodkf;]” (1420)
j/ GkJh iB' ` fizd ikB ns/ ;oho ;G nekbg[oy B/ py;
fdZs/ jB. T[;d/ do s/ p/nzs gdkoE jB. ihtK ƒ ;{so (fBnw) pZX
eoB dh Pesh th T[;d/ nkgD/ e'b j?. nodk; ekjd/ tk;s/ eoBh
j'Jh < T[j sK pr?o p'bD s'A th ihtK d/ nzdo dhnK ftukoK wzrK ƒ
ikDdk j?. Gkt fe ;kvh neb s[ZS j?. n;hA rbs wzrK wzrh ik oj/
jK. fBozeko dk n;{b ftokN j?. wjkB j?. T[j ;kv/ nky/ br e/,
nkgD/ n;{b BjhA pdb/rk. i/ eosk wB[ZyK d/ nky/ bZr e/ ezw eoB
bZr gt/, fco T[j ‘‘w{oy** wzfBnk ikt/rk. wB[Zy tZX neb tkbk
wzBDk gt/rk.
‘‘nodk;** dh EK p/Bsh ;pd th nkw tos/ jB ^ gV' ^ (742)
fJj ‘‘p/Bzsh**
sh** ;[fD gqG w/o/ ] d/fj Bkw[ efo ngD/ u/o]/
fiBh w/ok fgnkok ok ftnk fsB ghS? bkfr fcokT[]
okftnk
efo ‘‘fwzBfs efo i'dVh**, w? gqG[ fwbD? ek ukT[] (41)
j/ GkJh ` fiBK Gkr;kbh ihtK B/ gqG{ ƒ fjod/ ftu t;kfJnk
j?. w?A sK T[jBK d/ fgZS/ N[fonk fcodk jK. T[jBK dhnK fwzBsK eodk
jK fe w/ok th fwbkg eotk fdU. i'dVh eo fojk jK w?ƒ th ;jh
216
ihtB dk o;sk ;wMk fdU.
r[o{ s'A p/Bsh eoe/ ihtB ;cb eoB d/ Yzr ;kƒ ;wMkT[D
bJh ;fsr[o{ B/ pj[s sohe/ ngDkJ/ jB. ‘‘nodk;** Ppd wzrK dh
fb;N gVe/ oZp ƒ ;[DkT[D tk;s/ BjhA j?. Bk jh fe;/ ƒ ;tor dk
fNeN eZNe/ d/D bJh j?. ekP fe gzEe w[yh ns/ ftdtkB iB edh
fJ; pzB/ fXnkB d/D bJh rcbs dh BhAd ftu'A ikr g?D.
(r[opkDh ftu ‘‘nodkf;** Ppd 108 tkoh gq:r
' j'fJnk
j?.)
000
43H r[o{ ^ ;fsr[o{ (Bkw)
f;Zy gzE dh fIzdrh dk X[ok, e/Ado fpzd{ r[o{ (r[opkDh) j?.
oZp pko/ fizBk e[ frnkB fwfbnk r[o{ s'A. tfjwK GowK s'A i/
w[esh fwbh j?, sK r[o{ s'A shoE PokX tos nkfde s'A i/ S[Nekok
fwfbnk j? sK r[o{ T[gd/P ekoB. gzShnK gP{nK s/ gZEoK d/
GrtkBK s'A i/ yfjVk S[ZfNnk j? sK r[o{ dh wZs eoe/. wB[Zyh
GkJhuko/ pko/, iksK gksK s'Ve/, obfwb e/ fet/A ofjDk j? r[o{ B/
;wMkfJnk j?. n"osK ƒ g?o dh i[Zsh BjhA tk;Bk g{osh dk ;kXB
BjhA, ;r'A pokpo dk fJB;kB wzBDk r[o{ B/ f;ykfJnk j?. t/dK
;kPsoK dh e[Nbsk tkbh ;'u dh n;bhns, iZr ikjo eoe/, T[;
s'A yfjVk S[vk b?D dh ;wM nkJh sK r[o{ s'A. ;dhnK s'A ubh nk
ojh pqkjwD dh ‘‘iwKdo{ jew{s” ƒ Y?j Y/oh eoB dh iKu dZ;h
sK r[o{ B/. ikbw je{wsK Bkb fet/A NZeo b?Dh j?, gkg eoB'A fet/
A o'Edk j?, nw'V jkew dfozfdnK ƒ ;Ik fet/A d/Dh j?, tZb
f;Zfynk r[o{ s'A. nkgD/ ;oho nkgD/ wB ns/ nkgDh feos d/
wkbe y[d pDB dk okj gZXo ehsk sK r[o{ B/. nkgD/ ;t?wkD,
nDy fJIZs ƒ poeoko oZyD d/ Yzr ;wMkJ/ sK r[o{ B/. ;kƒ
u{fjnK tor/ ekfJo wB[ZyK ƒ P/o wod pDkfJnk sK r[o{ B/. gVB
fbyD s/ ;[szsosk Bkb p''bD dk nfXeko d[nkfJnk sK r[o{ B/.
217
;kjwD/ wZE/ izr ftu s/rK ;{s e/ T[soBk f;ykfJnk sK r[o{ B/.
fiT[Dk f;ykfJnk sK r[o{ B/ woBk f;ykfJnk sK r[o{ B/. tzv e/
SZeD, Xow dh feos eoB d/ okj gkfJnk sK r[o{ B/. ;'jDh
d;sko f;o s/ pBkJh sK r[o{ B/. d[BhnK Bkb'A BtK fBt/ebk
‘‘f;Zy ;fGnkuko** pyf;nk sK r[o{ B/. i/ f;Zy d/ ihtB ftu
r[o{ dh wZs j? sK T[j fJe Bw{B/ dk fJB;kB j?. nro r[o{
f;Zfynk wB ftu BjhA j?, T[j G/yh j?, gkyzvh j?, weko j?, j?tkB
j?.
w[;bwkB irs ftu fJe pVh f;Zfynk dkfJe ftuko gqubs
j?. w[;bwkBK dh fIzdrh dk e/Ado fpzd{ w[jzwd ;kfjp j?. nro e'Jh
G[ZbV pzdk w[;bwkBK pko/ rbs fNZgDh eo d/t/, T[j podk;s eo
b?Dr/. nro o'I/ fBtkiK dk wike T[vk d/t/ sK MZb b?Dr/. nro e'Jh
w;fid fto[ZX e[p'b efj d/t/ sK jiw eo b?Dr/. nro e'Jh w{oy
pzdk e[okB ƒ fBPkBk pDk bt/, fdb s/ gZEo oZy e/ sK th MZb b?Dr/
go :kd oZfyU ` edh G[Zb e/ th w[jzwd ;kfjp dh PkB d/ fybkc e'Jh
puB w{zj' Bk eZY d/Dk. fco Gkt/A s[;hA T[jBK d/ ;e/ ;pzXh th feT[A
Bk j't', T[j w[nkc BjhA eoBr/. fe;/ th jZd sZe s[jkv/ fto[ZX ik
;ed/ jB. feT[Afe fJ;bkw Xow w[jzwd ;kfjp d/ ekoB j?. w;fid
w[jzwd d/ ekoB j?/ o'i/ BwkIK, ofjsK pfjsK w[jzwd dh pd"bs jB.
i/ e[okB j'Ad ftu nkJh j? sK w[jw
z d okjhA. i/ fJjBK ftu'A w[jw
z d eZY
d/JhJ/, sK ;ko/ Y?j Y/oh j' ikDr/. Xow, ;fGnsk, oki, ;wki, ihtB
iKu, ;G w[jw
z d B/ pyf;; ehsh ;h. i/ ftueko w[jw
z d BjhA sK pkeh
;G nvzpo ofj ikt/rk.
fpbe[b fJ;/ soi s/ f;Zy ;wki dh j'Ad r[o{ dh pd"bs j?.
f;ZyK d/ r[od[nko/ r[o{ Bkb ;pzXs jB. f;ZyK d/ iBw eow nBzd
ekoi, nzfwqs dhnK o;wK (yzv/ eh gkj[b) woB/ goB/, ;G r[o{ Bkb
i[V/ j'J/ jB. i/eo ftu'A r[o[ ƒ tZy eo d/JhJ/ eh fJj ;kohnK
;z;EktK Y?j Y/oh BjhA j' ikDrhnK< fJjBK dh e'Jh p[Zes pkeh ofj
218
ikt/rh< fit/A fit/A f;Zy r[o{ s'A d{o j[zdk ik fojk j?. T[;/ fj;kp f;ZyK
dk ihtB fBZxodk ik fojk j?. oZp pko/ ;ko/ XowK B/ tZyA' tZyo/ ftuko
b'ekJh ƒ dZ;/ jB. ;kƒ T[j oZp ;G s'A fgnkok ns/ w/jotkB wfj;{;
j[zdk j? i' r[o{ ;kfjp B/ fpnkB ehsk j?. i/ fe;/ e/Adofpzd{ s/ fJeZm/
j'D dh ;zGktBk j? sK f;Zy ;wki e/tb r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ƒ e/Adoh X[ok
ikDe/ fJeZmk ofj ;edk j?. fJ; ƒ ysw eoB bJh, gzE d/ d[PwBK
tb'A f;Zy w[yhnK ƒ jZE m'e/ pDk e/, b[ZuhnK ejkDhnK Bkb BekBe
Gfonk pfuZso BkNe, r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ pokpo fNek fdZsk frnk j?.
11,12,13,2006 ƒ fdnkbg[ok GkJhek fgzv ftu ‘‘cfsj fdt;** Bkw
j/mK r[o{ rqE
z d/ pokpo pfuZso BkNe d/ rzd dk ‘‘nyzv gkm** ehsk
frnk. G'r d/ ;w/A brGr ;ko/ ;kX N'b/ T[E/ jkIo ;B. fBjzrK d/ ;ko/
iZE/ Gzr xN'd/ T[E/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. BkBe ;ohJ/, joy'tkbhJ/, dkd{
tkbhJ/, Ne;kbhJ/, p/dh e/ T{B/ tkb/, okV/tkb/ pkjtK T[bko T[bko e/
fJ; bZu
[ ejkDhnK tkb// y'E/ dh gq;;
z k dk Y'b tik oj/ ;B. fJ; tes
;G s'A PowBke gfjb{ fJj ;h fe Pq'qwDh ew/Nh d/ gqXkB dk B[wkfJzdk
jkIoh GoB gj[zfunk j'fJnk ;h. nekb sys s/ p?me/ T[; d/ Bkw
ƒ tos e/, f;ZyK dh nfrnkBsk ns/ Xow gqsh fB;mk sk BikfJi
ckfJdk T[mke/, T[;/ sys (ny"sh) iZE/dko, r[o{ f;ZXKsK ƒ fwZNh ftu
fwb fojk ;h. fJ; Bkw Xohe iE/dko, nfrnkBh i'frzdo f;zx
t/dKsh s'A fJbktk, dopko ;kfjp dk w[y
Z g[ikoh frnkBh r[opuB f;zx
th pfuZso BkNe ƒ BZs w;se j' fojk ;h. gNB/ tkbk nfrnkBh
fJepkb f;zx th pfuZso BkNe dh gq;z;k d/ g[Zb pzB fojk ;h. ji{o
;kfjp tkb/ g[ikoh th fJE/ ‘‘uko uzB*Q * bkT[D tk;s/ ;N/i s/ jkIo
;B. bte[P dh nT[bkd g{oB f;zx (;kpek g[ikoh) Gh fJE/ c[zeko/
wkodk t/fynk frnk ;h. fJjBK ;kfonK B/ ‘‘pkDh r[o{ r[o{ j? pkDh,
ftfu pkDh nzfws[ ;ko/**, (982) ns/ ‘‘fJek pkDh fJe[ r[o[ fJe' ;pd[
thukfo** (646) d/ wjkB f;ZXKs ƒ xZN/ o'b fdZsk. ;ko/ g[ikohnK d/
;kjwD/ Ne;kb d/ w[yh frnkBh joBkw f;zx X[zwk B/ i' nodk; ehsh
219
T[j ed/ Bk ;[Dh Bk gfjbk t/yh. f;Zy f;ZXKsK ƒ xZN/ o'b fdZsk. nekb
sys dh wfonkdk ƒ wX'b fdZsk. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dh bk;kBh
ftukoXkok ƒ nkgD/ pDe/, bzwhnK dkjVhnK oZye/, yzv/ eh gkj[b Se
e/ eeko ;ike/ y[d bKp{ bk fdZs/, fJjBK gkyzvh N'fbnK B/. (;p{s
tk;s/ fdnkbg[o/ tkb/ ;ko/ gqr
' okw dh, thvhU fcbw b/ye e'b w"id
{
j?.)
r[o{ ih B/ e/tb T[gd/; BjhA ehsk, pbfe jo fJe i[bw
fto[X
Z i'odko nktkI p[bd
z ehsh. sZshnK sthnK s/ ;oho ƒ fgxbkT[Dk
fgnk. s/r tkj[Dh gJh. uKdBh u"Ae ;h; ebw eokT[Dk fgnk. d;w
gkfsPkj ƒ brksko yzvk gVekT[Dk fgnk. r[opkDh okjhA Bt/A fJBebkp
dk nkozG j'fJnk. fJ; gktB pkDh d/ n;{bK s/ gogZesk Bkb gfjok
fdzfdnK, f;zxK f;zxDhnK B/ y'gohnK T[sotk bJhnK. uoyhnK s/ uV
rJ/. ;G e[M T[ZiV frnk, o'Nh s'A nks[o j' rJ/. go pkDh d/ n;{bK
ƒ fgZm BjhA fZsh. nZi d/ ftekT[ N'b/, r[opkDh ƒ wZEk N/ed/ B/, gkyzv
eoed/ B/, fJ; d/ iohJ/ wkfJnk dhnK gzvK pzBd/ B/. s/ pkDh d/
f;XKsK ƒ drk d/ iKd/ jB. fJ; pkDh okjhA ;z;ko ƒ BtK ukBD
fwbDk ;h. nkgD/ nytkT[D tkb/ jB/o/ ftu GNe oj/ jB.
wBw[fy eow eofj BjhA p{Mfj, fpoEk iBw[ rtkJ/]
r[opkDh fJ;[ ir wfj ukBD[, eofw t;? wfB nkJ/] (67)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ ƒ BIo nzdkI eoe/ nkgDh E'Vh wZs Bkb ezw
eoB tkb/, nky/ s'A th BjhA ;wMd/. iBw p/noE rztk b?Ad/ jB.
Bk;wM b'eK ƒ gsk BjhA fe r[opkDh fJ; ;z;ko ftu frnkB dk ukBD
tzv ojh j?. i' w/jBs eoBr/ fJ; ukBD Bkb ihtB ;cbk eo b?Dr/. (B'N
nkw b/ye ‘‘eow** dk noE pyf;; eod/ jB. fes/ fes/ fJj noE
gq;zr w[skpe mhe jB, go jo EK BjhA. pj[shnK EktK s/ ‘‘eow**
ezw iK w/jBs bJh nkfJnk j?. pyf;; dh T[vhe eoB tkbk, w/jBs,
T[Zdw s'A w{zj w'V b?Adk j?. fJ; bJh r[opkDh ftub/ gqwkDK d/ noE
eoB bZfrnK, fJjh n;{b ngDkfJnk frnk j?, i' nZi d/ gq;zr ftu
220
ftfrnkBe ;/X d/t)/
;dhnK s'A ub/ nk oj/ wB[Zysk fto'Xh tosko/ ƒ r[opkDh B/
sko sko eo fdZsk. dp/ e[ub/ wB[Zy ƒ j'A;bk d/ e/ f;o T[uk eoe/
N[oB dh db/oh fdZsh. ‘‘irs r[o{** pkqjwD ƒ y{zi/ bk fdZsk. yZsoh
okfinK ƒ T[jBK dh n"eks :kd eotkJh. nkw nkdwh p/ r?os
fIzdrh Bkb'A nDy tkbh w"s ƒ gqtkB eoB bJh fsnko j' frnk. r[o{
noiD ;kfjp ih B/ nfij/ gqpzX eo fdZs/ ;B fe S/sh ehs/ e'Jh
r[opkDh ftu obk Bk gk ;e/. gzE d/ d[PwDK B/ r[opkDh d/ fJBebkph
yk;/ ƒ y{zYk eoB tk;s/ fJ; ƒ g{ik tkb/ ;EkB s/ ;[P'fGs eo fdZsk.
f;Zy wZEk N/eD nodk;K eokT[D,, nyzv gkm eokT[D s/ pj[s ;kohnK
wkfJnk gfjbk r[o{ rqzE nZr/ oZyD. fco g[ikohnK d/ uoB g{iD ;/tk
eoB, p;so s/ j'o tkX{ wkfJnk nogD eoB. nrbk ezw ;h wfjzr/
o[wkb/ ehwsh ukBDhnK dohnK rd/b/. fco pDB bZr/ ;o'to s/ ;zy
wowoh rrB u[zGh fJwkosK. T[gqzs fJ; dh ftukoXkok ƒ ‘‘yZ;h**
eoB tk;s/ ‘‘jwe' s[we'** tkb/ noE ehs/ rJ/. nrKj ik e/ r[o{
;kfjp d/ ns/ r[o f;ZyK d/ goT[geko G[bk e/ r[od[nkfonK ftu pqjwk
ftPƒ okw s/ feqPB dhnK eEk ejkDhnK ;[DkJhnK ikD bZrhnK. Bkb
Bkb r[ofpbk; gksPkjh 6 torhnK xNhnk feskpK fbyhnK rJhnK.
r[ofpbk; gkfsPkjh S/thA pko/ yk; B'N^ eth ;'jD Bkb
;pzXs ehsh iKdh fJj ouBk, nkgDh nzdobh rtkjh w[skpe ;zzB
1718 dh ouBk j?. go GkJh ekjB f;zx BkGk B/ r[ows wkoszv ftu
fJ; ƒ ;zws 1890 fpewoh s'A nkozG j' e/ 1900 fpeowh ftu ;wkgs
j'Jh GkJh r[ow[y f;zx ns/ GkJh dopkok f;zx u"Aeh tkb/ dh ouBk
do;kfJnk j?. fJ; d/ Szd BzL 141 ftu nekb sys s/ ;'Bk uVkT[D
dk fposKs doi j?. i' wjkokik oDihs f;zx d/ oki ekb dh xNBk
j?. Szd BzL 410 ftu doi j?. (nkgD/ tb'A GftZy pkDh dk G[b/y
gkfJnk j?.) fe wjkokik oDihs f;zx B{odh ;okfJ Y[jke/, T[jBK
fJZNK Bkb soBskoB dk ;o'to pDkt/rk.) fJj xNBk 1834 s'A
221
1844 d/ ftueko dh j?. fJ; feskp dh fJe Beb ykb;k ekbi
nzfwqs;o d/, f;Zy fJfsjk; y'i ftGkr (BzL 651) ftu t/yh ik ;edh
j?. fJjBK ;p{sK s'A ;gZPN j[zdk j? fe r[ofpbk; gkfsPkjh 6, ;zB
1834 s'A ;zB 1844 d/ ftueko fbyh rJh j?. (f;Zy gzE ftPt e'P gzB
z k
626 vkH osB f;zx iZrh, Skg 2005)
fJ;/ ;w/A d[jokB pfuZso BkNe (efEZs d;w rqzE) fsnko
eoe/ j"bh j"bh r[o{ d;w/ gkfsPkj dh fbys gqukoe/ r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp
d/ B/V/ eoB dhnK ukbK uZbhnK rJhnK. ;w/A d/ c/o Bkb eJh w{V
wZshnK d/ v/fonK B/, fJ; g'E/ ƒ r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ pokpo fNek fdZsk.
pj[s ;ko/ v/fonK Ne;kbK ftu fJ; d/ nyzv gkm j'D bZr gJ/.
r[opkDh Bkb'A f;ZyK ƒ s'Ve/ fjzd{ g"okfDe d/thnK d/tfsnK d/ g[ikoh
pDB dk okj gZXok ehsk frnk. Powbkj e/ fJ; rzqE ƒ gVB bJh
fsnko ehsk ikD bZrk. Btzpo 13, 2006 dk T[j ;G s'A wBj{; ;wK
ih id'A sysK d/ ny"sh iE/dko s/ v/od
/ koK B/ obe/ r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp d/
pokpo bZuo eftsktK tkb/ g'E/ dk nyzv gkm ehsk. ;zwb
/ D eokfJnk,
sZs r[ows tkb/ f;ZyK ƒ oZi e/ Gzfvnk frnk. GkJh r[odk; ih B/ fJ;
soQK d/ jkbks pko/ pVk ;z[do fbfynk j?. gV' L
i?;/ nB[uo Bogfs eh gSkB? Gkyk,
p'bs puB fyB p{M? fpB d/yk jh]
i?;/ i'joh goy ikBs j? osB eh,
d/ys jh ej? y'o' y'N' o{g o/y jh]
i?;/ yho Bho e' fBp'o' efo ikB? jz;,
okyhn? fwbkfJ fGzB fGzB e? ;o/y jh]
“s?;/ r[o[ ;pd ;[Bs gfjukB? f;Zy”,
nkB pkBh feqswh B rBs j? b/y jh](GkH
jh] r[L efps ^ 570)
j/ GkJh r[of;Zy' ` fit/A oki/ dk B"eo, Bkb ofjzfdnK oki/ dh
nktki ƒ MZN gSkD b?Adk j?. okik Gkt/A gVd/ ftu p?mk j't/, B"eo
pkjo p?mk jh wkbe dh nktki gSkD b?Adk j?. fJ; soK i'joh ;'B/
222
s/ jhfonK dh goy eoBk ikDdk j?. T[jBK dh pDso ns/ ozr nkfd
t/y e/ d; fdzdk j?, fezB/ osB Bebh jB s/ fezB/ n;bh. fit/A jz; d[X
Z
s/ gkDh ƒ tZy eoBk ikDdk j? T[;d/ nZr/ d[ZX ns/ gkDh fwbk e/ oZy
d/JhJ/, gkDh tZy eoe/ f;oc d[Zy ghAdk j?.
fJ;/ soQK r[o{ dk ;Zuk s/ fr;nkDk f;Zy, r[o{ d/ Ppd r[opkDh
ƒ ;[De/ iK gVe/, gSkD b?Adk j? fe fJj ykfb; r[opkDh j?. nro
fe;/ j'o eZu/ fgZb/ dh fbyh j'Jh j't/ sK gSkD eoe/, go/ eo fdzdk j?.
Gkt oZd eo fdzdk j?.
nkj t/y' nZi d/ f;ZyK dh jkbs. BjhA BjhA ` f;ZyK d/ Xow
w[yhnK dh jkbs. fJjBK ƒ r[o{ dh ;Zuh pkDh ns/ fpgoK dh fbyh
bZuo eftsk dh gSkD jh BjhA ojh. r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp d/ pokpo
pfuZso BkNe dk gqekP s/ nyzv gkm< s'pk s'pk.
fe;/ gzesh Ppd iK oZp d/ feosw Bkw dk ikg eoB tkb/
fXnkB Bkb gV b?D fe r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ftu nDfrDs tkoh ‘‘r[o{ iK
;fsr[o*{ * igD dk j[ew fdZsk frnk j?. GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK ftu'A
‘‘tkfjr[o*{ * Ppd u[e
Z e/, wzso pDke/ g/P eoB s'A gfjbK fJj th BjhA
;'funk fe r[opkDh gqw[Zy j?. fBofttkd f;ZyK bJh r[o{ j?. GkJh
r[odk; ih B/ pj[s nZSk fbfynk j? go T[jBK dh fe;/ ouBk ƒ r[o{
rqzE ;kfjp ftu doi BjhA ehsk frnk. P'qwDh doik r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp
ftubh pkDh dk j?, Bk fe GkJh r[odk; ih dh ouBk dk. nkU, r[o{
r[o{ igD pko/ ;wMhJ/ ^
‘‘r[o{ r[o[ igh r[o[ r[o[** fXnkJh]
ihn eh nodkf; ‘‘r[o[** gfj gkJh] (396)
j/ GkJh ` ;dk r[o{ r[o{ igdk ojh, r[o{ ƒ fXnkT[Adk ojh.
i/ e'Jh wB dh fJZSk j't/ sK r[o{ nZr/ nodk; eoh. Gkt j? fe r[o{ d/
j[ew ƒ u/s/ ftu oZy', ;w[uk ihtB r[o j[ewK ftu ubkT[.
;w[zd[ fto'fb ;oho[ jw d/fynk, fJe t;s[ nB{g fdykJh]
r[o[ r'fpzd[, r'fpzd[ r[o{ j?, BkBe G/d[ B GkJh] (442)
223
j/ GkJh ` i' wjkB r[o{ ;oho d/ nzdo'A jh Bkw osB bZGD dh
iKu ;wMk fdzdk j?. (fit/A b'eh ;w[zdo ftu'A osB w'sh nkfd gqkgs
eoB dhnK g"okfDe ejkDhnK ;[Dd/ nk oj/ ;B fJE/ ;w[zdo dh Ekt/
A wB[Zyh ;oho ƒ jh ;w[zdo nkfynk j?) fJ; ;oho nzdo S[ghnK
PeshnK ƒ tosD d/ sohe/ f;yk fdzdk j?. w?ƒ fBozeko pko/ nzdo'A
jh ;'Mh eotk fdZsh. w/o/ tk;s/ r'fpzd (oZp) ns/ r[o{ ftu e'Jh coe
BjhA j?. fJj d't/A fJe fwe jB. r[o{ ƒ oZp pko/ g{ok frnk j?.
r[o{ r[o[ r[o[ ‘‘eoj[** r[o{ jfo gkJhn?HHH
r[o{ r[o[ r[o{ r[o[ r[o{ ‘‘ig[** wzB o/]
dk;[ p/Bfs ej?, Bkw[ r[ow[fy bj?,
r[o{ r[o[ r[o{ r[o[ r[o{ ‘‘ig[** wzB o/] (1401)
j/ w/o wB, ‘‘r[o{ r[o{** brksko igdk oj[. r[o{ r[o{ igD
Bkb jh gqG{ fwbdk j?, T[; pko/ ;'Mh nkT[Adh j?. r[o{ do;kJ/ wkor
s/ ;dk ubdk ojhA. ;dk jh r[o{ r[o{ igdk ojhA. Gkt j? fe r[o{ dh
f;Zfynk s/ ubdk ojhA.
f;oh r[o[ ;kfjp[ ;G T[gfo] H
r[o[ ijki[ y/tN[ r[o{, r[o fpB[ sfonk B e'fJ]
r[o gq;kfd gqG{ gkJhn?, r[o fpB{ w[efs B j'fJ] (1401)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ ;q'wDh j?. r[o{ dk doik ;G s'A T[s/ j?. fIzdrh
bJh r[o{ ijki fBnkJh j?. p/Vh ƒ gko eokT[D tkb/ wbkj dh fBnkJh
j?. r[o{ s'A fpBK ;z;ko ;w[zdo s'A e'Jh BjhA so ;edk. fBozeko dh
feogk ;dek r[o{ Bkb fwbkg j' ikt/, sK jh wB[y
Z nDfrDs pzXBK s'A
w[es j' ;edk j?.
i' r[o{ r[o{ nfjfBf; ig? dk;[ GkN p/Bfs ej?]
i' ‘‘r[o{ Bkw[** fod wfj Xo?, ;' iBw woD d[j E/ oj?] (1399)
j/ GkJh ` i' ;/te fdB oks r[o{ r[o{ igd/ jB, T[jBK dk gko
fB;skok ;"fynK jh j' iKdk j?. dk; p/Bsh eodk j? i' ftnesh r[o{
d/ T[gd/p ƒ fjod/ ftu p;kt/rk, T[; d/ iBw woD d/ vo w[e
Z ikDr/.
224
sk;[ uoB b/ fod? p;ktT[]
sT[ gow ‘‘r[o*{ * BkBe r[B rktT[] (1389)
j/ GkJh ` i/ r[o{ d/ frnkB o{gh uoB fjod/ ftu p; ikD sK
r[o{ BkBe ih d/ wjkB T[gd/; ;wM nk iKd/ jB. fco ;/te pko^pko
r[o{ BkBe dh ;'Gk eofdnK T[;/ ƒ ‘‘r[o{ r[o{** eoe/ igdk j?.
;[ ej[ Nb ‘‘r[o[** ;/thn? nfjfBf; ;jfi ;[GkfJ]
do;fB gof;n? ‘‘r[o{** e?, iBw woD d[y[ ikfJ] (1392)
j/ eth NZb, nky ` r[o{ dk f;woD eo' fdB oks ;fji Gk r[o{
d/ T[gd/; ƒ ewkU. fJ; soQK r[o{ d/ n;bh doPB j' ikDr/. id'A g{ok
frnkB ;wM nk frnk iBw ns/ w"s tkb/ d[y dk G? w[Ze ikt/rk.
iT[ s ;G ;[y fJs T[s s[w pzStj[,
‘‘r[o{ r[o{ r[o{ r[o[ r[o{ ig[** gqkBhnj[] (1400)
j/ GkJh ` nro s[;hA ihtB ƒ pzXB ofjs ns/ fteko ofjs
eoe/ ;[yh eoBk b'ud/ j' sK s[;hA ‘‘r[o{ r[o{** igd/ oj'. Gkt fe r[o{
d/ T[g/d; d[nkok ;jh r[ows wkor ngDk bU.
jfo jfo ‘‘r[[o[ r[o[ eos** Gow rJ/]
w/o/ wfB ;fG ;[y gkfJU] (241)
j/ GkJh ` joh joh igdk oj[. ‘‘r[o{ r[o{** igdk oj[. fJ;
soQK s/o/ ;ko/ Gow eZN/ ikDr/. Gkt fco T[jh j? fe r[o{ dh f;Zfynk
T[gd/; j[ew GkDk oik, T[; ƒ wzB', s/ ihtB ƒ r[o{ do;kJ/ okj s/
N'oB dh e'fPP eo'.
jfo nokfX B ikBk o/]
jfo jfo ‘‘r[o[ r[o[* eosk o/] (612)
j/ GkJh ` w?A fBozeko ƒ nkokXDk ukj[zdk jK. go w?ƒ T[;dk
‘‘f;woB ig** nkfd eoBk sK nkT[Adk BjhA. w?A nDikD fijk ;/te,
edh ‘‘joh joh** igD bZr g?Adk jK, edh ‘‘r[o{ r[o*{ * f;woB eoB
bZr g?Adk jK. feogk eoe/ nkgDh :kd fjod/ ftu p;kJh oZyDh.
Gkt j? fe;/ ftP/P wzso d[nkok, fe;/ yk; ftXh okjh, yk; n;EkB

