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    Based on 2010 sequencing data from humans, an average gamete contains 1 base-substitution mutation in every 108 bases. Mutations are changes in genetic base sequence, so they are variation themselves. Copying errors, chromosome damage can also cause variation.

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    Based on 2010 sequencing data from humans, an average gamete contains 1 base-substitution mutation in every 108 bases. Mutations are changes in genetic base sequence, so they are variation themselves. Copying errors, chromosome damage can also cause variation.

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    13 views12 pages

    10-15 Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    caochauvu
    Based on 2010 sequencing data from humans, an average gamete contains 1 base-substitution mutation in every 108 bases. Mutations are changes in genetic base sequence, so they are variation themselves. Copying errors, chromosome damage can also cause variation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12

    Geneticvariation Genetic ariation Todaysquestions:Whyaremanyquantitativetraits T d ti Wh tit ti t it normallydistributed?Wheredoesgeneticvariation comefrom?Andwhydidsexevolve? come from? And why did sex evolve? I.

    . Polygenicinheritance I Polygenic inheritance II. Foursourcesofgeneticvariation III. Theevolutionofsex III The evolution of sex

    I. Polygenicinheritance:Whyisvariationinsomany traitsnormallydistributed? Basicassumptionsofthemodel: 1.Manygenesareinvolvedinquantitativetraits. 2.Thegenesassortindependently. 2 Th ti d d tl 3.Inapopulation,therearemanyallelesofeachgene. p p , y g 4.Theeffectsofeachalleleaddtogether.

    M.lewisii M. lewisii

    M.cardinalis M. cardinalis

    Purple;landingplatform;low nectarvolume;highsugar nectar volume; high sugar concentration;naughtybitsin corolla.

    Red;longspur(behind);high nectarvolume;lowsugar nectar volume; low sugar concentration;naughtybits projectfromcorolla.

    Dr.BradshawsgroupplantedF2satrandomlocationsin naturalhabitatintheSierraNevadamountains,then t l h bit t i th Si N d t i th recordedwhichpollinatorsvisitedwhichflowers. 1. Circletheindividualsthathadthemostvisitsfrom bumblebees. 2. Putastarnexttoindividualsthathadthemostvisits fromhummingbirds. Thisiswhattheymeasuredfrequencyandtypeof pollinatorvisits.

    II.Foursourcesofgeneticvariation 1.Mutation:basedon2010sequencingdatafromhumans, anaveragegametecontains1basesubstitutionmutation inevery~108 bases. Howmanymutationsisthis?


    About 34.

    Howdothesemutationscreategeneticvariation? H d th t ti t ti i ti ?
    Mutations are changes in genetic base sequence, so they are variation themselves. They create new alleles.

    Whendoesmutationoccur?
    This happens in chromosome replication prior to meiosis, and maybe even mitosis.

    Whatisthephysicalcause? Copying errors,


    chromosome abnormalities, DNA damages.

    2.Independentassortment Howdoesitcreategeneticvariation?
    It allows for random assortment of parental and maternal chromosome. It creates variation among chromosome, instead of within.

    Whendoesitoccur?
    Meiosis I, during metaphase.

    What is the physical cause? Whatisthephysicalcause?


    Chromosomes (homologs) aligned randomly on the methapase plate.

    3.(Crossingoverand)Recombination Howdoesitcreategeneticvariation? It creates variation


    within chromosomes. Creates new combinations of allele.

    When does it occur? Whendoesitoccur?


    During prophase I.

    Whatisthephysicalcause?
    The chromosomes are synapsing.

    4.Outcrossing (versusselfing) Howdoesitcreategeneticvariation?


    Allows for combinations of male and female gametes. Including chromosome from 2 different individuals, form new alleles.

    Whendoesitoccur?
    When male and female gametes combine. Happens when mating.

    Whatisthephysicalcause?

    F1 h b d b hybridsbetweenM.lewisii andM.cardinalis l d d l letP =petalcolorgenes;S =flowershapegenes,N = nectarvolumegenes nectar volume genes


    LP LP1 LP2 CP CP1 CP2

    LS2 LN2

    CS2 CN2

    LN4 LP4 LS L S3

    CN4 CP4 CS C S3 CN5

    LN1

    CN CN1 LP3 LN3 CP3 CN3

    LN5

    LS1

    CS1

    III.Theevolutionofsex Whygotoallthistrouble,justtoproduceoffspringthat yg j p p g aregeneticallydifferentfromeachotherandfromtheir parent(s)? 1.Purifyingselection(gettingridofdeleteriousalleles)


    Chance of producing offspring without crummy alleles.

    2.Changingenvironment(producinghighfitness 2 Changing environment (producing high fitness phenotypes)


    Allows us to fight off new environments that may contain harms like new diseases.

    Anexperimentwithroundwormsparasitizedbya bacterium.Compareobligately selfing t i d b t i C bli t l lfi tomixed mating(someoutcrossing)populations.

    Whydocollegestudentsthinkthattshirtssmellnice,if theywerewornbysomeonewithdifferentMHCalleles thantheyhave? h h h ?

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