225
s/ p?me/, ikg eoB dh e'Jh b'V BjhA j?. p; r[o{ ih d/ fdZs/ fdPk
fBod/P ;wM nk ikD/ ukjhd/ jB.
nZr/ eJh Ppd j'o r[opkDh ftu'A gkmeK nZr/ oZy fojk jK.
gVQ e/ ftuko eoBh. ;N/iK s/ eEkekoK s'A eJh tkoh fJj gqwkD s[;hA
;[fDnk j't/rk. eEkeko fJ; Ppd d/ gqwkD th d/Jh iKd/ jB s/ Bkb
f;woB eoB d/ e'jb{ d/ pbd tkbhnK ;zrsK dhnK nZyK s/ gZNhnK th
pzBh ik oj/ j[zd/ jB.
wB okw Bkwk p/Xhnb/,
i?;/ efBe ebk fus[ wKvhnb/] ojkT[]
nbhb/ ekrd[ ekNhb/ r{vh, nkek; wX/ Gowhnb/]
gzu iBk f;T[ pks psT{nk, uhs[ ;[ v'oh okyhnb/]
nkBhb/ e[zG[ GokJhb/ T{de, oki e[nkfo g[ozdohJ/]
j;s fpB'd phuko eosh j?, uhs[ ;[ rkrfo okyhnb/]
wzdo[ J/e d[nko d; ike/, rT{ uoktB Skvhnb/]
gKu e'; go rT{ urts,
uhs[ ;[ pSok okyhnb/ . .
ejs Bkwd/T[ ;[Bj[ fsb'uB, pkbe[ gkbB gT[Yhnb/]
nzsfo pkjfo eki fpo[Xh, uhs[ ;[ pkfoe okyhnb/] (972)
j/ GkJh ` nkgD/ wB ƒ ;dk fBozeko Bkb i'Vh oZy'. fit/A
;[fBnko rfjD/ th pV/ fXnkB Bkb pDkT[Adk j?. nkJ/ rkjeK Bkb
rbpks th eodk j?. S'N/ pZu/ ekri s'A r[Zvh (gszr) fsnko eo b?Ad/
jB. v'o pzBe/ r[Zvh nkekP ftu T[vk fdzd/ jB. nkg; ftu rZbK
eoe/ j;d/ th jB go fXnkB nkgDh gszr s/ j[d
z k j?. wsK fes/ fvZr
Bk gt/, e'Jh d{ik eZN Bk bt/.
bVehnK xV/ rkroK b? e/, y{j s'A gkDh b? e/ nkT[AdhnK jB.
f;o T[s/ gkDh Bkb Go/ j'J/ xV/ jB. nkg; ftu j;dhnK jB, rZbK
eodhnK jB. go fXnkB xV/ tZv j[zdk j?, fe fvZr Bk gt/. Pfjo
ftu p;D tkb/ b'e nB/eK dotkfInK okjhA rT{nK ƒ pkjo xkj uoB
226
bJh b? e/ iKd/ jB ekch d{oh s/ izrb ftu rT[ xkj uodh j'Jh th
nkgD/ pZu/ ƒ :kd oZydh j?.
fJe wK nkgD/ S'N/ pZu/ ƒ gzx{V/ ftu gke/, ezw eoB bZr g?Adh
j?. pj[s ;ko/ fizw/tkohnK tkb/ ezw eodh j'Jh wK pZu/ dk th g{ok
fynkb oZydh j?. j/ fsb'uB ih. fJ;/ sohe/ wB[Zy ;ko/ ezw eki eo/.
tZvhnK S'NhnK fizwt
/ kohnK fBGkt/. gow/;o ƒ T[go toBD ehs/ tKr
;dk :kd oZy/. (r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ftu r[o{, ;fsr[o{, Ppd 2625 tkoh
nkfJnk j? . )
000
44H tkj[^tkjr[o{, tkfjr[o{ (Bkw)
r[opkDh f;Zy ;zrsK ftu gVB i'r, f;ZyD i'r s/ wzBD i'r
pDkT[D bJh, pj[s Yzr ngDkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJe' rZb ƒ eJh ;ko/
sohfenK Bkb fpnkB ehsk frnk j?. eJh p'bhnK ftu fbfynk frnk
j?. eJh ;ko/ ftneshnK (GrsK, r[of;ZyK) s'A nytkfJnk frnk j?.
nkw ihtB ftu'A T[dkjoDK jB. y/sh Bkb ;pzXs gqwkD jB. soykD
b'jko ;[fBnko nkfd d/ jtkb/ w"i{d jB. i'rhnK pqkjwDK ekihnK
nkfd dk fIeo ehsk frnk j?. gP{nK gzShnK dfonktK, ;w[zdoK dk
fIeo j?. jtk, whAj, Xosh, uzd, ;{oi, sko/ nkfd th r[opkDh ftu'A
gV/ ik ;ed/ jB. uzr/ fJB;kB ns/ p[o/ pzfdnK dk th pj[s fIeo
fwbdk j?. fJB;kB ƒ gq/oe/ uzr/ ezw eoB bJh ;fsr[o{ ih B/ p/UVe
w/jBs ehsh j?. oZp d/ BktK dk nzs gkoktko BjhA. fes/ efj fdZsk
s/ok e'Jh Bkw BjhA j?. oZp fBozeko j?, ni'Bh. eJh tkoh T[;ƒ ;'jD/
;o{g tkbk ;'jD/ bzw/ e/;K tkbk, d;sko tkbk th fpnkB eo fdZsk.
fJjBK ;kohnK (ns/ j'o th) y{phnK ofjwsK poesK ƒ i/ fJe EK
fJeZmk eoe/, y[Ph d/ nkbw ftu j?okB j' e/ ;fsr[o{ dk ;[eokBk
eoBk j't/ sK r[opkDh ftu Ppd tofsnk j? ‘‘tkj[**.
fJ;/ d/ pdbt/ o{g jB pfbjko ikDk, e[opkB ikDk, ;de/
ikDk, x'bh iktK. sB wB nog fdnK, fizd tko fdnK, f;o tko
227
fdnK. gZyK MZbK, gh;D gh;K, i'V/ MkVK, uoB X{Vh btK, fwZm/ puB
p'bK, okj ftu nZyK ftSk d/tK, iBwK iBwK sZe s[jkvh ;/tk eodk
ojK. wB[Zysk d/ Gb/ bJh i/ nkgDk nkgk e[opkB th eoBk gt/, sK
e[opkB eo fdnK. ekw eq'X, b'G w'j, jzeko s'A pue/ ojK. wkD
tfvnkJh dh bkb;k Bk oZyK. fwZNh s/ ;'Bk fJe pokpo ;wMK.
ekfJosk fsnkre/ pjkdoh tkbk okj nyfsnko eoK. fe;/ ƒ
xNhnk tXhnk Bk wzBK. fizw/ brh jo fJe ;/tk ƒ fJwkBdkoh Bkb
fBGktK. d[Zy ;[Zy ftu ;dk uVdhebk Bkb ojK. id'A nfij/ ftekoK
' gsk br/ fe fJj ‘‘r[o*{ * j?. P[eokB/ ftu
s'A pukT[D tkbk gqo/ Bk ;qs
pbo/I j' e/ nkyK ‘‘tkj**. ;fsr[o{ s[;hA wjkB j' pfbjko iktK. id'A
;ko/ r[DK d/ dks/, ;fsr[o[ pko/ ;'Mh gt/ sK ft;wkd ftu nk e/, g[eko
T[mK, tkj ;fsr[o{ ih tkj**. fe;/ nrzwh ;o{o ftu, ofjwsK poesK
t/y e/, r[bkwh d/ ;zrb N[ZND s/, nkg w[jko/ w{zj' fBeb/ ‘‘tkj, r[o{
ih tkj, tkj r[o{**.
fJj e'Jh igD tkbk wzso BjhA j?. s's/ tKr oND tkfbnK
ƒ iK noVkN gkT[D tkfbnK ƒ nZi sZe eh gqkgs j'fJnk j?< ‘‘Bkw
f;woB** dhnK pVeK wkoB tkfbnK dh fIzdrh ftu fe;/ BthA eqKsh
B/ nzrVkJh bJh< r[opkDh ftu do;kJ/ r[D T[jBK ftu ;wk rJ/< i/
T[j th nkw fJB;kBK tor/ fJB;kB jh jB. sK ukjhdk j? fe fizBk
tes ‘‘f;woB** eoB d/ w;hBh fij/ ezw ftu r[nk fdZsk iKdk j?.
xZN' xZN T[sBk ;wK r[opkDh ƒ noEK ;w/s gVe/ ftukod/. r[opkDh
ftub/ ‘‘j[ewBkfwnK (PpdK) ƒ ;wMd/. T[dw
Z h ns/ frnkBtkB pDe/,
gzE dh ftrVh sedho ;ztkoB ftu, pDdk ;odk fjZ;k gkT[Ad/** r[o{
;kfjp ih B/ y[d ;[nk;, ;[nk; eosko ƒ :kd oZfynk j?. T[wo Go
goT[geko ehs/ jB. tes nikJh edh BjhA r[nkfJnk.
fit/A fe fgSb/ nDfrDs gqwkDK okjhA ‘‘Bkw f;woD** pko/
ft;Eko Bkb uouk ehsh ik u[e
Z h j?. r[opkDh ftu ‘‘Bkw f;woD**
;pd, gq;zr w[skpe nB/e noEK ftu tofsnk frnk j?. d' uko
228
nZyoK tkb/ Bkw ƒ f;woD eoB dk P"Ae g{ok eoB tkfbnK B/, ‘‘Bkw
ns/ f;woD** u[e
Z fbnk r[opkDh ftu'A. n;b ftu oZp dk Bkw eh j?<
fJj r[opkDh ftu'A BjhA bZfGnk. ik g[Zi/ GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK
ftu. ftP/ dh gqtkj Bk eofdnK, ‘‘Bkw pko/ j'o e'Jh soQK d/ gowkDK
ƒ BIo nzdkI eoe/ ‘‘tkfjr[o{** wzso u[Ze fbnk. u[Zee/ BjhA
;kfonk u"eVk wkfonk nZyK pzd ehshnK. ;kj j/mK T[s/ fyZu/, ;w/A dk
‘‘d;tzX** YkJh xzN/ ‘‘f;woD** P[o{ j' frnk. y[d eoe/ s;Zbh BjhA
j'Jh, ;zrh ;kEh fJeZm/ ehs/. j' frnk ;[o{ ‘‘iroksk**. pkpk BkBe
ih B/ pVh tkj bkJh, b'eK ƒ neb f;ykT[D dh. pkpk ih d/ f;Zy th
nytkT[Dk s/, pkpk ih d/ j[ewK dh gqtkj th Bk eoBh, tkj ‘‘PoXktkB**
r[of;Zy', tkj .
nkT[ j[D GkJh r[odk; ih tZbA' ‘‘tkfjr[o{ r[o wzsq j?, ig
jT[w? y'Jh** s/ ftuko eo bJhJ/.**
pqkjwD tkdh ;'u d/ XkoBh b'eK B/ pkDh ou?sk GrsK Bkb
nsh xNhnk ;b{e ehsk. T[jBK pko/ nfijhnK fxBkT[DhnK eEktK
i'VhnK gqukohnK rJhnK, gVe/ gkDh gkDh j' ikJhdk j?. nZi sZe T[j
PowBke eEktK r[od[nkok ;N/iK s/ pVh fBobZisk Bkb ;[DkJhnK ik
ojhnK jB. r[o{ ;kfjp Bkb p/nzs eokwksh ejkDhnK BZEh ehshnK
j'JhnK, jo o'I ;[DhAdhnK jB. r[o{ ;kfjp ƒ ew neb f;ZX eoB
tkbhnK ejkDhnK dk e'Jh xkNk BjhA. nkgD/ ;oho dh ;[ZX p[ZX Bk
oZyDh, fJ;BkB Bk eoBk, eZgV/ Bk E'D/, G[Zy/ fgnk;/ ofjDk, nkfd
torhnK pj[s eEktK gqufbs eo fdZshnK rJhnK jB. ;fsr[o{ ih
ƒ f;oh uzd d/ g?oh g[nk d/Dk. r'fJzdtkb ftu fJe gkyzvh ;kX w'jB
nZr/, r[o{ noiB ;kfjp ƒ fwzBsK sob eod/ ftyk d/Dk f;ZyK ftub/
b/yeK dk P[rb fojk j?. r[opkDh s/ jh fezs{ gqzs{ eoBk, iK noEK ƒ
nkgDh woIh w[skpe Ykb b?Dk, nkw toskok j?. f;Zy w[yhnK B/ r[o{
;kfjp ƒ r[od[nko/ ƒ, wkfJnk fJeZmh eoB dk ;kXB wkso pDk
fbnk j?. uzrk r[ows ;kfjs uzr/ f;Zy Xow gqukoe , s/ uzr/ f;Zy
229
;e{b Bk y'bQ e/ f;Zy e"w d/ toswkB s/ GftZy ƒ nzX wjK;kro ftu
v'p fdZsk j?. f;Zy gzE ‘‘wjkB** d/ pV/ dwri/ wko/ iKd/ jB. id'A fe
fJ; tes f;Zy e"w r[bkwh , nfrnkBsk ns/ bkukorh dh jkbs ftu
fdB eNh eoB bJh wIp{o j?. goukfonk ik fojk j? fe ‘‘Bkw
f;woD** okjhA ‘‘nzB XzB, oki, wkD, ;/js:kph, o'Irko, d[PwDK dk
ykswk** ;G e[ZM j' ikt/rk. ‘‘B"A fBZXK pkoK f;ZXK** tZN s/ gJhnK
;wM' .
id'A pkDh d/ ouBkeko, wjkB goT[gekoh r[o{nK GrsK
fto[ZX fJzBk e{V e[co fbfynk ik ;edk j?, fco fJe f;Zy, GkJh
r[odk; ih fet/A ‘‘;[e
Z */ * pu ;ed/ jB. T[jBK dh T[sw ouBk pqkjwDh
;'u tkfbnK s/ fet/A fBob/g ofj ;edh j?< gq'H ;kfjp f;zx vhHfbNH
B/ fJe g{oh feskp ‘‘f;Zy f;de Bk jko/** fby e/ GkJh r[odk; ih
Bkb i'V/ rJ/ ebze ƒ X'D dk tXhnk isB ehsk ;h. gfjbK j' r[Io/
b/yeK B/, GkJh r[odk; ih ƒ r[o{ s'A p/w[y ns/ jzekoh th fby Xfonk
;h. T[jBK dh ouBk ftu ‘‘fwbktN** dk PZe th g?dk ehsk frnk.
tkoK s/ efpZsK ftu fdZs/ rJ/ T[gd/PK d/ rbs noE th ehs/ rJ/.
T[jBK dh ;w[u
Z h ouBk Bk ftukoe/, ftueko'A, nZXh nX{oh gzesh u[e
Z e/,
‘‘r[o{ nk;/** s'A fto[ZX noE eoe/, nkw f;Zy ƒ e[okj/ gkfJnk frnk.
fJ;/ gfog/y ftu n;hA ‘‘tkfjr[o{ r[owzso j?** pko/ pj[ gZyh ftuko
eoKr/ .
r[o{ ;kfjpkB B/ (r[o{ rzqE ;kfjp ftu) oZp d/ fe;/ fJe Bkw
ƒ tX/o/ wjZssk BjhA fdZsh. d{i/ fe;/ Bkw ƒ S'Nk BjhA fejk. b'V
w[skpe ;ko/ soQK d/ gqubs BktK dh tos'A ehsh j?. fizB/ Bkw J/;hnk
wjKdhg ftu oZp dh ;y;hns gqrN eoB tk;s/ tos/ ik oj/ ;B.
T[jBK ;G ƒ y[Zb/ wB Bkb tofsnk j?. ‘‘oZp nkeko ofjs j?. i'
ni{Bh j?, fBozeko j?, neZE j?, frnkB fJzdfonK s'A go/ j?. i's o{g
ftu i' eD^eD ftu ;wkfJnk j'fJnk j?. Bkb jh fJ; d/ g;ko/ s'A
fBob/g j?.** nkgD/ fdwkr dh tos'A (i/ e[ZM e[ j?) eoe/ ;'u'. T[go
230
toDs ‘‘oZp** dk ‘‘Bkw** eoD ehsk ik ;edk j?< r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/
fBwosk ;fjs ;?AeV/ tkoh ;thekfonk j? fe w?ƒ fizBh ;wM nkJh w?A
gow/;o pko/ T[sBk e[ fpnkB eo ;fenk jK. fJj sK ‘‘r{zr/ eh
wfmnkJh** j?. nekb g[oy pkdPkjK dk pkdPkj j?. w?A Bk;wM T[;ƒ
‘‘whnK ih whnK ih** nkyh ik fojk jK. w?ƒ sK T[;dh tfvnkJh
eoBh th BjhA nkT[Adh.
s{ ;[bskB[ ejk jT[ whnk, s/oh etB tvkJh]
i' s{ d/fj ;[ ejk ;[nkwh, w? w{oy ejD[ B ikJh]
s/o/ r[D rktk d/fj p[MkJh] i?;/ ;u wfj ojT[ oikJh] ]ojkT[]
i' feS[ j'nk ;G[ feS[ s[M s/, s/oh ;G n;BkJh]
s/ok nzs[ B ikDk w/o/ ;kfjp, w? nzXb
[ / fenk us[okJh] (795)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko wB p[ZXh dh gj[zu s'A go/ j?. ;[bskBK f;o
;[bskB j?. w?A nkgDh nfrnkBsk ekoD BjhA ikDdk fe T[; ƒ fet/
A ;zp'XB eoK< fet/A tfvnkJh eoK< w?A sK ;[bskB ƒ ‘‘whnK ih,
u"Xoh ih, Bzpodko ih,** nkye/ p[bk fojk jK. whnK ih nkyD Bkb
yzvK pqjwzvK d/ wkbe, oZp ih dh ekjdh tfvnkJh j?< i/ gow/;o y[d
jh w?ƒ wZs d/t/, sK e[ZM efj ;edk jK. toBK w?A w{oy eh nky ;edk
jK< j/ fBozeko ih ` w?ƒ nfijh ;{M p{M fdT[, fe s[jkv/ r[D rk ;eK.
s{z ;Zuk j? w?A s/o/ Bkb fJe fwe ojK. ;Zu d/ okj s/ ;dk uZbdk ojK.
i' fd;dk nDfd;dk g;kok j?, fJj ;kok s/ok ehsk j'fJnk jh j?. w/
o/ gqG{ ih w?A s/ok nzs BjhA gk ;edk. w?A nzBk, nfrnkBh eh fpnkB
eo ;edk jK< w?A fizBk e[ d; fojk jK, wkB' fJj w{oy dhnK
us[okJhnK jh jB. j'o gV'^
;' jfo g[oy[ nrzw[ j?, ej[ fes[ fpfX gkJhn?]
fs;[ o{g [ B o/y nkfdq;N[ ej[ iB feT[ fXnkfJn?]
fBozeko[ fBoziB[ jfo nrw[, fenk efj r[D rkJhn?]
fi;[ nkfg p[MkJ/ nkfg, ;[ jfo wkofr gkJhn?]
r[fo g{o? t/ykfbnk, r[o ;/tk gkJhn?] (644)
231
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o ngj[zu j?, T[; ƒ fet/A fwfbnk ik ;edk
j?< fi; dk e'Jh ;ohoe nkeko BjhA, o{g fuzBQ BjhA, i' fd;dk BjhA,
T[;ƒ fet/A fXnkfJnk ik ;edk j?< T[j fBonkeko j?, ;z;koh wkfJnk
s'A go/ j?, frnkB dh geV s'A T[go j?, T[;d/ r[D fet/A rkJ/ ik ;ed/
jB< fi; s/ fBozeko feogk eo d/t/, T[; ƒ gow/;o dh j;sh pko/
frnkB j' iKdk j?. T[j fco joh d/ wkor (b'e GbkJh d/ ezw eoe/)
N[o g?Adk j?. fJ; soQK dh ;wM ;{M n?t/A BjhA nkT[Adh. g{ok r[o{
frnkB dk ukBD d/ e/ ;G e[M t/yD goyD i'r/ pDk fdzdk j?. r[o{
do;kJ/ Yzr okjhA wB[Zysk dh ;/tk eohJ/, fJjh j? oZp dk gkT[Dk ns/
fXnkT[Dk.
nrb/ Ppd ftu ;fsr[o{ ih fJe ;koEe okj dZ;d/ jB,
fi;d/ eoB Bkb ;wki dk ‘‘w{zj wZEk** ;zto ;edk j?.
B?Bh d/yT[ r[o do;B', r[o uoDh wEk]
g?oh wkofr r[o ubdk gZyk c/oh jEk]
nekb w{ofs fod? fXnkfJdk, fdB[ o?fB igzEk]
w?A Sfvnk ;rb ngkfJD', Gotk;? r[o ;woEk]
r[fo pyf;nk Bkw[ fBXkB[, ;G' d[y[ bEk]
G'rj[ Gz[zuj[ GkJhj', gb? Bkw[ nrEk]
Bkw[ dkB[ fJ;BkB[ fdV[, ;dk eoj[ r[o eEk]
;ji[ GfJnk gqG[ gkfJnk, iw ek GT[ bEk] (1101)
j/ GkJh iB' ` nZyK Bkb gowkswk d/ doPB eoK. r[o{ d/
uoBK s/ f;o oZyfdnK. r[o{ do;kJ/ okj s/ ;dk uZbdk ojK. wB[Zy
wkso dh ;dk ;/tk eodk ojK. nekb g[oy ƒ ;dk wB ftu :kd
oZyK. fdB oks fJ;/ dk ikg (:kd) eodk ojK. w?A ;ko/ nk;o/ goB/
SZV fdZs/. fJe' gow/;o s/ ftPtk; fNek fbnk j?. r[o{ B/ ‘‘Bkw**
(;jh ihtB ;/X) dk yIkBk pyP fdZsk j? fi; ekoB ;ko/ soQK d/ d[ZyK
s'A w?A w[es j' frnk jK. j/ GkJh iB' ` s[;hA th fJ; soQK dk ‘‘Bkw**
Io{o fjod/ ftu p;kT[. fJj ihtB dh ;zGkb eoB tkbk j?. T[go
232
tofDs ‘‘Bkw dkB fJ;BkB** tkb/ okj s/ ubfdnK wB ftu gfenkJh
nk ikt/rh. s[;hA joh Bkw dh jh ;dk ‘‘eEk thuko** (gow/;o pko/
frnkB) eod/ oj'. fJ; soQK eofdnK s[;hA fIzdrh ƒ fNekT[ tkbh
pDk ;e'r/. w"s o{gh ig dk vo th BjhA oj/rk. fJj frnkB j'
ikt/, ;wM' oZp gk fbnk.
‘‘tkfjr[o{** Ppd uko nZyoK Bkb pfDnk j'fJnk j?. (id'A
fe r[opkDh d; ojh j? fe T[j sK ‘‘fJe nZyo** tkbk j?. frnkB s'A
;ZyD/ ;oXkb{nK dh rZb wzBh ikt/ iK r[opkDh dh<
p/d es/p f;fwqfs ;fG ;k;s, fJB[ gfVnk w[efs B j'Jh]
‘‘J/e[ nyo[** i' r[ow[fy ikg?, fs; eh fBowb ;'Jh] (74)
j/ GkJh ` fjzd{ Xow d/ rozp t/d, f;woshnK ns/ g[okD gVB
dk e'Jh bkG BjhA. uko/ es/pK (s"o/s, izp[o, nzihb, e[okB) gVB
wkso Bkb e[ZM BjhA fwbDk. ;wM/ s'A fpBK wB[Zy pzXB w[es BjhA j'
;e/rk. r[o{ d/ T[gd/P okjhA i/ feDek wkso frnkB jk;b j' ikt/, sK
ihtB ftekoK s'A ofjs j' ikt/. fizdrh dk we;d ;wM nk ikt/.
r[o ;/tk s/ nkg[ gSksk] nzfwqs[ Bkw[ tf;nk ;[ydksk]
nBfdB[ pkDh Bkw/ oksk] (414)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ dh ;zrs eoe/ (f;Zfynk b? e/) nkgD/ nkg pko/
;wM g? rJh. fJ; ihtB ƒ fet/A tosDk j?, r[o{ B/ ;wMk fdZsk.
nzfwqs wJh T[gd/; wB ftu p; frnk, fi; ekoB ihtB ;[yh j'
frnk. fJ; pkDh d/ okjhA (pkDh jh Bkw j?, pkDh jh ihtB ;/X d/D
tkbh j?) ;dk Bkw ftu ozfrnk fojk.
eow[ j't? ;fsr[o[ fwb?, p{M? thukok]
Bkw[ tykD?, ;[D? Bkw[, Bkw/, fpT[jkok] (418)
j/ GkJh ` i/ ;fsr[o{ s'A T[gd/P b? bJhJ/ sK uzr/ wzd/ dh ;wM
g? iKdh j?. thuko e/ ;{M p{M (f;nkDg) Bkb ;ko/ ekoi eohd/ jB.
r[o{ dh fdZsh ws w[skpe, wB[y
Z Gbk jh p'bdk j?. ;dk efbnkDekoh
T[gd/P jh ;[Ddk j?. nkgD/ ;ko/ ftjko r[o{ do;kJ/ sohe/ Bkb eodk j ? .
233
jfo ifg gVhn?, r[o ;pd[ thukfo]
jfo ifg gVhn?, jT[w? wkfo]
jfo ifg gVhn?, GfJ ;fu fgnkfo]
BkBe Bkw[ r[owfs T[oXkfo] (224)
j/ GkJh ` joh dk ikg eh j?< r[o{ d/ j[ew (Ppd) ƒ
;wMDk$;wMe/ wB ftu'A jT[w? nkfd ftekoK (n"rD
[ k) B{z ekp{ ftu
eoBk. r[o{ d/ Ppd (Bkw) dk gVBk eh j?< B/eh ns/ ;ZukJh tkb/ okj
s/ nv'b ofj e/ nZr/ tfXnk ikt/. ;ZukJh Bkb fgnko pD nkt/. GkJh
Bkw eh j?< ;wM bT[. r[o{ dh wZs (r[opkDh) jh ‘‘Bkw** j?. fJ;
r[opkDh ftub/ T[gd/PK ƒ fdqVsk Bkb ngDkU. sK jh wzfBnk ikt/rk
fe s[;hA ‘‘Bkw ig** oj/ j'. d' uko noEK tkbk ‘‘Bkw** gqufbs eoB
fgS// rfjoh ;kfi;a ezw eo ojh j?. fIzdrh d/ bzw/ ;co ftu b/ye jo
soK d/ b'eK ƒ fwbdk fojk j?. jo feZs/ tkb/, d/P ftd/P ftu p;/, tZy'
tZyo/ y/soK ftu ezw eoB tkb/. fJ; w/b fwbkg ftu'A ns/ bzw/ ;w/
A d/ nfXn?B ftu'A fiE/ j'o pj[s ;ko/ uzr/ wzd/ sIop/ j'J/ jB. T[E/
fJe eo{o sIopk fJj th j? fe Gkosh okiBhsh j't/ ukj/ Gkosh Xow
j'D. tgko j't/ iK B"eoh. xo/b{ fIzdrh j't/ iK ;wkfie ihtB. fJe
rZb jo EK ;KMh j?, ‘‘Sb egN co/p X'yk M{m s/ ;kfiPK**.
d{finK ƒ w{oy pDk e/, nkgDk fBZih ckfJdk eoBk. d{finK ƒ
T[b{ pDk e/ nkgDh g{ik eotkT[Dh. i/ b'eK ƒ frnkB j' frnk fco
b[N/o/ s/ mZr oki;h B/sk fJe' fNe/ BjhA ofj ;eDr/. oki gbN
ikt/rk. i/ b'eK ƒ neb nk rJh, sK ewhD/ s/ pdeko b'e, Xow
s/ ekpi BjhA ofj ;eDr/. Xow y/so ftu eqKsh tkgo ikt/rh.
i/ b'e ;[us/ j' rJ/ w[bkIw foPts y'o BjhA ofj ;e/rk. r[o{ BkBe
;kfjp B/ fJj eqKsh eo ftykJh ;h. Gkt/A E'V/ ;w/A bJh jh ;jh,
go ‘‘w[Zmh Go** f;ZyK ƒ pj[s tZvh frDsh ftub/, fjzd{ s/
w[;bwkBK B/ nkgD/ w[yh ;theko eo fbnk. gzikp ftu oki;h,
;wkfie s/ Xkofwe spdhbh gosZy BIo nkT[D bZrh. fJj ;G
234
r[o{ BkBe d/ eqKshekoh T[gd/P ;dek j'fJnk ;h, fe;/ ‘‘wzso
ikg** Bkb BjhA.
fit/A fit/A v/o/ Ne;kbK (fJe s'A d', uko S/) mkmK fNekD/ ns/
(ftuko s'A fpBK ‘‘nyzv ehosB**) ehosBh iE/pd
z hnK y[p
z K tKr
tXhnK jB. fst/A fst/A f;Zy gzE ƒ ‘‘Bkw f;woD** tkb/ nzB/ y{j tZb
XZe fdZsk frnk. ‘‘o?D ;pkJh s/ nzfwqs o; ehosB dopko** eotke/
, ;oXktkBK dhnK i/pK ftu'A p/ns
z g?;k th b[FZ fNnk frnk s/ nfrnkBsk
ftu th v'p fdZsk frnk. nZi 95# f;Zy nytkT[D tkb/ jo soQK d/
gkyzv eow eoh ik oj/ jB. d' uko ƒ SZve/, ehosBh iE/ y[d
r[opkDh s'A nDikD jB. v/fonK tkb/ nDfrDs pqkjwDh eoweKvK
ftu f;ZyK ƒ v'p oj/ jB. fizB/ fInkdk ‘‘;zs s/ pqjwfrnkBh** T[B/
tZX f;Zy b[ZN/ ik oj/ jB. fJ; ‘‘Bkw f;woB** B/ ;ztkfonk e[ZM BjhA,
ftrkfVnk pj[s e[ZM j?.
fJj wB[ d/jh ;'fX s{z r[o ;pfd thukfo]
BkBe fJ;[ d/jh ftfo Bkw[ fBXkB[ j?, gkJhn? r[o e? j/fs ngkfo] (427)
j/ GkJh ` fJ; wB ƒ p[o/ ezwK tb'A w'V e/ P[ZX eob?. id'A wB
P[ZX j' frnk fco ;oho p[okJhnK tb XkJh BjhA eo/rk. fJjBK ƒ
;'XD (;jh okj N[oB) dh f;Zfynk r[o{ d/ Ppd okjhA fwb/rh. Bkw dk
yIkBk sK nZr/ jh d/jh (wB) ftu w"id
{ j?. T[; ƒ tos'A ftu fbnkT[D
dh ftXh, r[o{ s'A f;ZyDh j[zdh j?. ngko poesK r[o{ dh f;Zfynk ftu
jh jB.
wfs ftfu osB itkjo wkfDe i/ fJe r[o eh f;y ;[Dh] (ig[)
i' r[opkDh ƒ ftuko e/ gVB Bkb f;Zfynk fwbdh j?, T[j
‘‘tkfjr[o{ wzso** oND Bkb BjhA fwb/rh. nZr/ e[M r[opkDh gqwkD,
ftuko bJhJ/, gJh ihtB ftu'A p[okJhnK, eZYe/, r[DK Bkb Gog{o
eoe/, ;jh wkfJfBnK ftu ‘‘ykb;/** pDBk j?. fe;/ d' nZyo/ wzso ƒ
pkopko oND Bkb r[ows ;wM BjhA nkT[Dh. ihtB B/ r[DK Gog{o
BjhA pDBk.
235
fJj ;oho[ e{V[ e[;s[ Gfonk rb skJh gkg ewkJ/] (245)
j/ GkJh ` fJj ;oho ftekoK ftu rb se Xf;nk j'fJnk j?.
e{V e[co ;dk p'bdk j?. u'ohnK mZrhnK eodk j?. fJjBK p[okJhnK
ƒ fsnkrDk j? .
ekw e'qX wd b'G w'j d[;N pk;Bk fBtkfo]
okfy b/ gqG nkgD/, BkBe ;d pfbjko] (523)
j/ GkJh ` s{z p/ns
z ftekoK ftu v[p
Z dk ik fojk j?. fJj fteko
d[PN s?ƒ spkj eo d/Dr/. fit/A ekw tk;Bk, e'qX, jo soQK dk BPk
b'G, s/ jZdA' tZX w'j ftu tfje/ s/o/ ;ko/ r[D ysw j' ikDr/. ;kohnK
tk;BktK fsnkr d/j. gqG{ nZr/ p/Bsh eo d[PNsk tkb/ p[o/ okj s'A
puk bt'. ;de/ ikJhJ/ gow/;o s'A, fi; dh feogk ;dek r[o{ dh B/
e f;Zfynk gqkgs j' rJh.
B?B d/fy gszr[ T[oM?, g;{ B d/y? nkfr]
ekb ck; B w[rX[ u/s?, efBe ekfwBh bkfr] (482)
j/ GkJh ` nZr GwZeV ƒ pj[s ;'uDh brdh j?. T[; w{oy
ikBto ƒ fJj ;wM BjhA fe fi; ƒ nsh ;[zdo ;wM fojk j?, fJj
s?ƒ ;kV e/ ;[nkj eo d/t/rh. fJ;/ soQK gP{ fposh tkbk w{oy
fJB;kB gokJ/ o{g s/ w'fjs j' iKdk j? s/ fIzdrh popkd eo pfjzdk
j?. gokJ/ XB dk bkbu eodk j? sK wkfonk iKdk j?.
;zg? eT[ Jh;o fXnkfJ n?. ;zg? g{op fby/ eh gkJhn?]
;zg? ekofD ukeo u'o] ;zg? ;kfu B ukb? j'o] (937)
j/ GkJh ` b'eh oZp ƒ th id'A :kd eod/ jB sK gdkoEK dh
wzr eod/ jB. fJ; soQK XB fet/A fwb/rk< T[dw ns/ f;nkDg Bkb
XB gqkgs j[zdk j?. w{oy b'e wkfJnk ekoD u'ohnK eod/ jB. d{finK
dh r[bkwh tkbh B"eoh eod/ jB. go G[b
Z iKd/ jB fe wkfJnk B/ n'y/
tes ;kE BjhA d/Dk. ;Ik sK wB[Zy ƒ fwb/rh wkfJnk ƒ BjhA fwb/rh.
j'o gV' L

236
wkD;[ Gfonk nkfDnk, wkD;[ Gfonk nkfJ]
fis[ ghs? wfs d{fo j'fJ, pob[ gt? ftfu nkfJ]
nkgDk gokfJnk B gSkDJh, y;wj[ Xe/ ykfJ]
fis[ yhs? y;w[ ft;o?, dorj fwb? ;ikfJ]
M{mk wd[ w{fb B ghuJh, i/ek gkfo t;kfJ] (554)
j/ GkJh ` wB[Zy gfjbK jh pj[s ftekoK Bkb Gfonk j'fJnk
j?. T[s'A Pokp nkfd BfPnK dh tos'A eoe/, nkgDh neb dk dtkbk
eZY b?Adk j?. nkgD/ gokJ/ dh rbs ns/ mhe dh swhI jh ysw j'
iKdh j?. fJ;/ soQK y;w tb'A s/ ;wki ftu'A XZe/ jh g?Ad/ jB. ;Zuh
dorkj ftu (GftZy ftu) ;ys ;Ik G[rsDh g?Adh j?. fJ; bJh G?Vh
Pokp (nkfd BP/) edh Bk ghsh ikt/. g[{oh tkj bk e/ fJ; p[o/ BP/
s'A nkgD/, nkg ƒ puk e/ oZfynk ikt/. toBk fIzdrh popkd j' ikt/
rh.
T[go e[M e[ T[j gqwkD fdZs/ rJ/ jB, i' wB[Zy ƒ ftekoK tb'A
;ysh Bkb toid/ jB. i/ fJB;kB ;w/A f;o uzrh f;Zfynk b?e/ e[okj/
g?D s'A pZu ikt/, sK jh ;wki dk Gbk eo ;edk j?. fJj frnkB
r[opkDh ƒ gVe/ ns/ ;wM e/ jh gqkgs j' ;edk j?. fe;/ S'N/ tZv/
wzso dk pko pko ‘‘ikg f;woB** eoe/ fJjBK T[gd/PK dh ;wM feE'A
nkt/rh< ‘‘tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o*{ * dhnK r[I
z koK gkT[D tkb/, frnkB gZyA'
ykbh ofj iKd/ jB. nZi iwkBk s/Ih Bkb nZr/ tZX fojk j?. S'Nh S'Nh
T[wo s'A jh pZu/ wPhBK Bkb ‘‘d' jZE** eoB/ P[o{ eod/ jB. gzi ;Zs
;kb fwjBs eoe/, fco ;koh T[wo g?;k ewkT[Ad/ jB. ‘‘tkfjr[o{
tkfjr[o*{ * igD tkb/ sK pj[sh tkoh c'B eoB ;[DB s'A th xpokT[D
bZr g?Ad/ jB. ;e{No eko th pj[fsnK ƒ ubkT[Dh BjhA nkT[Adh.
ezfgT{No sK T[jBK tk;s/ fJe fyvkT[D/ s'A tZX e[ZM BjhA j?. id'A fe
nZi ezfgT{No fIzdrh d/ jo y/so ftu gqw[Zy ;EkB jk;b eo u[Zfenk
j?. XzB jB T[j b'e fizBKQ B/ ‘‘gow/;o dh fbtbhBsk ftu'A** frnkB
gqkgs eoe/, d[BhnK ƒ fJsBhnK ;[y
Z ;j{bsK d/ fdZshnK, fizBKQ dk nzs
237
gkoktko e'Jh BjhA j?.
‘‘f;woD** d/ r'oyXzd/ ftu c;/ b'e sK wors ;w/A i[V/ fJeZm
ftu th r[opkDh d/ T[gd/P ;wMkT[D dh Ekt/A ‘‘tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o*{ * dk
ikg jh eokT[D br g?Ad/ jB. ny/ ‘‘f;woD** eoB Bkb s[jkvk wB
fNekT[ ftu nkt/rk. wo rJ/ gqkDh ƒ ;jkfJsk fwb/rh. ‘‘Bkw** dh
pd'bs ‘‘t?soDh Bdh** ;"fynK bzx ikt/rk. fJj Bkw ;tor dk
fNeN fdtk d/t/rk. ;ko/ gkgK dk ykswk j' ikt/rk. iBw woB d/
r/V s'A w[es j' ikt/rk. nkU ;ko/ tkfjr[o{ dk ikg eohJ/.
nDgV GkJh, nDgV ;kX, s/ nDgV g[ikoh id'A y[d r[opkDh
pko/ e[M BjhA ikDd/, ;zrs ƒ eh ;[Dk ;ed/ jB. ‘‘r[opkDh sK nrkX
p'X j?. fJ;d/ noE e'D eo ;edk j?< nkT[[ ngK r[o wzso dk ikg
eohJ/. nyzv gkm dk pVk wjksw j?. go i/ fJekro fus j' e/ ig[ih
gV bJhJ/ sK fJ; ftu'A ;ko/ r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp d/ gkm dk cb fwb iKdk
j?. ig[ih dk fBu'V w{b wzso ftu fgnk j?. s/ w{b wzso ;[rV
z e/ ‘‘r[o{
wzso** pD frnk. ‘‘r[o wzso j? tkfjr[o{**. fJ; dk ikg eoB Bkb,
;ko/ soK d/ cb gqkgs j' ikDr/. “nfijk gquko f;ZyK dhnK ;N/iK s/
;o/nkw j' fojk j?, i' fe pVk xkse j?. nfij/ wko{ gquko dh pd"bs,
f;Zy ;wki r[opkDh d/ bk;kBh frnkB s'A ykbh ofj frnk j?. fi;
Xow rqzE ƒ fBs Bw;ekoK eodk j?, T[; ftub/ p/nzs ehwsh frnkB
s'A ykbh j?. fJ;/ bJh BP/ eodk j?. wVhnK epoK g{idk j?. ;o'toK
shoEK d/ fJ;BkB ƒ w[esh dksk wzB p?mk j?. feZeoK p/ohnK izvhnK
dh g{ik eo fojk j?. T[AR r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp ih ƒ ipkBh ebkwh ‘‘r[o{**
Gh nkyh ik fojk j?. nkU j[D GkJh r[odk; ih s'A g[ZShJ/ fe
‘‘tkfjr[o{ r[o wzso j?** fe j'o th e'Jh wzso jB<
r[o f;yj[ r[o f;y[ j?, gho ghoj[ e'Jh]
;pfd ;[ofs u/bk r[o{, gow/;o[ ;'Jh]
do;fB fdq;fN fXnkB[ Xfo, r[o w{ofs j'Jh]
;pd ;[ofs efo ehosB[, ;fs ;zfr ftb'Jh]
238
tkfjr[o{ r[o wzsq j?, ifg jT[w? y'Jh]
nkg[ rtkJ/ nkfg j?, r[D r[Dh go'Jh] (Gkr[ L tko 13^2)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ s'A f;Zfynk b?D tkbk jh f;Zy pD ;edk j/. j'o
gho ceho nkg' nkgD/ u/b/ pDkT[Ad/ jB. r[o{ d/ Ppd dh ;wM j't/
;dk r[o{ dk Ppd (frnkB) f;Zy dh nrtkJh eo/. fJ; soQK r[o{ dk
u/bk (f;Zy) pDhdk j?. r[o{ fJe gow/;o dh ;'Mh pyPdk j?. f;Zy B/
wB dhnK nZyK okjhA (Ppd frnkB) r[o{ ƒ t/yDk ;wMDk j?. fJj r[o{
dk frnkB (Ppd) jh r[o{ dh w{os j?. Ppd dk jh ehosB tfynkB
j't/. ;zrs ftu ftdtkB r[of;Zy r[opkDh d/ noE eoe/ ;wMkT[D.
;zrs ftu'A ftuko eoe/ r[o{ dk frnkB o{gh wZyD (sZs t;s{) gqkgs
j[zdk j?. fi; r[o{ B/ ;ko/ GowK s'A pzXBK s'A w[esh dk okj dZf;nk j?,
T[; ƒ ‘‘tkj tkj** nkyhdk j?. ‘‘r[o{ ih tkj**, tkfj r[o{ ih nkyhdk
j?. fJ; soQK jT[w? tkbh fposh ysw j' iKdh j?. r[o{ tZb'A r[opkDh
okjhA pyfPP ehs/ r[D f;Zy d/ fjod/ ftu gqt/P eo iKd/ jB.
id'A fJefjoh gzesh u[e
Z e/ noE ehs/ ikDr/, sd'A rbs j'Dr/.
GkJh ;kfjp tZbA' T[ukoh g{oh gT[Vh dh GktBk wzso ikg d/ B/V/
s/V/ Gh BjhA j?. fJ;/ soQK d/ nX{o/ noE r[opkDh dhnK gzeshnK d/
Gh pj[s EkJh ehs/ fwb iKd/ jB. i' nDT[fus jB. g{o/ Ppd dh e/
Adoh ftuko ;wMDh Io{oh j?.
;fsi[fr ;fsr[o tk;d/t, ttk ft;Bk Bkw[ igkt?]
d[nkgfo ;fsr[o joh feq;B, jkjk jfo jfo Bkw[ igkt?]
s/qs/ ;fsr[o okw ih, okok okw ikg/ ;[y gkt?]
efbi[fr BkBe r[o r'fpzd rrk r'fpzd Bkw[ nbkt?]
uko/ ikr/ oj[ i[rh, gzukfJD ftfu ikfJ ;wkt?]
ukj/ nSo fJe efo, ‘‘tkfjr[o{** ig[ wzsq igkt?]
ijK s/ T[gfink, fcfo sjK ;wkt?] (Gkr[L tko 1^49)
fJ; gT[Vh ftu nkJ/ ftukoK ƒ jo/e Nhekeko B/ nbZr
nbZr sohfenK Bkb fpnkB ehsk j?. nkg;h ;fjwsh fe;/ ftu BjhA
239
pDdh. ;q'wDh ew/Nh iK fdbh e/wNh torhnK w[Zy iE/pzdhnK B/ e[zG
eoDh BhAd ftu'A ikrD dh e'Jh y/ub jh BjhA ehsh. nro fJj ew/
NhnK r[opkDh d/ ikDeko ftdtkBK ƒ nfij/ wsG/d d{o eoB bJh
fB:[es eod/ sK e[M Bk e[M ;koEe Bshi/ fBeb ;ed/ ;B. nc;';
pj[s nc;'; ` fJjBK d/ w[yhnK B/ ;zrs d/ g?;/ ƒ popkd sK ehsk j?.
go ‘‘rohp dk w{j
z r[o{ eh r'be** tkb/ n;{b dh gkbDk BjhA ehsh.
Xow gquko d/ ezwK tk;s/ iK ‘‘r[ows ;kfjs y'i ew/NhnK** pDk e/
fwnkoh ;kfjs fsnko BjhA eotkfJnk frnk. fJ;/ ekoB nkw
ifrnk;{ ƒ ;jh nrtkJh BjhA fwb ojh .
fJ; gT[Vh ftu GkJh r[odk; ih B/ fjzd{ wZs d/ gqubs w[jkto/
ftu rb ;wMkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. fBu'V j? nkyoh gzesh ftu.
fe fJB;kB gow/;o d/ ftXkB w[skpe fit/A g?dk j'fJnk ;h nkgDk
;wK g{ok eoe/, nzs T[E/ jh ;wK frnk.
‘‘ijK s/ T[gfink,l fcfo sjK ;wkt?**]
pkeh e/tb T[dkjoDK jB. nkT[ fJe fJe gzesh ƒ ftukohJ/.
;BksB wZs w[skpe ;fsi[r ftu b'eh ftPƒ d/ ntsko
tk;[d/t dk Bkw igd/ ;B. d[nkg[o ftu ft;aB{z dk jh ntsko feqPB
;h, T[; ƒ joh feqPB nkye/ igD bZr/. sq/s/ i[r ftu ftPƒ dk jh
ntsko okw uzdo ;h. b'eh okw okw ige/ ;[y wfj;{; eoB bZr/.
ebi[r ftu r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp dk gqGkt g? frnk. fJ; ;w/A ftu eJh
;ko/ b'eK B/ r[o{ BkBe ƒ jh r'fpzd dk (r'OXosh& Xosh dk nk;ok
^ r'fpzd) o{g ikDe/ fJjBK ƒ jh r'fpzd r'fpzd nkye/ igDk P[o{ eo
fdZsk. fJ; soQK uko/ i[ZrK d/ nkg' nkgD/ ‘‘w[esh dksk** wzB/ rJ/.
fJjBK u"jK ;y;hnsK ƒ i/ fJe' EK fJeZm/ eo bJhJ/ sK r[o{ BkBe
ƒ jh ‘‘tkj[ tkj[** nkyDk gt/rk. ‘‘r[o{ ih tkj s[;hA fIzdrh fiT[D
bJh T[sw wZs fdZsh. fJ;/ bJh s[jkE'A e[opkDb pfbjko, tkfj r[o{**.
tkj efjDk jh f;ZyK bJh ‘‘wzso** pD frnk. fJj r'ji sZs dh ;wM
nk rJh fe iht fiE'A iBw b?Adk j? fco T[;/ gow j;sh ftu bhB j'
240
iKdk j?.
r[opkDh B/ ;ko/ ntksoK ƒ oZd eo fdZsk j'fJnk j?. ;z;ko
d/ fe;/ th e'B/ ftu i[r
Z K dh e'Jh t[e
Z s BjhA j?. fJj uhiK e/tb fjzd{
g[oksB ;kfjs dh d/D jB. fJjBK dk ftfrnkBe nkXko e'Jh BjhA
j?. fiBK d/ ntkso jh ekbgfBe jB i[Zr th pDktNh jB. fco
T[jBK s'A pDkJ/ rJ/ pDktNh ‘‘tkfjr[o{ wzso** B/ f;Zy e"w dk eh
;ztkoBk j?< GkJh r[odk; r[opkDh s'A nDikD BjhA ;B. ;koh pkDh
d/ nZyo nZyo ƒ T[jBK ;wfMnk j'fJnk ;h. fiBk T[gd/PK ƒ r[opkDh
ftu fdqV eotkfJnk frnk j?, GkJh r[odk; ih T[jBK s'A pkjo edh
BjhA ik ;ed/. gV' r[opkDh c[owkD ^
;fsr[o[ eh fi;B' wfs nkt?, ;' ;fsr[o wkfj ;wkBk]
fJj pkDh i' ihnj[ ikD?, fs;[ nzsfo ot? jfo Bkwk]
uj[ i[rk ek j[fD fBp/Vk, Bo wB[yk B' J/'e[ fBXkBk]
is[ ;ziw sohoE UBk i[rk ek Xow[ j?, efb wfj ehofs jfoBkwk]
i[fr i[fr nkg' nkgDk Xow[ j?, ;'fX d/yj[ p/d g[okBk]
r[ow[fy fiBh fXnkfJnk jfo jfo, ifr wfj, s/ g{o/ gotkBk] (797)
j/ GkJh ` i' wB[Zy ;fsr[o{ s'A efbnkDekoh frnkB (wZs) B{z
fjod/ ftu p;k bt/rk, ;wM' T[j r[o{ Bkb fJe fwe j' frnk. r[o{ i'
eotkT[Dk ukj[d
z k j? T[jh B/e ekoi eoB bZr fgnk. r[o{ dh fJ; uzr/
oh f;Zfynk ƒ i' e'Jh wB eoe/ (fpBK co/p ehfsnK) ngDk bt/rk T[;
Gb/ wB[Zy nzdo oZph frnkB dk ukBD j' frnk. ;wM bU T[; d/ wB
wzdo ftu joh gqrN j' frnk. ;fsr[o{ B/ (ekbgfBe) uko/ i[rK dk
ykswk eo fdsk. nfijk j[D e'Jh Gow iK pzXB pkeh BjhA fojk.
uko/ i[rK d/ tkX{ Gko ƒ wB s/ u[eh Bk fco'. ;kohnK poesK dk
wkbe fJe nekbg[oy j?, T[; ƒ :kd oZy'. ‘‘ish** ofjDk (frq;s s'A
Gr'Vk j'Dk) ed/ gqufbs ;h. j[D iwkBk pdb frnk j?. ;ziw, w'B
XkoBk nZyk eYtk b?DhnK, fbzr eNtk d/Dk, ihG eNtk d/Dh. fJe'
EK gZEo tKr nfjZb j' e/ p?m ikDk j[D fe;/ ezw BjhA. fJj w{oysk
241
Go/ ezw T[jBK i[rK ftu j[d
z / j'Dr/. nZi r[o{ BkBe dh ftukoXkok dk
i[Zr j?. n;hA n?bkB eod/ jK fe g[oksB rqzEK tb'A bkJ/ rJ/ nB/e
pzXB s'V fdU. fJjBK B/ wB[Zysk dk e[M BjhA ;ztkfonk. nZi d/ ;w/
A ftu ;'yk okj fJj j? fe r[o{ dh pkDh nB[;koh ;"yk s/ ;kdk ihtB
pshs eo'. oZp ƒ ;dk :kd oZy'. s[jkv/ (;BksBh) jh rozEK ftu fJj
fbfynk fwbdk j? fe jo/e i[Zr dk nZv' nZv ftjkoe Xow j?. s[jkv/
t/d g[okD nkfd gVe/ t/y bU p/PZe. fi; r[ow[fy (r[o{) B/ fBozeko
ƒ fjod/ ftu fXnkfJnk j? ;wMkfJnk j?, nZi T[j iZr ftu wep{b
j' frnk j? feT[Afe r[o{ dh f;Zfynk ;"yh j?, wzBD:'r j?. ftnoE d/
jm eowK s'A w[es eodh j?. fijV/ fJ; okj s/ uZbDr/ T[j th ;[yh
ihtB pshs eoBr/. i[ZrK pko/ fJe j'o gqwkD gV' ^
ebi[r[ T[Xkfonk r[od/t]
wb w{s w{V fi w[xd j's/, ;G br/ s/oh ;/t] (406)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ ih B/ (r[o{ BkBe) ebi[r dk efbnkD eo
fdZsk. fJ;/ (ny'Ash) ebi[r ftu rzd/, ewhD/, u'o, mZr, nkb;h,
p[Ifdb, s/ w{oy b'eK ƒ ‘‘;[wZs** d/ e/ r[DtkB fJB;kB j'D dk ;jh
s/ ;"yk okj ;wMk fdZsk. T[jh p[o/ wB[Zy r[ows gVe/ goT[gekoh pD
rJ/. r[DtkB pD rJ/. jo ezw oZp dh ;/tk ikDe/ eoB bZr gJ/.
ebi[r ftu jh ;fsi[r pDk fdZsk.
fJ;/ ;zdoG ftu GkJh r[odk; ih dh gT[Vh ƒ ftukfonk ikt/
. T[jBK B/ r[opkDh s'A pkjo ik e/ feXo/ BjhA fbfynk. r[opkDh ftu
fjzd{ g"okfDe rqE
z K ftu fby/, b'eK ftu gqufbs Yzr sohe/ tos/ rB.
T[jBK ƒ wkBsk BjhA FfdZsh. fJ;/ soQK GkJh r[odk; ih B/ ;ko/ i[ZrK
d/ ntskoK d/ Bkw tos e/, rb ;wMkJh ;h. ;kv/ pqkjwDh ;'u tkb/
, f;Zyh G/y ftu gqukoe pD/ b'e, f;ZyK ƒ ekbgfBe d/tfsnK d/
fgZSbZr pDk oj/ jB. ekbgfBe i[ZrK ftu ;[ZN oj/ jB.
wzso ikgK s/ ‘‘rXh r/V** ftu gk e/ gkrb pDk oj/ jB.
nfij/ d/tfsnK ns/ T[jBK tkb/ Bkw d/ ehs/ rJ/ wzso ikgK B/,
242
wB[Zysk dk e[ZM BjhA ;ztkfonk. jo soQK dhnK w[;hpsK nZi se
ekfJw jB. pd/Ph r[bkwh Gkt/A jIko ;kb wro'A ysw j'Jh. ;jh
nkikdh ni/ th BjhA nkJh. d/P dh nXh t;'A d' tes dh o'Nh s'A
th nks[o j?. fJj ‘‘tkfjr[o{ wzso** tkbk SDeDk T[jBK w[;hpsK
wko/ b'eK d/ jZE ftu cVk fdU. PkfJd T[jBK ƒ SZgo gkVe/ oZp
;'B/ dhnK fJZNK ‘‘;Zu yzv** ftu'A j/mK ;[ZN/ d/t. T[jBK dh rohph
d{o j' ikt/.
;fs o{g[ “;fs Bkw[” efo, ;fs r[o BkBe d/T[ igkfJnk]
Xow;kb eosko g[o[ ;kX ;zrfs ;uyzv t;kfJnk]
tkfjr[o{ r[o[ ‘‘;pd[** ;[DkfJnk] (GkrH tko 24^1)
j/ GkJh ` ;Zu dh w{os ;fsBkw gow/;o ƒ r[o{ BkBe B/ ikD
fbnk ;wM fbnk, ;/teK ƒ ‘‘;fsBkw** igD bJh T[gd/P ehsk.
eoskog[o fty/ ;s;zrs bJh Xow;kb pDkJh. fJE/ ;Zu/ T[gd/P okjhA
;/teK d/ wB o'PB ehs/. Xosh T[s/ jh ;yuzv p; frnk. ‘‘tkfj**
nfij/ wjkB r[o{ s'A e[opkB iktK. fi; B/ r[opkDh, r[opkDh o{gh
Ppd ;/teK f;ZyK d/ fjod/ ftu p;k fdZsk.
fXnkB w{b w{os r[o{, g{i w{b r[o[ uoD g[ikJ/]
‘‘wzsq w{b r[otke** j?, ;u[ ;pd[ ;fsr[o{ ;[DkJ/]
uoD"de gftsq j?, uoD ewb r[o[ f;y X[nkJ/]
uoDkfwqs e;wb eN/, r[o[ X{oh p[o/ b/y fwNkJ/]
‘‘;fs Bkw[ eosk g[oy[, tkfjr[o{** ftfu fod? ;wkJ/]
pkoj fsbe fwNkfJ efo, r[ow[fy fsbe Bh;kD uVkJ/]
oj[ok;h oj[okf; J/j[, fJe' ighn? j'o[ sikJ/]
fpB r[o do;D[ d/yDk, Gqwsk fco? mT[o BjhA gkJ/]
fpB r[o[ g{o/ nkJ/ ikJ/]
j/ GkJh ` j'o w{oshnK (wB[ZyK) dk fXnkB Bk Xoe/, r[o{ dh
;[uh T{uh ;yPhns dk fXnkB eo'. j'oBK dh g{ik SZve/ r[o{ d/ r[DK
o{gh uoBK dh g{ik eo'. Gkt frnkB gqkgs eo'. j'o wzso fsnkr
243
fdU. r[o{ dk T[gd/P (puB) jh n;bh wzso j?. ;uk ;fsr[o{ ;uk
Ppd ;[=Dk e/, ;ukJh d/ okj N[oB dh ;'Mh pyPdk j?. ‘‘uoD nzfwqs**
gftZso nkyhdk j?, sK s/ r[o{ d/ uoB ewbK (T[gd/P o{gh) dk jh
fXnkB Xfonk ikt/. r[o{ dk T[gd/P o{gh uoB nzfwqs ftekoK dh w?b
eZN fdzdk j?. fJ; soQK r[o{ dh f;Zfynk o{gh X{Vh p[o/ okj s'A w'V e/
B/e okj N[oB dh gq/oBk fdzdh j?. ‘‘;fsBkw** i' ;koh f;qPNh dk
pDkT[D tkbk j?, fi; ƒ eoskog[y nkyhdk j?. fJ;/ ƒ ‘‘tkfj r[o{**
nky bJhJ/, fjod/ ftu p;kT[Dk ukjhdk j?. ;zfBnk;hnK tkb/ pkoKfsbe
brkT[D/ fsnkr d/t./ r[o{ d/ Ppd dk frnkB o{gh Mzvk (Bh;kD) T[uk
eo'. ihtB d/ okj dh n;bh g{zih fJj j? fe fJe' fBozeko ƒ :kd
oZyDk j?, j'o ;G gkyzv eow fsnkr d/D/ jB. r[o[ s'A fpBK fe;/ s/
ftPtk; Bk fbnkt'. j'o EkJhA e/tb GNeDk jh j?. fNekT[ e/tb r[o{
dh PoD ftu j?. ;Zu/ (g{o/) r[o{ dh efbnkDekoh f;Zfynk s'A fpBK,
wB[y
Z dh GNeDk edh ysw BjhA j' ;e/rh. fJ; bJh r[o{ dh wZs b?Dh
jh f;Zy d/ fjs ftu j?.
gkme iB' ` fJ; gT[[Vh ƒ fJe tkoh j'o fXnkB Bkb gV
b?Dk. fJ; ftu nkJ/ PpdK ƒ goyDk . fJe' rb ;wMkT[D bJh fezB/
sohe/ tos/ rJ/ jB. ‘‘tkfjr[o{ wzso** dh Ekt/A r[o{ dh w{os s/
fXnkB fNekT[D ƒ th nkfynk j?. r[o{ d/ uoB g{iD dh rZb ehsh j?.
wzso r[o{ d/ tke (p'b) ƒ fejk j?. nZr/ ;Zu/ Ppd ƒ ;[DB bJh
nkfynk j?. uoBK tkbk nzfwqs Gh gftZso fejk j?. r[o{ d/ uoBk dh
X{Vh b? e/ p[o/ b/y fwNkD pko/ th dZf;nk j?. ‘‘;fsBkw** ns/
eoskg[oy th efj fdZsk. Bkb jh tkfjr[o{ ƒ fjod/ p;kT[D dk T[gd/
P th ;[Dk fdZsk. fJe' fJe igD dh skehd Gh eo fdZsh. r[o{ s'A fpBK
j'o fe;/ dk doPB se Bk eo', efj fdZsk, g{o/ r[o{ s'A fpBK pzXB
w[es BjhA j' ;e'r/ th fby fdZsk. fJzBhnK ;kohnK rZbK ftu'A u[D bU
fejVh, u[De/ oZyr
' / ns/ fejVh fsnkr fdUr/< fJebk ‘‘tkfj r[o*{ *
BjhA tofsnk j'o th pj[s sohe/ tos/ jB. fJe tkfjr[o{ ƒ u[D b?Dk
244
s/ pkehnK ƒ fsnkr d/Dk, feT[< fe; fBnw nXhB<
(GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK ftu ‘‘tkfj r[o*{ * bcI e/tb d;
tkoh nkfJnk j?)
000
45H tkj[, tkfjr[o{ (Bkw^r[opkDh ftu'A)
wB[y
Z h wB dh e[dosh fcsos j? fe fpBK ;'u/ ;wM/, pj[s e[M
t/y ;[De/, iK oh; eoe/ ihtB dk fjZ;k pDk b?Adk j?. ikD/ nDikD/
ftu, pZu/ wksk fgsk dh oh; tZX eod/ jB, s/ T[gd/P xZN wzBd/ jB.
fJ;/ soQK nZr/ ;e{bK ekbiK ftu gVkJ/ ik oj/ ftfPnK ƒ ftfdnkoEh
pj[sh rzGhosk Bkb BjhA b?Ad/. fJe d' gqshPs j[zd/ jB i' gVkJ/ rJ/
tb ftP/P fXnkB fdzd/ jB. fJjh B"in
[ kB nkgD/ ihtB ftu tZvhnK
gqkgshnK eod/ jB. pj[ frDsh B'in
[ kB fgSbZr (iK bkJh bZr) pDe/
ihtB dk ehwsh fjZ;k, popkd eo b?Ad/ jB. id'A sZe j'P nkT[Adh j?
T[dA' fIzdrh dh pkih jZEA' fBeb u[e
Z h j[d
z h j?. nfij/ jko/ j'J/ b'e edh
edkJh nkgD/ tZbA' ehshnK rbshnK bJh fIzdrh d/ nkyoh gVk s/
g[Zie/, jzM{ pjkT[Ad/ Gh t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. Bt/A okjK dh y'i eoB bJh
pj[s f;nkDg ns/ f;o/ dh db/oh ukjhdh j?. Bt/A okj dh y'i e'Jh
fJe ftnesh eodk j?. tZvhnK GhVK Bt/A okj BjhA sbkPdhnK. fJj
f;o/ dh f;nkDg ns/ p/i'V ;{owrsh pkpk BkBe jh eoB dh ;woEk
oZydk j?. i' g[oksB ;w/A s'A ;Ekgs j' u[Ze/, b'e wBK ftu xo pDk
u[Ze/, oki;h skes jk;b eo u[Ze/, gqpzX ƒ oZd eoB dh fjzws oZyd/
;B. o/fr;skB dhnK w[PebK izrbK dh fGnkBesk, ftrV/ ;wki dh
w{oysk, g[ikohnK dh eZNVsk,okfinK dh p/ofjw sbtko Gh T[jBK ƒ
wzfib tZb ikD' o'e Bk ;eh. T[j fjwkbk gops sZe ik gj[zu/. wZe/
wdhB/ sZe g[ZiDk T[jBK dh p/i'V f;nkDk ;h. gfjbK ;Ekgs j' u[Ze/
ftukoK fto[ZX prkts eoBh w"s ƒ ;Zdk d/D s[Zb ;h.
gfjbk j' u[Ze/ Xow w[yhnK tZb'A fdZs/ rJ/ ‘‘Bkw wzso**
g[ i koh b' e nkgD/ ;/ t eK ƒ igk oj/ ;B. T[ j BK ƒ ;kohnK
245
gqkgshnK d/ ftPtkP d[nk oj/ ;B go d/P tk;h izsk j'o r[bkwh
ftu j'o nfrnkBsk ftu, XZ;dh ik ojh ;h. gV' r[o c[owkB ^
i'rh frqjh gzfvs G/yXkoh] J/ ;{s/ ngD? njzekoh]
wkfJnk wfd wksk ofjnk ;'fJ] ikrs oj? B w{;? e'fJ]
ejs BkBe iB[ ikr? ;'fJ] frnkB nziB[ ikeh B/shq j'fJ] (1128)
j/ GkJh ` i'rh th e[okj/ g? rJ/. pqkjwD ftdtkB b'eK B/
nkgD/ coI dh g{osh BjhA ehsh. j'o Xkowe gfjokftnK tkb/, ;jh
okj s'A GNe u[e
Z / jB. nfrnkBsk ftu ns/ jzeko ftu ;ko/ jh ‘‘;[s
Z /
** j'J/ jB. fJj ;ko/ Xowh nytkT[D tkb/ wkfJnk d/ BP/ ftu v[Zp
rJ/ jB. fJ; soQK ;wM' fJj ;ko/ ;" rJ/ jB. ikrd/ j'J/ b'e ed/ X'yk
BjhA yk ;ed/ b[ZN/ BjhA iKd/. go fJjBK dk d/; b[ZfNnk frnk. Xow
b[ZfNnk frnk, fJIZs b[ZNh rJh. ni/ th fJjBK ƒ ;wM BjhA nkJh.
nkgD/ nkg ƒ Xowh nytkT[D dk ni/ th Gow gkb oj/ jB. i/ ;Zu
wZ[u fJj b'e Xow d/ noE ;wM iKd/ sK fJj d[Zy dkJh toskok ed/
BjhA tosDk ;h. BkBe nkydk j? T[j fJB;kB ikfrnk j'fJnk wzBDk
ukjhdk j? fi;dhnK frnkB tkbhnK nZyK y[ZbhnK j'D. T[; ƒ Gb/ p{o/
dh, gkg g[zB dh, Xow nXow dh, B/eh pdh dh, uzrh soQK gSkD j'
iKdh j?. nfij/ ikr/ j'J/ wB[Zy fe;/ soQK dh p/fJB;kch gqtkB BjhA
eod/. j'o gV' L
i'rh r'oy[ r'oy[ eo?] fjzd{ okw Bkw[ T[uo?]
w[;bwkB ek J/e[ y[dkfJ] epho ek ;[nkwh ofjnk ;wkfJ] (1160)
j/ GkJh ` j'o pj[s ;ko/ b'e th nkg' nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb ‘‘Bkw
igd/** jB. i'rh ‘‘r'oy r'oy** dh oN bkT[Ad/ jB. fjzd{ ‘‘okw
okw** nkyh ik oj/ jB. w[;bwkB ‘‘y[dk y[dk** eoe/ igd/ jB.
ephpo dk ;[nkwh sK jo EK ;wkfJnk j'fJnk j?. ;dk jh T[; ƒ :kd
oZyhdk j?. jo iht T[;/ dk ngDk nkgk j?.
gzfvs[ ;k;s f;fwqfs gfVnk] i'rh r'oy[ r'oy[ efonk]
w? w{oy ‘‘jfo jfo** ig[ gfVnk] (163)
246
j/ GkJh ` gzfvs nkgD/ Xow rqE
z gVd/ jB. ;k;so f;fwqshnK
t/dK ftu'A nrtkJh b?Ad/ jB. i'rh r'oy dh nkyh fbyh p'bd/ gVd/
jB. ‘‘r'oy r'oy** dk jh oND eod/ ofjzd/ jB. n;hA Bk;wM jK.
gfjbK ;Ekgs XkoBktK ;kohnK fsnkr fdZshnK jB. n;hA sK oZp
(joh) pko/ gfVnk j? ikfDnk j?. ihtB ;ztkfonk j?. fJj b'e Gkt/
A ;kƒ i' woIh nkyh ikD.
r[opkDh ftu fe;/ wzso ftP/P dh wkbk c/oBh iK pko pko
d[jokT[Dk oZNk bkT[Dk Bk ;wMh jh nkyh ik ;edh j?. i/ r[opkDh
ftu fJ; oZN/ ƒ gqtkBrh fwbh j[zdh sK ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ r[opkDh fJeZso
eoB dh ns/ fbyD dh eh b'V ;h< okw joh, gow/;o tkfjr[o,{ nkfd
e'Jh fJe ‘‘wzso** d/ fdzd/. T[;/ dk oND igD dk c[owkB ikoh eo
fdzd/. fJ; ‘‘wzso ikg** s'A fe;/ B/ BkokI Gh BjhA j'Dk ;h. ;fsr[o{
ih ns/ T[jBK d/ to';kJ/ f;ZyK ƒ w[;hpsK dk ;kjwDk Gh BjhA eoBk
g?Dk ;h. r[opkDh gVB ;[DB dk Gkok (nekT{ EekT{) tZvk ezw eoB
s'A pu ikDk ;h. fi; wzso ikg ƒ r[o{ ;kfjp i'odko sohe/ Bkb oZd
eo oj/ jB. pdbt/A o{g ftu T[jh ‘‘Ppd wzso** frnkB s'A ykbh
‘‘f;ZyK** B/ ngDk fbnk j?. fdB oks e'fPP eoe/, j'o b'eK ƒ fJjh
‘‘wzso igk** e/ w[es eoB dk Gow Gh gkb oj/ jB. ‘‘tkj
tkjr[o{** pko/ r[opkDh dk j[ew
‘‘tkj tkj** ek pVk swk;k ]
nkg/ j;? nkfg jh fust? nkg/ uzd[ ;{o[ gork;k]
r[ow[fy ;zrfs ;G? fpukoj[ ‘‘tkj[ tkj[** ek pvk swk;k ] (1403)
j/ GkJh ` tkj[ tkj[ nkyhJ/ . gow/;o B/ f;q;Nh ou e/ pj[s
tZvk ‘‘swk;k** ehsk j'fJnk j?. fBozeko dk o{g r[o{ okwdk;) ed/
y[d jh t/ye/ j;dk j?. nkg/ jh ;kfonK ihtK dk fynkb oZydk j?.
;kfonK dh b'V g{osh tk;s/ uzd ns/ ;{oi goekPwkB eo fdZs/ jB.
;kX{ ;zrs ihT[ r[o{ d/ okjhA (wZs b? e/) ;wMD dh e'fPP eo' fe
fBozeko B/ fenk bk i[nkp (y/b) swkPk ehsk j'fJnk j?.
247
;/te e? Gog{o i[r[ i[r[ ‘‘tkj r[o{** s/ok ;G ;dek]
fBozeko[ gqG[ ;dk ;bkwfs efj B ;e? e'T{ s{ edk ek] (1403)
j/ ;fsr[o{ ih ` s[;hA jh ;/teK d/ fjod/ ftu fpokiwkB j'.
j/ r[o{ (r[o{ okwdk; ih) ;G poesK ofjwsK s[jkvhnK jh jB. s[;hA
jh r[o{ o{g ftu i[ZrK s'A b'ekJh dk Gbk eo oj/ j'. s[;hA jh gow/;o
dk ;or[D ;o{g j'.
;fs ;ku[ ;qh fBtk;[, nkfd g[oy[ ;dk s[jh,
‘‘tkfj r[o{, tkfj r[o{ tkfj r[o{, tkfj ihT[**] (1402)
j/ ;fsr[o{ ` (okwdk; ih) s{z jh ;Zu dk w[i;wk j?. s{z jh
nkgDh fJZSk Bkb (fBozeko d/ j[ew ftu) ;oho XkoB ehsk j?. j/
r[o{ s{z nNZb j?. n;uoi j?, tkj[ tkj eoB :'r j?. r[o{ ih s?E'A
e[opkB jK pfbjko jK.
‘‘GZNK** B/ ;fsr[o{ ih ƒ ;ko/ d/th d/tfsnK dk eoskl f;qPNh
ƒ pDkT[D tkbk ihtK ƒ foie d/D tkbk, nkfd nye/ pj[s ;fseko
fdZsk j?. T[jBK B/ nBzs t/r ftu nk e/ fJE'A sZe fbfynk j? fe n;hA
fBozeko ƒ BjhA t/fynk. j/ r[o{ ih s[jkv/ ftu'A fBozeko d/ doPB ehs/
jB. s[jkƒ ‘‘tkj[ tkj[ r[o{ ih tkj[, ;fsr[o{ ih tkj, tkfj r[o{**.
(B'N tkj r[o{ ns/ tkfj r[o{ d/ noEK ftu e'Jh coe BjhA j?)
nrb/ fjZ;/ ftu ‘‘tkj tkj** pko/ r[o{ ;kfjpkB d/ ftuko gV
bJhJ/^
‘‘tkj[ tkj[** fs;B' nkyhn?, fi ;uk rfjo rzGho[]
‘‘tkj[ tkj[** fs;B' nkyhn?, fi r[Dsksk wfs Xho[]
‘‘tkj[ tkj[** fs;B' nkyhn?, fi ;G wfj ofjnk ;wkfJ]
‘‘tkj[ tkj** fs;B' nkyhn?, fi d/dk foie[ ;pkfJ]
BkBe ‘‘tkj[ tkj[** fJe' efo ;kbkjhn?, fi ;fsr[o dhnK fdykfJ](515)
fBozeko dh ‘‘tkj tkj** nkye/ f;cs eohJ/, i' ;uk j?,
rfjo rzGho j?. T[; gqG{ dh ‘‘tkj tkj** nkye/ tfvnkJh eohJ/, i'
r[Dk dk yIkBk j?. ihtK dk wZs ƒ Xhoi fdzdk j?. y[d Xhoi tkbk j?.
248
gow/;o dh tfvnkJh ‘‘tkj tkj** nkye/ eohJ/ i' ;ko/ ihtK ftu
ofwnk j'fJnk j?. eosko ƒ ‘‘tkj tkj** eoe/ ;bkjhJ/, i' ihtK ƒ
foie g[uk fojk j?. j/ BkBe ` e/tb fJe' nekbg[oy ƒ ‘‘tkj tkj**
nkye/ :kd eodk oj[, fi; oZp ih pko/ w[ezwb frnkB ;fsr[o{ B/
eotk fdZsk j?.
‘‘tkj[ tkj[** r[of;y fBs ;G eoj[, r[o g{o/ ‘‘tkj[ tkj[** Gkt?]
BkBe ‘‘tkj[ tkj[** i' wfB fufs eo/, fs;[ iw ezeo[ B/fV B nkt?] (515)
j/ GkJh r[of;Zy' ` jo tes jo o'I eosko ƒ ‘‘tkj tkj**
nkyd/ oj'. g{o/ r[o{ ƒ fJT[A uzrk brdk j?. i' wB[Zy wB fus ftu'A
‘‘tkj tkj** efjzdk j? T[;dk iwk (w"s) nkfd dk vo ysw j' iKdk
j?.
t/ w[jskik t/ gotkj[] BkBe dk; ejj[ ‘‘r[o tkj[**] (376)
j/ GkJh ` nekb g[oy ƒ fe;/ dh w[Ekih BjhA j?. T[j ;dk
p/gotkj j' e/, ;ko/ ekoi eodk j?. j/ BkBe ` T[; ƒ ‘‘tkj** nkye/
;bkj[Dk ukjhdk j?.
;' ;fsr[o[ XB[ XzB[ fifB Gow rV s'fVnk]
;' ;fsr[o[ ‘‘tkj[ tkj[** fifB jfo f;T[ i'fVnk] (522)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ ƒ XzB XzB efjzd/ oj'. feT[Afe r[o{ B/ jh
nB/e GowK dk febk s'V fdZsk j?. T[; ;fsr[o{ ƒ ‘‘tkj tkj ** nkye/
;bkj[zd/ oj'. feT[Afe r[o{ B/ (j'o gkf;UA jNke/) fBozeko Bkb i'V
fdZsk j?.
(B'N ‘‘tkfjr[o[ *{ * r[o wzsq pko/ j'o ft;Eko ftu ikBD bJh
gqH' ;kfjp f;zx ih (vhHfbZNH) tb'A fbfynk ‘‘r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp dogD,**
g'Eh d;thA d/ gzBk 416 s'A bzwk b/y gVQ ;ed/ j').
(r[o{ rqE
z ;kfjp ftu ‘‘tkj[** 164 tkoh, ‘‘tkfj r[o*{ * 13
tkoh, ‘‘tkj r[o{** 3 tkoh. e[b i'V 180 tkoh nkfJnk j?.
000

249
46H ;fsBkw ‘‘wzso** (GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK ftu'A)
‘‘tkfjr[o{** ƒ ‘‘r[o wzso** f;ZX eoB tkb/ tho, r[opkDh
ftu'A sK ‘‘Bkw** bZG BjhA ;e/. fizBKQ ;fseko:'r GZNK B/ nkgDh
r[oT[;ssh ouBk ‘‘;tJhJ/** ftu ‘‘tkfjr[o{ tkfj r[o{ tkfj ihT[**
eoe/ tofsnk j?, T[E/ th ifrnk;{ dh s;Zbh BjhA j[zdh. feT[Afe T[j
r[o{ okwdk; ih s'A pfbjko ikD d/ noEK ftu j?. go nfrnkBsk
tkbh PoXk ftu rq;/ thoK ƒ, GkJh r[odk; dh ouBk ftu'A r[opkDh
gVB ftukoB pko/ e'Jh gzesh Bk fdZ;h. ‘‘nekb w{os eosk
g[oy** igD pko/ T[gd/P Bk fwb/. ‘‘;fs Bkw** wzsq ƒ nDt/
fynk eoe/ bzxd/ rJ/. r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp B/ i' ‘‘Bkw** ifgnk T[j
th BIoh Bk fgnk. fJ; ƒ nDikD g[Dk wzfBnk ikt/ iK fJe ;'uh
;wMh ;kfiP< feT[Afe fJjBK ‘‘wzso ikgK** ftu g? e/ f;Zy e"w
B/ nkgDk pj[s ehwsh tes rztk fbnk j?. i' r[opkDh dk gqekP
fjod/ ftu gqt/P eoBk ;h, T[; s'A ;ZyD/ ofj rJ/ jB. id'A f;Zy
nfrnkBsk ftu v[Zp rJ/, fco fIzdrh d/ jo y/so ftu jkod/ ub/
rJ/. r[opkDh (frnkB) fIzdrh dk X[ok Bk fojk. fIzdrh dk X[ok pD
rJ/ ny"sh ‘‘wjKg[oy, pqjw frnkBh, ;zs, iE/dko**. v/o/ d/ w[yh tZbA'
nkyh rJh rZb, r[opkDh Bkb'A T[sw pDk fdZsh rJh. jo v/o/ Ne;kb,
mkm, iK iE/ dk w[yh, r[o{ BkBe, r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx Bkb'A T{uh wjZssk
gqkgs eo frnk. r[opkDh gVQB s'A o'e e/, ‘‘wzso ikg, Bkw f;woD**
dh nfrnkBsk tkbh dbdb tb f;Zy gzE ƒ Xe/b fdZsk frnk. fe;/
;o{o ftu y[P j' e/ iK e[dos dh n;uoisk ƒ sZe e/, tid ftu nk
e/ efj d/Dk, ‘‘tkj, tkj, tkj r[o,{ s{z wjkB j?**, wzfBnk ik ;edk
j?. d[Zy ;[Zy t/b/, wB ƒ Yko; d/D bJh, ‘‘tkj, r[o{** nkyDk uzrk j?.
go ‘‘f;woD** d/ r'oy Xzd/ ftu T[bM ikDk, r[ows BjhA j?.
GkJh r[odk; ih B/ ‘‘;fsBkw** ƒ th wzsq nkfynk j?. bU, nrbhnK
gzeshnK ftu doPB eo'^
pkpk p'b/ BkE ih, ‘‘;pd[** ;[Bj[ ;u[ w[yj[ nbkJh]
250
pkM' ;u/ Bkw d/, j'o[ eokwkfs n;k s/ Bkjh]
‘‘;fs Bkw[** fpB[ pkdfo SkJh] (tko 1^43)
f;ZXK ƒ r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih B/ nkfynk, BkE ih ` w/o/ Ppd
(p'b) fXnkB Bkb ;[D'. w?A ;Zu'A ;Zu fpnkB eo fojk jK. ;Zu d/ wkor
s'A fpBK, ;funko ihtB s'A fpBK j'o ;kv/ e'b e'Jh eokwks BjhA j?.
gow/;o dk ;Zs (;Zuk) Bkw jh ;kvk nk;ok j?. j'o ;G pdb d/
goSkt/A tkbhnK tesh rZbK jB.
J/ek J/ezeko[ fbfy d/ykfbnk]
T{Vk Unzeko[ gkf; pjkfbnk]
‘‘;fs Bkw[** eosko[ fBoGT[ Gkfbnk]
fBot?oj[ i?eko[ ni{fB nekfbnk] (Gkr[L tko 3^15)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih B/ fJe dh gSkD bJh J/ek fby
e/ gZek pzB, wko fdZsk fe fBozeko e/tb fJe j?. f;q;Nh dk bykfJe
T{Vk Bkb jh fby (pjkb) fdZsk. gow/;o ‘‘;fs Bkw** j?. eosko
j?, fBoGT[ j?, f;ZyK ƒ ;wMk fdZsk j?. fBot?o gqG{ i? i? eko eoB
i'r j?. i{BK ftu BjhA nkT[Adk. nekb j? ^ w"s s'A ofjs.
;fsr[o[ ;fs ;o[{g[ j?, fXnkB w{b[ r[o w{ofs ikD?]
‘‘;fs Bkw[** eosk g[oy[, w{b wzsq ‘‘f;woD gotkD?]**
‘‘;pd** w[ofs fbt ;kX ;zfr, r[o feogk s/ nzdfo nkD?]
(Gkr[H tko 6^19)
j/ GkJh ` ;fsr[o{ ;ZukJh dk jh d{ik o{g j?. f;Zy B/ r[o{ dh
T[FZsw ;y;hns ƒ wkvb pDkT[Dk j?. ‘‘;fs Bkw**, eosk g[oy
nkfde (i' r[o{ B/ pkDh T[ukoD ehsh j?) f;Zy bJh wzBD s/ :kd
oZyD :'r j?. f;Zy B/ nkgDh ;[os ƒ T{uh eoB tk;s/ r[o{ dh ;zrs
ftu ike/, Ppd (pkDh) ƒ ;[De/ wzBDk j?. r[o{ dh feogk ;dek Ppd
dk frnkB wB ftu p; ikt/rk.
Bw;eko[ r[od/t e' ;fs Bkw[ fi;[ wzsq ;[DkfJnk] (Gkr[H tko1^1)
j/ GkJh ` r[odt/ (r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih) ih ƒ Bw;eko j?.
251
fi; B/ feogk eoe/ ‘‘;fs Bkw** (;Zu/ gow/;o dh ;Zuh j'Ad) o{gh
wzso py; fdZsk.
rV prdkd[ fBtkfJ e? wek wdhBk ;G/ fBtkfJnk]
f;X uT[ok;hj wzvbh, yfN do;fB, gkyzfv fiDkfJnk]
ihs/ Btyzv w/dBh, ‘‘;fs Bkw[** dk ueq fcokfJnk]
(Gkr[H tko 1^37)
j/ GkJh ` r[o{ BkBe pkpk ih B/ prdkd ftu ftuko uouk
ehsh s/ nkgD/ ftukoK Bkb ;G dh fB;k eotkJh. wZe/ ftu s/ wdhB/
ftu r';NK ehshnK. uouk eoBk tkfbnK ;G B/ r[o{ BkBe dh ;'Gk
ehsh. pj[s ;ko/ f;ZX i'rhnK dhnK wzvbhnK ƒ T[jBK dh rbsh dk
nfj;k; eokfJnk. fiBQK S/ ;k;soK dk T[j ;jkok b?Ad/ ;B. r[o{ ih
B/ T[jBK dk gkyzv Bzrk eoe/ oZy fdZsk. d{o d{o sZe d/ b'eh r[o{ d/
uoBk s/ M[e./ uko/ pzB/ ‘‘;fs Bkw[, ;fs Bkw[** dhnK X[B
z hnK r[i
z D bZr
gJhnK. jo gk;/ ‘‘;fs Bkw** ifgnk ik fojk ;h.
GkJh r[odk; ih tZb'A fby/ nfij/ ;?AeV/ gqwkD, ‘‘Bkw y[wkoh
ftu nZyK pzd eoh p?m/**, go frnkB s'A ;ZyD/ b'eK ƒ BIo jh BjhA
nkT[Ad/. p; ‘‘tkfjr[o{ r[o wzso** dk fdB/ oks gquko eoh ik oj/
jB. nkU fJe j'o gqwkD gVhJ/ ^
fXqr[f;o[ i' r[o B fBt? r[o br? B uoDh]
fXqr[ b'fJfD r[odo; ftD[ t/y? gosoDh]
fXqr[ ;otfD T[gd/; ftD[ ;[fD ;[ofs B XoDh]
fXqr[ fiopk ‘‘r[o ;pd** ftD[, j'o ‘‘wzsq f;woDh**]
ftD[ ;/tk fXqr[ jE g?o, j'o fBjcb eoDh]
gho w[ohdk fgo jVh ;[y ;fsr[o ;oDh] (tko 27^10)
j/ GkJh ` fXeko j? T[; f;o ƒ, i' r[o{ uoBK s/ BjhA M[edk.
fXeko j? T[jBK B/soK ƒ i' r[odoPB eoB dh Ekt/A, gokJ/ o{g ƒ
sZed/ jB. fEeko j? T[jBK ezBK s/, i' r[o{ dk T[gd/P BjhA ;[Dd/. i/
;[Dd/ jB sK ;{osh ftu fNek e/ r[o{ dk fejk BjhA wzBd/. bkjBs j?
252
T[; ihG ƒ i' r[o{ dk ;pd (r[opkDh) SZve/ j'o soQK d/ wzso f;wodh
j?. fcNeko j? T[jBK jZEK ƒ g?oK ƒ ;oho ƒ i' goT[geko ft;ko e/,
fBZi sZe ;hws j' rJ/ jB. ;Zu/ ghoK r[o{nK dk nkgD/ ;/teK gqsh
fJjh ;Zuk T[gd/P j'fJnk eodk j? fe ;dk ;fsr[o{ d/ j[ew ftu fizdrh
fpskU.
id'A f;ZXK i'rhnK B/ r[o{ pkpk ih ƒ g[ZfSnk fe s[;hA gjkVK
ftu e/jVh Pesh Bkb nk rJ/< r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp i[nkp fJT[A fdzd/
jBL
f;fX g[SfD ;[fD pkfbnk, eT[D[ ;efs s[fj J/E/ fbnkJh]
jT[ ifgnk ‘‘gow/;o'**, GT[ Grfs ;zfr skVh bkJh] (tko 1^28)
r[o{ BkBe ;kfjp f;XK d/ g[S
Z D s/ dZ;d/ jB fe w?A ‘‘gow/;o**
ƒ ifgnk j?. fJj BjhA efjzd/ w?A ‘‘tkfjr[o{** ifgnk j?.
nuZb tNkb/ dh fJfsjk;e r';fN ;w/A f;ZX i'rh pkpk ih ƒ
;tkb eod/ jB ns/ pkpk ih i[nkp fdzd/ jB. gV'^
f;fX p'bfB, ;[fD BkBek` s[fj ir B' eokwkfs fdykJh]
e[M[ ftykb/ n;K B', sfj feT[A fYb nt/jh bkJh]
pkpk p'b/ BkE ih ` nf; t/yfD i'rh t;s[ B ekJh]
‘‘r[o[ ;zrfs pkDh** fpBK, d{ih UN Bjh j? okJh](tko6^42)
f;ZX i'rh ;[nkb eod/ jB^ BkBe ih ` s[;hA iZr ƒ fejVh
eokwks fdykJh j?< ;kƒ th e'Jh eokwks fdykU, d/oh feT[A ehsh j?<
pkpk ih B/ i[nkp fdZsk ^ BkE ih, s[jkv/ tor/ Sb BkNe ;kv/ e'b
e'Jh BjhA jB. ;G s'A tZvh eokwks ;zrs (wB[y
Z h, ;aesh, pj[ frDsh)
w/o/ Bkb j?. w?A nkgDh pkDh (r[o ;apd^T[gd/;a) okjhA fJjBK ƒ
frnkB d/ e/ u/sB
z eodk jK. ikr/ j'J/ wB[y
Z ;ko/ soqK d/ ftrV/ ekoi
;ztko b?Ad/ jB.
r[o f;yh dk f;yDk, ‘p;fd ;[ofs’ ;fs;zrfs f;y?]
r[o f;yh dk fbyDk, ‘r[opkDh ;[fD ;wM? fby?]’
r[of;yh dk ‘f;woD', ;fsr[o[ wzs’
[ e'b{ o;[ fJy?]
253
r[of;yh dk toswkB[, uzdB tk;[ fBtk;[ fpfoy?]
r[of;yh dk p[MDk, ‘p[fM np[fM’ j't? b? fGy?]
;kX ;zrfs ‘‘r[o ;pd[** ;[fD, Bkw[ dkB[ fJ;BkB[ ;foy?]
toswkB bzfx G{s Gfty?] (Gkr[ L tko 28^5)
j/ GkJh ` r[of;yh fet/A f;yhdh j?< r[o{ d/ Ppd (T[gd/P) ƒ
;[osh u fNek e/ fXnkB Bkb ;wMDk j?. r[of;yh dk fbyDk eh j?<
r[opkDh ƒ ;[D e/ ;wM bt' s/ fjod/ ftu fby (:kd) bt'. r[of;Zyh
dk f;woD eh j?< r[o{ d/ Ppd ƒ pko^pko ;wM' ftuko'. rzB/ d/ o;
tork fwZmk ikDe/ ght'. r[of;Zyh dk toswkB eh j?< uzdB tork
;[rzXs ;kfonK s'A T[sw. r[of;yh dk p[ZMDk eh j?< np[ZM (n"yh) ƒ
th ;wM bt'. r[o{ tb'A ejh rJh eoVh u/sktBh th fBwosk Bkb
gqtkB eo'. r[o{ dh ;zrs ftu'A Bkw T[gd/P, Ppd gqkgs eoBk j?.
;[De/ nZr'A j'oK se Ppd dk dkB eoBk j?. wB dk (ftekoK tZb'A
w'Ve) fJ;BkB eokT[Dk j?. fJ; soQK p{o/ G{s ƒ s/ toswkB ƒ gko
eoe/ uzr/ GftZy ƒ gqkgs eo bUr/.
(GkJh r[odk; dhnK tkoK ftu ;fsBkw ;sBkw S/ tkoh
nkfJnk j? . )
000
47H Bkw f;woD dk yzvB (Gkr[ dhnK tkoK ftu'A)
GkJh r[odk; ih B/ r[o{ dh jI{oh ftu ofje/ r[opkDh dk ;op
gZyh nfXn?B ehsk. i/ feXo/ rZb ;wM BjhA g?Adh ;h, sK ;fsr[o{ ih
s'A g[ZS b?Ad/ ;B. g{oh fsnkoh s'A wro'A T[jBK B/ g'Eh ;kfjp dh
;zgkdBk ehsh. fJe fJe Ppd ƒ gfVnk, ;wfMnk s/ okr w[skpe
mhe EK f;o doi ehsk. r[o{ ;kfjp pkDh okjhA fej' fij/ wB[Zy dh
fsnkoh eotk oj/ ;B, GkJh ;kfjp ƒ pky{ph gsk ;h. pj[s bzwk ;wK
fJj ftdtkB r[of;Zy Xow gquko bJh d/P ftd/P ftu bzw/ gquko d"o/
Gh eodk fojk. r[opkDh d/ r'ji noEK ƒ ;wMkT[D fjs J/jBK B/
gqf;ZX ouBk 40 tkoK fbyhnK. pVk tZvk frnkB dk yIkBk j?, fIzdrh
254
d/ jo gfjb{ s/ ;"yh p'bh ftu ukBDk gkfJnk frnk j?. fco GkJh
r[odk; ih d/ 675 efpZs ;tJhJ/ th nkgD/ nkg d/ ftu bk i[nkp
jB. fpqi GkPk ftu ftdtsk d/ Mzv/ rZv fdZs/ jB. gVe/ GkJh ih dh
ftdtsk nZr/ ;fseko ftu f;o M[edk j?. b'eK ftu ftykt/ d/ pV/
‘‘Xow** gqufbs ;B. nZi th G/y jh Gko{ j?. wB nzdo T[jBK r[DK
dk tk;k BjhA, fiBK dk r[opkDh B/ j[ew ehsk j'fJnk j?. GkJh
r[odk; ih B/ th gkyzv yzvD eoB tk;s/ g{oh tkj bk fdZsh j?. T[jBK
dh ouBk ftu'A nkU ‘‘Bkw f;woD** d/ gkyzv ƒ oZd eoB tkb/ p/pke
gqwkD gVhJ/ ^
is ;s ;ziw j'w ir, ig[ sg[ dkB g[zB pj[s/o/]
fofX f;fX fBfX gkyzv pj[, ‘szsq wzsq BkNe nrb/o’
/ ]
thok okXD i'rDh, wVh w;kD ftvkD xB/o]
/
g{oe e[zGe o/uek, fBtbh eow G[fJnzrw x/o/]
f;Xk;D gou/ xD/, jm fBrqj eT[se by j/o/]
gko; wDh o;kfJDk, eokwks ekby nkB/o/]
g{ik tos T[gkoD/, to ;okg f;t ;efs bt/o/]
;kX ;zrfs ‘‘r[o ;pd** ftD[, EkT[A B gkfJfB Gb/ Gb/o]/
e{V fJe rzYh ;T[ c/o/] (Gkr[ H tko 5^7)
j/ GkJh ` eJh ish ofjD dk ftyktk eod/ jB. eJh ;u/ j'D
dk BkNe eod/ jB. e[M gkyzvh ;oho d/ nzrK dh tos'A eoBh pzd eo
d/Ad/ jB. eJh j'w iZr tor/ BfyZX ezw eod/ jB. e'Jh ig eodk
j?, e'Jh ;oho ƒ sgk fojk j?. eJh ftykt/ bJh dkB eoB dk BkNe
eod/ jB. e[M foXhnK f;ZXhnK j'D d/ dwri/ wkod/ jB. go fJj
;G gkyzv j?, n;bhns s'A e'jK d{o. Xkr/ sths wzso ikg nkfd d/
pV/ BkNe j' oj/ jB. wVhnK w;kDK ftu ;wkXhnK bkT[D p?m iKd/
jB. edh ;tk; o'ed/ jB, edh eZYd/ jB. edh fBT[bh nkfd i'rhnK
tkb/ g[Zm/ ezw eod/ jB. eJh f;ZXK tkb/ nk;D iwk b?Ad/ jB. jm
eoe/ ;oho ƒ soQK soQK d/ p/b'V/ e;N fdzd/ jB. eJh gkyzvh dkjtk
255
eod/ jB fe ;kv/ e'b b'j/ ƒ ;'Bk pDkT[D tkbh tZNh j?. ;'B/ Bkb xo
Go fdnKr/. eJh nkyd/ jB n;hA pV/ eokwksh jK i' ukjhJ/ eo
;ed/ jK. nfij/ wkB' ekb/ w{zj tkb/ jB. nfrnkBsk d/ jB/o/ ftu
GNe oj/ jB. e[ZM w{oshnK nkfd dh g{ik eod/ jB s/ fco voktk
fdzd/ jB fe nro ;kvh ;/tk eo'r/ sK to d/ e/ wkbkwkb eo fdnKr/.
i' ;/tk BjhA eo'r/ sK Pokg d/ e/, spkj eo fdnKr/. eJh b'e PrBK
ngPrBK ftu T[bM rJ/ jB. j/ GkJh ` r[o{ eh ;zrs ftu i[Ve/ r[o{
s'A T[gd/P b? e/ gkyzvK s'A pu ikJhdk j?. Gb/ fJB;kB, frnkBtkB
wB[y
Z pD ikJhdk j?. T[go tofDs b'eK B/ i' dkjt/ ehs/ jB ;G M{m
jB, gkyzv jB. M{m ƒ S[gkT[D bJh ;?AeV/ tb tb/t/ gkT[Ad/ jB. pu'
fJjBK gkyzvhnK s'A.
ig sg ;ziw j'w ir, tos B/w efo t/d ;[Dzd/]
frnkB fXnkB f;woD i[rfs, d/th d/t ;EkB g[izd/]
prk pr/ egV/, efo ;wkfX ngokfX fBtzzd/]
;kX ;zrfs ‘r[o ;pd[ ;[fD’, r[ow[fy gzE B ukb ubzd]
/
egN ;B/jh cb B bjzd/] (Gkr[ H tko 17^3)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s b'e jB i' Bkw igD dk gkyzv eod/ jB fezB/
;ko/ jB i' ;oho ƒ e;N d/ e/ Xowh j'D dk Sbktk eod/ jB. e'Jh
iZr eod/ jB. eJh tos oZyd/ jB. fJj ;kohnK e{V fefonktK
jB. e'Jh t/dK nkfd Xow rohpK d/ gkm jh eod/ ;[Dd/ ofjzd/ jB.
fpBK ftuko/ ftnoE ;wK rztk oj/ jB. eJh ;ko/ frnkBtkB j'D dk
wkD eod/ jB. frnkB sK mZrK b'No/ hnK e'b th pj[s j[d
z k j?. n;bh
frnkBh T[j jB i' P[G
Z ihtB pshs eod/ jB. fXnkB i'VB dk y/yD
pV/ b'e eod/ jB. nZyK whNd/ jB, u"AeV/ wkod/ jB. fJ; soQK oZp
y[P BjhA j[zdk. Bkw f;woD dhnK BthnK s'A BthAnK i[rshnK bGd/
jB. soQK soQK d/ wzso (Ppd) ikg eoB dk ci{b ekoi eod/ jB.
d/thnK d/tfsnK, wVhnK epoK, PjhdK nkfd d/ pjkB/ iV g{ik ftu
T[bM rJ/ jB. ;'jD/ ;c?d p;so gfjBe/ Xowh j'D d/ ftykt/ eod/
256
jB. prb/ tor/ Grs jB nfij/ b'e pVh fBwosk dk ;Kr eod/ jB
go fJ; o{g ftu pV/ ysoBke ngokXh gkg eo oj/ jB. nfij/
wBw[Zy b'e r[o{ dh ;zrs ftu'A r[o{ d/ Ppd ƒ fXnkB g{ope ;[Dd/,
;wMd/ BjhA jB. r[o{ do;kJ/ B/e okj BjhA ubd/. nzdo'A egN co/
p Bkb Go/ j[zd/ jB. fJjBK dh fIzdrh ftu e'Jh spdhbh BjhA
nkT[Adh.
nfij/ ezw eoB tkb/ b'e ftykt/ bJh Gkt/ ‘‘Xowh** pD/
fcod/ jB. go fJjBK dk ‘;u/ Xow’ Bkb e'Jh brkT[ BjhA j[d
z k. e/
tb gkyzv fefonktK ftu ;wK popkd eo oj/ jB. j'o t/y' ^
f;o[ ebts[ b? bytko, j'w/ efN efN fsb[ fsb[ d/jh]
rb? fjwkub by tkfo, eo? T[oX sg i[rfs ;B/jh]
ib sg[ ;kX/ nrfB sg[, g{zno sg[ efo j'fJ ftd/jh]
tos B/w ;ziw xD/, d/th d/t n;EkB Gt/jh]
g[zB dkB uzfrnkJhnK, f;Xk;fD f;zxk;fD E/ J/jh]
fBtbh eow G[fJnzrwK, g{oe e[zGe o/u eo/jh]
r[ow[fy ;[y cb ;ofB ;G/jh] (Gkr[ tko 40^17)
j/ GkJh r[of;Zy' ` pkqjwDh rqzEK w[skpe i/ e'Jh bZyK tkoh
nko/ Bkb nkgDk ;oho d'ckV eotKdk oj/ e'Jh ckfJdk BjhA. ;oho
ƒ fBZek fBZek eNtk e/ nZr ftu ;Vdk oj/, e[M BjhA fwbDk. bZyK
tkoh poc ftu ;oho ƒ rkb bt/, fJj th w{oysk jh frDh ikt/rh.
g[m
Z k bNe e/ eJh soQK dhnK i[rshnK tos e/, nro wB[y
Z sg eodk
oj/, ;wM' fizdrh p/eko rtk fojk j?. gkDh ftu yb' e/ sg eo/,
Gkt/A X{DhnK skg e/ ;oho ƒ sgkt/, fJj ;koh e{V fefonk j?. Gkt/A
;oho tb'A g{oh soQK p/ypo j' ikt/, ;G cI{b j?. soQK soQK d/ tos
oZy,/ eJh soQK d/ n"y/ pzXBK ftu g? ikt/, fJ; soQK ehfsnK e'Jh gqkgsh
BjhA j'Dh. Xow n;EkBK s/ p/nzs tkoh :ksok eodk fco/, e'Jh
ckfJdk BjhA j'D bZrk. nkgDk Bkw uwekT[D bJh pj[sk dkB eo/,
uzrk pDB dk BkNe eo/, ;G p/eko j?. f;ZX i'rhnK tKr fJe' EK p?m
257
ikt/, tZvk wjzs pD ikt/ sK th ehwsh tes popkd jh ehsk j?.
i'rhnK tkb/ fBT[bh eow, yZph Bk; ftu'A jtk nzdo fyZu'. ;Zih ftu'A
pkjo eZY', fJ; soQK eoB Bkb e[ZM BjhA ;ztoBk. ;G s'A f;o/ dh
ftuko fJj j? fe r[o{ dh PoB ftu nk ikT[. r[o{ dh nkyh rb ƒ wzB
bT[. fJ; soQK eoB Bkb jh ;ko/ ‘‘cb** gqkgs j'Dr/.
gkmeK B/ t/y fbnk j? fe ‘‘tkfjr[o{ r[o wzso j?** dk okr
nbkgD tkb/ tho, fe; soQK d/ ezw eo oj/ jB. nfij/ wzsoK ikgK
d/ GkJh r[odk; ih B/ pyhJ/ T[XV
/ e/ oZy fdZs/ jB. nfijhnK gzeshnK
fJjBK ‘‘beho d/ ceho” b'eK ƒ edh BIo jh BjhA nkJhnK< eh fJj
b'e f;Zy gzE ƒ nfrnkBsk d/ yko/ ;kro ftu BjhA v'p oj/< ;'u'.
nfij/ ;ys ftuko GkJh r[odk; ih B/ jh BjhA fby/. T[jBK
r[opkDh s/ nkXkos fty/ jB. bU fJe Ppd ‘‘Bkw f;owD** d/
goyu/ T[vkT[D tkbk, gzuw r[od/t ih dk fbfynk gVQ bU L
ikBT[ BjhA Gkt? etB pksk] wB y'fi wkor[] ojkT[]
fXnkBh fXnkB[ bktfj]
frnkBh frnkB ewktfj] gqG[ feB jh iksk]
GrT[Vh ojs i[rsk] i'rh ejs w[esk] sg;h sgfj oksk]
w'fB w'fB Xkoh] ;fBnk;h pjqwukoh] T[dk;h T[dkf; oksk]
Grfs Bt? goekok] gzfvs[ t/d[ g[ekok] fro;sh fro;fs Xowksk]
fJe ;pdh pj[ o{fg ntX{}sk] ekgVh eT[s/ ikr{sk] fJfe shofE Bksk]
fBojko tosh nkgo;k] fJfe b{fe B d/tfj do;k]
fJfe wB jh frnksk]
xkfN B feB jh ejkfJnk] ;G ejs/ j? gkfJnk]
fi;[ w/b/ ;' Grsk];rb T[efs T[gktk]
fsnkrh ;ofB gktk] BkBe[ r[o uofD goksk] (71)
j/ GkJh ` w?ƒ fJj BjhA gsk j? fe gow/;o ƒ fejVh fefonk
uzrh brdh j?. w/o/ wB s{z fIzdrh dk okj y'i b?. ojkT[.
p/nzs b'e fXnkB i'VB ftu bZr/ j'J/ jB. eJh ;ko/ frnkB
258
r';NK eoe/ frnkB tXk oj/ jB. go eh ;kfonK B/ fBozeko pko/
ikD fbnk j?< BjhA ` fe;/ ftob/ ƒ ;wM j?. GrT[sh (;kXK dk fJe
fcoek t?PBt) ;kX s[b;h wkbk ;ziw nkfd dhnK ofjsK ftu jh w;s
jB. i'rh nkgD/ i'r ƒ T[sw d; oj/ jB. nky oj/ jB i'r okjhA
w[esh fwb ;edh j?. sg eod/ j'fJ fezB/ jh sgZ;th ;oho ƒ popkd
eoh ik oj/ jB. eJh fcoe/ tkb/ ;kX w'Bh (u[Zg) pD/ t/yhd/ jB.
;zfBnk;h xo'A BZ; rJ/. fJjBK B/ pqjw;ukoi (fJ;soh s'A d{oh) ƒ
jh Xow wzB fbnk. eJh ;ko/ T[dk;h pD/ fcod/ ;G e[M fsnkr rJ/.
eJh fcoe/ B" gqeko dh Grsh ftu :ehB oZyd/ jB (B'N L B"A gqeko
dh Grsh fJT[A wzBhdh j? L 1H fXnkB Bkb ;[DBk, 2H ehosB, 3H
f;woD, 4H r[o{ dh uoB ;/tk, 5H nkdo ;fseko eoBk, 6H g{ik
eoBh, 7H fwZso Gkt oZyDk, 8H r[bkw pD ikDk, 9H nkgDk nkgk
nogD eo d/Dk. fJ; soQK dh Grsh ;wki ftu gqufbs ojh j?.
fJ;d/ ftrV/ o{g ;kXK d/ v/fonK ftu nZi th t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. r[ows
dh Grsh ‘‘r[opkDh nB[;koh ihtB** j? )
pqkjwD t/dK dk gkm eoB ƒ jh ;G e[M wzBh p?m/ jB. frq;sh b'e
nkgD/ gqtkfBe Mw/fbnK ftu jh T[bM rJ/. e[M b'e fJe' Ppd dk
ikg eoh ik oj/ jB. eJh ;ko/ pfjo[ghJ/ pD/ fcod/ jB. eJhnK B/
eZgV/ fsnkr fdZs/, Bzr/ x[zwD bZr gJ/. e[M gkyzvh ;kX soQK soQK d/
eZgV/ u'b/ nkfd gfjB e/ Xowh j'D dk ftyktk eoB bZr gJ/. e[ZM
BkNe u/Ne eoe/ o'ih o'Nh ewkT[D bZr gJ/. e[M b'e ;dk ikrd/
ofjD ƒ Grsh wzBh ik oj/ jB. fJ;/ ekoB ;"Ad/ BjhA. e'Jh shoEK
d/ fJ;BkB eoh ik oj/ jB. eJh nzB dk fsnkr eod/ jB. e[M ;kX
d{i/ dh S'j (;goP) s'A jh B;d/ jB. eJh r[cktK ftu b[Ze iKd/ jB,
fe;/ ƒ B/V/ BjhA nkT[D fdzd/. fJe nfij/ jB i' nkgD/ wB Bkb jh
rbK eoh iKd/ jB. nkgD/ nkg ƒ fJjBK ftu'A S'Nk eJh BjhA wzBdk.
;ko/ jzeko Bkb gkND s/ nkJ/ gJ/ jB. ;ko/ jh dknt/ eoh iKd/ jB.
n;hA oZp ƒ gk fbnk j?. fi; s/ fBozeko feogk eo/, T[jh n;b Grs
259
j?. fJ; bJh j/ GkJh ` n;hA sK T[go tofDs ;ko/ gkyzv eow fsnkr
fdZs/. ;G pfj;K eoBhnK SZv fdZshnK. p; fBozeko dh PoD ftu
fgnk jK. r[o{ s'A fBwosk Bkb f;Zfynk bJh frnkB dk ;{oi uV
fgnk j? .
gkme iB goy eoe/ t/y ;ed/ jB, fe i' e[M
Z ;kv/ ‘‘Bkw
f;owD** tkb/ Gkok eo oj/ jB, eh T[j ;kok fJjBK r[o{ j[ewK s'A
T[bN BjhA j' fojk< bzw/ ;w/A s'A ‘‘Bkw f;woD** eoB tkfbnK ƒ e'Jh
yk; gqkgsh j'Jh< frnkB tkb/ Xow tb'A w'Ve/, f;Zy e"w ƒ nfrnkBsk
tkb/ ‘‘nzX wjK;kro** ftu v'fpnk ik fojk j?. i/ Bk ikr/ sK Bshi/
nsh fGnkBe j'Dr/.
000
48H Bkw f;woB (Bk w[wfeB sohe/)
g[;se d/ P[o{nksh fjZ;/ ftu Bkw f;woB, ig nfkd d/
r[opkDh gqwkD b? e/ ;gZPN eoB dh e'fPP ehsh rJh ;h. ‘‘s'sk
oNDh** tkb/ f;woD ƒ fJBQK gqufbs eo fdZsk frnk j?, fe i/ fe;/
ƒ ‘‘Bkw f;woD** s'A o'e e/ pkDh gVB ;wMD bJh gq/oBk eohJ/, T[;/
tes ‘‘Bk;se j? ekwo/v j?** d/ cst/ ikoh j'D bZr g?Ad/ jB. fiZdD
s'A r[o{ rqzE ;kfjp dh ;zgkdBk j'Jh j?. fco f;ZyK dh nrtkJh bJh
fJ; dh ;EkgBk j'Jh j?. T[; fdB s'A b? e/, w"i{dk ;w/A sZe f;woD
fezBk e[ j'fJnk, fJj fejk BjhA ik ;edk. go ‘‘nyzv gkm** gzMh
eo'V, d/ B/V/ j' u[Ze/ jB. fJj th e'Jh gZeh frDsh BjhA j?, nzdkIk
j?. i/ gzMh eo'V nyzv gkmK Bkb f;ZyK dk e[ZM BjhA ;ztfonk nZi szZe
ehs/ rJ/ ‘‘f;woD ikg** Bkb e'Jh Gbk BjhA j'fJnk. fco j'o fJj
f;woD s/ nyzv gkm ed'A ezw nkT[Dr/. PkfJd fe;/ nrb/ iBw
ftu< nkj iBw sK ;kfonK d/ rJ/. ghVhnK dhnK ghjVhnK yg
rJhnK. ni/ gsk BjhA fJjBK Bkw f;woD s/ ;zgN gkmK dk ed'A e[
cb gqkgs j't/rk.

260
‘o'fw o'fw’ jfo T[uo?, fyB fyB jfo ;'Jh]
BkBe ‘ihtzdk g[oy[’ fXnkfJnk, nwokgd[ j'Jh] (1247)
j/ GkJh ` nkgD/ o'wK okjhA ‘‘Bkw f;woD** efonk eo'.
;oho s/ T[FZr/ tkbK ƒ o'w efjzd/ jB. eh tkbK okjhA Bkw ifgnk ik
;edk j?< jo gb oZp ƒ :kd oZy'. ‘‘ihts gow/;o ƒ fXnkU**. i'
iBw s'A ofjs j?, T[; ƒ ‘‘ihts** fet/A nkyKr/< Bkw ige/ ‘‘nwo
gd** ƒ gqkgs j' itKr/. go eh Bkw igD tkfbnK dh w"s BjhA j[zdh<
eh Bkw fbyD tkb/ s/ Bkw igkT[D tkb/ r[o ftnesh ;z;ko s'A BjhA
rJ/<
gzi/ pX/ wjKpbh efo ;uk Y'nk]
nkgD/ uoB igkfJfB, ftfo d:[ yV'nk] (1192)
j/ GkJh` n;hA gzi/ ekwkfde d[PwDK ƒ ekp{ eo fbnk j?.
n;hA ;Zu se ngZV rJ/ jK. gow/;o B/ ;kƒ nkgd/ ‘‘uoB igD**
bJh fdZs/ jB. T[;dh feogk j' rJh j?. ;'u e/ t/y' ` gow/;o fBozeko
(;oho ofjs) j?. T[; d/ uoB feZE/ jB fej' fij/ jB< uoBK ƒ fet/
A ifgnk ik ;e/rk< Bkw f;woD dk P"Ae gkbD tkb/ ‘‘uoB uoB**
nkye/ f;woD feT[A BjhA eod/<
;'fJ ;[tzdVh w/ok sB[ wB[ wT[bk, Bkw[ ikgzdVh bkbh]
gzfX i[bd
z Vh w/ok nzdo[ mzYk, r[odo;B d/fy fBjkbh] (964)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko pko/ ;[B/jk ;[fDnk w/ok sB wB wT[b
(gqc[bs j' frnk) fgnk. fet/A wT[b fgnk< Bkw ige/ w?A bkb j'
frnk. eh Bkw ig d/ ozr bkb j' ;edk j?< id'A w?A oZp tkb/ okj s/
N[fonk, w/ok nzdo mzYk j' frnk. fezBh fvroh mzYk< r[o dk do;B
d/y e/ fBjkb j' frnk. eh w[Ve/ edh d[Zy BjhA nkT[Adk<
gkme iB' ` fJjBK gzeshnK ƒ Gkt noEK ftu ;wfMnk ik
;e/rk. nZyoh noE sK rbs jh j'Dr/.
Bkt? nzdfo jT[ t;K, BT[ t;? wfB nkfJ] (55)
j/ GkJh ` w?A sK gfjbK jh Bkw d/ ftu p;dk jK. BkT[ w/o/
261
nzdo nke/ p; frnk. j? Bk nihp fijk w;bk< w?A Bkw ftu Bkw w/
o/ ftu<
;G f;q;fN ;/t/ fdB[ ok
okffs ihT[] d/ ezB[ ;[Dj[ nodkf; ihT[]
m'fe tikfJ ;G fvmhnK s[f; nkg/ bfJnB[ SvkfJ ihT[] (74)
j/ GkJh ;koh f;q;Nh fdB oks brksko gow/;o dk ‘‘f;woD**
eo ojh j?. fBozeko ;koh ekfJBks tb'A ehsh nodk; ezB eoe/
;[Ddk j?, s/ ;kfonK dhnK b'VK g{ohnK eodk j?. n;hA ;G ƒ ‘‘m'e
e/ tik e/** goy fbnk j?. j'o ;G ƒ SZv e/ s/o/ dos/ nkJ/ jK, s{z
nkg/ Svk bt/Ark.
eh f;q;Nh nodk; eo ;edh j?< oZp d/ ezB j?Ar/ B/< Gkt
noEK ftu b?Dk gt/rk, sK ;wM nkt/rh.
pjsh pjs oj? fBjekw] nigk ikg[ ig? w[fy Bkw[] (840)
j/ GkJh ` T[wo n?t/ bzxdh ik ojh j?. ihtB ;cb sd'A j't/
rk id'A ‘‘nigk ikg** ig'r./ i' Bkw j? jh ‘‘nigk** (Bk ifgnk ikD
tkbk) T[;ƒ e'Jh fet/A ig/rk< Gkt noE eoB/ j'Dr/.
BkBe ;'j[z jz;k ikg ikgj[, fsqG[tD fs;? ;wkfj] (1093)
j/ GkJh ` ;'OjT[ (T[j w?A jK) dk f;woD eo'. ;' j'T[A ƒ T[bN e/
‘‘jz;k** pDk bT[, T[;dk ikg eo'. fJjBK ftu jh ;koh fsqbe
' h ;wkJh
j' J h j? .
‘‘tkfjr[o[ { wzso** dk ikg eoB tkb/ ‘‘;'jz s/ jz;k** igD s'A
feT[A gk;k tZN rJ/< eh fJj r[o{ dk j[ew BjhA j?<
ib Eb wkj/ n
Eb nkkgfj nkg] nkg? ikgj[ ngBk ikg] (343)
j/ GkJh ` fBozeko jo EK ftnkge j?. id'A jo iht joio/
ftu gow/;o y[d jh w"i{d j?. sK T[j nkgDk nkg/ ‘‘f;woD** (ikg)
eodk j?. wB[Zy fe;dk f;woD eo/< nkgD/ nkg dk<
T[uoj[ okw Bkw[ by pkoh] nzfwqs o; ghtj[ gqG fgnkoh] (195)
j/ GkJh ` oZp dk ‘‘f;owD** bZyK tkoh eo'. fJ; soQK nzfwqs
dh gqkgsh j't/rh. gqG{ ƒ fgnko/ bZr'r/.
262
eh e'Jh wB[y
Z jo o'I, frDsh eoe/ bZyK tkoh ‘‘Bkw f;woD**
eo ;edk j?< wzso ikgK tkb/ i[nkp d/D dh y/ub eoBr/<
e'fN eoB dhifj gqG gqhsw,
jfo r[D ;[Dhnfj nfpBk;h okw]
eo'fV j;s s/oh Njb ekwtfj,
uoD ubfj gqG wkofr okw] (781)
j/ gow/;o ih ` ;kƒ eo'VK ezB d/ fdU sK fe tZX s'A tZX s/
o/ Bkw dh X[Bh ;[D ;ehJ/. ;kƒ eo'VK jZE pyP fdU. sK fe s[jkvh
tZX s'A tZX ;/tk eod/ ojhJ/. ;kv/ g?o s/o/ okj s/ ubd/ ofjD.
gkme iB' ` eh ;kƒ eo'VK ezB bZr ;ed/ jB< eh eo'VK jZE
fe;/ fJB;kB d/ j' ;ed/ jB< fBozeko dk okj fejVk j?, e'Jh ;Ve
j? iK grvzvh j?< Gkt noE eoB/ j'Dr/. jfo e? GifB eT[B
eT[B Bsko/<
yr sB, whB sB, fwqr sB, pqkj sB, ;kX{ ;zfr T[Xko/] (1269)
j/ GkJh ` nekb g[oy dk GiB eoe/ eT[D eT[D BjhA so/
< gzSh so rJ/. wZShnK so rJhnK. fwqr (fjoB) nkfd so rJ/.
;{o so rJ/. ;kfonK ƒ ;kX{nK B/ sko fdZsk.
r[of;Zy' ` ;'u e/ t/y', eh fJ; soQK noE eoB/ ;koEe j'Dr/
< ih BjhA ` Gkt noE eoB/ j'Dr/. r[o{ dh ;zrs eoe/ gP{nK tor/
;[Gk tkb/ wB[Zy ;[Xo rJ/.
gT[D gkDh p?;zso[ o'rh, o'rh Xofs; G'rh]
wks fgsk wkfJnk d/j f; o'rh, o'rh e[Nzp ;zi'rh] (1153)
j/ GkJh ` jtk Gh o'rh j?. gkDh s/ nZr Gh fpwko jB. ;koh
Xosh Gh o'rK ftu rq;s j?. wksk fgsk o'rh jB. ;ko/ ;oho ƒ
wkfJnk dk o'r fuzpfVnk j'fJnk j?. ;ko/ foPs/dko s/ d';s fwZso
o' r h jB.
fXnkB fdU ` fJB;kB sK o'rh j' ;ed/ jB. go jtk gkDh
nZr fet/A fpwko j' rJ/< fejVh fpwkoh j? fJjBK ƒ< fJjBK fpwkoK
263
ftu ofje/ wB[Zy szdo[;s fet/A oj/rk< Gkt noE eoB g?Dr/.
Xofs gkskb[ nkek;[ j? w/oh fizd[VhJ/,
;G jfo jfo Bkw fXnkt? okw]
gT[D[ gkDh p?;zso' w/oh fizd[VhJ/,
fBs jfo jfo jfo i;[ rkt? okw] (540)
j/ GkJh ` Xosh gkskb s/ nkek; pko/ ‘‘Bkw f;woD** eo
oj/ jB. jtk gkDh s/ nZr th ‘‘Bkw ikg** oj/ jB, rk oj/ jB.
edh ftuko e/ t/y' nkekP gkskb, Xosh, jtk, gkDh s/ nZr
Bkw f;woD eo ;ed/ jB< fJ; d/ noE eoB bZr/ e'Jh pdbtK
sohek nyfsnko eoBk gt/rk.
i' p'bs j? fwqr
q whB gzyo/ { ;[ fpB[ jfo ikgs j? BjhA j'o] (1265)
j/ GkJh ` i' gP{ gzSh p'bd/ ;[DkJh fdzd/ jB, J/j j'o e[M BjhA
p'bd/. p; ‘‘Bkw f;woD** jh eo ;ed/ jB.
eh fJ; soQK Ppd noE eoB/ tkip jB< tkfjr[o{ wzso ikg
eoB tkb/, edh fJjBK B[efsnK tb stZi' d/Dr/<
000
49H Bkw f;woD ^ P[ZX ihtB (Bkw)
g/yB ;[BB ;[BktB', wB wfj fdqVhn? ;ku[]
g{fo ofjU ;opsq w?A, BkBe jfo ozfr oku[] (705)
j/ GkJh ` t/yDk ;Zu, ;[DBk ;Zu, p'bDk ;Zu. wB ftu g{oh
soQK ;Zu s/ gfjok d/D bJh nv'b j' ikDk j?. gogZesk Bkb ;Zu d/ okj
s/ ubDk j?. wB ftu fXnkB oZyDk j? fe fBozeko ;G ihtK ftu w"id
{
j?. T[; d/ r[DK ftu nkgD/ nkg ƒ ozr b?Dk j?.
gfVnk w{oy nkyhn?, fi;[ bp[ b'G[ njzekok]
BkT[ gVhn?, BkT[ p{Mhn?, r[owsh thukok] (140)
j/ GkJh ` T[j fJB;kB ekjdk gfVnk j'fJnk j? i' b'Gh j?,
jzekoh j? eo'Xh j?. nB/e p[okJhnK Bkb BekBe Gfonk j?. T[j tZvk
w{oy j?, Gkt/A fezBk th gfVnk feT[A Bk j't/ B/eh tkbk ‘‘BkT[** gVBk
264
ukjhdk j?. ;[uZi/ ihtB pko/ ;wM tkbk ‘‘BkT[** ;wMDk ukjhdk j?.
fJj wZs r[o{ s'A fwb/rh.
jfo ihT[ ;pfd gSkDhn?, ;kfu os/ r[o tkfe]
fss[ sfB w?b[ B brJh, ;u xfo fi;[ Uske] (55)
j/ GkJh ` gow/;o ƒ r[o{ d/ Ppd okjhA ;wM bJhJ/. r[o{ dk
tke (j[ew) fJj j? fe ;ZukJh tkb/ o;s/ ubd/ ikT[. ;Zu wkor s/
ub'r/ sK ftekoK dh w?b BjhA bZrD d/Dh. fi; dh ;Zu/ r[o{ e'b p?me
j?, (;zrs) T[j edh v'bd/ BjhA jB.
e'Jh rkt? e' ;[D' e'Jh eo? phuko{]
e' T[gd/;? e' fdqV? fs;ek j'fJ T[Xko[] (300)
j/ GkJh ` pj[s ;ko/ b'e r[opkDh rkT[Ad/ jB. wzBd/ BjhA
jB. pj[s ;ko/ ;[Dd/ jB go wzBd/ BjhA jB. eJh ;ko/ fJ; s/ ftuko
eod/ jB go wzBd/ BjhA jB. e'Jh T[gd/P eod/ jB go wzBd/ BjhA.
i' ;/te fJ; T[gd/; wJh pkDh ƒ fjod/ ftu XkoB eod/ jB. fJ;
w[skpe ihtB pDkT[Ad/ jB T[jBK dk fB;skok j' iKdk j?.
rDs? ;/ft B j'tJh ehsk EkfJ B gkfJ]
;pd? ;kd[ B nkfJU ;fu B br' GkT[] (1246)
j/ GkJh iB' ` frDshnK Bkb, PosK bk e/ eosko dk f;woD
BjhA j' ;edk. i' ftnesh frDshnK ftu g?Ad/ jB, T[jBK dh xkb
fe;/ b/y/ ftu BjhA g?Adh. nfij/ n;wM b'eK ƒ fJj ;wM jh BjhA
brh fe ;fsr[o{ B/ Ppd pkDh ekjd/ bJh T[ukoD ehsh j?. fJj pkDh
B/e ihtB pDkT[D bJh ;h. ;funko/ pDkT[D bJh ;h.
nkB T[gkT[B e'T{ ;{M?,
jfo dk;K ;oDh gfo ojK]
ej[ BkBe sp jh wB S{Nhn?,
iT[ ;rb/ nT[rD w/fN XojK] (1203)
j/ GkJh ` s[;hA i' ‘‘UjV g'V** eo oj/ j', fJj ;ko/ rbs
jB. nkgDh S'Nh wZs fsnkr e/, r[o{ dh ;zrs ftu nkU ` j/ BkBe,
265
nky ` wB sd'A jh pzXB w[es j'tr
/ k, i/ ;ko/ nT[rD fsnkr fdUr/. toBk
gq/PkBhnK ftu gJ/ oj'r/.
je[ gokfJnk BkBek, T[; ;{no[ T[;[ rkfJ]
r[o[ gho[ jkwk sk Go/, ik w[odko[ B ykfJ]
rbh fG;fs B ikJhn?, S{N? ;u[ ewkfJ]
wkofD gkfj jokw wfj, j'fJ jbkb[ B ikfJ]
BkBe rbh e{VJh, e{V' gb? gkfJ] (141)
j/ GkJh ` gokfJnk jZe ykDk (y'jDk) w[;bwkBK bJh ;{o ykD
d/ s[Zb j?. Gkt ;ys wBkjh j?. fjzd{ bJh rT{ dk wk; ykD pokpo
j?. Gkt d{i/ dk jZe wkoBk ;ys wBQK j?. fJjh fBnw f;ZyK s/ bkr{
j[zdk j?. r[o{ gho s[jkvh jwkfJs sd'A eo/rk, i/ w[odko o{gh gokfJnk
jZe y'jDk fsnkr fdUr/. pj[shnK rZbK (vhArK^ rZgK) eoB Bkb
e'Jh gqkgsh BjhA j'D bZrh. fJT[A rbhA pkshA pfjPs (ny"sh ;tor)
ftu BjhA ik ;ehdk. e{V fsnkrDk gt/rk. ;Zu s/ uNkB tKr gfjok
d/Dk gt/rk. i/ jokw d/ wkb ftu tXhnk w;kb/ gk e/ fsnko eo
bJhJ/, T[j sK th jbkb BjhA pD iKdk. nfij/ e{V/ ezw s/ e{VhnK rZbK
Bkb sK pzdk M{m d/ j/mK j'o j'o fBxodk ubk ikt/rk. ngDk s/ nkgD/
;ko/ ;wki dk, fJ; soQK B[e;kB jh j't/rk.
iB BkBe p'b? pqjw phuko[] i' ;[D? ewkt? ;[ T[so? gkfo] (370)
j/ GkJh ` fJj pqjw phuko dhnK nBw'b f;fynktK jB. i'
fXnkB Bkb ;[Dr
/ k, ns/ ihtB Go fJjBK s/ nwb eo/rk. T[j ;z;ko
;w[zdo d/ Mw/fbnK s'A w[es j' e/ ihtB ;cbk eo bt/rk.
BkBe pdok wkb ek Ghsfo Xfonk nkfD]
y'N/ yo/ goyhnfB ;kfjp e? dhpkfD] (789)
j/ GkJh ` i/ yo/ o[fgnK ftu y'N/ o[g? obke/, E?bh Goe/ wkbe
nZr/ oZy d/JhJ/, sK E?bh y'jbfdnK jh y'N/ yo/ dh gSkD j' ikDh j?.
y'N obkT[D ekoB pj[s Pofwzdrh T[mkT[Dh gt/rh. fJ;/ soQK ihtB
ftu nro y'N jB, fteko jB. wB[Zy uzrk j'D d/ M{m/ dkjt/ eoh ik
266
fojk j?. gowkswk e'Jh fJzBk nDikD BjhA j? fe T[; ƒ Gb/ p[o/ dh
gSkD jh Bk eoBh nkT[Adh j't/.
gojfo ekw[ eq'X M{m fBzdk, sfi wkfJnk njzeko[ u[ekt?]
sfi ekw[ ekfwBh, w'j si?, sK nziB wkfj fBoziB gkt?]
sfi wkB[ nfGwkB[ gqhfs ;[s dkok,
sfi fgnk; nk; okw fbt bkt?]
BkBe ;uk wfB t;?, ;ku ;pfd, jfo Bkfw ;wkt?] (141)
j/ r[of;Zy' ` ekw tk;Bk ƒ fsnkr fdU. gokJ/ o{g ƒ sZe e/
wB ftu tk;BktK T[mDhnK pVk xkN/ dk ;"dk j?. w'j ftu v[p
Z BjhA
ikDk. ofjDk gotko ftu, ;z;ko ftu jh j? go p[okJhnK s'A fBob/
g j' e/ ofjDk j?. M{m s/ fBzdk nkfd Gh fsnkr[Dh gt/rh. wkfJnk dk
jzeko ysw eoBk gt/rk. i/ wkB fwfbnk j? sK th ;fji ftu ofjDk
j?. gsBh ns/ nT[bkd se ;hws BjhA j' ikDk. ;wki dk Gbk eoBk
j?. ftekoK tkb/ gk;/ ikD tkb/ wB ƒ w'V b?. wB ƒ fBozeko ih d/
‘‘Bkw** ftu i'V b?. j/ BkBe ` id'A r[Dk dk yIkBk ;Zuk gow/;o
fjod/ ftu p; frnk ;wM bJh s??ƒ ;Zu/ ‘‘Ppd** dh ;jh ;wM g? rJh
j?. fJ; soQK fBozeko pko/ frnkB j'D s'A pknd, s[;hA PKs fuZs
fNekT[ tkbk ihtB pshs eo'r./
‘‘Bkw f;woD** ehosB ns/ fpBK ;wM/ gkm pj[s j' u[e
Z /
jB. jkbh gsk BjhA fezBk ;wK fJj Bk;wMh tkb/ (w;hBh soQK d/)
ekoi j'o j[zd/ ofjDr/. gosZy ƒ gqwkD dh b'V BjhA d/ nykD
w[kspe, fJjBK ‘‘wzso ikgK** Bkb, f;Zy e"w dk ;ztfonk e[M BjhA
fprV pj[s e[ZM frnk j?. w"i{dk d"o d/ ‘‘Bkw o;hJ/** iK f;woD
dhnK vhArK wkoB tkb/ b'eK dk ihtB id'A B/V/ j' e/ goyD dk w"ek
fwbdk j? o{j ezp iKdh j?. ezBK ƒ jZE br iKd/ jB. ‘‘f;Zyh t/
; ftu, f;woD dk dkDk fybko e/, Xkofwe tksktoD ;ki e/,
tZv/ P:kd (fPekoh) ikb bkJh, PoXkb{nK ƒ ckj[D bJh fsnko
p?m/ jB.
267
‘‘Bkw f;woD** dhnK gzvK ftu'A p[ZeK Go Go tzv oj/ jo v/
o/ s/, Ne;kbK s/, mkmK ftu wkfJnk dk jh p'bpkbk j?. Bt/A ‘‘;zs**
i[nkB j' e/ id'A nkgDh j;sh dk godoPB eod/ jB sd'A fJj v/o/
fJe s'A d' v/o/, d' s'A uko v/o/ pDd/ jB. r'bhnK feogkBK ubdhnK
jB gZrK bZEdhnK jB, dkjVhnK, g[ZNdhnK jB. esb j[zd/ jB. bzw/
w[eZdw/ ubd/ jB. ;?e; ;e?AvbK d/ god/ iZr ikjo j[zd/ jB. gzi
skok j'NbK tkbhnK ;kohnK ;j{bsK g?;k youD tkb/ PoXkb{nK bJh
‘‘Xow n;EkBK** ftu jh w"i{d jB. ‘‘b'e ;[yh gob'e ;[j/bk**
;"fynK jh j' iKdk j?. eh fJjh Bkw f;woB j?<
000
50H Bkw dk noE Gkt eh j?<
r[o{ ;kfjpkB tes Xkofwe G/y tkfbnK dk e'Jh xkNk BjhA
;h. fJj t/jbV b'e ‘‘Bkw igD** dhnK fBZs BthnK ftXhnK dh
Jhikd eod/ ;B. y[d jZv jokwh j'Dk s/ ihtB dhnK b'VK g{ohnK
eoB bJh, i' Gb/ fJB;kB fdB Go ;ys w[PZes eod/ ;B, T[jBK ƒ
‘‘gkgh, BoeK d/ ehV/, ewhD/** nkfd nky e/ ngwkfBs eoBk. T[j
f;ZX/ ;kX/ b'e, B/e feos eofdnK, t/jb/ ;kXK d/ fYZv GofdnK th
gkgh rodkB/ iKd/ oj/. Xowh j'D dk y/yD (gkyzv) eoB tkb/, b[N/
o/ ;kX nkgD/ nkg ƒ T{u/ j'D d/ n?bkB eod/ oj/. fJj' jkbks nZi
th fiT[Adh fsT[A poeoko j?. nZi tkXk fJj j? fe pkpk BkBe ih
nkgDh wjkB pkDh okjhA, ;kv/ ftueko w"i{d j?. pkpk ih fe;/ Bkb
fonkfJs BjhA tosd/. fe;/ Bkb tXheh BjhA eod/. p; ‘‘;Zu eh
pkDh BkBe nky? ;u[ ;[DkfJ;h ;u eh p/bk**(723) dh gzesh w[skpe
;dk ;Zu ;[DkT[Ad/ B/. ihtB d/ jo gfjb{ pko/ fBZro s/ ;koEe ;/X
pyPd/ ofjzd/ jB. gkyzvhnK ƒ GkiVK g[nk fdzd/ jB. nkT[, tkfjr[o{
tkfjr[o{ dk ikg eoB tkfbnK pko/ e[M j'o ikDekoh bJhJ/ ^

268
oko? ‘‘okw[** fufs efo w{V/, fjod? fifB e? oft ofjnk]
r[ogq;kfd fiBh ‘‘okw[** gSksk, fBor[D ‘‘okw[** fsBh p{fM bfJnk] (435)
j/ w{oy fJB;kB ` fdb' wB'A oZp ƒ u/s/ eo. (ihtB uzrk) fco
B/eh s/o/ nzdo gZeh soQK fNe ikt/rh. r[o{ dh feogk Bkb fiBQK ƒ fJ;
owi dh ;wM nk rJh, eD eD ftu pf;nk (fBor[D) oZp T[jBK ƒ
;wM nk frnk. T[jBK dh ;'u T{uh j' rJh.
‘‘okw[ okw[** eosk ;G[ ir[ fco?, ‘‘okw[** B gkfJnk ikfJ]
nrw[ nr'uo nfs tvk, ns[b B s[fbnk ikfJ] (555)
j/ GkJh ` okw okw (tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{) dh oN sK ;kok ijkB
bkJh iKdk j? go fJjBK B/ tkfjr[o{ ƒ ikfDnk ;wfMnk BjhA j?. fJj
b'e ‘‘okw** efj oj/ jB, nkgD/ ihtB ƒ fe; soQK pDkTDk j?.
fJjBK ƒ e'Jh ;wM BjhA j?. T[j oZp ngj[zu j?, frnkB dh geV ftu
nkT[D tkbk BjhA j?. T[j pj[s ftPkb j?. fe;/ sohe/ T[; dk nzs
BjhA gkfJnk ik ;edk. ‘‘okw okw** tkfjr[o{ tkfjr[o{ igD tkb/ B/
e fJB;kB BjhA pD ;e/. goT[gekoh BjhA pD/, fBFZvo BjhA pD/.
ftekoK ƒ fsnkr BjhA ;e/. fco fejV/ ‘‘Bkw f;woD** dhnK cVK
wko oj/ jB<
yKv yKv ej? fijpk B ;tkd whm' nkt?,
nrfB nrfB ej? ;hs B fpBk;[ j?]
p?d p?d ej? o'r fwNs B ekj{ e',
dop dop ej? e'T{ dopfj B fpbk; j?]
uzdB uzdB ejs gqrN? B ;[pk; pk;[,
uzd[ uzd[ ej? T[finko' B gqrk; j?]
s?;/ frnkB r';fN ejs B ojs gkt?,
eoBh gqXkB GkB T[dfs nek;[ j?] (Gkr[ efpZs ^ 437)
nwb ehs/ fpBK e/tb oZNK bkT[D Bkb e'Jh gqkgs BjhA j'Dh.

269
fit/A yzv yzv fizBh d/o woIh nkyh iT[ w{zj dk ;[nkd fwZmk BjhA j't/
rk. w{zj ipkBh nZr nZr ejh iT[. e'Jh ckfJdk BjhA j'Dk. nZr dh
rowkfJP BjhA fwb/rh. ;odh d{o BjhA j't/rh. fpwko wB[Zy ipkBh
ebkwh p?d p?d Gkt/A jIkoK tkoh nkyh ikt/. fJ; soQK efjD Bkb
fpwkoh BjhA jN/rh. o[fgnk o[fgnk ejh ikD Bkb fe;/ B/ XBh BjhA
pD ikDk. XB s'A fpBK ihtB dhnK b'VK g{ohnK BjhA j'DhnK. w{zj'A
uzdB uzdB ejh ikU e'Jh ckfJdk BjhA. uzdB efjD Bkb ;[rX
z h g?dk
BjhA j'tr
/ h. ‘‘uzd uzd** fizBh tkoh woIh nkyh ikT[ e/tb efjD Bkb
uzd B/ uV BjhA g?Dk, ukBDk BjhA j'Dk. fJ;/ soQK b'eh pfj;K pj[s
eod/ jB nwbh ihtB uzrk BjhA pDkT[Ad./ fJ;/ soQK ‘‘Bkw f;owD**
tkb/ pVk ‘‘ikg** eod/ jB go ihtB r[opkDh dh f;Zfynk w[skpe
pDke/, ;[ui
Z / okj BjhA g?Ad./ id'A wB[y
Z dk ihtB r[DtkB j' ikt/rk
b'eK bJh T[j wB[y
Z ;fseko:'r j' ikt/rk. fit/A nkekP ftu ufVnk
;{oi, dZ;D dh b'V BjhA g?Adh T[;dk ukBD jh dZ;D bJh ekch j'fJnk
eodk j?. ‘‘Bkw f;woD** tkfbnK ƒ Yzv'ok fgZND dh Io{os BjhA fe
n;hA ‘‘Bkw ikgd/** jK. fij' fijk T[jBK dk ihtB j? T[; s'A jh
nzdkIk bkfJnk ik ;edk j?, ftfynktk dh b'V BjhA. fJe efpZs j'o
gV'^
do;B d/fyU d/fyU ;eb ;z;ko[ ej?]
etB fdq;fN ;T[ wB dof; ;wkJhn?]
r[o T[gd/; ;[fBU ;[fBU ;G e'T{ ej?]
etB ;[ofs ;[fB nBs B XkJhn?]
i? i? eko igs, irs r[o wzsq ihj,
etB i[rfs i'sh i'fs fbt bkJhn?]
fdq;fN ;[ofs frnkB fXnkB ;opzr jhB,
gfss gktB r[o w{V ;wMkJhn?] (Gkr[H efpZs 541)

270
;kok ;z;ko nkyh ik fojk j? doPB j' frnk, oZp t/y fbnk
j?. go T[j fejVh nb"fee fdqPNh j? fe wB r[o{ uoBK ftu jh ;dk
bJh bhB j' ikt/< ;ko/ nkyh ik oj/ jB fe r[o{ dk T[gd/P ;[fDnk j?,
pj[s ;[fDnk j?. T[j fejVk Yzr sohek j? fi; Bkb wB j'o j'o gk;/
d'VB'A jZN iKdk j?< p/nze b'eh ‘‘r[o wzso** dh i? i? eko eod/ jB.
‘‘r[o wzdo** ƒ iZgd/ ofjzd/ jB. i/ i's o{g fBozeko Bkb fbt BjhA
i[Vh, ihtB gke BjhA j'fJnk fco ‘‘r[o wzso** dh i? i? eko fet/A
j'Jh< i' w{V fJB;kB, r[o{ d/ frnkB ƒ BjhA ngDkT[Adk. fXnkB Bkb
ftuko ƒ BjhA ;wMdk, T[j wkB' ;ko/ nzrK s'A jhDk (fgzrbk) j?. T[j
nZyK ezBK ihG s/ fdwkr nkfd s'A mhe ezw b?D s'A n;woE j?. go
;fsr[o{ nZr/ fBwosk Bkb f;ZyD dh fJZSk oZye/ nkJhJ/ sK ;fsr[o{
gkghnK ƒ gftZso eo d/Adk j?. w{oyK ƒ frnkBtkB pDk fdzdk j?.
fIzdrh ;cbh eoB tkb/ n;bh ‘‘r[o wzso** pyP fdzdk j?.
r[o{ ;kfjp ih B/ ;kƒ ikBtoK tor/ wB[ZyK ƒ ‘‘f;ZX/ okj**
gkT[D tk;s/ pV/ Yzr ngDkJ/, pVhnK T[dkjoDk fdZshnK. edh
T[sPkj fdZsk. edh bkbu fdZsk. edh vokfJnk, edh g[uekfonk.
edh e[Zsk fejk, ;{o nkfynk, fe;/ EK y'sk nky e/ fcNeko gkJh.
fes/ gZEo nky e/ MkV gkJh s/ fes/ jokwh nky bkjDs gkJh. j"A;bk
d/D bJh edh jz; tork fejk edh ;/o g[Zso nkfynk. edh fBowb
s/ fBnkok fejk. fe;/ EK ;yk, iK oZp dk o{g efj e/ tfvnkfJnk.
fes/ f;Zy, r[of;Zy, ykb;k iK r[o{ dk g[s
Z o nky e/ wkD fdZsk. ;dhnK
s'A ;[fsnK ƒ irkT[D bJh edh Y'b tikfJnk s/ edh nzdo'A x;hN e/
pkjo fbnk e/ ;[ZN fdZsk. gZEoK ftu ikB gk e/ ubd/ fcod/ eo
fdZsk. wo u[fZ enK ƒ ihts ehsk. p/ro? s b'eK ƒ nDy tkb/ pDkfJnk.
ekfJoK ƒ wod/ w[Ikfjo s/ ‘‘wzso ikgK** tkfbnK ƒ s/r d/ XBh pDk
fdZsk. nZyK pzd eoh x[ofBnK ftu p?m/, dfbdoh ;kXK ƒ noph

271
x'fVnK d/ Pkj ;tko pDk fdZsk. ;kohnK p[okJhnK ewI'ohnK dhnK
iVK g[ZNe/, ykb;k o{gh B/eh dk p{Nk bk fdZsk. fi; dh SK jo
Gkostk;h B/ wkDh. fi;d/ cb nsh ;[nkdb/ ;B. x[ofBnK ftu tVe/
wzso ikg eoe/ Bk gfjbK e'Jh gqkgsh j'Jh j?. Bk nZr'A j'Dh j?. b'V
j? f;jV ns/ f;nkDg Bkb brksko w/jBs eoB dh. fJe f;no r"o
c[owkU
w[;Zbk p/u, yzIo yohd, n? p/ nwb Ikfjd `
fe s/oh cehoh ;/, NeokB/ e' j? pkdPkjh. (fJepkb)

iK rb wkbk, f;o e[bk Xo, T[m j' ;?bkBh.


iK jZE yzvk geV b?, g/Pk ;[bskBh. (w[epb)

272
“Bkw” pko/ yk; B[ e s/ /
(fiBK B{z ftukfonk BjhA frnk)

) ;fsr[o eh fi;B' “wfs” nkt?, ;' ;fsr[o wkfj ;wkBK..


fJj “pkDh” i' ihnj[ ikD?, fs;[ nzsfo ot? “jfoBkwk”(797)
) fEo[ BkokfJD[ fEo[ r[ o { , fEo[ ;kuk “phuko[ . .” (934)
) pksuhs ;G ojh f;nkBg..
fi;fj “iBktj[ ;' ikB? ” BkBe.. (258)
) “;pd[” B ikDfj ;/ nzB/ p'b/, ;/ fes[ nkJ/ ;z;kok< (601)
kok<
) “;fsr[o eh pkDh” ;fs;fs efo ikDj[ r[of;yj[
jfo eosk nkfg w[jj[ eYkJ/.. (308)
) “n;z y BKt” , n;z y Ekt.. nrz w nrz w n;z y b' n ..(4)
n;z y ejfj f;fo Gko[ j' f J..
) “BkT[ gVhn? , BkT[ p{ M hn? , r[ o wsh thukok..”
“r[owsh Bkw” XB yfNnk Grsh Go/ Gzvkok.. (140)
) “r[ o pkDh” tosh ir nz s fo,
fJ;[ “pkDh s/ jfo Bkw gkfJdk..” (1066)
) gkopq j w j' n k ;jkJh.. “eEk ehosB” ;[ y dkJh..
“r[ o g{ o / eh pkDh” . . nBfdB[ “igj[ ” fBs gq k Dh..
) jT[ tkoh x[zwk iktdk.. “fJe ;kjk s[X[ fXnkfJdk..”(73)
) ;G f;q ; fN “;/ t / ” fdB[ okfs ihT[ . .
d/ ezB[ ;[Dj[ nodkf; ihT[.. (74)
) nzX/ J/fj B nkyhnfB, fiB w[fy b'fJD Bkfj..
nzX/ ;/Jh BkBek y;wj[ x[E/ ikfj..
;' feT[ nz X k nkyhn? , fi “j[ e wj[ ” nz X k j' f J..
BkBe “j[ e w[ ” Bk p[ M Jh, nz X k ejhn? ;' f J.. (954)
) s?;/ “r[opkBh” fby g'Eh pKfX okyhns,
fwb r[of;y “gfV ;[fB” fbt bkJhn?..(efps GkJh r[odk; 562)
273
) s?;/ “r[opkBh” fpy? ;eb gdkoE j?,
i'Jh i'Jh y'i?, ;'Jh ;'Jh fBgiktJh (Gkr[ L efps^546)
) “jfo jfo” fBs eofj o;Bk, efjnk feS{ Bk ikDh.. (920)
) p?b eT[ B/skq gkfJ d
d[[jkt?
jkt?.. rT{ ufo f;zx gkS? gkt?.. (198)
) rkfJp', pikfJp', ;[BkfJp' B eS{ s?;/,
“r[ o T[ g d/ ; ” fpBk fXq r us[ o kJh e? . . (Gkr[ L 631)
) ik e? Unzeko e/ neko j? BkBk gqeko,
“;qh w[y ;pd[” r[o f;yB ;[BkJ/ j?.. (Gkr L efps^35)
) s?;/ r[of;yB w? J/e N/e jh gqXkB,
nkB frnkB fXnkB “f;woB fppuko” j?..(GkrL efps 482)
) s?;/ “r[o;pd ;[BkfJ rkfJ f;y mr'”,
G/y Xkoh ikfB w'fj wkfo B fpvkojh.. (Gkr L efps 611)
) r[ow[yK eoK (jZEK) T[gfo jfo u/fsnk, ;/ gkfJfB w'y[ d[nko[ (1418)
) “wBfj ewkt? ” w[ f y jfo jfo p' b ? . .
;' iB[ fJs T[s esfj B v'b?.. (189)
) “r[o{ r[o{ ifg” whs fgnko/.. w[y T[ib j'tfj dopko/ (193)
) “Bkfw os/ ;u[ eoDh ;ko[.. Bkfw os/ r[fD frnkB phuko[(” 941)
) fiB “pkDh” f;T[ fus[ bkfJnk ;/ iB fBowb gotkD[..
BkBe “Bkw[” fsBk ed/ Bk th;o?, ;/ dfo ;u/ ikD[..(429)
) tkj[ tkj[ “pkDh” fBozeko j?, fs;[ i/tv[ nto[ B e'fJ.. (515)
) “tkj[ tkj[” eofj ;/Jh iB “;'jD/,” fsB eT[ goik g{iD nkJh (514)
) “r[owsh Bkw[” fod? t;kJ/.. “;kuh pkDh” jfo r[D rkJ/.. (222)
) BkBe XB[ XzB[ tv/ tvGkrh, fiB “r[owfs Bkw[” fod? wb[ X'j.? .(493)
) rkJ/ ;[B? nKy/ whu? gkJhn? B gowgd[,
“r[ o T[ g d/ ; [ ” rfj iT[ bT[ B ewkJhn? . .
(GkrL efps^439)

274
b/ye dhnK j'o ouBktK

g[ ; seK
1H Xow d/ BK s/HHHHHHHH. 2H ;kvk p/Vk fJT[A rofenkHHHHHHH.
3H g"okDe eEktK dk nzs. 4H fet/A ehsk ik foj? f;ZyK dk ;opBkF;.
5H dkB d;tzX iK tkgko 6H e;{otko e"D< 7H nktkrtD
8H fiBQK Bkw ifgnk, fsBK s/r tkjh
9H 25 jiko nDgSkshnK bk;K d/ f;oBkt/ (SgkJh nXhB)
feskpu/
1H d;tzX gqzgok 2H w?Bz{ f;Zyh s/ wkD j?
3H r[o{ noi[B ;kfjp ih 4H wkbk dh eokwks
5H f;Zy f;XKs 6H ro[V uV/ r'fpzd nkfJbk
7H fdB[ o?fD ;G ;[jktD/ fgnko/ 8H ;G s/ tvk ;fsr[o[ BkBe[
9H nktkrtD 10H e;{otko eT[D jB<
nkvhU ;hHvhia
1H f;Zy f;XksK dk fBy/Vk (18 xzN/ d' Gkr eEk MP- 3)
2H fJfsjk; dk r"ot (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
3H eh fJj f;ZyK d/ fsT[jko jB < (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
4H r[oT[gd/;a eh j? < (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
5H pBko; d/ mZr (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
6H tfjw Gos feT[I < (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
7H r[opkDh dk ukBD (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
8H r[opkDh d/ 52 j[ew (26 xzN/ d' Gkr eEk MP- 3)
9H f;Zyh s/ wkD (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
10H r[opkDh dk ;u (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
11H r[o wkor (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
12H PoXk s/ frnkB (10 xzN/ eEk MP- 3)
thvhU ;hHvhia
13H f;Zyh dk wkD (thvhU ;hvh eEk)
14H r[o{ nwodk; ih (thvhU ;hvh eEk)
15H nodk; eh j? < (thvhU ;hvh eEk)
16H uVQdh ebk fet/A j't/ < (thvhU ;hvh d' Gkr
;[nkb^i[nkp)
17H eh Boe ;[or j? < (thvhU ;hvh eEk)
18H Xow ftfdnk iao{oh (thvhU ;hvh eEk)
> ;fsr[ o gq ; kfd..

JINAH NAM JAPIYA


TINA TEG WAHI
(Articles)
1st Edition April, 2008

PROF. INDER SINGH GHAGGA


(M. 98551-51699, 99144-61699)

(;G jZe b/ye d/ okyt/A jB)


PUBLISHED BY
FATEH PUBLICATIONS
H.No. 90, Karheri,
Vidiya Nagar, Near-Punjabi University
Patiala-147002 (Pb)
Mobile - 98144-55582

Type Setting
Avtar Singh

Printed by
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First Page Painting Ankh (Kaumi Sura) July 2007


With Thanks

Proof Reading
Kanwardeep Singh
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Price - 120 ($5, £ 10)


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;wkDk wzvh (fibQk gfNnkbk), 01764^223047, 222347

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1H ni/jh g[;se feT[A (G{fwek) 1^5


2H fiBQK Bkw ifgnk fsBQK s/r tkjh 6^87
3H ig igDk 88
4H f;woD 89
5H ;apd 93
6H j[ e w 99
7H T[gd/;a 102
8H frnkB 104
9H gqhs 107
10H ;[DBk 109
11H wzBDk 116
12H fXnkT[Dk 118
13H puB 119
14H nokXDk 122
14H rkT[Dk 123
15H GkDk 127
16H eEk 129
17H fbt 133
18H uhs 138
19H p[ZMDk 138
20H thuko 143
21H y'iDk 146
22H ;apd ykDk 152
23H uoD 156
24H wfs r[owfs 157
25H wzso wjkwzso 163
26H pkDh r[opkDh 166
27H gkm 173
28H f;fynk 180
29H rbpks 182
30H ;'fjbk 184
31H nBzd 185
34H s{z s{z s{jh s{z 188
35H wzrb wzrbk 190
36H ukb 191
37H ;Z u ;Z u k 193
38H fJe fJe' 196
39H pzdrh 198
40H eosko 199
41H Unzeko 201
42H J/ezeko 203
43H r';fN 205
44H ;fsBkw 207
45H nodk; 208
46H r[o{ ;fsr[o{ 217
47H tkj tkfjr[o{ 227
48H tkj tkfjr[o{ (GkJh r[odk;) 245
49H ;fsBkw[ wzso (GkJh r[odk;) 250
50H Bkw f;woD dk yzvB 254
51H Bkw f;woD (Bk w[wfeB sohe/) 260
52H Bkw f;woD ^ P[X ihtB 264
53H Bkw dk noE Gkt eh j?< 268
54H Bkw pko/ yk; B[es/ 273

279

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